shoppe-paypal 1.0.0 → 1.1.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.1.0/gems/rails-4.2.1/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md

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+Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 4.2:
+
+* Active Job
+* Asynchronous mails
+* Adequate Record
+* Web Console
+* Foreign key support
+
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about other
+features, bug fixes, and changes, please refer to the changelogs or check out
+the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-2-stable) in
+the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Upgrading to Rails 4.2
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test
+coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 4.1 in case you
+haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting
+to upgrade to Rails 4.2. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is
+available in the guide [Upgrading Ruby on
+Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4-1-to-rails-4-2).
+
+
+Major Features
+--------------
+
+### Active Job
+
+Active Job is a new framework in Rails 4.2. It is a common interface on top of
+queuing systems like [Resque](https://github.com/resque/resque), [Delayed
+Job](https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job),
+[Sidekiq](https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq), and more.
+
+Jobs written with the Active Job API run on any of the supported queues thanks
+to their respective adapters. Active Job comes pre-configured with an inline
+runner that executes jobs right away.
+
+Jobs often need to take Active Record objects as arguments. Active Job passes
+object references as URIs (uniform resource identifiers) instead of marshaling
+the object itself. The new [Global ID](https://github.com/rails/globalid)
+library builds URIs and looks up the objects they reference. Passing Active
+Record objects as job arguments just works by using Global ID internally.
+
+For example, if `trashable` is an Active Record object, then this job runs
+just fine with no serialization involved:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+See the [Active Job Basics](active_job_basics.html) guide for more
+information.
+
+### Asynchronous Mails
+
+Building on top of Active Job, Action Mailer now comes with a `deliver_later`
+method that sends emails via the queue, so it doesn't block the controller or
+model if the queue is asynchronous (the default inline queue blocks).
+
+Sending emails right away is still possible with `deliver_now`.
+
+### Adequate Record
+
+Adequate Record is a set of performance improvements in Active Record that makes
+common `find` and `find_by` calls and some association queries up to 2x faster.
+
+It works by caching common SQL queries as prepared statements and reusing them
+on similar calls, skipping most of the query-generation work on subsequent
+calls. For more details, please refer to [Aaron Patterson's blog
+post](http://tenderlovemaking.com/2014/02/19/adequaterecord-pro-like-activerecord.html).
+
+Active Record will automatically take advantage of this feature on
+supported operations without any user involvement or code changes. Here are
+some examples of supported operations:
+
+```ruby
+Post.find(1)  # First call generates and cache the prepared statement
+Post.find(2)  # Subsequent calls reuse the cached prepared statement
+
+Post.find_by_title('first post')
+Post.find_by_title('second post')
+
+Post.find_by(title: 'first post')
+Post.find_by(title: 'second post')
+
+post.comments
+post.comments(true)
+```
+
+It's important to highlight that, as the examples above suggest, the prepared
+statements do not cache the values passed in the method calls; rather, they
+have placeholders for them.
+
+Caching is not used in the following scenarios:
+
+- The model has a default scope
+- The model uses single table inheritance
+- `find` with a list of ids, e.g.:
+
+  ```ruby
+  # not cached
+  Post.find(1, 2, 3)
+  Post.find([1,2])
+  ```
+
+- `find_by` with SQL fragments:
+
+  ```ruby
+  Post.find_by('published_at < ?', 2.weeks.ago)
+  ```
+
+### Web Console
+
+New applications generated with Rails 4.2 now come with the [Web
+Console](https://github.com/rails/web-console) gem by default. Web Console adds
+an interactive Ruby console on every error page and provides a `console` view
+and controller helpers.
+
+The interactive console on error pages lets you execute code in the context of
+the place where the exception originated. The `console` helper, if called
+anywhere in a view or controller, launches an interactive console with the final
+context, once rendering has completed.
+
+### Foreign Key Support
+
+The migration DSL now supports adding and removing foreign keys. They are dumped
+to `schema.rb` as well. At this time, only the `mysql`, `mysql2` and `postgresql`
+adapters support foreign keys.
+
+```ruby
+# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `authors.id`
+add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+
+# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `users.lng_id`
+add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
+
+# remove the foreign key on `accounts.branch_id`
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+
+# remove the foreign key on `accounts.owner_id`
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+```
+
+See the API documentation on
+[add_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_foreign_key)
+and
+[remove_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-remove_foreign_key)
+for a full description.
+
+
+Incompatibilities
+-----------------
+
+Previously deprecated functionality has been removed. Please refer to the
+individual components for new deprecations in this release.
+
+The following changes may require immediate action upon upgrade.
+
+### `render` with a String Argument
+
+Previously, calling `render "foo/bar"` in a controller action was equivalent to
+`render file: "foo/bar"`. In Rails 4.2, this has been changed to mean
+`render template: "foo/bar"` instead. If you need to render a file, please
+change your code to use the explicit form (`render file: "foo/bar"`) instead.
+
+### `respond_with` / Class-Level `respond_to`
+
+`respond_with` and the corresponding class-level `respond_to` have been moved
+to the [responders](https://github.com/plataformatec/responders) gem. Add
+`gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile to use it:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  respond_to :html, :json
+
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_with @user
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html
+      format.json { render json: @user }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Default Host for `rails server`
+
+Due to a [change in Rack](https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/28b014484a8ac0bbb388e7eaeeef159598ec64fc),
+`rails server` now listens on `localhost` instead of `0.0.0.0` by default. This
+should have minimal impact on the standard development workflow as both
+http://127.0.0.1:3000 and http://localhost:3000 will continue to work as before
+on your own machine.
+
+However, with this change you will no longer be able to access the Rails
+server from a different machine, for example if your development environment
+is in a virtual machine and you would like to access it from the host machine.
+In such cases, please start the server with `rails server -b 0.0.0.0` to
+restore the old behavior.
+
+If you do this, be sure to configure your firewall properly such that only
+trusted machines on your network can access your development server.
+
+### HTML Sanitizer
+
+The HTML sanitizer has been replaced with a new, more robust, implementation
+built upon [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) and
+[Nokogiri](https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri). The new sanitizer is
+more secure and its sanitization is more powerful and flexible.
+
+Due to the new algorithm, the sanitized output may be different for certain
+pathological inputs.
+
+If you have a particular need for the exact output of the old sanitizer, you
+can add the [rails-deprecated_sanitizer](https://github.com/kaspth/rails-deprecated_sanitizer)
+gem to the `Gemfile`, to have the old behavior. The gem does not issue
+deprecation warnings because it is opt-in.
+
+`rails-deprecated_sanitizer` will be supported for Rails 4.2 only; it will not
+be maintained for Rails 5.0.
+
+See [this blog post](http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2014/07/the-new-html-sanitizer-in-rails-4-2/)
+for more details on the changes in the new sanitizer.
+
+### `assert_select`
+
+`assert_select` is now based on [Nokogiri](https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri).
+As a result, some previously-valid selectors are now unsupported. If your
+application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them:
+
+*   Values in attribute selectors may need to be quoted if they contain
+    non-alphanumeric characters.
+
+    ```
+    # before
+    a[href=/]
+    a[href$=/]
+
+    # now
+    a[href="/"]
+    a[href$="/"]
+    ```
+
+*   DOMs built from HTML source containing invalid HTML with improperly
+    nested elements may differ.
+
+    For example:
+
+    ``` ruby
+    # content: <div><i><p></i></div>
+
+    # before:
+    assert_select('div > i')  # => true
+    assert_select('div > p')  # => false
+    assert_select('i > p')    # => true
+
+    # now:
+    assert_select('div > i')  # => true
+    assert_select('div > p')  # => true
+    assert_select('i > p')    # => false
+    ```
+
+*   If the data selected contains entities, the value selected for comparison
+    used to be raw (e.g. `AT&amp;T`), and now is evaluated
+    (e.g. `AT&T`).
+
+    ``` ruby
+    # content: <p>AT&amp;T</p>
+
+    # before:
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&amp;T')  # => true
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&T')      # => false
+
+    # now:
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&T')      # => true
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&amp;T')  # => false
+    ```
+
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   The `--skip-action-view` option has been removed from the
+    app generator. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17042))
+
+*   The `rails application` command has been removed without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11616))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated missing `config.log_level` for production environments.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16622))
+
+*   Deprecated `rake test:all` in favor of `rake test` as it now run all tests
+    in the `test` folder.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17348))
+
+*   Deprecated `rake test:all:db` in favor of `rake test:db`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17348))
+
+*   Deprecated `Rails::Rack::LogTailer` without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/84a13e019e93efaa8994b3f8303d635a7702dbce))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced `web-console` in the default application Gemfile.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11667))
+
+*   Added a `required` option to the model generator for associations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16062))
+
+*   Introduced the `x` namespace for defining custom configuration options:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # config/environments/production.rb
+    config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+    config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+    config.x.super_debugger              = true
+    ```
+
+    These options are then available through the configuration object:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
+    Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
+    Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger              # => true
+    ```
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/611849772dd66c2e4d005dcfe153f7ce79a8a7db))
+
+*   Introduced `Rails::Application.config_for` to load a configuration for the
+    current environment.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # config/exception_notification.yml:
+    production:
+      url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
+      namespace: my_app_production
+    development:
+      url: http://localhost:3001
+      namespace: my_app_development
+
+    # config/production.rb
+    Rails.application.configure do
+      config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
+    end
+    ```
+
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16129))
+
+*   Introduced a `--skip-turbolinks` option in the app generator to not generate
+    turbolinks integration.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/bf17c8a531bc8059d50ad731398002a3e7162a7d))
+
+*   Introduced a `bin/setup` script as a convention for automated setup code when
+    bootstrapping an application.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15189))
+
+*   Changed the default value for `config.assets.digest` to `true` in development.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15155))
+
+*   Introduced an API to register new extensions for `rake notes`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14379))
+
+*   Introduced an `after_bundle` callback for use in Rails templates.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16359))
+
+*   Introduced `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+    `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14101))
+
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   `respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` have been removed from Rails and
+    moved to the `responders` gem (version 2.0). Add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'`
+    to your `Gemfile` to continue using these features.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526),
+     [More Details](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#responders))
+
+*   Removed deprecated `AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError`
+    in favor of `AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a1ddde15ae0d612ff2973de9cf768ed701b594e8))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated the `only_path` option on `*_path` helpers.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/aa1fadd48fb40dd9396a383696134a259aa59db9))
+
+*   Deprecated `assert_tag`, `assert_no_tag`, `find_tag` and `find_all_tag` in
+    favor of `assert_select`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/commit/b12850bc5ff23ba4b599bf2770874dd4f11bf750))
+
+*   Deprecated support for setting the `:to` option of a router to a symbol or a
+    string that does not contain a "#" character:
+
+    ```ruby
+    get '/posts', to: MyRackApp    => (No change necessary)
+    get '/posts', to: 'post#index' => (No change necessary)
+    get '/posts', to: 'posts'      => get '/posts', controller: :posts
+    get '/posts', to: :index       => get '/posts', action: :index
+    ```
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/cc26b6b7bccf0eea2e2c1a9ebdcc9d30ca7390d9))
+
+*   Deprecated support for string keys in URL helpers:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # bad
+    root_path('controller' => 'posts', 'action' => 'index')
+
+    # good
+    root_path(controller: 'posts', action: 'index')
+    ```
+
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17743))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   The `*_filter` family of methods have been removed from the documentation. Their
+    usage is discouraged in favor of the `*_action` family of methods:
+
+    ```
+    after_filter          => after_action
+    append_after_filter   => append_after_action
+    append_around_filter  => append_around_action
+    append_before_filter  => append_before_action
+    around_filter         => around_action
+    before_filter         => before_action
+    prepend_after_filter  => prepend_after_action
+    prepend_around_filter => prepend_around_action
+    prepend_before_filter => prepend_before_action
+    skip_after_filter     => skip_after_action
+    skip_around_filter    => skip_around_action
+    skip_before_filter    => skip_before_action
+    skip_filter           => skip_action_callback
+    ```
+
+    If your application currently depends on these methods, you should use the
+    replacement `*_action` methods instead. These methods will be deprecated in
+    the future and will eventually be removed from Rails.
+
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6c5f43bab8206747a8591435b2aa0ff7051ad3de),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/489a8f2a44dc9cea09154ee1ee2557d1f037c7d4))
+
+*   `render nothing: true` or rendering a `nil` body no longer add a single
+    space padding to the response body.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14883))
+
+*   Rails now automatically includes the template's digest in ETags.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16527))
+
+*   Segments that are passed into URL helpers are now automatically escaped.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5460591f0226a9d248b7b4f89186bd5553e7768f))
+
+*   Introduced the `always_permitted_parameters` option to configure which
+    parameters are permitted globally. The default value of this configuration
+    is `['controller', 'action']`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15933))
+
+*   Added the HTTP method `MKCALENDAR` from [RFC 4791](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4791).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15121))
+
+*   `*_fragment.action_controller` notifications now include the controller
+    and action name in the payload.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14137))
+
+*   Improved the Routing Error page with fuzzy matching for route search.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14619))
+
+*   Added an option to disable logging of CSRF failures.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14280))
+
+*   When the Rails server is set to serve static assets, gzip assets will now be
+    served if the client supports it and a pre-generated gzip file (`.gz`) is on disk.
+    By default the asset pipeline generates `.gz` files for all compressible assets.
+    Serving gzip files minimizes data transfer and speeds up asset requests. Always
+    [use a CDN](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html#cdns) if you are
+    serving assets from your Rails server in production.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16466))
+
+*   When calling the `process` helpers in an integration test the path needs to have
+    a leading slash. Previously you could omit it but that was a byproduct of the
+    implementation and not an intentional feature, e.g.:
+
+    ```ruby
+    test "list all posts" do
+      get "/posts"
+      assert_response :success
+    end
+    ```
+
+Action View
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `AbstractController::Base.parent_prefixes`.
+    Override `AbstractController::Base.local_prefixes` when you want to change
+    where to find views.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15026))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActionView::Digestor#digest(name, format, finder, options = {})`.
+    Arguments should be passed as a hash instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14243))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `render "foo/bar"` now expands to `render template: "foo/bar"` instead of
+    `render file: "foo/bar"`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16888))
+
+*   The form helpers no longer generate a `<div>` element with inline CSS around
+    the hidden fields.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14738))
+
+*   Introduced a `#{partial_name}_iteration` special local variable for use with
+    partials that are rendered with a collection. It provides access to the
+    current state of the iteration via the `index`, `size`, `first?` and
+    `last?` methods.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7698))
+
+*   Placeholder I18n follows the same convention as `label` I18n.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16438))
+
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-mailer] for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `*_path` helpers in mailers. Always use `*_url` helpers instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15840))
+
+*   Deprecated `deliver` / `deliver!` in favor of `deliver_now` / `deliver_now!`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16582))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `link_to` and `url_for` generate absolute URLs by default in templates,
+    it is no longer needed to pass `only_path: false`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9685080a7677abfa5d288a81c3e078368c6bb67c))
+
+*   Introduced `deliver_later` which enqueues a job on the application's queue
+    to deliver emails asynchronously.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16485))
+
+*   Added the `show_previews` configuration option for enabling mailer previews
+    outside of the development environment.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15970))
+
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed `cache_attributes` and friends. All attributes are cached.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15429))
+
+*   Removed deprecated method `ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15612))
+
+*   Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name`. Use the
+    `proper_table_name` instance method on `ActiveRecord::Migration` instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15512))
+
+*   Removed unused `:timestamp` type. Transparently alias it to `:datetime`
+    in all cases. Fixes inconsistencies when column types are sent outside of
+    Active Record, such as for XML serialization.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15184))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated swallowing of errors inside `after_commit` and `after_rollback`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537))
+
+*   Deprecated broken support for automatic detection of counter caches on
+    `has_many :through` associations. You should instead manually specify the
+    counter cache on the `has_many` and `belongs_to` associations for the
+    through records.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15754))
+
+*   Deprecated passing Active Record objects to `.find` or `.exists?`. Call
+    `id` on the objects first.
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d92ae6ccca3bcfd73546d612efaea011270bd270),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d35f0033c7dec2b8d8b52058fb8db495d49596f7))
+
+*   Deprecated half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding
+    beginnings. We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion
+    is not fully possible because Ruby ranges do not support excluded beginnings.
+
+    The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct
+    and is now deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment
+    (e.g. `succ` is not defined) it will raise an `ArgumentError` for ranges
+    with excluding beginnings.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/91949e48cf41af9f3e4ffba3e5eecf9b0a08bfc3))
+
+*   Deprecated calling `DatabaseTasks.load_schema` without a connection. Use
+    `DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current` instead.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f15cef67f75e4b52fd45655d7c6ab6b35623c608))
+
+*   Deprecated `sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` without replacement. Using a
+    `Relation` for performing queries and updates is the preferred API.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d5902c9e))
+
+*   Deprecated `add_timestamps` and `t.timestamps` without passing the `:null`
+    option. The default of `null: true` will change in Rails 5 to `null: false`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16481))
+
+*   Deprecated `Reflection#source_macro` without replacement as it is no longer
+    needed in Active Record.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16373))
+
+*   Deprecated `serialized_attributes` without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15704))
+
+*   Deprecated returning `nil` from `column_for_attribute` when no column
+    exists. It will return a null object in Rails 5.0.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15878))
+
+*   Deprecated using `.joins`, `.preload` and `.eager_load` with associations
+    that depend on the instance state (i.e. those defined with a scope that
+    takes an argument) without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed56e596a0467390011bc9d56d462539776adac1))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `SchemaDumper` uses `force: :cascade` on `create_table`. This makes it
+    possible to reload a schema when foreign keys are in place.
+
+*   Added a `:required` option to singular associations, which defines a
+    presence validation on the association.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16056))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Dirty` now detects in-place changes to mutable values.
+    Serialized attributes on Active Record models are no longer saved when
+    unchanged. This also works with other types such as string columns and json
+    columns on PostgreSQL.
+    (Pull Requests [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15674),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15786),
+    [3](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15788))
+
+*   Introduced the `db:purge` Rake task to empty the database for the
+    current environment.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e2f232aba15937a4b9d14bd91e0392c6d55be58d))
+
+*   Introduced `ActiveRecord::Base#validate!` that raises
+    `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8639))
+
+*   Introduced `validate` as an alias for `valid?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
+
+*   `touch` now accepts multiple attributes to be touched at once.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14423))
+
+*   The PostgreSQL adapter now supports the `jsonb` datatype in PostgreSQL 9.4+.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16220))
+
+*   The PostgreSQL and SQLite adapters no longer add a default limit of 255
+    characters on string columns.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14579))
+
+*   Added support for the `citext` column type in the PostgreSQL adapter.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12523))
+
+*   Added support for user-created range types in the PostgreSQL adapter.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4cb47167e747e8f9dc12b0ddaf82bdb68c03e032))
+
+*   `sqlite3:///some/path` now resolves to the absolute system path
+    `/some/path`. For relative paths, use `sqlite3:some/path` instead.
+    (Previously, `sqlite3:///some/path` resolved to the relative path
+    `some/path`. This behavior was deprecated on Rails 4.1).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14569))
+
+*   Added support for fractional seconds for MySQL 5.6 and above.
+    (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8240),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14359))
+
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base#pretty_print` to pretty print models.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15172))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base#reload` now behaves the same as `m = Model.find(m.id)`,
+    meaning that it no longer retains the extra attributes from custom
+    `SELECT`s.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15866))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base#reflections` now returns a hash with string keys instead
+    of symbol keys. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17718))
+
+*   The `references` method in migrations now supports a `type` option for
+    specifying the type of the foreign key (e.g. `:uuid`).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16231))
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-model] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed deprecated `Validator#setup` without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10716))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `reset_#{attribute}` in favor of `restore_#{attribute}`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_changes` in favor of
+    `clear_changes_information`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced `validate` as an alias for `valid?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
+
+*   Introduced the `restore_attributes` method in `ActiveModel::Dirty` to restore
+    the changed (dirty) attributes to their previous values.
+    (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14861),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+*   `has_secure_password` no longer disallows blank passwords (i.e. passwords
+    that contains only spaces) by default.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16412))
+
+*   `has_secure_password` now verifies that the given password is less than 72
+    characters if validations are enabled.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15708))
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-support] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed deprecated `Numeric#ago`, `Numeric#until`, `Numeric#since`,
+    `Numeric#from_now`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1eddea1e3f6faf93581c43651348f48b2b7d8bb))
+
+*   Removed deprecated string based terminators for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15100))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `Kernel#silence_stderr`, `Kernel#capture` and `Kernel#quietly`
+    without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13392))
+
+*   Deprecated `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`, use
+    `Class#class_attribute` instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14271))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` as
+    `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` now performs the same function.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14529))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced a new configuration option `active_support.test_order` for
+    specifying the order test cases are executed. This option currently defaults
+    to `:sorted` but will be changed to `:random` in Rails 5.0.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/53e877f7d9291b2bf0b8c425f9e32ef35829f35b))
+
+*   `Object#try` and `Object#try!` can now be used without an explicit receiver in the block.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5e51bdda59c9ba8e5faf86294e3e431bd45f1830),
+    [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17361))
+
+*   The `travel_to` test helper now truncates the `usec` component to 0.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9f6e82ee4783e491c20f5244a613fdeb4024beb5))
+
+*   Introduced `Object#itself` as an identity function.
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/702ad710b57bef45b081ebf42e6fa70820fdd810),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/64d91122222c11ad3918cc8e2e3ebc4b0a03448a))
+
+*   `Object#with_options` can now be used without an explicit receiver in the block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16339))
+
+*   Introduced `String#truncate_words` to truncate a string by a number of words.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16190))
+
+*   Added `Hash#transform_values` and `Hash#transform_values!` to simplify a
+    common pattern where the values of a hash must change, but the keys are left
+    the same.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15819))
+
+*   The `humanize` inflector helper now strips any leading underscores.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/daaa21bc7d20f2e4ff451637423a25ff2d5e75c7))
+
+*   Introduced `Concern#class_methods` as an alternative to
+    `module ClassMethods`, as well as `Kernel#concern` to avoid the
+    `module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern; end` boilerplate.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b16c36e688970df2f96f793a759365b248b582ad))
+
+*   New [guide](constant_autoloading_and_reloading.html) about constant autoloading and reloading.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the
+[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+the many people who spent many hours making Rails the stable and robust
+framework it is today. Kudos to all of them.
+
+[railties]:       https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-pack]:    https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-view]:    https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-mailer]:  https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-record]:  https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-model]:   https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-support]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md