RubyGems - spade - Versions diffs - 0.0.1 - Mend

@@ -0,0 +1,1607 @@
+<%
+  require 'uv'
+  require 'json'
+  @counter = 0
+  def code_for(file, executable=false, show_load=true)
+    @counter += 1
+    return '' unless File.exists?("documentation/js/#{file}.js")
+    cs = File.read("documentation/coffee/#{file}.coffee")
+    js = File.read("documentation/js/#{file}.js")
+    cshtml = Uv.parse(cs, 'xhtml', 'coffeescript', false, 'idle', false)
+    jshtml = Uv.parse(js, 'xhtml', 'javascript', false, 'idle', false)
+    append = executable  == true ? '' : "alert(#{executable});"
+    if executable and executable != true
+      cs.sub!(/(\S)\s*\Z/m, "\\1\n\nalert #{executable}")
+    end
+    run    = executable  == true ? 'run' : "run: #{executable}"
+    name   = "example#{@counter}"
+    script = "<script>window.#{name} = #{cs.to_json}</script>"
+    import = show_load ? "<div class='minibutton load' onclick='javascript: loadConsole(#{name});'>load</div>" : ''
+    button = executable ? "<div class='minibutton ok' onclick='javascript: #{js};#{append}'>#{run}</div>" : ''
+    "<div class='code'>#{cshtml}#{jshtml}#{script}#{import}#{button}<br class='clear' /></div>"
+  end
+%>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
+  <title>CoffeeScript</title>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="documentation/css/docs.css" />
+  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="documentation/css/idle.css" />
+  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="documentation/images/favicon.ico" />
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div id="fadeout"></div>
+  <div id="flybar">
+    <a id="logo" href="#top"> </a>
+    <div class="navigation toc">
+      <div class="button">
+        Table of Contents
+      </div>
+      <div class="contents menu">
+        <a href="#overview">Overview</a>
+        <a href="#installation">Installation and Usage</a>
+        <a href="#language">Language Reference</a>
+        <a href="#literals">Literals: Functions, Objects and Arrays</a>
+        <a href="#lexical_scope">Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety</a>
+        <a href="#conditionals">If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment</a>
+        <a href="#splats">Splats...</a>
+        <a href="#loops">Loops and Comprehensions</a>
+        <a href="#slices">Array Slicing and Splicing</a>
+        <a href="#expressions">Everything is an Expression</a>
+        <a href="#operators">Operators and Aliases</a>
+        <a href="#classes">Classes, Inheritance, and Super</a>
+        <a href="#destructuring">Destructuring Assignment</a>
+        <a href="#fat_arrow">Function Binding</a>
+        <a href="#embedded">Embedded JavaScript</a>
+        <a href="#switch">Switch and Try/Catch</a>
+        <a href="#comparisons">Chained Comparisons</a>
+        <a href="#strings">String Interpolation, Heredocs, and Block Comments</a>
+        <a href="#regexes">Extended Regular Expressions</a>
+        <a href="#cake">Cake, and Cakefiles</a>
+        <a href="#scripts">"text/coffeescript" Script Tags</a>
+        <a href="#resources">Examples and Resources</a>
+        <a href="#change_log">Change Log</a>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="navigation try">
+      <div class="button">
+        Try CoffeeScript
+        <div class="repl_bridge"></div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="contents repl_wrapper">
+        <div class="code">
+          <div class="screenshadow tl"></div>
+          <div class="screenshadow tr"></div>
+          <div class="screenshadow bl"></div>
+          <div class="screenshadow br"></div>
+          <div id="repl_source_wrap">
+            <textarea id="repl_source" rows="100">alert "Hello CoffeeScript!"</textarea>
+          </div>
+          <div id="repl_results_wrap"><pre id="repl_results"></pre></div>
+          <div class="minibutton dark run">Run</div>
+          <br class="clear" />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="navigation annotated">
+      <div class="button">
+        Annotated Source
+      </div>
+      <div class="contents menu">
+        <a href="documentation/docs/grammar.html">Grammar Rules &mdash; src/grammar</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/lexer.html">Lexing Tokens &mdash; src/lexer</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/rewriter.html">The Rewriter &mdash; src/rewriter</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/nodes.html">The Syntax Tree &mdash; src/nodes</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/scope.html">Lexical Scope &mdash; src/scope</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/helpers.html">Helpers &amp; Utility Functions &mdash; src/helpers</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/coffee-script.html">The CoffeeScript Module &mdash; src/coffee-script</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/cake.html">Cake &amp; Cakefiles &mdash; src/cake</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/command.html">"coffee" Command-Line Utility &mdash; src/command</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/optparse.html">Option Parsing &mdash; src/optparse</a>
+        <a href="documentation/docs/repl.html">Interactive REPL &mdash; src/repl</a>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div id="error" style="display:none;"></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="container">
+    <span class="bookmark" id="top"></span>
+    <p>
+      <b>CoffeeScript is a little language that compiles into JavaScript.</b> Underneath
+      all of those embarrassing braces and semicolons, JavaScript has always had
+      a gorgeous object model at its heart. CoffeeScript is an attempt to expose
+      the good parts of JavaScript in a simple way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The golden rule of CoffeeScript is: <i>"It's just JavaScript"</i>. The code
+      compiles one-to-one into the equivalent JS, and there is
+      no interpretation at runtime. You can use any existing JavaScript library
+      seamlessly (and vice-versa). The compiled output is readable and pretty-printed,
+      passes through <a href="http://www.javascriptlint.com/">JavaScript Lint</a>
+      without warnings, will work in every JavaScript implementation, and tends
+      to run as fast or faster than the equivalent handwritten JavaScript.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b>Latest Version:</b>
+      <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/tarball/1.0.0">1.0.0</a>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span id="overview" class="bookmark"></span>
+      Overview
+    </h2>
+    <p><i>CoffeeScript on the left, compiled JavaScript output on the right.</i></p>
+    <%= code_for('overview', 'cubes', false) %>
+    <h2>
+      <span id="installation" class="bookmark"></span>
+      Installation and Usage
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The CoffeeScript compiler is itself
+      <a href="documentation/docs/grammar.html">written in CoffeeScript</a>,
+      using the <a href="http://jison.org">Jison parser generator</a>. The
+      command-line version of <tt>coffee</tt> is available as a
+      <a href="http://nodejs.org/">Node.js</a> utility. The
+      <a href="extras/coffee-script.js">core compiler</a> however, does not
+      depend on Node, and can be run in any JavaScript environment, or in the
+      browser (see "Try CoffeeScript", above).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To install, first make sure you have a working copy of the latest stable version of
+      <a href="http://nodejs.org/">Node.js</a>, and <a href="http://npmjs.org">npm</a>
+      (the Node Package Manager). You can then install CoffeeScript with npm:
+    </p>
+    <pre>
+npm install coffee-script</pre>
+  <p>
+    If you'd prefer to install the latest master version of CoffeeScript, you
+    can clone the CoffeeScript
+    <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script">source repository</a>
+    from GitHub, or download
+    <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/tarball/master">the source</a> directly.
+    To install the CoffeeScript compiler system-wide
+    under <tt>/usr/local</tt>, open the directory and run:
+  </p>
+  <pre>
+sudo bin/cake install</pre>
+    <p>
+      If installing on Ubuntu or Debian,
+      <a href="http://opinionated-programmer.com/2010/12/installing-coffeescript-on-debian-or-ubuntu/">be
+      careful not to use the existing out-of-date package</a>. If installing on
+      Windows, your best bet is probably to run Node.js under Cygwin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Once installed, you should have access to the <tt>coffee</tt> command,
+      which can execute scripts, compile <tt>.coffee</tt> files into <tt>.js</tt>,
+      and provide an interactive REPL. The <tt>coffee</tt> command takes the
+      following options:
+    </p>
+    <table>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-c, --compile</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Compile a <tt>.coffee</tt> script into a <tt>.js</tt> JavaScript file
+          of the same name.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="25%"><code>-i, --interactive</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Launch an interactive CoffeeScript session to try short snippets.
+          More pleasant if wrapped with
+          <a href="http://utopia.knoware.nl/~hlub/uck/rlwrap/rlwrap.html">rlwrap</a>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-o, --output [DIR]</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Write out all compiled JavaScript files into the specified directory.
+          Use in conjunction with <tt>--compile</tt> or <tt>--watch</tt>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-j, --join</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Before compiling, concatenate all scripts together in the order they
+          were passed. Useful for building large projects.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-w, --watch</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Watch the modification times of the coffee-scripts, recompiling as
+          soon as a change occurs.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-p, --print</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Instead of writing out the JavaScript as a file, print it
+          directly to <b>stdout</b>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-l, --lint</code></td>
+        <td>
+          If the <tt>jsl</tt>
+          (<a href="http://www.javascriptlint.com/">JavaScript Lint</a>)
+          command is installed, use it
+          to check the compilation of a CoffeeScript file. (Handy in
+          conjunction with <br /> <tt>--watch</tt>)
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-s, --stdio</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Pipe in CoffeeScript to STDIN and get back JavaScript over STDOUT.
+          Good for use with processes written in other languages. An example:<br />
+          <tt>cat src/cake.coffee | coffee -sc</tt>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-e, --eval</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Compile and print a little snippet of CoffeeScript directly from the
+          command line. For example:<br /><tt>coffee -e "puts num for num in [10..1]"</tt>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-r, --require</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Load a library before compiling or executing your script. Can be used
+          to hook in to the compiler (to add Growl notifications, for example).
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-b, --bare</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Compile the JavaScript without the top-level function safety wrapper.
+          (Used for CoffeeScript as a Node.js module.)
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-t, --tokens</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Instead of parsing the CoffeeScript, just lex it, and print out the
+          token stream: <tt>[IDENTIFIER square] [ASSIGN =] [PARAM_START (]</tt> ...
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>-n, --nodes</code></td>
+        <td>
+          Instead of compiling the CoffeeScript, just lex and parse it, and print
+          out the parse tree:
+<pre class="no_bar">
+Expressions
+  Assign
+    Value "square"
+    Code "x"
+      Op *
+        Value "x"
+        Value "x"</pre>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>--nodejs</code></td>
+        <td>
+          The <tt>node</tt> executable has some useful options you can set,
+          such as<br /> <tt>--debug</tt> and <tt>--max-stack-size</tt>. Use this
+          flag to forward options directly to Node.js.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      <b>Examples:</b>
+    </p>
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Compile a directory tree of <tt>.coffee</tt> files into a parallel
+        tree of <tt>.js</tt>, in <tt>lib</tt>:<br />
+        <tt>coffee -o lib/ -c src/</tt>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Watch a file for changes, and recompile it every time the file is saved:<br />
+        <tt>coffee --watch --compile experimental.coffee</tt>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Concatenate a list of files into a single script:<br />
+        <tt>coffee -o lib/ --join --compile src/*.coffee</tt>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Print out the compiled JS from a one-liner:<br />
+        <tt>coffee -bpe "alert i for i in [0..10]"</tt>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Start the CoffeeScript REPL:<br />
+        <tt>coffee</tt>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <h2>
+      <span id="language" class="bookmark"></span>
+      Language Reference
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>
+        This reference is structured so that it can be read from top to bottom,
+        if you like. Later sections use ideas and syntax previously introduced.
+        Familiarity with JavaScript is assumed.
+        In all of the following examples, the source CoffeeScript is provided on
+        the left, and the direct compilation into JavaScript is on the right.
+      </i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>
+        Many of the examples can be run (where it makes sense) by pressing the <b>run</b>
+        button on the right, and can be loaded into the "Try CoffeeScript"
+        console by pressing the <b>load</b> button on the left.
+      </i>
+    <p>
+      First, the basics: CoffeeScript uses significant whitespace to delimit blocks of code.
+      You don't need to use semicolons <tt>;</tt> to terminate expressions,
+      ending the line will do just as well, (although semicolons can still
+      be used to fit multiple expressions onto a single line.)
+      Instead of using curly braces
+      <tt>{ }</tt> to surround blocks of code in <a href="#functions">functions</a>,
+      <a href="#conditionals">if-statements</a>,
+      <a href="#switch">switch</a>, and <a href="#try">try/catch</a>,
+      use indentation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You don't need to use parentheses to invoke a function if you're passing
+      arguments. The implicit call wraps forward to the end of the line or block expression.<br />
+      <tt>console.log sys.inspect object</tt> &rarr; <tt>console.log(sys.inspect(object));</tt>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span id="literals" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Functions</b>
+      Functions are defined by an optional list of parameters in parentheses,
+      an arrow, and the function body. The empty function looks like this:
+      <tt>-></tt>
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('functions', 'cube(5)') %>
+    <p>
+      Functions may also have default values for arguments. Override the default
+      value by passing a non-null argument.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('default_args', 'fill("cup")') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="objects_and_arrays" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Objects and Arrays</b>
+      The CoffeeScript literals for objects and arrays look very similar to
+      their JavaScript cousins. When each property is listed on its own line,
+      the commas are optional. Objects may be created using indentation instead
+      of explicit braces, similar to <a href="http://yaml.org">YAML</a>.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('objects_and_arrays', 'song.join(" ... ")') %>
+    <p>
+      In JavaScript, you can't use reserved words, like <tt>class</tt>, as properties
+      of an object, without quoting them as strings. CoffeeScript notices reserved words
+      used as keys in objects and quotes them for you, so you don't have to worry
+      about it (say, when using jQuery).
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('objects_reserved') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="lexical_scope" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety</b>
+      The CoffeeScript compiler takes care to make sure that all of your variables
+      are properly declared within lexical scope &mdash; you never need to write
+      <tt>var</tt> yourself.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('scope', 'inner') %>
+    <p>
+      Notice how all of the variable declarations have been pushed up to
+      the top of the closest scope, the first time they appear.
+      <b>outer</b> is not redeclared within the inner function, because it's
+      already in scope; <b>inner</b> within the function, on the other hand,
+      should not be able to change the value of the external variable of the same name, and
+      therefore has a declaration of its own.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This behavior is effectively identical to Ruby's scope for local variables.
+      Because you don't have direct access to the <tt>var</tt> keyword,
+      it's impossible to shadow an outer variable on purpose, you may only refer
+      to it. So be careful that you're not reusing the name of an external
+      variable accidentally, if you're writing a deeply nested function.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Although suppressed within this documentation for clarity, all
+      CoffeeScript output is wrapped in an anonymous function:
+      <tt>(function(){ ... })();</tt> This safety wrapper, combined with the
+      automatic generation of the <tt>var</tt> keyword, make it exceedingly difficult
+      to pollute the global namespace by accident.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you'd like to create top-level variables for other scripts to use,
+      attach them as properties on <b>window</b>, or on the <b>exports</b>
+      object in CommonJS. The <b>existential operator</b> (covered below), gives you a
+      reliable way to figure out where to add them, if you're targeting both
+      CommonJS and the browser: <tt>exports ? this</tt>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span id="conditionals" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment</b>
+      <b>If/else</b> statements can be written without the use of parentheses and
+      curly brackets. As with functions and other block expressions,
+      multi-line conditionals are delimited by indentation. There's also a handy
+      postfix form, with the <tt>if</tt> or <tt>unless</tt> at the end.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CoffeeScript can compile <b>if</b> statements into JavaScript expressions,
+      using the ternary operator when possible, and closure wrapping otherwise. There
+      is no explicit ternary statement in CoffeeScript &mdash; you simply use
+      a regular <b>if</b> statement on a single line.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('conditionals') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="splats" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Splats...</b>
+      The JavaScript <b>arguments object</b> is a useful way to work with
+      functions that accept variable numbers of arguments. CoffeeScript provides
+      splats <tt>...</tt>, both for function definition as well as invocation,
+      making variable numbers of arguments a little bit more palatable.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('splats', true) %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="loops" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Loops and Comprehensions</b>
+      Most of the loops you'll write in CoffeeScript will be <b>comprehensions</b>
+      over arrays, objects, and ranges. Comprehensions replace (and compile into)
+      <b>for</b> loops, with optional guard clauses and the value of the current array index.
+      Unlike for loops, array comprehensions are expressions, and can be returned
+      and assigned. They should be able to handle most places where you otherwise
+      would use a loop, <b>each</b>/<b>forEach</b>, <b>map</b>, or <b>select</b>/<b>filter</b>.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('array_comprehensions') %>
+    <p>
+      If you know the start and end of your loop, or would like to step through
+      in fixed-size increments, you can use a range to specify the start and
+      end of your comprehension.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('range_comprehensions', 'countdown') %>
+    <p>
+      Note how because we are assigning the value of the comprehensions to a
+      variable in the example above, CoffeeScript is collecting the result of
+      each iteration into an array. Sometimes functions end with loops that are
+      intended to run only for their side-effects. Be careful that you're not
+      accidentally returning the results of the comprehension in these cases,
+      by adding a meaningful return value, like <tt>true</tt>, or <tt>null</tt>,
+      to the bottom of your function.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To step through a range comprehension in fixed-size chunks,
+      use <tt>by</tt>, for example:<br />
+      <tt>evens = (x for x in [0..10] by 2)</tt>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Comprehensions can also be used to iterate over the keys and values in
+      an object. Use <tt>of</tt> to signal comprehension over the properties of
+      an object instead of the values in an array.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('object_comprehensions', 'ages.join(", ")') %>
+    <p>
+      If you would like to iterate over just the keys that are defined on the
+      object itself, by adding a <tt>hasOwnProperty</tt>
+      check to avoid properties that may be interited from the prototype, use<br />
+      <tt>for own key, value of object</tt>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The only low-level loop that CoffeeScript provides is the <b>while</b> loop. The
+      main difference from JavaScript is that the <b>while</b> loop can be used
+      as an expression, returning an array containing the result of each iteration
+      through the loop.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('while', 'lyrics.join("\n")') %>
+    <p>
+      For readability, the <b>until</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while not</tt>,
+      and the <b>loop</b> keyword is equivalent to <tt>while true</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When using a JavaScript loop to generate functions, it's common to insert
+      a closure wrapper in order to ensure that loop variables are closed over,
+      and all the generated functions don't just share the final values. CoffeeScript
+      provides the <tt>do</tt> keyword, which immediately invokes a passed function,
+      forwarding any arguments.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('do') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="slices" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Array Slicing and Splicing with Ranges</b>
+      Ranges can also be used to extract slices of arrays.
+      With two dots (<tt>3..6</tt>), the range is inclusive (<tt>3, 4, 5, 6</tt>);
+      with three docs (<tt>3...6</tt>), the range excludes the end (<tt>3, 4, 5</tt>).
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('slices', 'middle') %>
+    <p>
+      The same syntax can be used with assignment to replace a segment of an array
+      with new values, splicing it.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('splices', 'numbers') %>
+    <p>
+      Note that JavaScript strings are immutable, and can't be spliced.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span id="expressions" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Everything is an Expression (at least, as much as possible)</b>
+      You might have noticed how even though we don't add return statements
+      to CoffeeScript functions, they nonetheless return their final value.
+      The CoffeeScript compiler tries to make sure that all statements in the
+      language can be used as expressions. Watch how the <tt>return</tt> gets
+      pushed down into each possible branch of execution, in the function
+      below.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('expressions', 'eldest') %>
+    <p>
+      Even though functions will always return their final value, it's both possible
+      and encouraged to return early from a function body writing out the explicit
+      return (<tt>return value</tt>), when you know that you're done.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Because variable declarations occur at the top of scope, assignment can
+      be used within expressions, even for variables that haven't been seen before:
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('expressions_assignment', 'six') %>
+    <p>
+      Things that would otherwise be statements in JavaScript, when used
+      as part of an expression in CoffeeScript, are converted into expressions
+      by wrapping them in a closure. This lets you do useful things, like assign
+      the result of a comprehension to a variable:
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('expressions_comprehension', 'globals') %>
+    <p>
+      As well as silly things, like passing a <b>try/catch</b> statement directly
+      into a function call:
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('expressions_try', true) %>
+    <p>
+      There are a handful of statements in JavaScript that can't be meaningfully
+      converted into expressions, namely <tt>break</tt>, <tt>continue</tt>,
+      and <tt>return</tt>. If you make use of them within a block of code,
+      CoffeeScript won't try to perform the conversion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span id="operators" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Operators and Aliases</b>
+      Because the <tt>==</tt> operator frequently causes undesirable coercion,
+      is intransitive, and has a different meaning than in other languages,
+      CoffeeScript compiles <tt>==</tt> into <tt>===</tt>, and <tt>!=</tt> into
+      <tt>!==</tt>.
+      In addition, <tt>is</tt> compiles into <tt>===</tt>,
+      and <tt>isnt</tt> into <tt>!==</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You can use <tt>not</tt> as an alias for <tt>!</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For logic, <tt>and</tt> compiles to <tt>&amp;&amp;</tt>, and <tt>or</tt>
+      into <tt>||</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Instead of a newline or semicolon, <tt>then</tt> can be used to separate
+      conditions from expressions, in <b>while</b>,
+      <b>if</b>/<b>else</b>, and <b>switch</b>/<b>when</b> statements.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As in <a href="http://yaml.org/">YAML</a>, <tt>on</tt> and <tt>yes</tt>
+      are the same as boolean <tt>true</tt>, while <tt>off</tt> and <tt>no</tt> are boolean <tt>false</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For single-line statements, <tt>unless</tt> can be used as the inverse of <tt>if</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As a shortcut for <tt>this.property</tt>, you can use <tt>@property</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You can use <tt>in</tt> to test for array presence, and <tt>of</tt> to
+      test for JavaScript object-key presence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All together now:
+    </p>
+    <table class="definitions">
+      <tr><th>CoffeeScript</th><th>JavaScript</th></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>is</tt></td><td><tt>===</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>isnt</tt></td><td><tt>!==</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>not</tt></td><td><tt>!</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>and</tt></td><td><tt>&amp;&amp;</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>or</tt></td><td><tt>||</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>true, yes, on</tt></td><td><tt>true</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>false, no, off</tt></td><td><tt>false</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>@, this</tt></td><td><tt>this</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>of</tt></td><td><tt>in</tt></td></tr>
+      <tr><td><tt>in</tt></td><td><i><small>no JS equivalent</small></i></td></tr>
+    </table>
+    <%= code_for('aliases') %>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header">The Existential Operator</b>
+      It's a little difficult to check for the existence of a variable in
+      JavaScript. <tt>if (variable) ...</tt> comes close, but fails for zero,
+      the empty string, and false. CoffeeScript's existential operator <tt>?</tt> returns true unless
+      a variable is <b>null</b> or <b>undefined</b>, which makes it analogous
+      to Ruby's <tt>nil?</tt>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It can also be used for safer conditional assignment than <tt>||=</tt>
+      provides, for cases where you may be handling numbers or strings.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('existence', 'footprints') %>
+    <p>
+      The accessor variant of the existential operator <tt>?.</tt> can be used to soak
+      up null references in a chain of properties. Use it instead
+      of the dot accessor <tt>.</tt> in cases where the base value may be <b>null</b>
+      or <b>undefined</b>. If all of the properties exist then you'll get the expected
+      result, if the chain is broken, <b>undefined</b> is returned instead of
+      the <b>TypeError</b> that would be raised otherwise.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('soaks') %>
+    <p>
+      Soaking up nulls is similar to Ruby's
+      <a href="http://andand.rubyforge.org/">andand gem</a>, and to the
+      <a href="http://groovy.codehaus.org/Operators#Operators-SafeNavigationOperator%28%3F.%29">safe navigation operator</a>
+      in Groovy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span id="classes" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Classes, Inheritance, and Super</b>
+      JavaScript's prototypal inheritance has always been a bit of a
+      brain-bender, with a whole family tree of libraries that provide a cleaner
+      syntax for classical inheritance on top of JavaScript's prototypes:
+      <a href="http://code.google.com/p/base2/">Base2</a>,
+      <a href="http://prototypejs.org/">Prototype.js</a>,
+      <a href="http://jsclass.jcoglan.com/">JS.Class</a>, etc.
+      The libraries provide syntactic sugar, but the built-in inheritance would
+      be completely usable if it weren't for a couple of small exceptions:
+      it's awkward to call <b>super</b> (the prototype object's
+      implementation of the current function), and it's awkward to correctly
+      set the prototype chain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Instead of repetitively attaching functions to a prototype, CoffeeScript
+      provides a basic <tt>class</tt> structure that allows you to name your class,
+      set the superclass, assign prototypal properties, and define the constructor,
+      in a single assignable expression.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Constructor functions are named, to better support reflection. In the
+      example below for the first class, <tt>this.constructor.name is "Animal"</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('classes', true) %>
+    <p>
+      If structuring your prototypes classically isn't your cup of tea, CoffeeScript
+      provides a couple of lower-level conveniences. The <tt>extends</tt> operator
+      helps with proper prototype setup, <tt>::</tt> gives you
+      quick access to an object's prototype, and <tt>super()</tt>
+      is converted into a call against the immediate ancestor's method of the same name.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('prototypes', '"one_two".dasherize()') %>
+    <p>
+      Finally class definitions are blocks of executable code, which make for interesting
+      metaprogramming possibilities. Because in the context of a class definition,
+      <tt>this</tt> is the class object itself (the constructor function), you
+      can assign static properties by using <br /><tt>@property: value</tt>, and call
+      functions defined in parent classes: <tt>@attr 'title', type: 'text'</tt>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span id="destructuring" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Destructuring Assignment</b>
+      To make extracting values from complex arrays and objects more convenient,
+      CoffeeScript implements ECMAScript Harmony's proposed
+      <a href="http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:destructuring">destructuring assignment</a>
+      syntax. When you assign an array or object literal to a value, CoffeeScript
+      breaks up and matches both sides against each other, assigning the values
+      on the right to the variables on the left. In the simplest case, it can be
+      used for parallel assignment:
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('parallel_assignment', 'theBait') %>
+    <p>
+      But it's also helpful for dealing with functions that return multiple
+      values.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('multiple_return_values', 'forecast') %>
+    <p>
+      Destructuring assignment can be used with any depth of array and object nesting,
+      to help pull out deeply nested properties.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('object_extraction', 'name + " — " + street') %>
+    <p>
+      Destructuring assignment can even be combined with splats.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('patterns_and_splats', 'contents.join("")') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="fat_arrow" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Function binding</b>
+      In JavaScript, the <tt>this</tt> keyword is dynamically scoped to mean the
+      object that the current function is attached to. If you pass a function as
+      as callback, or attach it to a different object, the original value of <tt>this</tt>
+      will be lost. If you're not familiar with this behavior,
+      <a href="http://www.digital-web.com/articles/scope_in_javascript/">this Digital Web article</a>
+      gives a good overview of the quirks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The fat arrow <tt>=&gt;</tt> can be used to both define a function, and to bind
+      it to the current value of <tt>this</tt>, right on the spot. This is helpful
+      when using callback-based libraries like Prototype or jQuery, for creating
+      iterator functions to pass to <tt>each</tt>, or event-handler functions
+      to use with <tt>bind</tt>. Functions created with the fat arrow are able to access
+      properties of the <tt>this</tt> where they're defined.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('fat_arrow') %>
+    <p>
+      If we had used <tt>-></tt> in the callback above, <tt>@customer</tt> would
+      have referred to the undefined "customer" property of the DOM element,
+      and trying to call <tt>purchase()</tt> on it would have raised an exception.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span id="embedded" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Embedded JavaScript</b>
+      Hopefully, you'll never need to use it, but if you ever need to intersperse
+      snippets of JavaScript within your CoffeeScript, you can
+      use backticks to pass it straight through.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('embedded', 'hi()') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="switch" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Switch/When/Else</b>
+      <b>Switch</b> statements in JavaScript are a bit awkward. You need to
+      remember to <b>break</b> at the end of every <b>case</b> statement to
+      avoid accidentally falling through to the default case.
+      CoffeeScript prevents accidental fall-through, and can convert the <tt>switch</tt>
+      into a returnable, assignable expression. The format is: <tt>switch</tt> condition,
+      <tt>when</tt> clauses, <tt>else</tt> the default case.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As in Ruby, <b>switch</b> statements in CoffeeScript can take multiple
+      values for each <b>when</b> clause. If any of the values match, the clause
+      runs.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('switch') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="try" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Try/Catch/Finally</b>
+      Try/catch statements are just about the same as JavaScript (although
+      they work as expressions).
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('try') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="comparisons" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Chained Comparisons</b>
+      CoffeeScript borrows
+      <a href="http://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#notin">chained comparisons</a>
+      from Python &mdash; making it easy to test if a value falls within a
+      certain range.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('comparisons', 'healthy') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="strings" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">String Interpolation, Heredocs, and Block Comments</b>
+      Ruby-style string interpolation is included in CoffeeScript. Double-quoted
+      strings allow for interpolated values, using <tt>#{ ... }</tt>,
+      and single-quoted strings are literal.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('interpolation', 'sentence') %>
+    <p>
+      Multiline strings are allowed in CoffeeScript.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('strings', 'mobyDick') %>
+    <p>
+      Heredocs can be used to hold formatted or indentation-sensitive text
+      (or, if you just don't feel like escaping quotes and apostrophes). The
+      indentation level that begins the heredoc is maintained throughout, so
+      you can keep it all aligned with the body of your code.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('heredocs') %>
+    <p>
+      Double-quoted heredocs, like double-quoted strings, allow interpolation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sometimes you'd like to pass a block comment through to the generated
+      JavaScript. For example, when you need to embed a licensing header at
+      the top of a file. Block comments, which mirror the synax for heredocs,
+      are preserved in the generated code.
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('block_comment') %>
+    <p>
+      <span id="regexes" class="bookmark"></span>
+      <b class="header">Extended Regular Expressions</b>
+      Similar to "heredocs" and "herecomments", CoffeeScript supports "heregexes" &mdash;
+      extended regular expressions that ignore internal whitespace and can contain
+      comments, after Perl's <tt>/x</tt> modifier, but delimited by <tt>///</tt>.
+      They go a long way towards making complex regular expressions readable.
+      To quote from the CoffeeScript source:
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('heregexes') %>
+    <h2>
+      <span id="cake" class="bookmark"></span>
+      Cake, and Cakefiles
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      CoffeeScript includes a simple build system similar to
+      <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/make/">Make</a> and
+      <a href="http://rake.rubyforge.org/">Rake</a>. Naturally,
+      it's called Cake, and is used for the build and test tasks for the CoffeeScript
+      language itself. Tasks are defined in a file named <tt>Cakefile</tt>, and
+      can be invoked by running <tt>cake taskname</tt> from within the directory.
+      To print a list of all the tasks and options, just run <tt>cake</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Task definitions are written in CoffeeScript, so you can put arbitrary code
+      in your Cakefile. Define a task with a name, a long description, and the
+      function to invoke when the task is run. If your task takes a command-line
+      option, you can define the option with short and long flags, and it will
+      be made available in the <tt>options</tt> object. Here's a task that uses
+      the Node.js API to rebuild CoffeeScript's parser:
+    </p>
+    <%= code_for('cake_tasks') %>
+    <p>
+      If you need to invoke one task before another &mdash; for example, running
+      <tt>build</tt> before <tt>test</tt>, you can use the <tt>invoke</tt> function:
+      <tt>invoke 'build'</tt>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span id="scripts" class="bookmark"></span>
+      "text/coffeescript" Script Tags
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      While it's not recommended for serious use, CoffeeScripts may be included
+      directly within the browser using <tt>&lt;script type="text/coffeescript"&gt;</tt>
+      tags. The source includes a compressed and minified version of the compiler
+      (<a href="extras/coffee-script.js">Download current version here, 39k when gzipped</a>)
+      as <tt>extras/coffee-script.js</tt>. Include this file on a page with
+      inline CoffeeScript tags, and it will compile and evaluate them in order.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In fact, the little bit of glue script that runs "Try CoffeeScript" above,
+      as well as jQuery for the menu, is implemented in just this way.
+      View source and look at the bottom of the page to see the example.
+      Including the script also gives you access to <tt>CoffeeScript.compile()</tt>
+      so you can pop open Firebug and try compiling some strings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The usual caveats about CoffeeScript apply &mdash; your inline scripts will
+      run within a closure wrapper, so if you want to expose global variables or
+      functions, attach them to the <tt>window</tt> object.
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span id="resources" class="bookmark"></span>
+      Examples
+    </h2>
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        <b>frank06</b>'s <a href="http://riakjs.org/">riak-js</a>, a Node.js client for
+        <a href="http://www.basho.com/Riak.html">Riak</a>, with support for HTTP
+        and Protocol Buffers.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>technoweenie</b>'s <a href="https://github.com/technoweenie/coffee-resque">Coffee-Resque</a>,
+        a port of <a href="https://github.com/defunkt/resque">Resque</a> for Node.js.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>jashkenas</b>' <a href="documentation/docs/underscore.html">Underscore.coffee</a>, a port
+        of the <a href="http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore/">Underscore.js</a>
+        library of helper functions.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>stephank</b>'s <a href="https://github.com/stephank/orona">Orona</a>, a remake of
+        the Bolo tank game for modern browsers.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>josh</b>'s <a href="http://josh.github.com/nack/">nack</a>, a Node.js-powered
+        <a href="http://rack.rubyforge.org/">Rack</a> server.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>sstephenson</b>'s <a href="http://sstephenson.github.com/strscan-js/">StringScanner</a>,
+        a simple tokenizer and lexical scanner for JavaScript strings.
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <h2>
+      Resources
+    </h2>
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/">Source Code</a><br />
+        Use <tt>bin/coffee</tt> to test your changes,<br />
+        <tt>bin/cake test</tt> to run the test suite,<br />
+        <tt>bin/cake build</tt> to rebuild the CoffeeScript compiler, and <br />
+        <tt>bin/cake build:parser</tt> to regenerate the Jison parser if you're
+        working on the grammar. <br /><br />
+        <tt>git checkout lib &amp;&amp; bin/cake build:full</tt> is a good command to run when you're working
+        on the core language. It'll refresh the lib directory
+        (in case you broke something), build your altered compiler, use that to
+        rebuild itself (a good sanity test) and then run all of the tests. If
+        they pass, there's a good chance you've made a successful change.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/issues">CoffeeScript Issues</a><br />
+        Bugs reports, feature requests, and general discussion all belong here.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        If you'd like to chat, stop by <tt>#coffeescript</tt> on Freenode in the
+        IRC client of your choice, or on
+        <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/">webchat.freenode.net</a>.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>satyr</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/satyr/coco">Coco</a>
+        &mdash; An avant-garde dialect of CoffeeScript that frequently pioneers
+        features and optimizations, some of which CoffeeScript later adopts.
+        Check out the <a href="https://github.com/satyr/coco/wiki/additions">list of additions</a>
+        to the language.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>yeungda</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/yeungda/jcoffeescript">JCoffeeScript</a>
+        &mdash; A Java Library that uses Rhino to compile CoffeeScript, allowing
+        compilation within Java projects or on systems that Node.js doesn't support.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>defunkt</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/defunkt/coffee-mode">CoffeeScript Major Mode</a>
+        &mdash; a Emacs major mode that provides syntax highlighting, indentation
+        support, and some bonus commands.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>jashkenas</b>' <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script-tmbundle">CoffeeScript TextMate Bundle</a>
+        &mdash; which provides syntax highlighting, snippet expansion, and the
+        ability to run bits of CoffeeScript from within TextMate itself.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>kchmck</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/kchmck/vim-coffee-script">Vim CoffeeScript</a>
+        &mdash; which adds Vim syntax highlighting and indentation support.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>wavded</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/wavded/gedit-coffeescript">gedit-coffeescript</a>
+        &mdash; a CoffeeScript syntax highlighter for the gedit text editor.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>yeungda</b>'s <a href="http://yeungda.github.com/coffeescript-idea/">coffeescript-idea</a>
+        &mdash; a plugin for IntelliJ IDEA and RubyMine providing syntax highlighting.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>mattly</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/mattly/rack-coffee">rack-coffee</a>
+        &mdash; a small Rack middleware for serving CoffeeScript files as
+        compiled JavaScript on the fly.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>jnicklas</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/jnicklas/bistro_car">BistroCar</a>
+        &mdash; a plugin that serves and bundles CoffeeScript from within your
+        Rails application.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>dsc</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/dsc/coffeecup">CoffeeCup</a>
+        &mdash; a Python WSGI middleware that compiles CoffeeScript to JavaScript
+        on-demand during development.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>sutto</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/Sutto/barista">Barista</a>
+        &mdash; a BistroCar alternative that integrates well with
+        <a href="http://documentcloud.github.com/jammit">Jammit</a> and Rails 3.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>inem</b> and <b>gerad</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/gerad/coffee-haml-filter">coffee-haml-filter</a>
+        &mdash; a custom filter for rendering CoffeeScript inline within
+        <a href="http://haml-lang.com/">HAML</a> templates.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>chrislloyd</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/chrislloyd/roast">Roast</a>
+        &mdash; a CoffeeScript compiler plug-in that allows you to include external
+        source files.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>andrzejsliwa</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/andrzejsliwa/coffeeapp">CoffeeApp</a>
+        &mdash; a CoffeeScript wrapper for CouchApps, web applications served
+        directly from CouchDB.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>sstephenson</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/sstephenson/eco">Eco</a>
+        &mdash; high-performance embedded CoffeeScript templates, after EJS and ERB.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>mauricemach</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/mauricemach/coffeekup">CoffeeKup</a>
+        &mdash; Markup as CoffeeScript. After _why's
+        <a href="http://markaby.github.com/">Markaby</a>.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>jashkenas</b>' <a href="http://jashkenas.github.com/docco/">Docco</a>
+        &mdash; a quick-and-dirty literate-programming-style documentation generator
+        for CoffeeScript. Used to produce the annotated source.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>naturalethic</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/naturalethic/coffee-mongo">coffee-mongo</a>
+        &mdash; an asynchronous MongoDB ORM, for use with Node.js and CoffeeScript.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <b>mauricemach</b>'s <a href="https://github.com/mauricemach/zappa">Zappa</a>
+        &mdash; a DSL for building web apps, built on top of Express and Socket.IO.
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <h2>
+      <span id="webchat" class="bookmark"></span>
+      Web Chat (IRC)
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Quick help and advice can usually be found in the CoffeeScript IRC room.
+      Join <tt>#coffeescript</tt> on <tt>irc.freenode.net</tt>, or click the
+      button below to open a webchat session on this page.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <button id="open_webchat">click to open #coffeescript</button>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span id="change_log" class="bookmark"></span>
+      Change Log
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">1.0.0
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 24, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      CoffeeScript loops no longer try to preserve block scope when functions
+      are being generated within the loop body. Instead, you can use the
+      <tt>do</tt> keyword to create a convenient closure wrapper.
+      Added a <tt>--nodejs</tt> flag for passing through options directly
+      to the <tt>node</tt> executable.
+      Better behavior around the use of pure statements within expressions.
+      Fixed inclusive slicing through <tt>-1</tt>, for all browsers, and splicing
+      with arbitrary expressions as endpoints.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.6
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 6, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      The REPL now properly formats stacktraces, and stays alive through
+      asynchronous exceptions. Using <tt>--watch</tt> now prints timestamps as
+      files are compiled. Fixed some accidentally-leaking variables within
+      plucked closure-loops. Constructors now maintain their declaration
+      location within a class body. Dynamic object keys were removed.
+      Nested classes are now supported. Fixes execution context for naked
+      splatted functions. Bugfix for inversion of chained comparisons.
+      Chained class instantiation now works properly with splats.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.5
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Nov 21, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      0.9.5 should be considered the first release candidate for CoffeeScript 1.0.
+      There have been a large number of internal changes since the previous release,
+      many contributed from <b>satyr</b>'s <a href="http://github.com/satyr/coco">Coco</a>
+      dialect of CoffeeScript. Heregexes (extended regexes) were added. Functions
+      can now have default arguments. Class bodies are now executable code.
+      Improved syntax errors for invalid CoffeeScript. <tt>undefined</tt> now
+      works like <tt>null</tt>, and cannot be assigned a new value.
+      There was a precedence change with respect to single-line comprehensions:
+      <tt>result = i for i in list</tt><br /> used to parse as <tt>result = (i for i in list)</tt>
+      by default ... it now parses as <br /><tt>(result = i) for i in list</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.4
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Sep 21, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      CoffeeScript now uses appropriately-named temporary variables, and recycles
+      their references after use. Added <tt>require.extensions</tt> support for
+      <b>Node.js 0.3</b>. Loading CoffeeScript in the browser now adds just a
+      single <tt>CoffeeScript</tt> object to global scope.
+      Fixes for implicit object and block comment edge cases.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.3
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Sep 16, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      CoffeeScript <tt>switch</tt> statements now compile into JS <tt>switch</tt>
+      statements &mdash; they previously compiled into <tt>if/else</tt> chains
+      for JavaScript 1.3 compatibility.
+      Soaking a function invocation is now supported. Users of the RubyMine
+      editor should now be able to use <tt>--watch</tt> mode.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.2
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Aug 23, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Specifying the start and end of a range literal is now optional, eg. <tt>array[3..]</tt>.
+      You can now say <tt>a not instanceof b</tt>.
+      Fixed important bugs with nested significant and non-significant indentation (Issue #637).
+      Added a <tt>--require</tt> flag that allows you to hook into the <tt>coffee</tt> command.
+      Added a custom <tt>jsl.conf</tt> file for our preferred JavaScriptLint setup.
+      Sped up Jison grammar compilation time by flattening rules for operations.
+      Block comments can now be used with JavaScript-minifier-friendly syntax.
+      Added JavaScript's compound assignment bitwise operators. Bugfixes to
+      implicit object literals with leading number and string keys, as the subject
+      of implicit calls, and as part of compound assignment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.1
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Aug 11, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Bugfix release for <b>0.9.1</b>. Greatly improves the handling of mixed
+      implicit objects, implicit function calls, and implicit indentation.
+      String and regex interpolation is now strictly <tt>#{ ... }</tt> (Ruby style).
+      The compiler now takes a <tt>--require</tt> flag, which specifies scripts
+      to run before compilation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.9.0
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Aug 4, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      The CoffeeScript <b>0.9</b> series is considered to be a release candidate
+      for <b>1.0</b>; let's give her a shakedown cruise. <b>0.9.0</b> introduces a massive
+      backwards-incompatible change: Assignment now uses <tt>=</tt>, and object
+      literals use <tt>:</tt>, as in JavaScript. This allows us to have implicit
+      object literals, and YAML-style object definitions. Half assignments are
+      removed, in favor of <tt>+=</tt>, <tt>or=</tt>, and friends.
+      Interpolation now uses a hash mark <tt>#</tt> instead of the dollar sign
+      <tt>$</tt> &mdash; because dollar signs may be part of a valid JS identifier.
+      Downwards range comprehensions are now safe again, and are optimized to
+      straight for loops when created with integer endpoints.
+      A fast, unguarded form of object comprehension was added:
+      <tt>for all key, value of object</tt>. Mentioning the <tt>super</tt> keyword
+      with no arguments now forwards all arguments passed to the function,
+      as in Ruby. If you extend class <tt>B</tt> from parent class <tt>A</tt>, if
+      <tt>A</tt> has an <tt>extended</tt> method defined, it will be called, passing in <tt>B</tt> &mdash;
+      this enables static inheritance, among other things. Cleaner output for
+      functions bound with the fat arrow. <tt>@variables</tt> can now be used
+      in parameter lists, with the parameter being automatically set as a property
+      on the object &mdash; useful in constructors and setter functions.
+      Constructor functions can now take splats.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.7.2
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jul 12, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Quick bugfix (right after 0.7.1) for a problem that prevented <tt>coffee</tt>
+      command-line options from being parsed in some circumstances.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.7.1
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jul 11, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Block-style comments are now passed through and printed as JavaScript block
+      comments -- making them useful for licenses and copyright headers. Better
+      support for running coffee scripts standalone via hashbangs.
+      Improved syntax errors for tokens that are not in the grammar.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.7.0
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jun 28, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Official CoffeeScript variable style is now camelCase, as in JavaScript.
+      Reserved words are now allowed as object keys, and will be quoted for you.
+      Range comprehensions now generate cleaner code, but you have to specify <tt>by -1</tt>
+      if you'd like to iterate downward. Reporting of syntax errors is greatly
+      improved from the previous release. Running <tt>coffee</tt> with no arguments
+      now launches the REPL, with Readline support. The <tt>&lt;-</tt> bind operator
+      has been removed from CoffeeScript. The <tt>loop</tt> keyword was added,
+      which is equivalent to a <tt>while true</tt> loop. Comprehensions that contain
+      closures will now close over their variables, like the semantics of a <tt>forEach</tt>.
+      You can now use bound function in class definitions (bound to the instance).
+      For consistency, <tt>a in b</tt> is now an array presence check, and <tt>a of b</tt>
+      is an object-key check. Comments are no longer passed through to the generated
+      JavaScript.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.6.2
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>May 15, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      The <tt>coffee</tt> command will now preserve directory structure when
+      compiling a directory full of scripts. Fixed two omissions that were preventing
+      the CoffeeScript compiler from running live within Internet Explorer.
+      There's now a syntax for block comments, similar in spirit to CoffeeScript's heredocs.
+      ECMA Harmony DRY-style pattern matching is now supported, where the name
+      of the property is the same as the name of the value: <tt>{name, length}: func</tt>.
+      Pattern matching is now allowed within comprehension variables. <tt>unless</tt>
+      is now allowed in block form. <tt>until</tt> loops were added, as the inverse
+      of <tt>while</tt> loops. <tt>switch</tt> statements are now allowed without
+      switch object clauses. Compatible
+      with Node.js <b>v0.1.95</b>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.6.1
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Apr 12, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Upgraded CoffeeScript for compatibility with the new Node.js <b>v0.1.90</b>
+      series.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.6.0
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Apr 3, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Trailing commas are now allowed, a-la Python. Static
+      properties may be assigned directly within class definitions,
+      using <tt>@property</tt> notation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.6
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Mar 23, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Interpolation can now be used within regular expressions and heredocs, as well as
+      strings. Added the <tt>&lt;-</tt> bind operator.
+      Allowing assignment to half-expressions instead of special <tt>||=</tt>-style
+      operators. The arguments object is no longer automatically converted into
+      an array. After requiring <tt>coffee-script</tt>, Node.js can now directly
+      load <tt>.coffee</tt> files, thanks to <b>registerExtension</b>. Multiple
+      splats can now be used in function calls, arrays, and pattern matching.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.5
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Mar 8, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      String interpolation, contributed by
+      <a href="http://github.com/StanAngeloff">Stan Angeloff</a>.
+      Since <tt>--run</tt> has been the default since <b>0.5.3</b>, updating
+      <tt>--stdio</tt> and <tt>--eval</tt> to run by default, pass <tt>--compile</tt>
+      as well if you'd like to print the result.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.4
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Mar 3, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Bugfix that corrects the Node.js global constants <tt>__filename</tt> and
+      <tt>__dirname</tt>. Tweaks for more flexible parsing of nested function
+      literals and improperly-indented comments. Updates for the latest Node.js API.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.3
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Feb 27, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      CoffeeScript now has a syntax for defining classes. Many of the core
+      components (Nodes, Lexer, Rewriter, Scope, Optparse) are using them.
+      Cakefiles can use <tt>optparse.coffee</tt> to define options for tasks.
+      <tt>--run</tt> is now the default flag for the <tt>coffee</tt> command,
+      use <tt>--compile</tt> to save JavaScripts. Bugfix for an ambiguity between
+      RegExp literals and chained divisions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.2
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Feb 25, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Added a compressed version of the compiler for inclusion in web pages as
+      <br  /><tt>extras/coffee-script.js</tt>. It'll automatically run any script tags
+      with type <tt>text/coffeescript</tt> for you. Added a <tt>--stdio</tt> option
+      to the <tt>coffee</tt> command, for piped-in compiles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.1
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Feb 24, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Improvements to null soaking with the existential operator, including
+      soaks on indexed properties. Added conditions to <tt>while</tt> loops,
+      so you can use them as filters with <tt>when</tt>, in the same manner as
+      comprehensions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.5.0
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Feb 21, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      CoffeeScript 0.5.0 is a major release, While there are no language changes,
+      the Ruby compiler has been removed in favor of a self-hosting
+      compiler written in pure CoffeeScript.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.3.2
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Feb 8, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      <tt>@property</tt> is now a shorthand for <tt>this.property</tt>.<br />
+      Switched the default JavaScript engine from Narwhal to Node.js. Pass
+      the <tt>--narwhal</tt> flag if you'd like to continue using it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.3.0
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jan 26, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      CoffeeScript 0.3 includes major syntax changes:
+      <br />
+      The function symbol was changed to
+      <tt>-></tt>, and the bound function symbol is now <tt>=></tt>.
+      <br />
+      Parameter lists in function definitions must now be wrapped in parentheses.
+      <br />
+      Added property soaking, with the <tt>?.</tt> operator.
+      <br />
+      Made parentheses optional, when invoking functions with arguments.
+      <br />
+      Removed the obsolete block literal syntax.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.6
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jan 17, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Added Python-style chained comparisons, the conditional existence
+      operator <tt>?=</tt>, and some examples from <i>Beautiful Code</i>.
+      Bugfixes relating to statement-to-expression conversion, arguments-to-array
+      conversion, and the TextMate syntax highlighter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.5
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jan 13, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      The conditions in switch statements can now take multiple values at once &mdash;
+      If any of them are true, the case will run. Added the long arrow <tt>==></tt>,
+      which defines and immediately binds a function to <tt>this</tt>. While loops can
+      now be used as expressions, in the same way that comprehensions can. Splats
+      can be used within pattern matches to soak up the rest of an array.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.4
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jan 12, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Added ECMAScript Harmony style destructuring assignment, for dealing with
+      extracting values from nested arrays and objects. Added indentation-sensitive
+      heredocs for nicely formatted strings or chunks of code.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.3
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jan 11, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Axed the unsatisfactory <tt>ino</tt> keyword, replacing it with <tt>of</tt> for
+      object comprehensions. They now look like: <tt>for prop, value of object</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.2
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jan 10, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      When performing a comprehension over an object, use <tt>ino</tt>, instead
+      of <tt>in</tt>, which helps us generate smaller, more efficient code at
+      compile time.
+      <br />
+      Added <tt>::</tt> as a shorthand for saying <tt>.prototype.</tt>
+      <br />
+      The "splat" symbol has been changed from a prefix asterisk <tt>*</tt>, to
+      a postfix ellipsis <tt>...</tt>
+      <br />
+      Added JavaScript's <tt>in</tt> operator,
+      empty <tt>return</tt> statements, and empty <tt>while</tt> loops.
+      <br />
+      Constructor functions that start with capital letters now include a
+      safety check to make sure that the new instance of the object is returned.
+      <br />
+      The <tt>extends</tt> keyword now functions identically to <tt>goog.inherits</tt>
+      in Google's Closure Library.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.1
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jan 5, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Arguments objects are now converted into real arrays when referenced.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.2.0
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Jan 5, 2010</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Major release. Significant whitespace. Better statement-to-expression
+      conversion. Splats. Splice literals. Object comprehensions. Blocks.
+      The existential operator. Many thanks to all the folks who posted issues,
+      with special thanks to
+      <a href="http://github.com/liamoc">Liam O'Connor-Davis</a> for whitespace
+      and expression help.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.6
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 27, 2009</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Bugfix for running <tt>coffee --interactive</tt> and <tt>--run</tt>
+      from outside of the CoffeeScript directory. Bugfix for nested
+      function/if-statements.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.5
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 26, 2009</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Array slice literals and array comprehensions can now both take Ruby-style
+      ranges to specify the start and end. JavaScript variable declaration is
+      now pushed up to the top of the scope, making all assignment statements into
+      expressions. You can use <tt>\</tt> to escape newlines.
+      The <tt>coffee-script</tt> command is now called <tt>coffee</tt>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.4
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 25, 2009</small></span>
+      </b>
+      The official CoffeeScript extension is now <tt>.coffee</tt> instead of
+      <tt>.cs</tt>, which properly belongs to
+      <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)">C#</a>.
+      Due to popular demand, you can now also use <tt>=</tt> to assign. Unlike
+      JavaScript, <tt>=</tt> can also be used within object literals, interchangeably
+      with <tt>:</tt>. Made a grammatical fix for chained function calls
+      like <tt>func(1)(2)(3)(4)</tt>. Inheritance and super no longer use
+      <tt>__proto__</tt>, so they should be IE-compatible now.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.3
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 25, 2009</small></span>
+      </b>
+      The <tt>coffee</tt> command now includes <tt>--interactive</tt>,
+      which launches an interactive CoffeeScript session, and <tt>--run</tt>,
+      which directly compiles and executes a script. Both options depend on a
+      working installation of Narwhal.
+      The <tt>aint</tt> keyword has been replaced by <tt>isnt</tt>, which goes
+      together a little smoother with <tt>is</tt>.
+      Quoted strings are now allowed as identifiers within object literals: eg.
+      <tt>{"5+5": 10}</tt>.
+      All assignment operators now use a colon: <tt>+:</tt>, <tt>-:</tt>,
+      <tt>*:</tt>, etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.2
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 24, 2009</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Fixed a bug with calling <tt>super()</tt> through more than one level of
+      inheritance, with the re-addition of the <tt>extends</tt> keyword.
+      Added experimental <a href="http://narwhaljs.org/">Narwhal</a>
+      support (as a Tusk package), contributed by
+      <a href="http://tlrobinson.net/">Tom Robinson</a>, including
+      <b>bin/cs</b> as a CoffeeScript REPL and interpreter.
+      New <tt>--no-wrap</tt> option to suppress the safety function
+      wrapper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.1
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 24, 2009</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Added <tt>instanceof</tt> and <tt>typeof</tt> as operators.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b class="header" style="margin-top: 20px;">0.1.0
+        <span class="timestamp"> &ndash; <small>Dec 24, 2009</small></span>
+      </b>
+      Initial CoffeeScript release.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+  <script type="text/coffeescript">
+    # Set up the compilation function, to run when you stop typing.
+    compileSource = ->
+      source = $('#repl_source').val()
+      window.compiledJS = ''
+      try
+        window.compiledJS = CoffeeScript.compile source, bare: on
+        el = $('#repl_results')[0]
+        if el.innerText
+          el.innerText = window.compiledJS
+        else
+          $(el).text window.compiledJS
+        $('#error').hide()
+      catch error
+        $('#error').text(error.message).show()
+    # Listen for keypresses and recompile.
+    $('#repl_source').keyup -> compileSource()
+    # Eval the compiled js.
+    $('.minibutton.run').click ->
+      try
+        eval window.compiledJS
+      catch error then alert error
+    # Load the console with a string of CoffeeScript.
+    window.loadConsole = (coffee) ->
+      $('#repl_source').val coffee
+      compileSource()
+      $('.navigation.try').addClass('active')
+      false
+    # Helper to hide the menus.
+    closeMenus = ->
+      $('.navigation.active').removeClass 'active'
+    # Bind navigation buttons to open the menus.
+    $('.navigation').click (e) ->
+      return if e.target.tagName.toLowerCase() is 'a'
+      return false if $(e.target).closest('.repl_wrapper').length
+      if $(this).hasClass('active')
+        closeMenus()
+      else
+        closeMenus()
+        $(this).addClass 'active'
+      false
+    $(document.body).click (e) ->
+      return false if $(e.target).hasClass('minibutton')
+      closeMenus()
+    $('#open_webchat').click ->
+      $(this).replaceWith $('<iframe src="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=coffeescript" width="625" height="400"></iframe>')
+    compileSource()
+  </script>
+  <script src="documentation/vendor/jquery-1.4.2.js"></script>
+  <script src="extras/coffee-script.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>