rubygems-update 2.6.1 → 3.5.0

data/bundler/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2694 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+begin
+  require 'rbconfig'
+rescue LoadError
+  # for make rjit-headers
+end
+
+# Namespace for file utility methods for copying, moving, removing, etc.
+#
+# == What's Here
+#
+# First, what’s elsewhere. \Module \Bundler::FileUtils:
+#
+# - Inherits from {class Object}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Object.html].
+# - Supplements {class File}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html]
+#   (but is not included or extended there).
+#
+# Here, module \Bundler::FileUtils provides methods that are useful for:
+#
+# - {Creating}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Creating].
+# - {Deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+# - {Querying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Querying].
+# - {Setting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Setting].
+# - {Comparing}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Comparing].
+# - {Copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+# - {Moving}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Moving].
+# - {Options}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Options].
+#
+# === Creating
+#
+# - ::mkdir: Creates directories.
+# - ::mkdir_p, ::makedirs, ::mkpath: Creates directories,
+#   also creating ancestor directories as needed.
+# - ::link_entry: Creates a hard link.
+# - ::ln, ::link: Creates hard links.
+# - ::ln_s, ::symlink: Creates symbolic links.
+# - ::ln_sf: Creates symbolic links, overwriting if necessary.
+# - ::ln_sr: Creates symbolic links relative to targets
+#
+# === Deleting
+#
+# - ::remove_dir: Removes a directory and its descendants.
+# - ::remove_entry: Removes an entry, including its descendants if it is a directory.
+# - ::remove_entry_secure: Like ::remove_entry, but removes securely.
+# - ::remove_file: Removes a file entry.
+# - ::rm, ::remove: Removes entries.
+# - ::rm_f, ::safe_unlink: Like ::rm, but removes forcibly.
+# - ::rm_r: Removes entries and their descendants.
+# - ::rm_rf, ::rmtree: Like ::rm_r, but removes forcibly.
+# - ::rmdir: Removes directories.
+#
+# === Querying
+#
+# - ::pwd, ::getwd: Returns the path to the working directory.
+# - ::uptodate?: Returns whether a given entry is newer than given other entries.
+#
+# === Setting
+#
+# - ::cd, ::chdir: Sets the working directory.
+# - ::chmod: Sets permissions for an entry.
+# - ::chmod_R: Sets permissions for an entry and its descendants.
+# - ::chown: Sets the owner and group for entries.
+# - ::chown_R: Sets the owner and group for entries and their descendants.
+# - ::touch: Sets modification and access times for entries,
+#   creating if necessary.
+#
+# === Comparing
+#
+# - ::compare_file, ::cmp, ::identical?: Returns whether two entries are identical.
+# - ::compare_stream: Returns whether two streams are identical.
+#
+# === Copying
+#
+# - ::copy_entry: Recursively copies an entry.
+# - ::copy_file: Copies an entry.
+# - ::copy_stream: Copies a stream.
+# - ::cp, ::copy: Copies files.
+# - ::cp_lr: Recursively creates hard links.
+# - ::cp_r: Recursively copies files, retaining mode, owner, and group.
+# - ::install: Recursively copies files, optionally setting mode,
+#   owner, and group.
+#
+# === Moving
+#
+# - ::mv, ::move: Moves entries.
+#
+# === Options
+#
+# - ::collect_method: Returns the names of methods that accept a given option.
+# - ::commands: Returns the names of methods that accept options.
+# - ::have_option?: Returns whether a given method accepts a given option.
+# - ::options: Returns all option names.
+# - ::options_of: Returns the names of the options for a given method.
+#
+# == Path Arguments
+#
+# Some methods in \Bundler::FileUtils accept _path_ arguments,
+# which are interpreted as paths to filesystem entries:
+#
+# - If the argument is a string, that value is the path.
+# - If the argument has method +:to_path+, it is converted via that method.
+# - If the argument has method +:to_str+, it is converted via that method.
+#
+# == About the Examples
+#
+# Some examples here involve trees of file entries.
+# For these, we sometimes display trees using the
+# {tree command-line utility}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(command)],
+# which is a recursive directory-listing utility that produces
+# a depth-indented listing of files and directories.
+#
+# We use a helper method to launch the command and control the format:
+#
+#   def tree(dirpath = '.')
+#     command = "tree --noreport --charset=ascii #{dirpath}"
+#     system(command)
+#   end
+#
+# To illustrate:
+#
+#   tree('src0')
+#   # => src0
+#   #    |-- sub0
+#   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+#   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+#   #    `-- sub1
+#   #        |-- src2.txt
+#   #        `-- src3.txt
+#
+# == Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability
+#
+# For certain methods that recursively remove entries,
+# there is a potential vulnerability called the
+# {Time-of-check to time-of-use}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-check_to_time-of-use],
+# or TOCTTOU, vulnerability that can exist when:
+#
+# - An ancestor directory of the entry at the target path is world writable;
+#   such directories include <tt>/tmp</tt>.
+# - The directory tree at the target path includes:
+#
+#   - A world-writable descendant directory.
+#   - A symbolic link.
+#
+# To avoid that vulnerability, you can use this method to remove entries:
+#
+# - Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure: removes recursively
+#   if the target path points to a directory.
+#
+# Also available are these methods,
+# each of which calls \Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure:
+#
+# - Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r with keyword argument <tt>secure: true</tt>.
+# - Bundler::FileUtils.rm_rf with keyword argument <tt>secure: true</tt>.
+#
+# Finally, this method for moving entries calls \Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure
+# if the source and destination are on different file systems
+# (which means that the "move" is really a copy and remove):
+#
+# - Bundler::FileUtils.mv with keyword argument <tt>secure: true</tt>.
+#
+# \Method \Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure removes securely
+# by applying a special pre-process:
+#
+# - If the target path points to a directory, this method uses methods
+#   {File#chown}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-i-chown]
+#   and {File#chmod}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-i-chmod]
+#   in removing directories.
+# - The owner of the target directory should be either the current process
+#   or the super user (root).
+#
+# WARNING: You must ensure that *ALL* parent directories cannot be
+# moved by other untrusted users.  For example, parent directories
+# should not be owned by untrusted users, and should not be world
+# writable except when the sticky bit is set.
+#
+# For details of this security vulnerability, see Perl cases:
+#
+# - {CVE-2005-0448}[https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2005-0448].
+# - {CVE-2004-0452}[https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2004-0452].
+#
+module Bundler::FileUtils
+  VERSION = "1.7.2"
+
+  def self.private_module_function(name)   #:nodoc:
+    module_function name
+    private_class_method name
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns a string containing the path to the current directory:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd # => "/rdoc/fileutils"
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.cd.
+  #
+  def pwd
+    Dir.pwd
+  end
+  module_function :pwd
+
+  alias getwd pwd
+  module_function :getwd
+
+  # Changes the working directory to the given +dir+, which
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments]:
+  #
+  # With no block given,
+  # changes the current directory to the directory at +dir+; returns zero:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd # => "/rdoc/fileutils"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('..')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd # => "/rdoc"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('fileutils')
+  #
+  # With a block given, changes the current directory to the directory
+  # at +dir+, calls the block with argument +dir+,
+  # and restores the original current directory; returns the block's value:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd                                     # => "/rdoc/fileutils"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('..') { |arg| [arg, Bundler::FileUtils.pwd] } # => ["..", "/rdoc"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd                                     # => "/rdoc/fileutils"
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cd('..')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cd('fileutils')
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     cd ..
+  #     cd fileutils
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.pwd.
+  #
+  def cd(dir, verbose: nil, &block) # :yield: dir
+    fu_output_message "cd #{dir}" if verbose
+    result = Dir.chdir(dir, &block)
+    fu_output_message 'cd -' if verbose and block
+    result
+  end
+  module_function :cd
+
+  alias chdir cd
+  module_function :chdir
+
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ if the file at path +new+
+  # is newer than all the files at paths in array +old_list+;
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +new+ and the elements of +old_list+
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments]:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?('Rakefile', ['Gemfile', 'README.md']) # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?('Gemfile', ['Rakefile', 'README.md']) # => false
+  #
+  # A non-existent file is considered to be infinitely old.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.touch.
+  #
+  def uptodate?(new, old_list)
+    return false unless File.exist?(new)
+    new_time = File.mtime(new)
+    old_list.each do |old|
+      if File.exist?(old)
+        return false unless new_time > File.mtime(old)
+      end
+    end
+    true
+  end
+  module_function :uptodate?
+
+  def remove_trailing_slash(dir)   #:nodoc:
+    dir == '/' ? dir : dir.chomp(?/)
+  end
+  private_module_function :remove_trailing_slash
+
+  #
+  # Creates directories at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths);
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # With no keyword arguments, creates a directory at each +path+ in +list+
+  # by calling: <tt>Dir.mkdir(path, mode)</tt>;
+  # see {Dir.mkdir}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Dir.html#method-c-mkdir]:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(%w[tmp0 tmp1]) # => ["tmp0", "tmp1"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('tmp4')        # => ["tmp4"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>mode: <i>mode</i></tt> - also calls <tt>File.chmod(mode, path)</tt>;
+  #   see {File.chmod}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-chmod].
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create directories.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(%w[tmp0 tmp1], verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(%w[tmp2 tmp3], mode: 0700, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     mkdir tmp0 tmp1
+  #     mkdir -m 700 tmp2 tmp3
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if any path points to an existing
+  # file or directory, or if for any reason a directory cannot be created.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p.
+  #
+  def mkdir(list, mode: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "mkdir #{mode ? ('-m %03o ' % mode) : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+
+    list.each do |dir|
+      fu_mkdir dir, mode
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :mkdir
+
+  #
+  # Creates directories at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths),
+  # also creating ancestor directories as needed;
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # With no keyword arguments, creates a directory at each +path+ in +list+,
+  # along with any needed ancestor directories,
+  # by calling: <tt>Dir.mkdir(path, mode)</tt>;
+  # see {Dir.mkdir}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Dir.html#method-c-mkdir]:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(%w[tmp0/tmp1 tmp2/tmp3]) # => ["tmp0/tmp1", "tmp2/tmp3"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p('tmp4/tmp5')             # => ["tmp4/tmp5"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>mode: <i>mode</i></tt> - also calls <tt>File.chmod(mode, path)</tt>;
+  #   see {File.chmod}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-chmod].
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create directories.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(%w[tmp0 tmp1], verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(%w[tmp2 tmp3], mode: 0700, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     mkdir -p tmp0 tmp1
+  #     mkdir -p -m 700 tmp2 tmp3
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if for any reason a directory cannot be created.
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.mkpath and Bundler::FileUtils.makedirs are aliases for Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir.
+  #
+  def mkdir_p(list, mode: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "mkdir -p #{mode ? ('-m %03o ' % mode) : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return *list if noop
+
+    list.each do |item|
+      path = remove_trailing_slash(item)
+
+      stack = []
+      until File.directory?(path) || File.dirname(path) == path
+        stack.push path
+        path = File.dirname(path)
+      end
+      stack.reverse_each do |dir|
+        begin
+          fu_mkdir dir, mode
+        rescue SystemCallError
+          raise unless File.directory?(dir)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    return *list
+  end
+  module_function :mkdir_p
+
+  alias mkpath    mkdir_p
+  alias makedirs  mkdir_p
+  module_function :mkpath
+  module_function :makedirs
+
+  def fu_mkdir(path, mode)   #:nodoc:
+    path = remove_trailing_slash(path)
+    if mode
+      Dir.mkdir path, mode
+      File.chmod mode, path
+    else
+      Dir.mkdir path
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_mkdir
+
+  #
+  # Removes directories at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths);
+  # returns +list+, if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # With no keyword arguments, removes the directory at each +path+ in +list+,
+  # by calling: <tt>Dir.rmdir(path)</tt>;
+  # see {Dir.rmdir}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Dir.html#method-c-rmdir]:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir(%w[tmp0/tmp1 tmp2/tmp3]) # => ["tmp0/tmp1", "tmp2/tmp3"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir('tmp4/tmp5')             # => ["tmp4/tmp5"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>parents: true</tt> - removes successive ancestor directories
+  #   if empty.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not remove directories.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir(%w[tmp0/tmp1 tmp2/tmp3], parents: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir('tmp4/tmp5', parents: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     rmdir -p tmp0/tmp1 tmp2/tmp3
+  #     rmdir -p tmp4/tmp5
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if a directory does not exist
+  # or if for any reason a directory cannot be removed.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+  #
+  def rmdir(list, parents: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "rmdir #{parents ? '-p ' : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |dir|
+      Dir.rmdir(dir = remove_trailing_slash(dir))
+      if parents
+        begin
+          until (parent = File.dirname(dir)) == '.' or parent == dir
+            dir = parent
+            Dir.rmdir(dir)
+          end
+        rescue Errno::ENOTEMPTY, Errno::EEXIST, Errno::ENOENT
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :rmdir
+
+  # Creates {hard links}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link].
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # When +src+ is the path to an existing file
+  # and +dest+ is the path to a non-existent file,
+  # creates a hard link at +dest+ pointing to +src+; returns zero:
+  #
+  #   Dir.children('tmp0/')                    # => ["t.txt"]
+  #   Dir.children('tmp1/')                    # => []
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln('tmp0/t.txt', 'tmp1/t.lnk') # => 0
+  #   Dir.children('tmp1/')                    # => ["t.lnk"]
+  #
+  # When +src+ is the path to an existing file
+  # and +dest+ is the path to an existing directory,
+  # creates a hard link at <tt>dest/src</tt> pointing to +src+; returns zero:
+  #
+  #   Dir.children('tmp2')               # => ["t.dat"]
+  #   Dir.children('tmp3')               # => []
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln('tmp2/t.dat', 'tmp3') # => 0
+  #   Dir.children('tmp3')               # => ["t.dat"]
+  #
+  # When +src+ is an array of paths to existing files
+  # and +dest+ is the path to an existing directory,
+  # then for each path +target+ in +src+,
+  # creates a hard link at <tt>dest/target</tt> pointing to +target+;
+  # returns +src+:
+  #
+  #   Dir.children('tmp4/')                               # => []
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(['tmp0/t.txt', 'tmp2/t.dat'], 'tmp4/') # => ["tmp0/t.txt", "tmp2/t.dat"]
+  #   Dir.children('tmp4/')                               # => ["t.dat", "t.txt"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - overwrites +dest+ if it exists.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create links.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln('tmp0/t.txt', 'tmp1/t.lnk', verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln('tmp2/t.dat', 'tmp3', verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln(['tmp0/t.txt', 'tmp2/t.dat'], 'tmp4/', verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     ln tmp0/t.txt tmp1/t.lnk
+  #     ln tmp2/t.dat tmp3
+  #     ln tmp0/t.txt tmp2/t.dat tmp4/
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +dest+ is the path to an existing file
+  # and keyword argument +force+ is not +true+.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.link_entry (has different options).
+  #
+  def ln(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    fu_output_message "ln#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
+      remove_file d, true if force
+      File.link s, d
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :ln
+
+  alias link ln
+  module_function :link
+
+  # Creates {hard links}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link].
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a directory and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # creates links +dest+ and descendents pointing to +src+ and its descendents:
+  #
+  #   tree('src0')
+  #   # => src0
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   File.exist?('dest0') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr('src0', 'dest0')
+  #   tree('dest0')
+  #   # => dest0
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ and +dest+ are both paths to directories,
+  # creates links <tt>dest/src</tt> and descendents
+  # pointing to +src+ and its descendents:
+  #
+  #   tree('src1')
+  #   # => src1
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest1')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr('src1', 'dest1')
+  #   tree('dest1')
+  #   # => dest1
+  #   #    `-- src1
+  #   #        |-- sub0
+  #   #        |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #        |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #        `-- sub1
+  #   #            |-- src2.txt
+  #   #            `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths to entries and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # for each path +filepath+ in +src+, creates a link at <tt>dest/filepath</tt>
+  # pointing to that path:
+  #
+  #   tree('src2')
+  #   # => src2
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest2')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr(['src2/sub0', 'src2/sub1'], 'dest2')
+  #   tree('dest2')
+  #   # => dest2
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference_root: false</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   does not dereference it.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create links.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before creating links.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr('src0', 'dest0', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr('src1', 'dest1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr(['src2/sub0', 'src2/sub1'], 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     cp -lr src0 dest0
+  #     cp -lr src1 dest1
+  #     cp -lr src2/sub0 src2/sub1 dest2
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +dest+ is the path to an existing file or directory
+  # and keyword argument <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> is not given.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+  #
+  def cp_lr(src, dest, noop: nil, verbose: nil,
+            dereference_root: true, remove_destination: false)
+    fu_output_message "cp -lr#{remove_destination ? ' --remove-destination' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      link_entry s, d, dereference_root, remove_destination
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :cp_lr
+
+  # Creates {symbolic links}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link].
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to an existing file:
+  #
+  # - When +dest+ is the path to a non-existent file,
+  #   creates a symbolic link at +dest+ pointing to +src+:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #     File.exist?('dest0.txt')   # => false
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #     File.symlink?('dest0.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # - When +dest+ is the path to an existing file,
+  #   creates a symbolic link at +dest+ pointing to +src+
+  #   if and only if keyword argument <tt>force: true</tt> is given
+  #   (raises an exception otherwise):
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src1.txt')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch('dest1.txt')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt', force: true)
+  #     FileTest.symlink?('dest1.txt') # => true
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt') # Raises Errno::EEXIST.
+  #
+  # If +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # creates a symbolic link at <tt>dest/src</tt> pointing to +src+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src2.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('destdir2')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src2.txt', 'destdir2')
+  #   File.symlink?('destdir2/src2.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths to existing files and +dest+ is a directory,
+  # for each child +child+ in +src+ creates a symbolic link <tt>dest/child</tt>
+  # pointing to +child+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('srcdir3')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('srcdir3/src0.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('srcdir3/src1.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('destdir3')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(['srcdir3/src0.txt', 'srcdir3/src1.txt'], 'destdir3')
+  #   File.symlink?('destdir3/src0.txt') # => true
+  #   File.symlink?('destdir3/src1.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - overwrites +dest+ if it exists.
+  # - <tt>relative: false</tt> - create links relative to +dest+.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create links.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src1.txt', 'destdir1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src2.txt', 'dest2.txt', force: true, noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(['srcdir3/src0.txt', 'srcdir3/src1.txt'], 'destdir3', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     ln -s src0.txt dest0.txt
+  #     ln -s src1.txt destdir1
+  #     ln -sf src2.txt dest2.txt
+  #     ln -s srcdir3/src0.txt srcdir3/src1.txt destdir3
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.ln_sf.
+  #
+  def ln_s(src, dest, force: nil, relative: false, target_directory: true, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    if relative
+      return ln_sr(src, dest, force: force, noop: noop, verbose: verbose)
+    end
+    fu_output_message "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
+      remove_file d, true if force
+      File.symlink s, d
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :ln_s
+
+  alias symlink ln_s
+  module_function :symlink
+
+  # Like Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s, but always with keyword argument <tt>force: true</tt> given.
+  #
+  def ln_sf(src, dest, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    ln_s src, dest, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose
+  end
+  module_function :ln_sf
+
+  # Like Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s, but create links relative to +dest+.
+  #
+  def ln_sr(src, dest, target_directory: true, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    options = "#{force ? 'f' : ''}#{target_directory ? '' : 'T'}"
+    dest = File.path(dest)
+    srcs = Array(src)
+    link = proc do |s, target_dir_p = true|
+      s = File.path(s)
+      if target_dir_p
+        d = File.join(destdirs = dest, File.basename(s))
+      else
+        destdirs = File.dirname(d = dest)
+      end
+      destdirs = fu_split_path(File.realpath(destdirs))
+      if fu_starting_path?(s)
+        srcdirs = fu_split_path((File.realdirpath(s) rescue File.expand_path(s)))
+        base = fu_relative_components_from(srcdirs, destdirs)
+        s = File.join(*base)
+      else
+        srcdirs = fu_clean_components(*fu_split_path(s))
+        base = fu_relative_components_from(fu_split_path(Dir.pwd), destdirs)
+        while srcdirs.first&. == ".." and base.last&.!=("..") and !fu_starting_path?(base.last)
+          srcdirs.shift
+          base.pop
+        end
+        s = File.join(*base, *srcdirs)
+      end
+      fu_output_message "ln -s#{options} #{s} #{d}" if verbose
+      next if noop
+      remove_file d, true if force
+      File.symlink s, d
+    end
+    case srcs.size
+    when 0
+    when 1
+      link[srcs[0], target_directory && File.directory?(dest)]
+    else
+      srcs.each(&link)
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :ln_sr
+
+  # Creates {hard links}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link]; returns +nil+.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ and +dest+
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # creates a hard link at +dest+ pointing to +src+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.link_entry('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt')  # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a directory and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # recursively creates hard links at +dest+ pointing to paths in +src+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(['src1/dir0', 'src1/dir1'])
+  #   src_file_paths = [
+  #     'src1/dir0/t0.txt',
+  #     'src1/dir0/t1.txt',
+  #     'src1/dir1/t2.txt',
+  #     'src1/dir1/t3.txt',
+  #     ]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(src_file_paths)
+  #   File.directory?('dest1')        # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.link_entry('src1', 'dest1')
+  #   File.file?('dest1/dir0/t0.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest1/dir0/t1.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest1/dir1/t2.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest1/dir1/t3.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference_root: true</tt> - dereferences +src+ if it is a symbolic link.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before creating links.
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +dest+ is the path to an existing file or directory
+  # and keyword argument <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> is not given.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.ln (has different options).
+  #
+  def link_entry(src, dest, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
+    Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference_root).traverse do |ent|
+      destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
+      File.unlink destent.path if remove_destination && File.file?(destent.path)
+      ent.link destent.path
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :link_entry
+
+  # Copies files.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ is not the path to a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt')  # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to <tt>dest/src</tt>:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src1.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest1')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp('src1.txt', 'dest1')
+  #   File.file?('dest1/src1.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths to files and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # copies from each +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   src_file_paths = ['src2.txt', 'src2.dat']
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(src_file_paths)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest2')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp(src_file_paths, 'dest2')
+  #   File.file?('dest2/src2.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest2/src2.dat') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not copy files.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp('src1.txt', 'dest1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp(src_file_paths, 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     cp src0.txt dest0.txt
+  #     cp src1.txt dest1
+  #     cp src2.txt src2.dat dest2
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +src+ is a directory.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+  #
+  def cp(src, dest, preserve: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    fu_output_message "cp#{preserve ? ' -p' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      copy_file s, d, preserve
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :cp
+
+  alias copy cp
+  module_function :copy
+
+  # Recursively copies files.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # The mode, owner, and group are retained in the copy;
+  # to change those, use Bundler::FileUtils.install instead.
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ is not the path to a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt')  # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to <tt>dest/src</tt>:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src1.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest1')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src1.txt', 'dest1')
+  #   File.file?('dest1/src1.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a directory and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # recursively copies +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   tree('src2')
+  #   # => src2
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #    |-- src2.txt
+  #   #    `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.exist?('dest2') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src2', 'dest2')
+  #   tree('dest2')
+  #   # => dest2
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #    |-- src2.txt
+  #   #    `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ and +dest+ are paths to directories,
+  # recursively copies +src+ to <tt>dest/src</tt>:
+  #
+  #   tree('src3')
+  #   # => src3
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #    |-- src2.txt
+  #   #    `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest3')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src3', 'dest3')
+  #   tree('dest3')
+  #   # => dest3
+  #   #    `-- src3
+  #   #      |-- dir0
+  #   #      |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #      |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #      `-- dir1
+  #   #          |-- src2.txt
+  #   #          `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths and +dest+ is a directory,
+  # recursively copies from each path in +src+ to +dest+;
+  # the paths in +src+ may point to files and/or directories.
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference_root: false</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   does not dereference it.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not copy files.
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src1.txt', 'dest1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src2', 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src3', 'dest3', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     cp -r src0.txt dest0.txt
+  #     cp -r src1.txt dest1
+  #     cp -r src2 dest2
+  #     cp -r src3 dest3
+  #
+  # Raises an exception of +src+ is the path to a directory
+  # and +dest+ is the path to a file.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+  #
+  def cp_r(src, dest, preserve: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil,
+           dereference_root: true, remove_destination: nil)
+    fu_output_message "cp -r#{preserve ? 'p' : ''}#{remove_destination ? ' --remove-destination' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      copy_entry s, d, preserve, dereference_root, remove_destination
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :cp_r
+
+  # Recursively copies files from +src+ to +dest+.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ and +dest+
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file, copies +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_entry('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt')  # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is a directory, recursively copies +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   tree('src1')
+  #   # => src1
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_entry('src1', 'dest1')
+  #   tree('dest1')
+  #   # => dest1
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # The recursive copying preserves file types for regular files,
+  # directories, and symbolic links;
+  # other file types (FIFO streams, device files, etc.) are not supported.
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference_root: true</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   follows the link.
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+  #
+  def copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
+    if dereference_root
+      src = File.realpath(src)
+    end
+
+    Entry_.new(src, nil, false).wrap_traverse(proc do |ent|
+      destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
+      File.unlink destent.path if remove_destination && (File.file?(destent.path) || File.symlink?(destent.path))
+      ent.copy destent.path
+    end, proc do |ent|
+      destent = Entry_.new(dest, ent.rel, false)
+      ent.copy_metadata destent.path if preserve
+    end)
+  end
+  module_function :copy_entry
+
+  # Copies file from +src+ to +dest+, which should not be directories.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ and +dest+
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_file('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference: false</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   does not follow the link.
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+  #
+  def copy_file(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference = true)
+    ent = Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference)
+    ent.copy_file dest
+    ent.copy_metadata dest if preserve
+  end
+  module_function :copy_file
+
+  # Copies \IO stream +src+ to \IO stream +dest+ via
+  # {IO.copy_stream}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/IO.html#method-c-copy_stream].
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+  #
+  def copy_stream(src, dest)
+    IO.copy_stream(src, dest)
+  end
+  module_function :copy_stream
+
+  # Moves entries.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ and +dest+ are on different file systems,
+  # first copies, then removes +src+.
+  #
+  # May cause a local vulnerability if not called with keyword argument
+  # <tt>secure: true</tt>;
+  # see {Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Avoiding+the+TOCTTOU+Vulnerability].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a single file or directory and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # moves +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   tree('src0')
+  #   # => src0
+  #   #    |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    `-- src1.txt
+  #   File.exist?('dest0') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv('src0', 'dest0')
+  #   File.exist?('src0')  # => false
+  #   tree('dest0')
+  #   # => dest0
+  #   #    |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    `-- src1.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths to files and directories
+  # and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # copies from each path in the array to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   File.file?('src1.txt') # => true
+  #   tree('src1')
+  #   # => src1
+  #   #    |-- src.dat
+  #   #    `-- src.txt
+  #   Dir.empty?('dest1')    # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv(['src1.txt', 'src1'], 'dest1')
+  #   tree('dest1')
+  #   # => dest1
+  #   #    |-- src1
+  #   #    |   |-- src.dat
+  #   #    |   `-- src.txt
+  #   #    `-- src1.txt
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - if the move includes removing +src+
+  #   (that is, if +src+ and +dest+ are on different file systems),
+  #   ignores raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not move files.
+  # - <tt>secure: true</tt> - removes +src+ securely;
+  #   see details at Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mv('src0', 'dest0', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mv(['src1.txt', 'src1'], 'dest1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     mv src0 dest0
+  #     mv src1.txt src1 dest1
+  #
+  def mv(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
+    fu_output_message "mv#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      destent = Entry_.new(d, nil, true)
+      begin
+        if destent.exist?
+          if destent.directory?
+            raise Errno::EEXIST, d
+          end
+        end
+        begin
+          File.rename s, d
+        rescue Errno::EXDEV,
+               Errno::EPERM # move from unencrypted to encrypted dir (ext4)
+          copy_entry s, d, true
+          if secure
+            remove_entry_secure s, force
+          else
+            remove_entry s, force
+          end
+        end
+      rescue SystemCallError
+        raise unless force
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :mv
+
+  alias move mv
+  module_function :move
+
+  # Removes entries at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # returns +list+, if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # With no keyword arguments, removes files at the paths given in +list+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm(['src0.dat', 'src0.txt']) # => ["src0.dat", "src0.txt"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - ignores raised exceptions of StandardError
+  #   and its descendants.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not remove files; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rm(['src0.dat', 'src0.txt'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     rm src0.dat src0.txt
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+  #
+  def rm(list, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "rm#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+
+    list.each do |path|
+      remove_file path, force
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :rm
+
+  alias remove rm
+  module_function :remove
+
+  # Equivalent to:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm(list, force: true, **kwargs)
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # See Bundler::FileUtils.rm for keyword arguments.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+  #
+  def rm_f(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    rm list, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose
+  end
+  module_function :rm_f
+
+  alias safe_unlink rm_f
+  module_function :safe_unlink
+
+  # Removes entries at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths);
+  # returns +list+, if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # May cause a local vulnerability if not called with keyword argument
+  # <tt>secure: true</tt>;
+  # see {Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Avoiding+the+TOCTTOU+Vulnerability].
+  #
+  # For each file path, removes the file at that path:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(['src0.dat', 'src0.txt'])
+  #   File.exist?('src0.txt') # => false
+  #   File.exist?('src0.dat') # => false
+  #
+  # For each directory path, recursively removes files and directories:
+  #
+  #   tree('src1')
+  #   # => src1
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r('src1')
+  #   File.exist?('src1') # => false
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - ignores raised exceptions of StandardError
+  #   and its descendants.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not remove entries; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>secure: true</tt> - removes +src+ securely;
+  #   see details at Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(['src0.dat', 'src0.txt'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r('src1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     rm -r src0.dat src0.txt
+  #     rm -r src1
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+  #
+  def rm_r(list, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message "rm -r#{force ? 'f' : ''} #{list.join ' '}" if verbose
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |path|
+      if secure
+        remove_entry_secure path, force
+      else
+        remove_entry path, force
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :rm_r
+
+  # Equivalent to:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(list, force: true, **kwargs)
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # May cause a local vulnerability if not called with keyword argument
+  # <tt>secure: true</tt>;
+  # see {Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Avoiding+the+TOCTTOU+Vulnerability].
+  #
+  # See Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r for keyword arguments.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+  #
+  def rm_rf(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
+    rm_r list, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose, secure: secure
+  end
+  module_function :rm_rf
+
+  alias rmtree rm_rf
+  module_function :rmtree
+
+  # Securely removes the entry given by +path+,
+  # which should be the entry for a regular file, a symbolic link,
+  # or a directory.
+  #
+  # Argument +path+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Avoids a local vulnerability that can exist in certain circumstances;
+  # see {Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Avoiding+the+TOCTTOU+Vulnerability].
+  #
+  # Optional argument +force+ specifies whether to ignore
+  # raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+  #
+  def remove_entry_secure(path, force = false)
+    unless fu_have_symlink?
+      remove_entry path, force
+      return
+    end
+    fullpath = File.expand_path(path)
+    st = File.lstat(fullpath)
+    unless st.directory?
+      File.unlink fullpath
+      return
+    end
+    # is a directory.
+    parent_st = File.stat(File.dirname(fullpath))
+    unless parent_st.world_writable?
+      remove_entry path, force
+      return
+    end
+    unless parent_st.sticky?
+      raise ArgumentError, "parent directory is world writable, Bundler::FileUtils#remove_entry_secure does not work; abort: #{path.inspect} (parent directory mode #{'%o' % parent_st.mode})"
+    end
+
+    # freeze tree root
+    euid = Process.euid
+    dot_file = fullpath + "/."
+    begin
+      File.open(dot_file) {|f|
+        unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, f.stat)
+          # symlink (TOC-to-TOU attack?)
+          File.unlink fullpath
+          return
+        end
+        f.chown euid, -1
+        f.chmod 0700
+      }
+    rescue Errno::EISDIR # JRuby in non-native mode can't open files as dirs
+      File.lstat(dot_file).tap {|fstat|
+        unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, fstat)
+          # symlink (TOC-to-TOU attack?)
+          File.unlink fullpath
+          return
+        end
+        File.chown euid, -1, dot_file
+        File.chmod 0700, dot_file
+      }
+    end
+
+    unless fu_stat_identical_entry?(st, File.lstat(fullpath))
+      # TOC-to-TOU attack?
+      File.unlink fullpath
+      return
+    end
+
+    # ---- tree root is frozen ----
+    root = Entry_.new(path)
+    root.preorder_traverse do |ent|
+      if ent.directory?
+        ent.chown euid, -1
+        ent.chmod 0700
+      end
+    end
+    root.postorder_traverse do |ent|
+      begin
+        ent.remove
+      rescue
+        raise unless force
+      end
+    end
+  rescue
+    raise unless force
+  end
+  module_function :remove_entry_secure
+
+  def fu_have_symlink?   #:nodoc:
+    File.symlink nil, nil
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    return false
+  rescue TypeError
+    return true
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_have_symlink?
+
+  def fu_stat_identical_entry?(a, b)   #:nodoc:
+    a.dev == b.dev and a.ino == b.ino
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_stat_identical_entry?
+
+  # Removes the entry given by +path+,
+  # which should be the entry for a regular file, a symbolic link,
+  # or a directory.
+  #
+  # Argument +path+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Optional argument +force+ specifies whether to ignore
+  # raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure.
+  #
+  def remove_entry(path, force = false)
+    Entry_.new(path).postorder_traverse do |ent|
+      begin
+        ent.remove
+      rescue
+        raise unless force
+      end
+    end
+  rescue
+    raise unless force
+  end
+  module_function :remove_entry
+
+  # Removes the file entry given by +path+,
+  # which should be the entry for a regular file or a symbolic link.
+  #
+  # Argument +path+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Optional argument +force+ specifies whether to ignore
+  # raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+  #
+  def remove_file(path, force = false)
+    Entry_.new(path).remove_file
+  rescue
+    raise unless force
+  end
+  module_function :remove_file
+
+  # Recursively removes the directory entry given by +path+,
+  # which should be the entry for a regular file, a symbolic link,
+  # or a directory.
+  #
+  # Argument +path+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Optional argument +force+ specifies whether to ignore
+  # raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+  #
+  def remove_dir(path, force = false)
+    remove_entry path, force   # FIXME?? check if it is a directory
+  end
+  module_function :remove_dir
+
+  # Returns +true+ if the contents of files +a+ and +b+ are identical,
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # Arguments +a+ and +b+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.identical? and Bundler::FileUtils.cmp are aliases for Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.compare_stream.
+  #
+  def compare_file(a, b)
+    return false unless File.size(a) == File.size(b)
+    File.open(a, 'rb') {|fa|
+      File.open(b, 'rb') {|fb|
+        return compare_stream(fa, fb)
+      }
+    }
+  end
+  module_function :compare_file
+
+  alias identical? compare_file
+  alias cmp compare_file
+  module_function :identical?
+  module_function :cmp
+
+  # Returns +true+ if the contents of streams +a+ and +b+ are identical,
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # Arguments +a+ and +b+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file.
+  #
+  def compare_stream(a, b)
+    bsize = fu_stream_blksize(a, b)
+
+    sa = String.new(capacity: bsize)
+    sb = String.new(capacity: bsize)
+
+    begin
+      a.read(bsize, sa)
+      b.read(bsize, sb)
+      return true if sa.empty? && sb.empty?
+    end while sa == sb
+    false
+  end
+  module_function :compare_stream
+
+  # Copies a file entry.
+  # See {install(1)}[https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/install.1.html].
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments];
+  #
+  # If the entry at +dest+ does not exist, copies from +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   File.read('src0.txt')    # => "aaa\n"
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.read('dest0.txt')   # => "aaa\n"
+  #
+  # If +dest+ is a file entry, copies from +src+ to +dest+, overwriting:
+  #
+  #   File.read('src1.txt')  # => "aaa\n"
+  #   File.read('dest1.txt') # => "bbb\n"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt')
+  #   File.read('dest1.txt') # => "aaa\n"
+  #
+  # If +dest+ is a directory entry, copies from +src+ to <tt>dest/src</tt>,
+  # overwriting if necessary:
+  #
+  #   File.read('src2.txt')       # => "aaa\n"
+  #   File.read('dest2/src2.txt') # => "bbb\n"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install('src2.txt', 'dest2')
+  #   File.read('dest2/src2.txt') # => "aaa\n"
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths and +dest+ points to a directory,
+  # copies each path +path+ in +src+ to <tt>dest/path</tt>:
+  #
+  #   File.file?('src3.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('src3.dat') # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest3')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install(['src3.txt', 'src3.dat'], 'dest3')
+  #   File.file?('dest3/src3.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest3/src3.dat') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>group: <i>group</i></tt> - changes the group if not +nil+,
+  #   using {File.chown}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-chown].
+  # - <tt>mode: <i>permissions</i></tt> - changes the permissions.
+  #   using {File.chmod}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-chmod].
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not copy entries; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>owner: <i>owner</i></tt> - changes the owner if not +nil+,
+  #   using {File.chown}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-chown].
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserve timestamps
+  #   using {File.utime}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-utime].
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.install('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.install('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.install('src2.txt', 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     install -c src0.txt dest0.txt
+  #     install -c src1.txt dest1.txt
+  #     install -c src2.txt dest2
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+  #
+  def install(src, dest, mode: nil, owner: nil, group: nil, preserve: nil,
+              noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    if verbose
+      msg = +"install -c"
+      msg << ' -p' if preserve
+      msg << ' -m ' << mode_to_s(mode) if mode
+      msg << " -o #{owner}" if owner
+      msg << " -g #{group}" if group
+      msg << ' ' << [src,dest].flatten.join(' ')
+      fu_output_message msg
+    end
+    return if noop
+    uid = fu_get_uid(owner)
+    gid = fu_get_gid(group)
+    fu_each_src_dest(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      st = File.stat(s)
+      unless File.exist?(d) and compare_file(s, d)
+        remove_file d, true
+        if d.end_with?('/')
+          mkdir_p d
+          copy_file s, d + File.basename(s)
+        else
+          mkdir_p File.expand_path('..', d)
+          copy_file s, d
+        end
+        File.utime st.atime, st.mtime, d if preserve
+        File.chmod fu_mode(mode, st), d if mode
+        File.chown uid, gid, d if uid or gid
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :install
+
+  def user_mask(target)  #:nodoc:
+    target.each_char.inject(0) do |mask, chr|
+      case chr
+      when "u"
+        mask | 04700
+      when "g"
+        mask | 02070
+      when "o"
+        mask | 01007
+      when "a"
+        mask | 07777
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "invalid `who' symbol in file mode: #{chr}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :user_mask
+
+  def apply_mask(mode, user_mask, op, mode_mask)   #:nodoc:
+    case op
+    when '='
+      (mode & ~user_mask) | (user_mask & mode_mask)
+    when '+'
+      mode | (user_mask & mode_mask)
+    when '-'
+      mode & ~(user_mask & mode_mask)
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :apply_mask
+
+  def symbolic_modes_to_i(mode_sym, path)  #:nodoc:
+    path = File.stat(path) unless File::Stat === path
+    mode = path.mode
+    mode_sym.split(/,/).inject(mode & 07777) do |current_mode, clause|
+      target, *actions = clause.split(/([=+-])/)
+      raise ArgumentError, "invalid file mode: #{mode_sym}" if actions.empty?
+      target = 'a' if target.empty?
+      user_mask = user_mask(target)
+      actions.each_slice(2) do |op, perm|
+        need_apply = op == '='
+        mode_mask = (perm || '').each_char.inject(0) do |mask, chr|
+          case chr
+          when "r"
+            mask | 0444
+          when "w"
+            mask | 0222
+          when "x"
+            mask | 0111
+          when "X"
+            if path.directory?
+              mask | 0111
+            else
+              mask
+            end
+          when "s"
+            mask | 06000
+          when "t"
+            mask | 01000
+          when "u", "g", "o"
+            if mask.nonzero?
+              current_mode = apply_mask(current_mode, user_mask, op, mask)
+            end
+            need_apply = false
+            copy_mask = user_mask(chr)
+            (current_mode & copy_mask) / (copy_mask & 0111) * (user_mask & 0111)
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "invalid `perm' symbol in file mode: #{chr}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        if mode_mask.nonzero? || need_apply
+          current_mode = apply_mask(current_mode, user_mask, op, mode_mask)
+        end
+      end
+      current_mode
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :symbolic_modes_to_i
+
+  def fu_mode(mode, path)  #:nodoc:
+    mode.is_a?(String) ? symbolic_modes_to_i(mode, path) : mode
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_mode
+
+  def mode_to_s(mode)  #:nodoc:
+    mode.is_a?(String) ? mode : "%o" % mode
+  end
+  private_module_function :mode_to_s
+
+  # Changes permissions on the entries at the paths given in +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # to the permissions given by +mode+;
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise:
+  #
+  # - Modifies each entry that is a regular file using
+  #   {File.chmod}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-chmod].
+  # - Modifies each entry that is a symbolic link using
+  #   {File.lchmod}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-lchmod].
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Argument +mode+ may be either an integer or a string:
+  #
+  # - \Integer +mode+: represents the permission bits to be set:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(0755, 'src0.txt')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(0644, ['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #
+  # - \String +mode+: represents the permissions to be set:
+  #
+  #   The string is of the form <tt>[targets][[operator][perms[,perms]]</tt>, where:
+  #
+  #   - +targets+ may be any combination of these letters:
+  #
+  #     - <tt>'u'</tt>: permissions apply to the file's owner.
+  #     - <tt>'g'</tt>: permissions apply to users in the file's group.
+  #     - <tt>'o'</tt>: permissions apply to other users not in the file's group.
+  #     - <tt>'a'</tt> (the default): permissions apply to all users.
+  #
+  #   - +operator+ may be one of these letters:
+  #
+  #     - <tt>'+'</tt>: adds permissions.
+  #     - <tt>'-'</tt>: removes permissions.
+  #     - <tt>'='</tt>: sets (replaces) permissions.
+  #
+  #   - +perms+ (may be repeated, with separating commas)
+  #     may be any combination of these letters:
+  #
+  #     - <tt>'r'</tt>: Read.
+  #     - <tt>'w'</tt>: Write.
+  #     - <tt>'x'</tt>: Execute (search, for a directory).
+  #     - <tt>'X'</tt>: Search (for a directories only;
+  #       must be used with <tt>'+'</tt>)
+  #     - <tt>'s'</tt>: Uid or gid.
+  #     - <tt>'t'</tt>: Sticky bit.
+  #
+  #   Examples:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod('u=wrx,go=rx', 'src1.txt')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod('u=wrx,go=rx', '/usr/bin/ruby')
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not change permissions; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(0755, 'src0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(0644, ['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod('u=wrx,go=rx', 'src1.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod('u=wrx,go=rx', '/usr/bin/ruby', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     chmod 755 src0.txt
+  #     chmod 644 src0.txt src0.dat
+  #     chmod u=wrx,go=rx src1.txt
+  #     chmod u=wrx,go=rx /usr/bin/ruby
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.chmod_R.
+  #
+  def chmod(mode, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message sprintf('chmod %s %s', mode_to_s(mode), list.join(' ')) if verbose
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |path|
+      Entry_.new(path).chmod(fu_mode(mode, path))
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :chmod
+
+  # Like Bundler::FileUtils.chmod, but changes permissions recursively.
+  #
+  def chmod_R(mode, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, force: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message sprintf('chmod -R%s %s %s',
+                              (force ? 'f' : ''),
+                              mode_to_s(mode), list.join(' ')) if verbose
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |root|
+      Entry_.new(root).traverse do |ent|
+        begin
+          ent.chmod(fu_mode(mode, ent.path))
+        rescue
+          raise unless force
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :chmod_R
+
+  # Changes the owner and group on the entries at the paths given in +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # to the given +user+ and +group+;
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise:
+  #
+  # - Modifies each entry that is a regular file using
+  #   {File.chown}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-chown].
+  # - Modifies each entry that is a symbolic link using
+  #   {File.lchown}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/File.html#method-c-lchown].
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # User and group:
+  #
+  # - Argument +user+ may be a user name or a user id;
+  #   if +nil+ or +-1+, the user is not changed.
+  # - Argument +group+ may be a group name or a group id;
+  #   if +nil+ or +-1+, the group is not changed.
+  # - The user must be a member of the group.
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #   # One path.
+  #   # User and group as string names.
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').uid # => 1004
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').gid # => 1004
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', 'src0.txt')
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').uid # => 1006
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').gid # => 1005
+  #
+  #   # User and group as uid and gid.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown(1004, 1004, 'src0.txt')
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').uid # => 1004
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').gid # => 1004
+  #
+  #   # Array of paths.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown(1006, 1005, ['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #
+  #   # Directory (not recursive).
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', '.')
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not change permissions; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', 'src0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown(1004, 1004, 'src0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown(1006, 1005, ['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', path, noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', '.', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     chown user2:group1 src0.txt
+  #     chown 1004:1004 src0.txt
+  #     chown 1006:1005 src0.txt src0.dat
+  #     chown user2:group1 src0.txt
+  #     chown user2:group1 .
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.chown_R.
+  #
+  def chown(user, group, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message sprintf('chown %s %s',
+                              (group ? "#{user}:#{group}" : user || ':'),
+                              list.join(' ')) if verbose
+    return if noop
+    uid = fu_get_uid(user)
+    gid = fu_get_gid(group)
+    list.each do |path|
+      Entry_.new(path).chown uid, gid
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :chown
+
+  # Like Bundler::FileUtils.chown, but changes owner and group recursively.
+  #
+  def chown_R(user, group, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, force: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    fu_output_message sprintf('chown -R%s %s %s',
+                              (force ? 'f' : ''),
+                              (group ? "#{user}:#{group}" : user || ':'),
+                              list.join(' ')) if verbose
+    return if noop
+    uid = fu_get_uid(user)
+    gid = fu_get_gid(group)
+    list.each do |root|
+      Entry_.new(root).traverse do |ent|
+        begin
+          ent.chown uid, gid
+        rescue
+          raise unless force
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :chown_R
+
+  def fu_get_uid(user)   #:nodoc:
+    return nil unless user
+    case user
+    when Integer
+      user
+    when /\A\d+\z/
+      user.to_i
+    else
+      require 'etc'
+      Etc.getpwnam(user) ? Etc.getpwnam(user).uid : nil
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_get_uid
+
+  def fu_get_gid(group)   #:nodoc:
+    return nil unless group
+    case group
+    when Integer
+      group
+    when /\A\d+\z/
+      group.to_i
+    else
+      require 'etc'
+      Etc.getgrnam(group) ? Etc.getgrnam(group).gid : nil
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_get_gid
+
+  # Updates modification times (mtime) and access times (atime)
+  # of the entries given by the paths in +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths);
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # By default, creates an empty file for any path to a non-existent entry;
+  # use keyword argument +nocreate+ to raise an exception instead.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #   # Single path.
+  #   f = File.new('src0.txt') # Existing file.
+  #   f.atime # => 2022-06-10 11:11:21.200277 -0700
+  #   f.mtime # => 2022-06-10 11:11:21.200277 -0700
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   f = File.new('src0.txt')
+  #   f.atime # => 2022-06-11 08:28:09.8185343 -0700
+  #   f.mtime # => 2022-06-11 08:28:09.8185343 -0700
+  #
+  #   # Array of paths.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>mtime: <i>time</i></tt> - sets the entry's mtime to the given time,
+  #   instead of the current time.
+  # - <tt>nocreate: true</tt> - raises an exception if the entry does not exist.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not touch entries; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch(['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch(path, noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     touch src0.txt
+  #     touch src0.txt src0.dat
+  #     touch src0.txt
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?.
+  #
+  def touch(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, mtime: nil, nocreate: nil)
+    list = fu_list(list)
+    t = mtime
+    if verbose
+      fu_output_message "touch #{nocreate ? '-c ' : ''}#{t ? t.strftime('-t %Y%m%d%H%M.%S ') : ''}#{list.join ' '}"
+    end
+    return if noop
+    list.each do |path|
+      created = nocreate
+      begin
+        File.utime(t, t, path)
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        raise if created
+        File.open(path, 'a') {
+          ;
+        }
+        created = true
+        retry if t
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :touch
+
+  private
+
+  module StreamUtils_
+    private
+
+    case (defined?(::RbConfig) ? ::RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] : ::RUBY_PLATFORM)
+    when /mswin|mingw/
+      def fu_windows?; true end
+    else
+      def fu_windows?; false end
+    end
+
+    def fu_copy_stream0(src, dest, blksize = nil)   #:nodoc:
+      IO.copy_stream(src, dest)
+    end
+
+    def fu_stream_blksize(*streams)
+      streams.each do |s|
+        next unless s.respond_to?(:stat)
+        size = fu_blksize(s.stat)
+        return size if size
+      end
+      fu_default_blksize()
+    end
+
+    def fu_blksize(st)
+      s = st.blksize
+      return nil unless s
+      return nil if s == 0
+      s
+    end
+
+    def fu_default_blksize
+      1024
+    end
+  end
+
+  include StreamUtils_
+  extend StreamUtils_
+
+  class Entry_   #:nodoc: internal use only
+    include StreamUtils_
+
+    def initialize(a, b = nil, deref = false)
+      @prefix = @rel = @path = nil
+      if b
+        @prefix = a
+        @rel = b
+      else
+        @path = a
+      end
+      @deref = deref
+      @stat = nil
+      @lstat = nil
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "\#<#{self.class} #{path()}>"
+    end
+
+    def path
+      if @path
+        File.path(@path)
+      else
+        join(@prefix, @rel)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prefix
+      @prefix || @path
+    end
+
+    def rel
+      @rel
+    end
+
+    def dereference?
+      @deref
+    end
+
+    def exist?
+      begin
+        lstat
+        true
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def file?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.file?
+    end
+
+    def directory?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.directory?
+    end
+
+    def symlink?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.symlink?
+    end
+
+    def chardev?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.chardev?
+    end
+
+    def blockdev?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.blockdev?
+    end
+
+    def socket?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.socket?
+    end
+
+    def pipe?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and s.pipe?
+    end
+
+    S_IF_DOOR = 0xD000
+
+    def door?
+      s = lstat!
+      s and (s.mode & 0xF000 == S_IF_DOOR)
+    end
+
+    def entries
+      opts = {}
+      opts[:encoding] = fu_windows? ? ::Encoding::UTF_8 : path.encoding
+
+      files = Dir.children(path, **opts)
+
+      untaint = RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+      files.map {|n| Entry_.new(prefix(), join(rel(), untaint ? n.untaint : n)) }
+    end
+
+    def stat
+      return @stat if @stat
+      if lstat() and lstat().symlink?
+        @stat = File.stat(path())
+      else
+        @stat = lstat()
+      end
+      @stat
+    end
+
+    def stat!
+      return @stat if @stat
+      if lstat! and lstat!.symlink?
+        @stat = File.stat(path())
+      else
+        @stat = lstat!
+      end
+      @stat
+    rescue SystemCallError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def lstat
+      if dereference?
+        @lstat ||= File.stat(path())
+      else
+        @lstat ||= File.lstat(path())
+      end
+    end
+
+    def lstat!
+      lstat()
+    rescue SystemCallError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def chmod(mode)
+      if symlink?
+        File.lchmod mode, path() if have_lchmod?
+      else
+        File.chmod mode, path()
+      end
+    rescue Errno::EOPNOTSUPP
+    end
+
+    def chown(uid, gid)
+      if symlink?
+        File.lchown uid, gid, path() if have_lchown?
+      else
+        File.chown uid, gid, path()
+      end
+    end
+
+    def link(dest)
+      case
+      when directory?
+        if !File.exist?(dest) and descendant_directory?(dest, path)
+          raise ArgumentError, "cannot link directory %s to itself %s" % [path, dest]
+        end
+        begin
+          Dir.mkdir dest
+        rescue
+          raise unless File.directory?(dest)
+        end
+      else
+        File.link path(), dest
+      end
+    end
+
+    def copy(dest)
+      lstat
+      case
+      when file?
+        copy_file dest
+      when directory?
+        if !File.exist?(dest) and descendant_directory?(dest, path)
+          raise ArgumentError, "cannot copy directory %s to itself %s" % [path, dest]
+        end
+        begin
+          Dir.mkdir dest
+        rescue
+          raise unless File.directory?(dest)
+        end
+      when symlink?
+        File.symlink File.readlink(path()), dest
+      when chardev?, blockdev?
+        raise "cannot handle device file"
+      when socket?
+        begin
+          require 'socket'
+        rescue LoadError
+          raise "cannot handle socket"
+        else
+          raise "cannot handle socket" unless defined?(UNIXServer)
+        end
+        UNIXServer.new(dest).close
+        File.chmod lstat().mode, dest
+      when pipe?
+        raise "cannot handle FIFO" unless File.respond_to?(:mkfifo)
+        File.mkfifo dest, lstat().mode
+      when door?
+        raise "cannot handle door: #{path()}"
+      else
+        raise "unknown file type: #{path()}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def copy_file(dest)
+      File.open(path()) do |s|
+        File.open(dest, 'wb', s.stat.mode) do |f|
+          IO.copy_stream(s, f)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def copy_metadata(path)
+      st = lstat()
+      if !st.symlink?
+        File.utime st.atime, st.mtime, path
+      end
+      mode = st.mode
+      begin
+        if st.symlink?
+          begin
+            File.lchown st.uid, st.gid, path
+          rescue NotImplementedError
+          end
+        else
+          File.chown st.uid, st.gid, path
+        end
+      rescue Errno::EPERM, Errno::EACCES
+        # clear setuid/setgid
+        mode &= 01777
+      end
+      if st.symlink?
+        begin
+          File.lchmod mode, path
+        rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EOPNOTSUPP
+        end
+      else
+        File.chmod mode, path
+      end
+    end
+
+    def remove
+      if directory?
+        remove_dir1
+      else
+        remove_file
+      end
+    end
+
+    def remove_dir1
+      platform_support {
+        Dir.rmdir path().chomp(?/)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def remove_file
+      platform_support {
+        File.unlink path
+      }
+    end
+
+    def platform_support
+      return yield unless fu_windows?
+      first_time_p = true
+      begin
+        yield
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        raise
+      rescue => err
+        if first_time_p
+          first_time_p = false
+          begin
+            File.chmod 0700, path()   # Windows does not have symlink
+            retry
+          rescue SystemCallError
+          end
+        end
+        raise err
+      end
+    end
+
+    def preorder_traverse
+      stack = [self]
+      while ent = stack.pop
+        yield ent
+        stack.concat ent.entries.reverse if ent.directory?
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias traverse preorder_traverse
+
+    def postorder_traverse
+      if directory?
+        begin
+          children = entries()
+        rescue Errno::EACCES
+          # Failed to get the list of children.
+          # Assuming there is no children, try to process the parent directory.
+          yield self
+          return
+        end
+
+        children.each do |ent|
+          ent.postorder_traverse do |e|
+            yield e
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      yield self
+    end
+
+    def wrap_traverse(pre, post)
+      pre.call self
+      if directory?
+        entries.each do |ent|
+          ent.wrap_traverse pre, post
+        end
+      end
+      post.call self
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod = nil
+
+    def have_lchmod?
+      # This is not MT-safe, but it does not matter.
+      if @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod == nil
+        @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod = check_have_lchmod?
+      end
+      @@fileutils_rb_have_lchmod
+    end
+
+    def check_have_lchmod?
+      return false unless File.respond_to?(:lchmod)
+      File.lchmod 0
+      return true
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      return false
+    end
+
+    @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown = nil
+
+    def have_lchown?
+      # This is not MT-safe, but it does not matter.
+      if @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown == nil
+        @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown = check_have_lchown?
+      end
+      @@fileutils_rb_have_lchown
+    end
+
+    def check_have_lchown?
+      return false unless File.respond_to?(:lchown)
+      File.lchown nil, nil
+      return true
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      return false
+    end
+
+    def join(dir, base)
+      return File.path(dir) if not base or base == '.'
+      return File.path(base) if not dir or dir == '.'
+      begin
+        File.join(dir, base)
+      rescue EncodingError
+        if fu_windows?
+          File.join(dir.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8), base.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8))
+        else
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+      DIRECTORY_TERM = "(?=[/#{Regexp.quote(File::ALT_SEPARATOR)}]|\\z)"
+    else
+      DIRECTORY_TERM = "(?=/|\\z)"
+    end
+
+    def descendant_directory?(descendant, ascendant)
+      if File::FNM_SYSCASE.nonzero?
+        File.expand_path(File.dirname(descendant)).casecmp(File.expand_path(ascendant)) == 0
+      else
+        File.expand_path(File.dirname(descendant)) == File.expand_path(ascendant)
+      end
+    end
+  end   # class Entry_
+
+  def fu_list(arg)   #:nodoc:
+    [arg].flatten.map {|path| File.path(path) }
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_list
+
+  def fu_each_src_dest(src, dest)   #:nodoc:
+    fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s, d|
+      raise ArgumentError, "same file: #{s} and #{d}" if fu_same?(s, d)
+      yield s, d
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_each_src_dest
+
+  def fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest, target_directory = true)   #:nodoc:
+    if tmp = Array.try_convert(src)
+      tmp.each do |s|
+        s = File.path(s)
+        yield s, (target_directory ? File.join(dest, File.basename(s)) : dest)
+      end
+    else
+      src = File.path(src)
+      if target_directory and File.directory?(dest)
+        yield src, File.join(dest, File.basename(src))
+      else
+        yield src, File.path(dest)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_each_src_dest0
+
+  def fu_same?(a, b)   #:nodoc:
+    File.identical?(a, b)
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_same?
+
+  def fu_output_message(msg)   #:nodoc:
+    output = @fileutils_output if defined?(@fileutils_output)
+    output ||= $stdout
+    if defined?(@fileutils_label)
+      msg = @fileutils_label + msg
+    end
+    output.puts msg
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_output_message
+
+  def fu_split_path(path)
+    path = File.path(path)
+    list = []
+    until (parent, base = File.split(path); parent == path or parent == ".")
+      list << base
+      path = parent
+    end
+    list << path
+    list.reverse!
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_split_path
+
+  def fu_relative_components_from(target, base) #:nodoc:
+    i = 0
+    while target[i]&.== base[i]
+      i += 1
+    end
+    Array.new(base.size-i, '..').concat(target[i..-1])
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_relative_components_from
+
+  def fu_clean_components(*comp)
+    comp.shift while comp.first == "."
+    return comp if comp.empty?
+    clean = [comp.shift]
+    path = File.join(*clean, "") # ending with File::SEPARATOR
+    while c = comp.shift
+      if c == ".." and clean.last != ".." and !(fu_have_symlink? && File.symlink?(path))
+        clean.pop
+        path.chomp!(%r((?<=\A|/)[^/]+/\z), "")
+      else
+        clean << c
+        path << c << "/"
+      end
+    end
+    clean
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_clean_components
+
+  if fu_windows?
+    def fu_starting_path?(path)
+      path&.start_with?(%r(\w:|/))
+    end
+  else
+    def fu_starting_path?(path)
+      path&.start_with?("/")
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_starting_path?
+
+  # This hash table holds command options.
+  OPT_TABLE = {}    #:nodoc: internal use only
+  (private_instance_methods & methods(false)).inject(OPT_TABLE) {|tbl, name|
+    (tbl[name.to_s] = instance_method(name).parameters).map! {|t, n| n if t == :key}.compact!
+    tbl
+  }
+
+  public
+
+  # Returns an array of the string names of \Bundler::FileUtils methods
+  # that accept one or more keyword arguments:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.commands.sort.take(3) # => ["cd", "chdir", "chmod"]
+  #
+  def self.commands
+    OPT_TABLE.keys
+  end
+
+  # Returns an array of the string keyword names:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.options.take(3) # => ["noop", "verbose", "force"]
+  #
+  def self.options
+    OPT_TABLE.values.flatten.uniq.map {|sym| sym.to_s }
+  end
+
+  # Returns +true+ if method +mid+ accepts the given option +opt+, +false+ otherwise;
+  # the arguments may be strings or symbols:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?(:chmod, :noop) # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?('chmod', 'secure') # => false
+  #
+  def self.have_option?(mid, opt)
+    li = OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s] or raise ArgumentError, "no such method: #{mid}"
+    li.include?(opt)
+  end
+
+  # Returns an array of the string keyword name for method +mid+;
+  # the argument may be a string or a symbol:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.options_of(:rm) # => ["force", "noop", "verbose"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.options_of('mv') # => ["force", "noop", "verbose", "secure"]
+  #
+  def self.options_of(mid)
+    OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s].map {|sym| sym.to_s }
+  end
+
+  # Returns an array of the string method names of the methods
+  # that accept the given keyword option +opt+;
+  # the argument must be a symbol:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:preserve) # => ["cp", "copy", "cp_r", "install"]
+  #
+  def self.collect_method(opt)
+    OPT_TABLE.keys.select {|m| OPT_TABLE[m].include?(opt) }
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  LOW_METHODS = singleton_methods(false) - collect_method(:noop).map(&:intern) # :nodoc:
+  module LowMethods # :nodoc: internal use only
+    private
+    def _do_nothing(*)end
+    ::Bundler::FileUtils::LOW_METHODS.map {|name| alias_method name, :_do_nothing}
+  end
+
+  METHODS = singleton_methods() - [:private_module_function,                  # :nodoc:
+      :commands, :options, :have_option?, :options_of, :collect_method]
+
+  #
+  # This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but it outputs messages
+  # before acting.  This equates to passing the <tt>:verbose</tt> flag to
+  # methods in Bundler::FileUtils.
+  #
+  module Verbose
+    include Bundler::FileUtils
+    names = ::Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:verbose)
+    names.each do |name|
+      module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}(*args, **options)
+          super(*args, **options, verbose: true)
+        end
+      EOS
+    end
+    private(*names)
+    extend self
+    class << self
+      public(*::Bundler::FileUtils::METHODS)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but never changes
+  # files/directories.  This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> flag
+  # to methods in Bundler::FileUtils.
+  #
+  module NoWrite
+    include Bundler::FileUtils
+    include LowMethods
+    names = ::Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:noop)
+    names.each do |name|
+      module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}(*args, **options)
+          super(*args, **options, noop: true)
+        end
+      EOS
+    end
+    private(*names)
+    extend self
+    class << self
+      public(*::Bundler::FileUtils::METHODS)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but never changes
+  # files/directories, with printing message before acting.
+  # This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> and <tt>:verbose</tt> flag
+  # to methods in Bundler::FileUtils.
+  #
+  module DryRun
+    include Bundler::FileUtils
+    include LowMethods
+    names = ::Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:noop)
+    names.each do |name|
+      module_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{name}(*args, **options)
+          super(*args, **options, noop: true, verbose: true)
+        end
+      EOS
+    end
+    private(*names)
+    extend self
+    class << self
+      public(*::Bundler::FileUtils::METHODS)
+    end
+  end
+
+end