rubygems-update 2.6.0 → 3.5.4

data/lib/rubygems/net-http/lib/net/http/header.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,981 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# The \HTTPHeader module provides access to \HTTP headers.
+#
+# The module is included in:
+#
+# - Gem::Net::HTTPGenericRequest (and therefore Gem::Net::HTTPRequest).
+# - Gem::Net::HTTPResponse.
+#
+# The headers are a hash-like collection of key/value pairs called _fields_.
+#
+# == Request and Response Fields
+#
+# Headers may be included in:
+#
+# - A Gem::Net::HTTPRequest object:
+#   the object's headers will be sent with the request.
+#   Any fields may be defined in the request;
+#   see {Setters}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Setters].
+# - A Gem::Net::HTTPResponse object:
+#   the objects headers are usually those returned from the host.
+#   Fields may be retrieved from the object;
+#   see {Getters}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Getters]
+#   and {Iterators}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Iterators].
+#
+# Exactly which fields should be sent or expected depends on the host;
+# see:
+#
+# - {Request fields}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Request_fields].
+# - {Response fields}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Response_fields].
+#
+# == About the Examples
+#
+# :include: doc/net-http/examples.rdoc
+#
+# == Fields
+#
+# A header field is a key/value pair.
+#
+# === Field Keys
+#
+# A field key may be:
+#
+# - A string: Key <tt>'Accept'</tt> is treated as if it were
+#   <tt>'Accept'.downcase</tt>;  i.e., <tt>'accept'</tt>.
+# - A symbol: Key <tt>:Accept</tt> is treated as if it were
+#   <tt>:Accept.to_s.downcase</tt>;  i.e., <tt>'accept'</tt>.
+#
+# Examples:
+#
+#   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+#   req[:accept]  # => "*/*"
+#   req['Accept'] # => "*/*"
+#   req['ACCEPT'] # => "*/*"
+#
+#   req['accept'] = 'text/html'
+#   req[:accept] = 'text/html'
+#   req['ACCEPT'] = 'text/html'
+#
+# === Field Values
+#
+# A field value may be returned as an array of strings or as a string:
+#
+# - These methods return field values as arrays:
+#
+#   - #get_fields: Returns the array value for the given key,
+#     or +nil+ if it does not exist.
+#   - #to_hash: Returns a hash of all header fields:
+#     each key is a field name; its value is the array value for the field.
+#
+# - These methods return field values as string;
+#   the string value for a field is equivalent to
+#   <tt>self[key.downcase.to_s].join(', '))</tt>:
+#
+#   - #[]: Returns the string value for the given key,
+#     or +nil+ if it does not exist.
+#   - #fetch: Like #[], but accepts a default value
+#     to be returned if the key does not exist.
+#
+# The field value may be set:
+#
+# - #[]=: Sets the value for the given key;
+#   the given value may be a string, a symbol, an array, or a hash.
+# - #add_field: Adds a given value to a value for the given key
+#   (not overwriting the existing value).
+# - #delete: Deletes the field for the given key.
+#
+# Example field values:
+#
+# - \String:
+#
+#     req['Accept'] = 'text/html' # => "text/html"
+#     req['Accept']               # => "text/html"
+#     req.get_fields('Accept')    # => ["text/html"]
+#
+# - \Symbol:
+#
+#     req['Accept'] = :text    # => :text
+#     req['Accept']            # => "text"
+#     req.get_fields('Accept') # => ["text"]
+#
+# - Simple array:
+#
+#     req[:foo] = %w[bar baz bat]
+#     req[:foo]            # => "bar, baz, bat"
+#     req.get_fields(:foo) # => ["bar", "baz", "bat"]
+#
+# - Simple hash:
+#
+#     req[:foo] = {bar: 0, baz: 1, bat: 2}
+#     req[:foo]            # => "bar, 0, baz, 1, bat, 2"
+#     req.get_fields(:foo) # => ["bar", "0", "baz", "1", "bat", "2"]
+#
+# - Nested:
+#
+#     req[:foo] = [%w[bar baz], {bat: 0, bam: 1}]
+#     req[:foo]            # => "bar, baz, bat, 0, bam, 1"
+#     req.get_fields(:foo) # => ["bar", "baz", "bat", "0", "bam", "1"]
+#
+#     req[:foo] = {bar: %w[baz bat], bam: {bah: 0, bad: 1}}
+#     req[:foo]            # => "bar, baz, bat, bam, bah, 0, bad, 1"
+#     req.get_fields(:foo) # => ["bar", "baz", "bat", "bam", "bah", "0", "bad", "1"]
+#
+# == Convenience Methods
+#
+# Various convenience methods retrieve values, set values, query values,
+# set form values, or iterate over fields.
+#
+# === Setters
+#
+# \Method #[]= can set any field, but does little to validate the new value;
+# some of the other setter methods provide some validation:
+#
+# - #[]=: Sets the string or array value for the given key.
+# - #add_field: Creates or adds to the array value for the given key.
+# - #basic_auth: Sets the string authorization header for <tt>'Authorization'</tt>.
+# - #content_length=: Sets the integer length for field <tt>'Content-Length</tt>.
+# - #content_type=: Sets the string value for field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>.
+# - #proxy_basic_auth: Sets the string authorization header for <tt>'Proxy-Authorization'</tt>.
+# - #set_range: Sets the value for field <tt>'Range'</tt>.
+#
+# === Form Setters
+#
+# - #set_form: Sets an HTML form data set.
+# - #set_form_data: Sets header fields and a body from HTML form data.
+#
+# === Getters
+#
+# \Method #[] can retrieve the value of any field that exists,
+# but always as a string;
+# some of the other getter methods return something different
+# from the simple string value:
+#
+# - #[]: Returns the string field value for the given key.
+# - #content_length: Returns the integer value of field <tt>'Content-Length'</tt>.
+# - #content_range: Returns the Range value of field <tt>'Content-Range'</tt>.
+# - #content_type: Returns the string value of field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>.
+# - #fetch: Returns the string field value for the given key.
+# - #get_fields: Returns the array field value for the given +key+.
+# - #main_type: Returns first part of the string value of field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>.
+# - #sub_type: Returns second part of the string value of field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>.
+# - #range: Returns an array of Range objects of field <tt>'Range'</tt>, or +nil+.
+# - #range_length: Returns the integer length of the range given in field <tt>'Content-Range'</tt>.
+# - #type_params: Returns the string parameters for <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>.
+#
+# === Queries
+#
+# - #chunked?: Returns whether field <tt>'Transfer-Encoding'</tt> is set to <tt>'chunked'</tt>.
+# - #connection_close?: Returns whether field <tt>'Connection'</tt> is set to <tt>'close'</tt>.
+# - #connection_keep_alive?: Returns whether field <tt>'Connection'</tt> is set to <tt>'keep-alive'</tt>.
+# - #key?: Returns whether a given key exists.
+#
+# === Iterators
+#
+# - #each_capitalized: Passes each field capitalized-name/value pair to the block.
+# - #each_capitalized_name: Passes each capitalized field name to the block.
+# - #each_header: Passes each field name/value pair to the block.
+# - #each_name: Passes each field name to the block.
+# - #each_value: Passes each string field value to the block.
+#
+module Gem::Net::HTTPHeader
+  MAX_KEY_LENGTH = 1024
+  MAX_FIELD_LENGTH = 65536
+
+  def initialize_http_header(initheader) #:nodoc:
+    @header = {}
+    return unless initheader
+    initheader.each do |key, value|
+      warn "net/http: duplicated HTTP header: #{key}", uplevel: 3 if key?(key) and $VERBOSE
+      if value.nil?
+        warn "net/http: nil HTTP header: #{key}", uplevel: 3 if $VERBOSE
+      else
+        value = value.strip # raise error for invalid byte sequences
+        if key.to_s.bytesize > MAX_KEY_LENGTH
+          raise ArgumentError, "too long (#{key.bytesize} bytes) header: #{key[0, 30].inspect}..."
+        end
+        if value.to_s.bytesize > MAX_FIELD_LENGTH
+          raise ArgumentError, "header #{key} has too long field value: #{value.bytesize}"
+        end
+        if value.count("\r\n") > 0
+          raise ArgumentError, "header #{key} has field value #{value.inspect}, this cannot include CR/LF"
+        end
+        @header[key.downcase.to_s] = [value]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def size   #:nodoc: obsolete
+    @header.size
+  end
+
+  alias length size   #:nodoc: obsolete
+
+  # Returns the string field value for the case-insensitive field +key+,
+  # or +nil+ if there is no such key;
+  # see {Fields}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Fields]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res['Connection'] # => "keep-alive"
+  #   res['Nosuch']     # => nil
+  #
+  # Note that some field values may be retrieved via convenience methods;
+  # see {Getters}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Getters].
+  def [](key)
+    a = @header[key.downcase.to_s] or return nil
+    a.join(', ')
+  end
+
+  # Sets the value for the case-insensitive +key+ to +val+,
+  # overwriting the previous value if the field exists;
+  # see {Fields}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Fields]:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req['Accept'] # => "*/*"
+  #   req['Accept'] = 'text/html'
+  #   req['Accept'] # => "text/html"
+  #
+  # Note that some field values may be set via convenience methods;
+  # see {Setters}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Setters].
+  def []=(key, val)
+    unless val
+      @header.delete key.downcase.to_s
+      return val
+    end
+    set_field(key, val)
+  end
+
+  # Adds value +val+ to the value array for field +key+ if the field exists;
+  # creates the field with the given +key+ and +val+ if it does not exist.
+  # see {Fields}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Fields]:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req.add_field('Foo', 'bar')
+  #   req['Foo']            # => "bar"
+  #   req.add_field('Foo', 'baz')
+  #   req['Foo']            # => "bar, baz"
+  #   req.add_field('Foo', %w[baz bam])
+  #   req['Foo']            # => "bar, baz, baz, bam"
+  #   req.get_fields('Foo') # => ["bar", "baz", "baz", "bam"]
+  #
+  def add_field(key, val)
+    stringified_downcased_key = key.downcase.to_s
+    if @header.key?(stringified_downcased_key)
+      append_field_value(@header[stringified_downcased_key], val)
+    else
+      set_field(key, val)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def set_field(key, val)
+    case val
+    when Enumerable
+      ary = []
+      append_field_value(ary, val)
+      @header[key.downcase.to_s] = ary
+    else
+      val = val.to_s # for compatibility use to_s instead of to_str
+      if val.b.count("\r\n") > 0
+        raise ArgumentError, 'header field value cannot include CR/LF'
+      end
+      @header[key.downcase.to_s] = [val]
+    end
+  end
+
+  private def append_field_value(ary, val)
+    case val
+    when Enumerable
+      val.each{|x| append_field_value(ary, x)}
+    else
+      val = val.to_s
+      if /[\r\n]/n.match?(val.b)
+        raise ArgumentError, 'header field value cannot include CR/LF'
+      end
+      ary.push val
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns the array field value for the given +key+,
+  # or +nil+ if there is no such field;
+  # see {Fields}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Fields]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res.get_fields('Connection') # => ["keep-alive"]
+  #   res.get_fields('Nosuch')     # => nil
+  #
+  def get_fields(key)
+    stringified_downcased_key = key.downcase.to_s
+    return nil unless @header[stringified_downcased_key]
+    @header[stringified_downcased_key].dup
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   fetch(key, default_val = nil) {|key| ... } -> object
+  #   fetch(key, default_val = nil) -> value or default_val
+  #
+  # With a block, returns the string value for +key+ if it exists;
+  # otherwise returns the value of the block;
+  # ignores the +default_val+;
+  # see {Fields}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Fields]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #
+  #   # Field exists; block not called.
+  #   res.fetch('Connection') do |value|
+  #     fail 'Cannot happen'
+  #   end # => "keep-alive"
+  #
+  #   # Field does not exist; block called.
+  #   res.fetch('Nosuch') do |value|
+  #     value.downcase
+  #   end # => "nosuch"
+  #
+  # With no block, returns the string value for +key+ if it exists;
+  # otherwise, returns +default_val+ if it was given;
+  # otherwise raises an exception:
+  #
+  #   res.fetch('Connection', 'Foo') # => "keep-alive"
+  #   res.fetch('Nosuch', 'Foo')     # => "Foo"
+  #   res.fetch('Nosuch')            # Raises KeyError.
+  #
+  def fetch(key, *args, &block)   #:yield: +key+
+    a = @header.fetch(key.downcase.to_s, *args, &block)
+    a.kind_of?(Array) ? a.join(', ') : a
+  end
+
+  # Calls the block with each key/value pair:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res.each_header do |key, value|
+  #     p [key, value] if key.start_with?('c')
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #
+  #   ["content-type", "application/json; charset=utf-8"]
+  #   ["connection", "keep-alive"]
+  #   ["cache-control", "max-age=43200"]
+  #   ["cf-cache-status", "HIT"]
+  #   ["cf-ray", "771d17e9bc542cf5-ORD"]
+  #
+  # Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
+  #
+  # Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#each is an alias for Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#each_header.
+  def each_header   #:yield: +key+, +value+
+    block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { @header.size }
+    @header.each do |k,va|
+      yield k, va.join(', ')
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias each each_header
+
+  # Calls the block with each field key:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res.each_key do |key|
+  #     p key if key.start_with?('c')
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #
+  #   "content-type"
+  #   "connection"
+  #   "cache-control"
+  #   "cf-cache-status"
+  #   "cf-ray"
+  #
+  # Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
+  #
+  # Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#each_name is an alias for Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#each_key.
+  def each_name(&block)   #:yield: +key+
+    block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { @header.size }
+    @header.each_key(&block)
+  end
+
+  alias each_key each_name
+
+  # Calls the block with each capitalized field name:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res.each_capitalized_name do |key|
+  #     p key if key.start_with?('C')
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #
+  #   "Content-Type"
+  #   "Connection"
+  #   "Cache-Control"
+  #   "Cf-Cache-Status"
+  #   "Cf-Ray"
+  #
+  # The capitalization is system-dependent;
+  # see {Case Mapping}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/case_mapping_rdoc.html].
+  #
+  # Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
+  def each_capitalized_name  #:yield: +key+
+    block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { @header.size }
+    @header.each_key do |k|
+      yield capitalize(k)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Calls the block with each string field value:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res.each_value do |value|
+  #     p value if value.start_with?('c')
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #
+  #   "chunked"
+  #   "cf-q-config;dur=6.0000002122251e-06"
+  #   "cloudflare"
+  #
+  # Returns an enumerator if no block is given.
+  def each_value   #:yield: +value+
+    block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { @header.size }
+    @header.each_value do |va|
+      yield va.join(', ')
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Removes the header for the given case-insensitive +key+
+  # (see {Fields}[rdoc-ref:Gem::Net::HTTPHeader@Fields]);
+  # returns the deleted value, or +nil+ if no such field exists:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req.delete('Accept') # => ["*/*"]
+  #   req.delete('Nosuch') # => nil
+  #
+  def delete(key)
+    @header.delete(key.downcase.to_s)
+  end
+
+  # Returns +true+ if the field for the case-insensitive +key+ exists, +false+ otherwise:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req.key?('Accept') # => true
+  #   req.key?('Nosuch') # => false
+  #
+  def key?(key)
+    @header.key?(key.downcase.to_s)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a hash of the key/value pairs:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req.to_hash
+  #   # =>
+  #   {"accept-encoding"=>["gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"],
+  #    "accept"=>["*/*"],
+  #    "user-agent"=>["Ruby"],
+  #    "host"=>["jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"]}
+  #
+  def to_hash
+    @header.dup
+  end
+
+  # Like #each_header, but the keys are returned in capitalized form.
+  #
+  # Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#canonical_each is an alias for Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#each_capitalized.
+  def each_capitalized
+    block_given? or return enum_for(__method__) { @header.size }
+    @header.each do |k,v|
+      yield capitalize(k), v.join(', ')
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias canonical_each each_capitalized
+
+  def capitalize(name)
+    name.to_s.split(/-/).map {|s| s.capitalize }.join('-')
+  end
+  private :capitalize
+
+  # Returns an array of Range objects that represent
+  # the value of field <tt>'Range'</tt>,
+  # or +nil+ if there is no such field;
+  # see {Range request header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#range-request-header]:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req['Range'] = 'bytes=0-99,200-299,400-499'
+  #   req.range # => [0..99, 200..299, 400..499]
+  #   req.delete('Range')
+  #   req.range # # => nil
+  #
+  def range
+    return nil unless @header['range']
+
+    value = self['Range']
+    # byte-range-set = *( "," OWS ) ( byte-range-spec / suffix-byte-range-spec )
+    #   *( OWS "," [ OWS ( byte-range-spec / suffix-byte-range-spec ) ] )
+    # corrected collected ABNF
+    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p5-range-19#section-5.4.1
+    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p5-range-19#appendix-C
+    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-19#section-3.2.5
+    unless /\Abytes=((?:,[ \t]*)*(?:\d+-\d*|-\d+)(?:[ \t]*,(?:[ \t]*\d+-\d*|-\d+)?)*)\z/ =~ value
+      raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, "invalid syntax for byte-ranges-specifier: '#{value}'"
+    end
+
+    byte_range_set = $1
+    result = byte_range_set.split(/,/).map {|spec|
+      m = /(\d+)?\s*-\s*(\d+)?/i.match(spec) or
+              raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, "invalid byte-range-spec: '#{spec}'"
+      d1 = m[1].to_i
+      d2 = m[2].to_i
+      if m[1] and m[2]
+        if d1 > d2
+          raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, "last-byte-pos MUST greater than or equal to first-byte-pos but '#{spec}'"
+        end
+        d1..d2
+      elsif m[1]
+        d1..-1
+      elsif m[2]
+        -d2..-1
+      else
+        raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, 'range is not specified'
+      end
+    }
+    # if result.empty?
+    # byte-range-set must include at least one byte-range-spec or suffix-byte-range-spec
+    # but above regexp already denies it.
+    if result.size == 1 && result[0].begin == 0 && result[0].end == -1
+      raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, 'only one suffix-byte-range-spec with zero suffix-length'
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   set_range(length) -> length
+  #   set_range(offset, length) -> range
+  #   set_range(begin..length) -> range
+  #
+  # Sets the value for field <tt>'Range'</tt>;
+  # see {Range request header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#range-request-header]:
+  #
+  # With argument +length+:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req.set_range(100)      # => 100
+  #   req['Range']            # => "bytes=0-99"
+  #
+  # With arguments +offset+ and +length+:
+  #
+  #   req.set_range(100, 100) # => 100...200
+  #   req['Range']            # => "bytes=100-199"
+  #
+  # With argument +range+:
+  #
+  #   req.set_range(100..199) # => 100..199
+  #   req['Range']            # => "bytes=100-199"
+  #
+  # Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#range= is an alias for Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#set_range.
+  def set_range(r, e = nil)
+    unless r
+      @header.delete 'range'
+      return r
+    end
+    r = (r...r+e) if e
+    case r
+    when Numeric
+      n = r.to_i
+      rangestr = (n > 0 ? "0-#{n-1}" : "-#{-n}")
+    when Range
+      first = r.first
+      last = r.end
+      last -= 1 if r.exclude_end?
+      if last == -1
+        rangestr = (first > 0 ? "#{first}-" : "-#{-first}")
+      else
+        raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, 'range.first is negative' if first < 0
+        raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, 'range.last is negative' if last < 0
+        raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, 'must be .first < .last' if first > last
+        rangestr = "#{first}-#{last}"
+      end
+    else
+      raise TypeError, 'Range/Integer is required'
+    end
+    @header['range'] = ["bytes=#{rangestr}"]
+    r
+  end
+
+  alias range= set_range
+
+  # Returns the value of field <tt>'Content-Length'</tt> as an integer,
+  # or +nil+ if there is no such field;
+  # see {Content-Length request header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-length-request-header]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/nosuch/1')
+  #   res.content_length # => 2
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res.content_length # => nil
+  #
+  def content_length
+    return nil unless key?('Content-Length')
+    len = self['Content-Length'].slice(/\d+/) or
+        raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, 'wrong Content-Length format'
+    len.to_i
+  end
+
+  # Sets the value of field <tt>'Content-Length'</tt> to the given numeric;
+  # see {Content-Length response header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-length-response-header]:
+  #
+  #   _uri = uri.dup
+  #   hostname = _uri.hostname           # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
+  #   _uri.path = '/posts'               # => "/posts"
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Post.new(_uri)    # => #<Gem::Net::HTTP::Post POST>
+  #   req.body = '{"title": "foo","body": "bar","userId": 1}'
+  #   req.content_length = req.body.size # => 42
+  #   req.content_type = 'application/json'
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+  #     http.request(req)
+  #   end # => #<Gem::Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+  #
+  def content_length=(len)
+    unless len
+      @header.delete 'content-length'
+      return nil
+    end
+    @header['content-length'] = [len.to_i.to_s]
+  end
+
+  # Returns +true+ if field <tt>'Transfer-Encoding'</tt>
+  # exists and has value <tt>'chunked'</tt>,
+  # +false+ otherwise;
+  # see {Transfer-Encoding response header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#transfer-encoding-response-header]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res['Transfer-Encoding'] # => "chunked"
+  #   res.chunked?             # => true
+  #
+  def chunked?
+    return false unless @header['transfer-encoding']
+    field = self['Transfer-Encoding']
+    (/(?:\A|[^\-\w])chunked(?![\-\w])/i =~ field) ? true : false
+  end
+
+  # Returns a Range object representing the value of field
+  # <tt>'Content-Range'</tt>, or +nil+ if no such field exists;
+  # see {Content-Range response header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-range-response-header]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res['Content-Range'] # => nil
+  #   res['Content-Range'] = 'bytes 0-499/1000'
+  #   res['Content-Range'] # => "bytes 0-499/1000"
+  #   res.content_range    # => 0..499
+  #
+  def content_range
+    return nil unless @header['content-range']
+    m = %r<\A\s*(\w+)\s+(\d+)-(\d+)/(\d+|\*)>.match(self['Content-Range']) or
+        raise Gem::Net::HTTPHeaderSyntaxError, 'wrong Content-Range format'
+    return unless m[1] == 'bytes'
+    m[2].to_i .. m[3].to_i
+  end
+
+  # Returns the integer representing length of the value of field
+  # <tt>'Content-Range'</tt>, or +nil+ if no such field exists;
+  # see {Content-Range response header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-range-response-header]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res['Content-Range'] # => nil
+  #   res['Content-Range'] = 'bytes 0-499/1000'
+  #   res.range_length     # => 500
+  #
+  def range_length
+    r = content_range() or return nil
+    r.end - r.begin + 1
+  end
+
+  # Returns the {media type}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type]
+  # from the value of field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>,
+  # or +nil+ if no such field exists;
+  # see {Content-Type response header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-type-response-header]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res['content-type'] # => "application/json; charset=utf-8"
+  #   res.content_type    # => "application/json"
+  #
+  def content_type
+    main = main_type()
+    return nil unless main
+
+    sub = sub_type()
+    if sub
+      "#{main}/#{sub}"
+    else
+      main
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns the leading ('type') part of the
+  # {media type}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type]
+  # from the value of field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>,
+  # or +nil+ if no such field exists;
+  # see {Content-Type response header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-type-response-header]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res['content-type'] # => "application/json; charset=utf-8"
+  #   res.main_type       # => "application"
+  #
+  def main_type
+    return nil unless @header['content-type']
+    self['Content-Type'].split(';').first.to_s.split('/')[0].to_s.strip
+  end
+
+  # Returns the trailing ('subtype') part of the
+  # {media type}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type]
+  # from the value of field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>,
+  # or +nil+ if no such field exists;
+  # see {Content-Type response header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-type-response-header]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res['content-type'] # => "application/json; charset=utf-8"
+  #   res.sub_type        # => "json"
+  #
+  def sub_type
+    return nil unless @header['content-type']
+    _, sub = *self['Content-Type'].split(';').first.to_s.split('/')
+    return nil unless sub
+    sub.strip
+  end
+
+  # Returns the trailing ('parameters') part of the value of field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>,
+  # or +nil+ if no such field exists;
+  # see {Content-Type response header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-type-response-header]:
+  #
+  #   res = Gem::Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
+  #   res['content-type'] # => "application/json; charset=utf-8"
+  #   res.type_params     # => {"charset"=>"utf-8"}
+  #
+  def type_params
+    result = {}
+    list = self['Content-Type'].to_s.split(';')
+    list.shift
+    list.each do |param|
+      k, v = *param.split('=', 2)
+      result[k.strip] = v.strip
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Sets the value of field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>;
+  # returns the new value;
+  # see {Content-Type request header}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-type-request-header]:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req.set_content_type('application/json') # => ["application/json"]
+  #
+  # Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#content_type= is an alias for Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#set_content_type.
+  def set_content_type(type, params = {})
+    @header['content-type'] = [type + params.map{|k,v|"; #{k}=#{v}"}.join('')]
+  end
+
+  alias content_type= set_content_type
+
+  # Sets the request body to a URL-encoded string derived from argument +params+,
+  # and sets request header field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>
+  # to <tt>'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'</tt>.
+  #
+  # The resulting request is suitable for HTTP request +POST+ or +PUT+.
+  #
+  # Argument +params+ must be suitable for use as argument +enum+ to
+  # {URI.encode_www_form}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/URI.html#method-c-encode_www_form].
+  #
+  # With only argument +params+ given,
+  # sets the body to a URL-encoded string with the default separator <tt>'&'</tt>:
+  #
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Post.new('example.com')
+  #
+  #   req.set_form_data(q: 'ruby', lang: 'en')
+  #   req.body            # => "q=ruby&lang=en"
+  #   req['Content-Type'] # => "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+  #
+  #   req.set_form_data([['q', 'ruby'], ['lang', 'en']])
+  #   req.body            # => "q=ruby&lang=en"
+  #
+  #   req.set_form_data(q: ['ruby', 'perl'], lang: 'en')
+  #   req.body            # => "q=ruby&q=perl&lang=en"
+  #
+  #   req.set_form_data([['q', 'ruby'], ['q', 'perl'], ['lang', 'en']])
+  #   req.body            # => "q=ruby&q=perl&lang=en"
+  #
+  # With string argument +sep+ also given,
+  # uses that string as the separator:
+  #
+  #   req.set_form_data({q: 'ruby', lang: 'en'}, '|')
+  #   req.body # => "q=ruby|lang=en"
+  #
+  # Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#form_data= is an alias for Gem::Net::HTTPHeader#set_form_data.
+  def set_form_data(params, sep = '&')
+    query = URI.encode_www_form(params)
+    query.gsub!(/&/, sep) if sep != '&'
+    self.body = query
+    self.content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+  end
+
+  alias form_data= set_form_data
+
+  # Stores form data to be used in a +POST+ or +PUT+ request.
+  #
+  # The form data given in +params+ consists of zero or more fields;
+  # each field is:
+  #
+  # - A scalar value.
+  # - A name/value pair.
+  # - An IO stream opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Argument +params+ should be an
+  # {Enumerable}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Enumerable.html#module-Enumerable-label-Enumerable+in+Ruby+Classes]
+  # (method <tt>params.map</tt> will be called),
+  # and is often an array or hash.
+  #
+  # First, we set up a request:
+  #
+  #   _uri = uri.dup
+  #   _uri.path ='/posts'
+  #   req = Gem::Net::HTTP::Post.new(_uri)
+  #
+  # <b>Argument +params+ As an Array</b>
+  #
+  # When +params+ is an array,
+  # each of its elements is a subarray that defines a field;
+  # the subarray may contain:
+  #
+  # - One string:
+  #
+  #     req.set_form([['foo'], ['bar'], ['baz']])
+  #
+  # - Two strings:
+  #
+  #     req.set_form([%w[foo 0], %w[bar 1], %w[baz 2]])
+  #
+  # - When argument +enctype+ (see below) is given as
+  #   <tt>'multipart/form-data'</tt>:
+  #
+  #   - A string name and an IO stream opened for reading:
+  #
+  #       require 'stringio'
+  #       req.set_form([['file', StringIO.new('Ruby is cool.')]])
+  #
+  #   - A string name, an IO stream opened for reading,
+  #     and an options hash, which may contain these entries:
+  #
+  #     - +:filename+: The name of the file to use.
+  #     - +:content_type+: The content type of the uploaded file.
+  #
+  #     Example:
+  #
+  #       req.set_form([['file', file, {filename: "other-filename.foo"}]]
+  #
+  # The various forms may be mixed:
+  #
+  #   req.set_form(['foo', %w[bar 1], ['file', file]])
+  #
+  # <b>Argument +params+ As a Hash</b>
+  #
+  # When +params+ is a hash,
+  # each of its entries is a name/value pair that defines a field:
+  #
+  # - The name is a string.
+  # - The value may be:
+  #
+  #   - +nil+.
+  #   - Another string.
+  #   - An IO stream opened for reading
+  #     (only when argument +enctype+ -- see below -- is given as
+  #     <tt>'multipart/form-data'</tt>).
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #   # Nil-valued fields.
+  #   req.set_form({'foo' => nil, 'bar' => nil, 'baz' => nil})
+  #
+  #   # String-valued fields.
+  #   req.set_form({'foo' => 0, 'bar' => 1, 'baz' => 2})
+  #
+  #   # IO-valued field.
+  #   require 'stringio'
+  #   req.set_form({'file' => StringIO.new('Ruby is cool.')})
+  #
+  #   # Mixture of fields.
+  #   req.set_form({'foo' => nil, 'bar' => 1, 'file' => file})
+  #
+  # Optional argument +enctype+ specifies the value to be given
+  # to field <tt>'Content-Type'</tt>, and must be one of:
+  #
+  # - <tt>'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'</tt> (the default).
+  # - <tt>'multipart/form-data'</tt>;
+  #   see {RFC 7578}[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7578].
+  #
+  # Optional argument +formopt+ is a hash of options
+  # (applicable only when argument +enctype+
+  # is <tt>'multipart/form-data'</tt>)
+  # that may include the following entries:
+  #
+  # - +:boundary+: The value is the boundary string for the multipart message.
+  #   If not given, the boundary is a random string.
+  #   See {Boundary}[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7578#section-4.1].
+  # - +:charset+: Value is the character set for the form submission.
+  #   Field names and values of non-file fields should be encoded with this charset.
+  #
+  def set_form(params, enctype='application/x-www-form-urlencoded', formopt={})
+    @body_data = params
+    @body = nil
+    @body_stream = nil
+    @form_option = formopt
+    case enctype
+    when /\Aapplication\/x-www-form-urlencoded\z/i,
+      /\Amultipart\/form-data\z/i
+      self.content_type = enctype
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "invalid enctype: #{enctype}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Sets header <tt>'Authorization'</tt> using the given
+  # +account+ and +password+ strings:
+  #
+  #   req.basic_auth('my_account', 'my_password')
+  #   req['Authorization']
+  #   # => "Basic bXlfYWNjb3VudDpteV9wYXNzd29yZA=="
+  #
+  def basic_auth(account, password)
+    @header['authorization'] = [basic_encode(account, password)]
+  end
+
+  # Sets header <tt>'Proxy-Authorization'</tt> using the given
+  # +account+ and +password+ strings:
+  #
+  #   req.proxy_basic_auth('my_account', 'my_password')
+  #   req['Proxy-Authorization']
+  #   # => "Basic bXlfYWNjb3VudDpteV9wYXNzd29yZA=="
+  #
+  def proxy_basic_auth(account, password)
+    @header['proxy-authorization'] = [basic_encode(account, password)]
+  end
+
+  def basic_encode(account, password)
+    'Basic ' + ["#{account}:#{password}"].pack('m0')
+  end
+  private :basic_encode
+
+# Returns whether the HTTP session is to be closed.
+  def connection_close?
+    token = /(?:\A|,)\s*close\s*(?:\z|,)/i
+    @header['connection']&.grep(token) {return true}
+    @header['proxy-connection']&.grep(token) {return true}
+    false
+  end
+
+# Returns whether the HTTP session is to be kept alive.
+  def connection_keep_alive?
+    token = /(?:\A|,)\s*keep-alive\s*(?:\z|,)/i
+    @header['connection']&.grep(token) {return true}
+    @header['proxy-connection']&.grep(token) {return true}
+    false
+  end
+
+end