tbd 3.0.0

data/lib/measures/tbd/resources/model.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1431 @@
+begin
+  require "topolys/version"
+rescue LoadError
+  require File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'version.rb')
+end
+
+require 'json'
+require 'securerandom'
+require 'set'
+
+# Topology represents connections between geometry in a model.
+#
+# Class structure inspired from Topologic's RCH (Rigorous Class Hierarchy)
+#               (excerpts from https://topologic.app/Software/)
+# Topology:     Abstract superclass holding constructors, properties and
+#               methods used by other subclasses that extend it.
+# Vertex:       1D entity equivalent to a geometry point.
+# Edge:         1D entity defined by two vertices.
+# Wire:         Contiguous collection of Edges where adjacent Edges are
+#               connected by shared Vertices.
+# Face:         2D region defined by a collection of closed Wires.
+# Shell:        Contiguous collection of Faces, where adjacent Faces are
+#               connected by shared Edges.
+# Cell:         3D region defined by a collection of closed Shells.
+# CellComplex:  Contiguous collection of Cells where adjacent Cells are
+#               connected by shared Faces.
+# Cluster:      Collection of any topologic entities.
+
+# TODO : start integrating warning logs à la raise ...
+module Topolys
+
+  @@normal_tol = 0.000001
+  @@planar_tol = 0.01
+
+  ## Tolerance for normal vector checks
+  def Topolys.normal_tol
+    @@normal_tol
+  end
+
+  ## Tolerance for planarity checks
+  def Topolys.planar_tol
+    @@planar_tol
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Checks if one array of objects is the same as another array of objects.
+  # The order of objects must be the same but the two arrays may start at different indices.
+  #
+  # @param [Array] objects1 Array
+  # @param [Array] objects2 Array
+  #
+  # @return [Integer] Returns offset between objects2 and objects1 or nil
+  def Topolys.find_offset(objects1, objects2)
+
+    n = objects1.size
+    return nil if objects2.size != n
+
+    offset = objects2.index{|obj| objects1[0].id == obj.id}
+    return nil if !offset
+
+    objects1.each_index do |i|
+      return nil if objects1[i].id != objects2[(offset+i)%n].id
+    end
+
+    return offset
+  end
+
+  # The Topolys Model contains many Topolys Objects, a Topolys Object can only be
+  # connected to other Topolys Objects in the same Topolys Model.  To enforce this
+  # Topolys Objects should not be constructed directly, they should be retrieved using
+  # the Topolys Model get_* object methods.
+  class Model
+    attr_reader :vertices, :edges, :directed_edges, :wires, :faces, :shells, :cells
+    attr_reader :tol, :tol2
+
+    def initialize(tol=nil)
+
+      # changing tolerance on a model after construction would be very complicated
+      # you would have to go through and regroup points, etc
+      if !tol.is_a?(Numeric)
+        tol = 0.01
+      end
+      @tol = tol
+      @tol2 = @tol**2
+
+      @vertices = []
+      @edges = []
+      @directed_edges = []
+      @wires = []
+      @faces = []
+      @shells = []
+      @cells = []
+    end
+
+    def all_objects
+      @vertices + @edges + @directed_edges + @wires + @faces + @shells + @cells
+    end
+
+    def to_json
+      result= {
+        vertices: @vertices.map { |v| v.to_json },
+        edges: @edges.map { |e| e.to_json },
+        directed_edges: @directed_edges.map { |de| de.to_json },
+        wires: @wires.map { |w| w.to_json },
+        faces: @faces.map { |f| f.to_json },
+        shells: @shells.map { |s| s.to_json },
+        cells: @cells.map { |c| c.to_json }
+      }
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def self.from_json(obj)
+      model = Model.new
+      id_map = {}
+
+      obj[:vertices].each do |v|
+        p = v[:point]
+        point = Point3D.new(p[:x], p[:y], p[:z])
+        vertex = model.get_vertex(point)
+        set_id(vertex, v[:id])
+        vertex.attributes = v[:attributes] if v[:attributes]
+        id_map[v[:id]] = vertex
+      end
+
+      obj[:edges].each do |e|
+        v0 = id_map[e[:v0]]
+        v1 = id_map[e[:v1]]
+        edge = model.get_edge(v0, v1)
+        set_id(edge, e[:id])
+        edge.attributes = e[:attributes] if e[:attributes]
+        id_map[e[:id]] = edge
+      end
+
+      obj[:directed_edges].each do |de|
+        edge = id_map[de[:edge]]
+        inverted = de[:inverted]
+        directed_edge = nil
+        if inverted
+          directed_edge = model.get_directed_edge(edge.v1, edge.v0)
+        else
+          directed_edge = model.get_directed_edge(edge.v0, edge.v1)
+        end
+        set_id(directed_edge, de[:id])
+        directed_edge.attributes = de[:attributes] if de[:attributes]
+        id_map[de[:id]] = directed_edge
+      end
+
+      obj[:wires].each do |w|
+        vertices = []
+        w[:directed_edges].each do |id|
+          directed_edge = id_map[id]
+          vertices << directed_edge.v0
+        end
+        wire = model.get_wire(vertices)
+        set_id(wire, w[:id])
+        wire.attributes = w[:attributes] if w[:attributes]
+        id_map[w[:id]] = wire
+      end
+
+      obj[:faces].each do |f|
+        outer = id_map[f[:outer]]
+        holes = []
+        f[:holes].each do |id|
+          holes << id_map[id]
+        end
+        face = model.get_face(outer, holes)
+        set_id(face, f[:id])
+        face.attributes = f[:attributes] if f[:attributes]
+        id_map[f[:id]] = face
+      end
+
+      obj[:shells].each do |s|
+        faces = []
+        s[:faces].each do |id|
+          faces << id_map[id]
+        end
+        shell = model.get_shell(faces)
+        set_id(shell, s[:id])
+        shell.attributes = s[:attributes] if s[:attributes]
+        id_map[s[:id]] = shell
+      end
+
+      return model
+    end
+
+    def self.schema_file
+      return File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "./schema/topolys.json")
+    end
+
+    def self.schema
+      s = File.read(schema_file)
+      return JSON.parse(s)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      JSON.pretty_generate(to_json)
+    end
+
+    def save(file)
+      File.open(file, 'w') do |file|
+        file.puts self.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_graphviz
+      result = "digraph model {\n"
+      result += "  rankdir=LR\n"
+      all_objects.each do |obj|
+        obj.children.each { |child| result += "  #{child.short_name} -> #{obj.short_name}\n" }
+        #obj.parents.each { |parent| result += "  #{parent.short_name} -> #{obj.short_name}\n" }
+      end
+      result += " }"
+
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def save_graphviz(file)
+      File.open(file, 'w') do |file|
+        file.puts to_graphviz
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param [Vertex] vertex
+    # @param [Edge] edge
+    # @return [Point3D] Point3D of vertex projected on edge or nil
+    def vertex_intersect_edge(vertex, edge)
+      if vertex.id == edge.v0.id || vertex.id == edge.v1.id
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      # new_point, length - length unused here
+      new_point, _ = project_point_on_edge(edge.v0.point, edge.v1.point, vertex.point)
+
+      return new_point
+    end
+
+    # @param [Point3D] point
+    # @return [Vertex] Vertex
+    def get_vertex(point)
+      # search for point and return corresponding vertex if it exists
+      v = find_existing_vertex(point)
+      return v if v
+
+      # otherwise create new vertex
+      v = Vertex.new(point)
+      @vertices << v
+
+      # check if this vertex needs to be inserted on any edge
+      updated = false
+      @edges.each do |edge|
+        if new_point = vertex_intersect_edge(v, edge)
+
+          # point might need to be added to multiple edges
+          # point can be updated to project it onto edge, don't update multiple times
+          if !updated
+            # simulate friend access to set point on vertex
+            v.instance_variable_set(:@point, new_point)
+            v.recalculate
+            updated = true
+          end
+
+          # now split the edge with this vertex
+          split_edge(edge, v)
+        end
+      end
+
+      return v
+    end
+
+    # @param [Point3D] point
+    # @return [Vertex] Vertex or nil
+    def find_existing_vertex(point)
+      # search for point and return corresponding vertex if it exists
+      # otherwise create new vertex
+      @vertices.each do |v|
+        p = v.point
+
+        ## L1 norm
+        #if ((p.x-point.x).abs < @tol) &&
+        #    (p.y-point.y).abs < @tol) &&
+        #    (p.z-point.z).abs < @tol))
+        #  return v
+        #end
+
+        # L2 norm
+        if ((p.x-point.x)**2 + (p.y-point.y)**2 + (p.z-point.z)**2) < @tol2
+          return v
+        end
+      end
+
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    # @param [Array] points Array of Point3D
+    # @return [Array] Array of Vertex
+    def get_vertices(points)
+      points.map {|p| get_vertex(p)}
+    end
+
+    # @param [Vertex] v0
+    # @param [Vertex] v1
+    # @return [Edge] Edge
+    def get_edge(v0, v1)
+      # search for edge and return if it exists
+      e = find_existing_edge(v0, v1)
+      return e if e
+
+      # otherwise create new edge
+      @vertices << v0 if !@vertices.find {|v| v.id == v0.id}
+      @vertices << v1 if !@vertices.find {|v| v.id == v1.id}
+
+      edge = Edge.new(v0, v1)
+      @edges << edge
+      return edge
+    end
+
+    # @param [Vertex] v0
+    # @param [Vertex] v1
+    # @return [Edge] Edge or nil
+    def find_existing_edge(v0, v1)
+      @edges.each do |e|
+        if (e.v0.id == v0.id) && (e.v1.id == v1.id)
+          return e
+        elsif (e.v0.id == v1.id) && (e.v1.id == v0.id)
+          return e
+        end
+      end
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    # @param [Vertex] v0
+    # @param [Vertex] v1
+    # @return [DirectedEdge] DirectedEdge
+    def get_directed_edge(v0, v1)
+      # search for directed edge and return if it exists
+      de = find_existing_directed_edge(v0, v1)
+      return de if de
+
+      # otherwise create new directed edge
+      edge = get_edge(v0, v1)
+
+      inverted = false
+      if (edge.v0.id != v0.id)
+        inverted = true
+      end
+
+      directed_edge = DirectedEdge.new(edge, inverted)
+      @directed_edges << directed_edge
+      return directed_edge
+    end
+
+    # @param [Vertex] v0
+    # @param [Vertex] v1
+    # @return [DirectedEdge] DirectedEdge
+    def find_existing_directed_edge(v0, v1)
+      # search for directed edge and return if it exists
+      @directed_edges.each do |de|
+        if (de.v0.id == v0.id) && (de.v1.id == v1.id)
+          return de
+        end
+      end
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    # @param [Array] vertices Array of Vertex, assumes closed wire (e.g. first vertex is also last vertex)
+    # @return [Wire] Wire
+    def get_wire(vertices)
+      # search for wire and return if exists
+      # otherwise create new wire
+
+      # insert any existing model vertices that should be inserted on the edges in vertices
+      vertices = insert_vertices_on_edges(vertices)
+
+      n = vertices.size
+      directed_edges = []
+      vertices.each_index do |i|
+        directed_edges << get_directed_edge(vertices[i], vertices[(i+1)%n])
+      end
+
+      # see if we already have this wire
+      @wires.each do |wire|
+        if wire.circular_equal?(directed_edges)
+          return wire
+        end
+      end
+
+      wire = nil
+      begin
+        wire = Wire.new(directed_edges)
+        @wires << wire
+      rescue => exception
+        puts exception
+      end
+
+      return wire
+    end
+
+    # @param [Wire] outer Outer wire
+    # @param [Array] holes Array of Wire
+    # @return [Face] Face Returns Face or nil if wires are not in model
+    def get_face(outer, holes)
+      # search for face and return if exists
+      # otherwise create new face
+
+      hole_ids = holes.map{|h| h.id}.sort
+      @faces.each do |face|
+        if face.outer.id == outer.id
+          if face.holes.map{|h| h.id}.sort == hole_ids
+            return face
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # all the wires have to be in the model
+      return nil if @wires.index{|w| w.id == outer.id}.nil?
+      holes.each do |hole|
+        return nil if @wires.index{|w| w.id == outer.id}.nil?
+      end
+
+      face = nil
+      begin
+        face = Face.new(outer, holes)
+        @faces << face
+      rescue => exception
+        puts exception
+      end
+
+      return face
+    end
+
+    # @param [Array] faces Array of Face
+    # @return [Shell] Returns Shell or nil if faces are not in model or not connected
+    def get_shell(faces)
+
+      # all the faces have to be in the model
+      faces.each do |face|
+        return nil if @faces.index{|f| f.id == face.id}.nil?
+      end
+
+      # check if we already have this shell
+      face_ids = faces.map{|f| f.id}.sort
+      @shells.each do |shell|
+        if shell.faces.map{|f| f.id}.sort == face_ids
+          return shell
+        end
+      end
+
+      # create a new shell
+      shell = nil
+      begin
+        shell = Shell.new(faces)
+        @shells << shell
+      rescue => exception
+        puts exception
+      end
+
+      return shell
+    end
+
+    # @param [Object] object Object
+    # @return [Object] Returns reversed object
+    def get_reverse(object)
+      if object.is_a?(Vertex)
+        return object
+      elsif object.is_a?(Edge)
+        return object
+      elsif object.is_a?(DirectedEdge)
+        return get_directed_edge(object.v1, object.v0)
+      elsif object.is_a?(Wire)
+        return get_wire(object.vertices.reverse)
+      elsif object.is_a?(Face)
+        reverse_outer = get_wire(object.outer.vertices.reverse)
+        reverse_holes = []
+        object.holes.each do |hole|
+          reverse_holes << get_wire(hole.vertices.reverse)
+        end
+        return get_face(reverse_outer, reverse_holes)
+      elsif object.is_a?(Shell)
+        # can't reverse a shell
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    ##
+    # Set id on an object, used in deserialization
+    #
+    # @param [Object] obj Object to modify
+    # @param [String] id New id
+    def self.set_id(obj, id)
+      # simulate friend access to set id on object
+      obj.instance_variable_set(:@id, id)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Inserts existing model vertices that should be included in vertices
+    #
+    # @param [Array] Array of original vertices
+    # @return [Array] Array with inserted model vertices
+    def insert_vertices_on_edges(vertices)
+
+      bb = BoundingBox.new
+      ids = ::Set.new
+      vertices.each do |vertex|
+        bb.add_point(vertex.point)
+        ids.add(vertex.id)
+      end
+
+      # find vertices that might be inserted
+      vertices_to_check = []
+      @vertices.each do |vertex|
+        next if ids.include?(vertex.id)
+
+        if bb.include?(vertex.point)
+          vertices_to_check << vertex
+        end
+      end
+
+      # temporarily close vertices
+      vertices << vertices[0]
+
+      # check if any vertices need to be inserted on this edge
+      new_vertices = []
+      (0...vertices.size-1).each do |i|
+        v_this = vertices[i]
+        v_next = vertices[i+1]
+
+        new_vertices << v_this
+
+        vertices_to_add = []
+        vertices_to_check.each do |vertex|
+          new_point, length = project_point_on_edge(v_this.point, v_next.point, vertex.point)
+          if new_point
+            vertices_to_add << {vertex: vertex, new_point: new_point, length: length}
+          end
+        end
+
+        vertices_to_add.sort! { |x, y| x[:length] <=> y[:length] }
+
+        vertices_to_add.each { |vs| new_vertices << vs[:vertex] }
+      end
+
+      new_vertices << vertices[-1]
+
+      # pop the last vertex
+      vertices.pop
+      new_vertices.pop
+
+      # DLM: it's possible that inserting the vertices on the edge would make the face non-planar
+      # but if we move the vertices that could break other surfaces
+
+      #if vertices.size != new_vertices.size
+      #  puts "old vertices"
+      #  puts vertices.map {|v| v.point.to_s }
+      #  puts "new vertices"
+      #  puts new_vertices.map {|v| v.point.to_s }
+      #end
+
+      return new_vertices
+    end
+
+    # @param [Point3D] p0 Point3D at beginning of edge
+    # @param [Point3D] p1 Point3D at end of edge
+    # @param [Point3D] p Point3D to project onto edge
+    # @return [Point3D] new point projected onto edge or nil
+    # @return [Numeric] length of new point projected along edge or nil
+    def project_point_on_edge(p0, p1, p)
+      vector1 = (p1 - p0)
+      edge_length = vector1.magnitude
+      vector1.normalize!
+
+      vector2 = (p - p0)
+
+      length = vector1.dot(vector2)
+      if length < 0 || length > edge_length
+        return nil, nil
+      end
+
+      new_point = p0 + (vector1*length)
+
+      distance = (p - new_point).magnitude
+      if distance > @tol
+        return nil, nil
+      end
+
+      return new_point, length
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Adds new vertex between edges's v0 and v1, edge now goes from
+    # v0 to new vertex and a new_edge goes from new vertex to v1.
+    # Updates directed edges which reference edge.
+    #
+    # @param [Edge] edge Edge to modify
+    # @param [Vertex] new_vertex Vertex to add
+    def split_edge(edge, new_vertex)
+      v1 = edge.v1
+
+      # simulate friend access to set v1 on edge
+      edge.instance_variable_set(:@v1, new_vertex)
+      edge.recalculate
+
+      # make a new edge
+      new_edge = get_edge(new_vertex, v1)
+
+      # update the directed edges referencing this edge
+      parents = edge.parents.dup
+      parents.each do |directed_edge|
+        split_directed_edge(directed_edge, new_edge)
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Creates a new directed edge in same direction for the new edge.
+    # Updates wires which reference directed edge.
+    #
+    # @param [DirectedEdge] directed_edge Existing directed edge
+    # @param [Edge] new_edge New edge
+    def split_directed_edge(directed_edge, new_edge)
+
+      # directed edge is pointing to the new updated edge
+      directed_edge.recalculate
+
+      # make a new directed edge for the new edge
+      offset = nil
+      new_directed_edge = nil
+      if directed_edge.inverted
+        offset = 0
+        new_directed_edge = get_directed_edge(new_edge.v1, new_edge.v0)
+      else
+        offset = 1
+        new_directed_edge = get_directed_edge(new_edge.v0, new_edge.v1)
+      end
+
+      # update the wires referencing this directed edge
+      parents = directed_edge.parents.dup
+      parents.each do |wire|
+        split_wire(wire, directed_edge, offset, new_directed_edge)
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Inserts new directed edge after directed edge in wire
+    #
+    # @param [Wire] wire Existing wire
+    # @param [DirectedEdge] directed_edge Existing directed edge
+    # @param [Integer] offset 0 to insert new_directed_edge edge before directed_edge, 1 to insert after
+    # @param [DirectedEdge] directed_edge New directed edge to insert
+    def split_wire(wire, directed_edge, offset, new_directed_edge)
+
+      directed_edges = wire.directed_edges
+
+      index = directed_edges.index{|de| de.id == directed_edge.id}
+      return nil if !index
+
+      directed_edges.insert(index + offset, new_directed_edge)
+
+      # simulate friend access to set directed_edges on wire
+      wire.instance_variable_set(:@directed_edges, directed_edges)
+      wire.recalculate
+
+      # no need to update faces referencing this wire
+    end
+
+  end # Model
+
+  class Object
+
+    # @return [-] attribute linked to a pre-speficied key (e.g. keyword)
+    attr_accessor :attributes  # a [k,v] hash of properties required by a parent
+                               # app, but of no intrinsic utility to Topolys.
+                               # e.g. a thermal bridge PSI type
+                               #      "attribute[:bridge] = :balcony
+                               # e.g. air leakage crack type (ASHRAE Fund's)
+                               #      "attribute[:crack] = :sliding
+                               # e.g. LCA $ element type
+                               #      "attribute[$lca] = :parapet"
+
+    # @return [String] Unique string id
+    attr_reader :id
+
+    # @return [Array] Array of parent Objects
+    attr_reader :parents
+
+    # @return [Array] Array of child Objects
+    attr_reader :children
+
+    ##
+    # Initialize the object with read only attributes.
+    # If read only attributes are changed externally, must call recalculate.
+    #
+    def initialize
+      @attributes = {}
+      @id = SecureRandom.uuid
+      @parents = []
+      @children = []
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Must be called when read only attributes are updated externally.
+    # Recalculates cached attribute values and links children with parents.
+    # Throws if a class invariant is violated.
+    #
+    def recalculate
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] Unique string id
+    def hash
+      @id
+    end
+
+    # @return [Hash] Hash containing JSON serialized fields
+    def to_json
+      result = { id: @id}
+      result[:attributes] = @attributes if !@attributes.empty?
+      return result
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] Short id used for Graphviz
+    def short_id
+      @id.slice(0,6)
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] Short name used for Graphviz
+    def short_name
+      "#{self.class.to_s.gsub('Topolys::','').gsub('DirectedEdge', 'DEdge')}_#{short_id}"
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] To string
+    def to_s
+      short_name
+    end
+
+    def debug(str)
+      #puts "#{str}#{self.class} #{short_id} has [#{@parents.map{|p| p.short_id}.join(', ')}] parents and [#{@children.map{|c| c.short_id}.join(', ')}] children"
+    end
+
+    # @return [Class] Class of Parent objects
+    def parent_class
+      NilClass
+    end
+
+    # @return [Class] Class of Child objects
+    def child_class
+      NilClass
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Links a parent with a child object
+    #
+    # @param [Object] parent A parent object to link
+    # @param [Object] child A child object to link
+    def Object.link(parent, child)
+      child.link_parent(parent)
+      parent.link_child(child)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Unlinks a parent from a child object
+    #
+    # @param [Object] parent A parent object to unlink
+    # @param [Object] child A child object to unlink
+    def Object.unlink(parent, child)
+      child.unlink_parent(parent)
+      parent.unlink_child(child)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Links a parent object
+    #
+    # @param [Object] object A parent object to link
+    def link_parent(object)
+      #puts "link parent #{object.short_id} with child #{self.short_id}"
+      if object && object.is_a?(parent_class)
+        @parents << object if !@parents.find {|obj| obj.id == object.id }
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Unlinks a parent object
+    #
+    # @param [Object] object A parent object to unlink
+    def unlink_parent(object)
+      #puts "unlink parent #{object.short_id} from child #{self.short_id}"
+      @parents.reject!{ |obj| obj.id == object.id }
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Links a child object
+    #
+    # @param [Object] object A child object to link
+    def link_child(object)
+      #puts "link child #{object.short_id} with parent #{self.short_id}"
+      if object && object.is_a?(child_class)
+        @children << object if !@children.find {|obj| obj.id == object.id }
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Unlinks a child object
+    #
+    # @param [Object] object A child object to unlink
+    def unlink_child(object)
+      #puts "unlink child #{object.short_id} from parent #{self.short_id}"
+      @children.reject!{ |obj| obj.id == object.id }
+    end
+
+  end # Object
+
+  class Vertex < Object
+
+    # @return [Point3D] Point3D geometry
+    attr_reader :point
+
+    ##
+    # Initializes a Vertex object, use Model.get_point instead
+    #
+    # Throws if point is incorrect type
+    #
+    # @param [Point3D] point
+    def initialize(point)
+      super()
+      @point = point
+
+      recalculate
+    end
+
+    def to_json
+      result = super
+      result[:point] = { x: @point.x, y: @point.y, z: @point.z }
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def recalculate
+      super()
+    end
+
+    def parent_class
+      Edge
+    end
+
+    def child_class
+      NilClass
+    end
+
+    def edges
+      @parents
+    end
+
+  end # Vertex
+
+  class Edge < Object
+
+    # @return [Vertex] the initial vertex, the edge origin
+    attr_reader :v0
+
+    # @return [Vertex] the second vertex, the edge terminal point
+    attr_reader :v1
+
+    # @return [Numeric] the length of this edge
+    attr_reader :length
+    alias magnitude length
+
+    ##
+    # Initializes an Edge object, use Model.get_edge instead
+    #
+    # Throws if v0 or v1 are incorrect type or refer to same vertex
+    #
+    # @param [Vertex] v0 The origin Vertex
+    # @param [Vertex] v1 The terminal Vertex
+    def initialize(v0, v1)
+      super()
+      @v0 = v0
+      @v1 = v1
+
+      recalculate
+    end
+
+    def to_json
+      result = super
+      result[:v0] = @v0.id
+      result[:v1] = @v1.id
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def recalculate
+      super()
+
+      # TODO: should catch if 'origin' or 'terminal' are not Vertex objects
+      # TODO: should also catch if 'origin' or 'terminal' refer to same object or are within tol of each other
+
+      debug("before: ")
+
+      # unlink from any previous vertices
+      @children.reverse_each {|child| Object.unlink(self, child)}
+
+      # link to current vertices
+      Object.link(self, @v0)
+      Object.link(self, @v1)
+
+      debug("after: ")
+
+      # recompute cached properties and check invariants
+      vector = @v1.point - @v0.point
+      @length = vector.magnitude
+    end
+
+    def parent_class
+      DirectedEdge
+    end
+
+    def child_class
+      Vertex
+    end
+
+    def forward_edge
+      @parents.first{|de| !de.inverted}
+    end
+
+    def reverse_edge
+      @parents.first{|de| de.inverted}
+    end
+
+    def directed_edges
+      @parents
+    end
+
+    def vertices
+      @children
+    end
+
+  end # Edge
+
+  class DirectedEdge < Object
+
+    # @return [Vertex] the initial vertex, the directed edge origin
+    attr_reader :v0
+
+    # @return [Vertex] the second vertex, the directed edge terminal point
+    attr_reader :v1
+
+    # @return [Edge] the edge this directed edge points to
+    attr_reader :edge
+
+    # @return [Boolean] true if this is a forward directed edge, false otherwise
+    attr_reader :inverted
+
+    # @return [Numeric] the length of this edge
+    attr_reader :length
+
+    # @return [Vector3D] the vector of this directed edge
+    attr_reader :vector
+
+    ##
+    # Initializes a DirectedEdge object, use Model.get_directed_edge instead
+    #
+    # Throws if edge or inverted are incorrect type
+    #
+    # @param [Edge] edge The underlying edge
+    # @param [Boolean] inverted True if this is a forward DirectedEdge, false otherwise
+    def initialize(edge, inverted)
+      super()
+      @edge = edge
+      @inverted = inverted
+
+      recalculate
+    end
+
+    def to_json
+      result = super
+      result[:edge] = @edge.id
+      result[:inverted] = @inverted
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def recalculate
+      super()
+
+      debug("before: ")
+
+      # unlink from any previous edges
+      @children.reverse_each {|child| Object.unlink(self, child)}
+
+      # link with current edge
+      Object.link(self, @edge)
+
+      debug("after: ")
+
+      # recompute cached properties and check invariants
+      if @inverted
+        @v0 = edge.v1
+        @v1 = edge.v0
+      else
+        @v0 = edge.v0
+        @v1 = edge.v1
+      end
+
+      @vector = @v1.point - @v0.point
+      @length = @vector.magnitude
+    end
+
+    def parent_class
+      Wire
+    end
+
+    def child_class
+      Edge
+    end
+
+    def wires
+      @parents
+    end
+
+    def edges
+      @children
+    end
+
+  end # DirectedEdge
+
+  class Wire < Object
+
+    # @return [Array] array of directed edges
+    attr_reader :directed_edges
+
+    # @return [Plane3D] plane of this wire
+    attr_reader :plane
+
+    # @return [Vector3D] outward normal of this wire's plane
+    attr_reader :normal
+
+    ##
+    # Initializes a Wire object
+    #
+    # Throws if directed_edges is incorrect type or if not sequential, not planar, or not closed
+    #
+    # @param [Edge] edge The underlying edge
+    # @param [Boolean] inverted True if this is a forward DirectedEdge, false otherwise
+    def initialize(directed_edges)
+      super()
+      @directed_edges = directed_edges
+
+      recalculate
+    end
+
+    def to_json
+      result = super
+      result[:directed_edges] = @directed_edges.map { |de| de.id }
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def recalculate
+      super()
+
+      # unlink from any previous directed edges
+      @children.reverse_each {|child| Object.unlink(self, child)}
+
+      # link with current directed edges
+      @directed_edges.each {|de| Object.link(self, de)}
+
+      # recompute cached properties and check invariants
+
+      raise "Empty edges" if @directed_edges.empty?
+      raise "Not sequential" if !sequential?
+      raise "Not closed" if !closed?
+
+      @normal = nil
+      largest = 0
+      (0...@directed_edges.size-1).each do |i|
+        temp = @directed_edges[i].vector.cross(@directed_edges[i+1].vector)
+        if temp.magnitude > largest
+          largest = temp.magnitude
+          @normal = temp
+        end
+      end
+
+      raise "Cannot compute normal" if @normal.nil?
+      raise "Normal has 0 length" if largest == 0
+
+      @normal.normalize!
+
+      @plane = Topolys::Plane3D.new(@directed_edges[0].v0.point, @normal)
+
+      @directed_edges.each do |de|
+        raise "Point not on plane" if (de.v0.point - @plane.project(de.v0.point)).magnitude > Topolys.planar_tol
+        raise "Point not on plane" if (de.v1.point - @plane.project(de.v1.point)).magnitude > Topolys.planar_tol
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parent_class
+      Face
+    end
+
+    def child_class
+      DirectedEdge
+    end
+
+    def faces
+      @parents
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # @return [Array] Array of Edge
+    def edges
+      @directed_edges.map {|de| de.edge}
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # @return [Array] Array of Vertex
+    def vertices
+      @directed_edges.map {|de| de.v0}
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # @return [Array] Array of Point3D
+    def points
+      vertices.map {|v| v.point}
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Validates if directed edges are sequential
+    #
+    # @return [Bool] Returns true if sequential
+    def sequential?
+      n = @directed_edges.size
+      @directed_edges.each_index do |i|
+        break if i == n-1
+
+        # e.g. check if first edge v0 == last edge v
+        #      check if each intermediate, nieghbouring v0 & v are equal
+        #      e.g. by relying on 'inverted?'
+        #      'answer = true' if all checks out
+        return false if @directed_edges[i].v1.id != @directed_edges[i+1].v0.id
+      end
+      return true
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Validates if directed edges are closed
+    #
+    # @return [Bool] Returns true if closed
+    def closed?
+      n = @directed_edges.size
+      return false if n < 3
+      return @directed_edges[n-1].v1.id == @directed_edges[0].v0.id
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Checks if this Wire's directed edges are the same as another array of directed edges.
+    # The order of directed edges must be the same but the two arrays may start at different indices.
+    #
+    # @param [Array] directed_edges Array of DirectedEdge
+    #
+    # @return [Bool] Returns true if the wires are circular_equal, false otherwise
+    def circular_equal?(directed_edges)
+
+      if !Topolys::find_offset(@directed_edges, directed_edges).nil?
+        return true
+      end
+
+      return false
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Checks if this Wire is reverse equal to another Wire.
+    # The order of directed edges must be the same but the two arrays may start at different indices.
+    #
+    # @param [Wire] other Other Wire
+    #
+    # @return [Bool] Returns true if the wires are reverse_equal, false otherwise
+    def reverse_equal?(other)
+      # TODO: implement
+      return false
+    end
+
+    # TODO : deleting an edge, inserting a sequential edge, etc.
+
+    ##
+    # Gets 3D wire perimeter length
+    #
+    # @return [Float] Returns perimeter of 3D wire
+    def perimeter
+      @directed_edges.inject(0){|sum, de| sum + de.length }
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Gets shared edges with another wire
+    #
+    # @return [Array] Returns array of shared edges
+    def shared_edges(other)
+      return nil unless other.is_a?(Wire)
+
+      result = []
+      @directed_edges.each do |de|
+        other.directed_edges.each do |other_de|
+          result << de.edge if de.edge.id == other_de.edge.id
+        end
+      end
+
+      return result
+    end
+
+  end # Wire
+
+  class Face < Object
+
+    # @return [Wire] outer polygon
+    attr_reader :outer
+
+    # @return [Array] Array of Wire
+    attr_reader :holes
+
+    ##
+    # Initializes a Face object
+    #
+    # Throws if outer or holes are incorrect type or if holes have incorrect winding
+    #
+    # @param [Wire] outer The outer boundary
+    # @param [Array] holes Array of inner wires
+    def initialize(outer, holes)
+      super()
+      @outer = outer
+      @holes = holes
+
+      recalculate
+    end
+
+    def to_json
+      result = super
+      result[:outer] = @outer.id
+      result[:holes] = @holes.map { |h| h.id }
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def recalculate
+      super()
+
+      # unlink from any previous wires
+      @children.reverse_each {|child| Object.unlink(self, child)}
+
+      # link with current wires
+      Object.link(self, outer)
+      @holes.each {|hole| Object.link(self, hole)}
+
+      # recompute cached properties and check invariants
+
+      # check that holes have same normal as outer
+      normal = @outer.normal
+      @holes.each do |hole|
+        raise "Hole does not have correct winding, #{hole.normal.dot(normal)}" if hole.normal.dot(normal) < 1 - Topolys.normal_tol
+      end
+
+      # check that holes are on same plane as outer
+      plane = @outer.plane
+      @holes.each do |hole|
+        hole.points.each do |point|
+          raise "Point not on plane" if (point - plane.project(point)).magnitude > Topolys.planar_tol
+        end
+      end
+
+      # TODO: check that holes are contained within outer
+
+    end
+
+    def parent_class
+      Shell
+    end
+
+    def child_class
+      Wire
+    end
+
+    def shells
+      @parents
+    end
+
+    def wires
+      @children
+    end
+
+    def shared_outer_edges(other)
+      return nil unless other.is_a?(Face)
+
+      result = []
+      @outer.directed_edges.each do |de|
+        other.outer.directed_edges.each do |other_de|
+          # next if de.id == other.de
+          result << de.edge if de.edge.id == other_de.edge.id
+        end
+      end
+
+      return result
+    end
+
+  end # Face
+
+  class Shell < Object
+
+    # @return [Array] Array of all edges from outer faces
+    attr_reader :all_edges
+
+    # @return [Array] Array of shared edges from outer faces
+    attr_reader :shared_edges
+
+    # @return [Hash] Map edges to array of outer faces
+    attr_reader :edge_to_face_map
+
+    # @return [Matrix] Matrix of level 1 face to face connections
+    attr_reader :connection_matrix
+
+    ##
+    # Initializes a Shell object
+    #
+    # Throws if faces are not connected
+    #
+    # @param [Array] faces Array of Face
+    def initialize(faces)
+      super()
+      @faces = faces
+      @all_edges = []
+      @shared_edges = []
+      @edge_to_face_map = {}
+      @connection_matrix = Matrix.identity(faces.size)
+
+      recalculate
+    end
+
+    def to_json
+      result = super
+      result[:faces] = @faces.map { |h| h.id }
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def recalculate
+
+      # unlink from any previous faces
+      @children.reverse_each {|child| Object.unlink(self, child)}
+
+      # link with current faces
+      @faces.each {|face| Object.link(self, face)}
+
+      # recompute cached properties and check invariants
+      n = @faces.size
+
+      # can't have duplicate faces
+      face_ids = @faces.map{|face| face.id}.uniq.sort
+      raise "Duplicate faces in shell" if face_ids.size != n
+
+      @all_edges = []
+      @shared_edges = []
+      @edge_to_face_map = {}
+      @connection_matrix = Matrix.identity(faces.size)
+      (0...n).each do |i|
+
+        # populate edge_to_face_map and all_edges
+        @faces[i].outer.edges.each do |edge|
+          @edge_to_face_map[edge.id] = [] if @edge_to_face_map[edge.id].nil?
+          @edge_to_face_map[edge.id] << @faces[i]
+          @all_edges << edge
+        end
+
+        # loop over other edges
+        (i+1...n).each do |j|
+          shared_edges = @faces[i].shared_outer_edges(@faces[j])
+          #puts "#{i}, #{j}, [#{shared_edges.map{|e| e.short_name}.join(', ')}]"
+          @shared_edges.concat(shared_edges)
+          if !shared_edges.empty?
+            @connection_matrix[i,j] = @connection_matrix[j,i] = 1
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      @shared_edges.uniq! {|e| e.id}
+      @shared_edges.sort_by! {|e| e.id}
+      @all_edges.uniq! {|e| e.id}
+      @all_edges.sort_by! {|e| e.id}
+
+      temp_last = @connection_matrix
+      temp = normalize_connection_matrix(temp_last * @connection_matrix)
+      i = 0
+      while temp_last != temp
+        temp_last = temp
+        temp = normalize_connection_matrix(temp * @connection_matrix)
+        i += 1
+        break if i > 100
+      end
+
+      # check that every face is connected to every other faces
+      temp.each {|connection| raise "Faces not connected in shell" if connection == 0}
+
+    end
+
+    def normalize_connection_matrix(m)
+      n = faces.size
+      result = Matrix.identity(n)
+      (0...n).each do |i|
+        (i+1...n).each do |j|
+          result[i,j] = result[j,i] = (m[i,j] > 0 ? 1 : 0)
+        end
+      end
+      return result
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Checks if faces form a closed Shell
+    #
+    # @return [Bool] Returns true if closed
+    def closed?
+      @edge_to_face_map.each_value do |faces|
+        return false if faces.size != 2
+      end
+
+      return @all_edges == @shared_edges
+    end
+
+    def parent_class
+      NilClass
+    end
+
+    def child_class
+      Face
+    end
+
+    def faces
+      @children
+    end
+
+  end # Shell
+
+end # TOPOLYS