ruby-on-quails 0.1.0

data/guides/source/association_basics.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2467 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonquails.org.**
+
+Active Record Associations
+==========================
+
+This guide covers the association features of Active Record.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to declare associations between Active Record models.
+* How to understand the various types of Active Record associations.
+* How to use the methods added to your models by creating associations.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Why Associations?
+-----------------
+
+In Quails, an _association_ is a connection between two Active Record models. Why do we need associations between models? Because they make common operations simpler and easier in your code. For example, consider a simple Quails application that includes a model for authors and a model for books. Each author can have many books. Without associations, the model declarations would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+end
+```
+
+Now, suppose we wanted to add a new book for an existing author. We'd need to do something like this:
+
+```ruby
+@book = Book.create(published_at: Time.now, author_id: @author.id)
+```
+
+Or consider deleting an author, and ensuring that all of its books get deleted as well:
+
+```ruby
+@books = Book.where(author_id: @author.id)
+@books.each do |book|
+  book.destroy
+end
+@author.destroy
+```
+
+With Active Record associations, we can streamline these - and other - operations by declaratively telling Quails that there is a connection between the two models. Here's the revised code for setting up authors and books:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, dependent: :destroy
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+end
+```
+
+With this change, creating a new book for a particular author is easier:
+
+```ruby
+@book = @author.books.create(published_at: Time.now)
+```
+
+Deleting an author and all of its books is *much* easier:
+
+```ruby
+@author.destroy
+```
+
+To learn more about the different types of associations, read the next section of this guide. That's followed by some tips and tricks for working with associations, and then by a complete reference to the methods and options for associations in Quails.
+
+The Types of Associations
+-------------------------
+
+Quails supports six types of associations:
+
+* `belongs_to`
+* `has_one`
+* `has_many`
+* `has_many :through`
+* `has_one :through`
+* `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+Associations are implemented using macro-style calls, so that you can declaratively add features to your models. For example, by declaring that one model `belongs_to` another, you instruct Quails to maintain [Primary Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_key)-[Foreign Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_key) information between instances of the two models, and you also get a number of utility methods added to your model.
+
+In the remainder of this guide, you'll learn how to declare and use the various forms of associations. But first, a quick introduction to the situations where each association type is appropriate.
+
+### The `belongs_to` Association
+
+A `belongs_to` association sets up a one-to-one connection with another model, such that each instance of the declaring model "belongs to" one instance of the other model. For example, if your application includes authors and books, and each book can be assigned to exactly one author, you'd declare the book model this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+end
+```
+
+![belongs_to Association Diagram](images/belongs_to.png)
+
+NOTE: `belongs_to` associations _must_ use the singular term. If you used the pluralized form in the above example for the `author` association in the `Book` model, you would be told that there was an "uninitialized constant Book::Authors". This is because Quails automatically infers the class name from the association name. If the association name is wrongly pluralized, then the inferred class will be wrongly pluralized too.
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateBooks < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :authors do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :books do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :author, index: true
+      t.datetime :published_at
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### The `has_one` Association
+
+A `has_one` association also sets up a one-to-one connection with another model, but with somewhat different semantics (and consequences). This association indicates that each instance of a model contains or possesses one instance of another model. For example, if each supplier in your application has only one account, you'd declare the supplier model like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account
+end
+```
+
+![has_one Association Diagram](images/has_one.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :suppliers do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :accounts do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true
+      t.string :account_number
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Depending on the use case, you might also need to create a unique index and/or
+a foreign key constraint on the supplier column for the accounts table. In this
+case, the column definition might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+create_table :accounts do |t|
+  t.belongs_to :supplier, index: { unique: true }, foreign_key: true
+  # ...
+end
+```
+
+### The `has_many` Association
+
+A `has_many` association indicates a one-to-many connection with another model. You'll often find this association on the "other side" of a `belongs_to` association. This association indicates that each instance of the model has zero or more instances of another model. For example, in an application containing authors and books, the author model could be declared like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: The name of the other model is pluralized when declaring a `has_many` association.
+
+![has_many Association Diagram](images/has_many.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAuthors < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :authors do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :books do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :author, index: true
+      t.datetime :published_at
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### The `has_many :through` Association
+
+A `has_many :through` association is often used to set up a many-to-many connection with another model. This association indicates that the declaring model can be matched with zero or more instances of another model by proceeding _through_ a third model. For example, consider a medical practice where patients make appointments to see physicians. The relevant association declarations could look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Physician < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :appointments
+  has_many :patients, through: :appointments
+end
+
+class Appointment < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :physician
+  belongs_to :patient
+end
+
+class Patient < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :appointments
+  has_many :physicians, through: :appointments
+end
+```
+
+![has_many :through Association Diagram](images/has_many_through.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAppointments < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :physicians do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :patients do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :appointments do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :physician, index: true
+      t.belongs_to :patient, index: true
+      t.datetime :appointment_date
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The collection of join models can be managed via the [`has_many` association methods](#has-many-association-reference).
+For example, if you assign:
+
+```ruby
+physician.patients = patients
+```
+
+Then new join models are automatically created for the newly associated objects.
+If some that existed previously are now missing, then their join rows are automatically deleted.
+
+WARNING: Automatic deletion of join models is direct, no destroy callbacks are triggered.
+
+The `has_many :through` association is also useful for setting up "shortcuts" through nested `has_many` associations. For example, if a document has many sections, and a section has many paragraphs, you may sometimes want to get a simple collection of all paragraphs in the document. You could set that up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Document < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :sections
+  has_many :paragraphs, through: :sections
+end
+
+class Section < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :document
+  has_many :paragraphs
+end
+
+class Paragraph < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :section
+end
+```
+
+With `through: :sections` specified, Quails will now understand:
+
+```ruby
+@document.paragraphs
+```
+
+### The `has_one :through` Association
+
+A `has_one :through` association sets up a one-to-one connection with another model. This association indicates
+that the declaring model can be matched with one instance of another model by proceeding _through_ a third model.
+For example, if each supplier has one account, and each account is associated with one account history, then the
+supplier model could look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account
+  has_one :account_history, through: :account
+end
+
+class Account < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :supplier
+  has_one :account_history
+end
+
+class AccountHistory < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :account
+end
+```
+
+![has_one :through Association Diagram](images/has_one_through.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAccountHistories < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :suppliers do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :accounts do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true
+      t.string :account_number
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :account_histories do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :account, index: true
+      t.integer :credit_rating
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### The `has_and_belongs_to_many` Association
+
+A `has_and_belongs_to_many` association creates a direct many-to-many connection with another model, with no intervening model. For example, if your application includes assemblies and parts, with each assembly having many parts and each part appearing in many assemblies, you could declare the models this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Assembly < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
+end
+
+class Part < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
+end
+```
+
+![has_and_belongs_to_many Association Diagram](images/habtm.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAssembliesAndParts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :assemblies do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :parts do |t|
+      t.string :part_number
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :assembly, index: true
+      t.belongs_to :part, index: true
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Choosing Between `belongs_to` and `has_one`
+
+If you want to set up a one-to-one relationship between two models, you'll need to add `belongs_to` to one, and `has_one` to the other. How do you know which is which?
+
+The distinction is in where you place the foreign key (it goes on the table for the class declaring the `belongs_to` association), but you should give some thought to the actual meaning of the data as well. The `has_one` relationship says that one of something is yours - that is, that something points back to you. For example, it makes more sense to say that a supplier owns an account than that an account owns a supplier. This suggests that the correct relationships are like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account
+end
+
+class Account < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :supplier
+end
+```
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :suppliers do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :accounts do |t|
+      t.integer :supplier_id
+      t.string  :account_number
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    add_index :accounts, :supplier_id
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Using `t.integer :supplier_id` makes the foreign key naming obvious and explicit. In current versions of Quails, you can abstract away this implementation detail by using `t.references :supplier` instead.
+
+### Choosing Between `has_many :through` and `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+Quails offers two different ways to declare a many-to-many relationship between models. The simpler way is to use `has_and_belongs_to_many`, which allows you to make the association directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Assembly < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
+end
+
+class Part < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
+end
+```
+
+The second way to declare a many-to-many relationship is to use `has_many :through`. This makes the association indirectly, through a join model:
+
+```ruby
+class Assembly < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :manifests
+  has_many :parts, through: :manifests
+end
+
+class Manifest < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :assembly
+  belongs_to :part
+end
+
+class Part < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :manifests
+  has_many :assemblies, through: :manifests
+end
+```
+
+The simplest rule of thumb is that you should set up a `has_many :through` relationship if you need to work with the relationship model as an independent entity. If you don't need to do anything with the relationship model, it may be simpler to set up a `has_and_belongs_to_many` relationship (though you'll need to remember to create the joining table in the database).
+
+You should use `has_many :through` if you need validations, callbacks or extra attributes on the join model.
+
+### Polymorphic Associations
+
+A slightly more advanced twist on associations is the _polymorphic association_. With polymorphic associations, a model can belong to more than one other model, on a single association. For example, you might have a picture model that belongs to either an employee model or a product model. Here's how this could be declared:
+
+```ruby
+class Picture < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :imageable, polymorphic: true
+end
+
+class Employee < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :pictures, as: :imageable
+end
+
+class Product < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :pictures, as: :imageable
+end
+```
+
+You can think of a polymorphic `belongs_to` declaration as setting up an interface that any other model can use. From an instance of the `Employee` model, you can retrieve a collection of pictures: `@employee.pictures`.
+
+Similarly, you can retrieve `@product.pictures`.
+
+If you have an instance of the `Picture` model, you can get to its parent via `@picture.imageable`. To make this work, you need to declare both a foreign key column and a type column in the model that declares the polymorphic interface:
+
+```ruby
+class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :pictures do |t|
+      t.string  :name
+      t.integer :imageable_id
+      t.string  :imageable_type
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    add_index :pictures, [:imageable_type, :imageable_id]
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This migration can be simplified by using the `t.references` form:
+
+```ruby
+class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :pictures do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true, index: true
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+![Polymorphic Association Diagram](images/polymorphic.png)
+
+### Self Joins
+
+In designing a data model, you will sometimes find a model that should have a relation to itself. For example, you may want to store all employees in a single database model, but be able to trace relationships such as between manager and subordinates. This situation can be modeled with self-joining associations:
+
+```ruby
+class Employee < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :subordinates, class_name: "Employee",
+                          foreign_key: "manager_id"
+
+  belongs_to :manager, class_name: "Employee"
+end
+```
+
+With this setup, you can retrieve `@employee.subordinates` and `@employee.manager`.
+
+In your migrations/schema, you will add a references column to the model itself.
+
+```ruby
+class CreateEmployees < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :employees do |t|
+      t.references :manager, index: true
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Tips, Tricks, and Warnings
+--------------------------
+
+Here are a few things you should know to make efficient use of Active Record associations in your Quails applications:
+
+* Controlling caching
+* Avoiding name collisions
+* Updating the schema
+* Controlling association scope
+* Bi-directional associations
+
+### Controlling Caching
+
+All of the association methods are built around caching, which keeps the result of the most recent query available for further operations. The cache is even shared across methods. For example:
+
+```ruby
+author.books                 # retrieves books from the database
+author.books.size            # uses the cached copy of books
+author.books.empty?          # uses the cached copy of books
+```
+
+But what if you want to reload the cache, because data might have been changed by some other part of the application? Just call `reload` on the association:
+
+```ruby
+author.books                 # retrieves books from the database
+author.books.size            # uses the cached copy of books
+author.books.reload.empty?   # discards the cached copy of books
+                             # and goes back to the database
+```
+
+### Avoiding Name Collisions
+
+You are not free to use just any name for your associations. Because creating an association adds a method with that name to the model, it is a bad idea to give an association a name that is already used for an instance method of `ActiveRecord::Base`. The association method would override the base method and break things. For instance, `attributes` or `connection` are bad names for associations.
+
+### Updating the Schema
+
+Associations are extremely useful, but they are not magic. You are responsible for maintaining your database schema to match your associations. In practice, this means two things, depending on what sort of associations you are creating. For `belongs_to` associations you need to create foreign keys, and for `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations you need to create the appropriate join table.
+
+#### Creating Foreign Keys for `belongs_to` Associations
+
+When you declare a `belongs_to` association, you need to create foreign keys as appropriate. For example, consider this model:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+end
+```
+
+This declaration needs to be backed up by the proper foreign key declaration on the books table:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateBooks < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :books do |t|
+      t.datetime :published_at
+      t.string   :book_number
+      t.integer  :author_id
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you create an association some time after you build the underlying model, you need to remember to create an `add_column` migration to provide the necessary foreign key.
+
+It's a good practice to add an index on the foreign key to improve queries
+performance and a foreign key constraint to ensure referential data integrity:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateBooks < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :books do |t|
+      t.datetime :published_at
+      t.string   :book_number
+      t.integer  :author_id
+    end
+
+    add_index :books, :author_id
+    add_foreign_key :books, :authors
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Creating Join Tables for `has_and_belongs_to_many` Associations
+
+If you create a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, you need to explicitly create the joining table. Unless the name of the join table is explicitly specified by using the `:join_table` option, Active Record creates the name by using the lexical book of the class names. So a join between author and book models will give the default join table name of "authors_books" because "a" outranks "b" in lexical ordering.
+
+WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<=>` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers" (because the underscore '\_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings).
+
+Whatever the name, you must manually generate the join table with an appropriate migration. For example, consider these associations:
+
+```ruby
+class Assembly < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
+end
+
+class Part < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
+end
+```
+
+These need to be backed up by a migration to create the `assemblies_parts` table. This table should be created without a primary key:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
+      t.integer :assembly_id
+      t.integer :part_id
+    end
+
+    add_index :assemblies_parts, :assembly_id
+    add_index :assemblies_parts, :part_id
+  end
+end
+```
+
+We pass `id: false` to `create_table` because that table does not represent a model. That's required for the association to work properly. If you observe any strange behavior in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association like mangled model IDs, or exceptions about conflicting IDs, chances are you forgot that bit.
+
+You can also use the method `create_join_table`
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_join_table :assemblies, :parts do |t|
+      t.index :assembly_id
+      t.index :part_id
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Controlling Association Scope
+
+By default, associations look for objects only within the current module's scope. This can be important when you declare Active Record models within a module. For example:
+
+```ruby
+module MyApplication
+  module Business
+    class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+      has_one :account
+    end
+
+    class Account < ApplicationRecord
+      belongs_to :supplier
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will work fine, because both the `Supplier` and the `Account` class are defined within the same scope. But the following will _not_ work, because `Supplier` and `Account` are defined in different scopes:
+
+```ruby
+module MyApplication
+  module Business
+    class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+      has_one :account
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Billing
+    class Account < ApplicationRecord
+      belongs_to :supplier
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To associate a model with a model in a different namespace, you must specify the complete class name in your association declaration:
+
+```ruby
+module MyApplication
+  module Business
+    class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+      has_one :account,
+        class_name: "MyApplication::Billing::Account"
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Billing
+    class Account < ApplicationRecord
+      belongs_to :supplier,
+        class_name: "MyApplication::Business::Supplier"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Bi-directional Associations
+
+It's normal for associations to work in two directions, requiring declaration on two different models:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+end
+```
+
+Active Record will attempt to automatically identify that these two models share a bi-directional association based on the association name. In this way, Active Record will only load one copy of the `Author` object, making your application more efficient and preventing inconsistent data:
+
+```ruby
+a = Author.first
+b = a.books.first
+a.first_name == b.author.first_name # => true
+a.first_name = 'David'
+a.first_name == b.author.first_name # => true
+```
+
+Active Record supports automatic identification for most associations with standard names. However, Active Record will not automatically identify bi-directional associations that contain any of the following options:
+
+* `:conditions`
+* `:through`
+* `:polymorphic`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:foreign_key`
+
+For example, consider the following model declarations:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :writer, class_name: 'Author', foreign_key: 'author_id'
+end
+```
+
+Active Record will no longer automatically recognize the bi-directional association:
+
+```ruby
+a = Author.first
+b = a.books.first
+a.first_name == b.writer.first_name # => true
+a.first_name = 'David'
+a.first_name == b.writer.first_name # => false
+```
+
+Active Record provides the `:inverse_of` option so you can explicitly declare bi-directional associations:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, inverse_of: 'writer'
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :writer, class_name: 'Author', foreign_key: 'author_id'
+end
+```
+
+By including the `:inverse_of` option in the `has_many` association declaration, Active Record will now recognize the bi-directional association:
+
+```ruby
+a = Author.first
+b = a.books.first
+a.first_name == b.writer.first_name # => true
+a.first_name = 'David'
+a.first_name == b.writer.first_name # => true
+```
+
+There are a few limitations to `:inverse_of` support:
+
+* They do not work with `:through` associations.
+* They do not work with `:polymorphic` associations.
+* They do not work with `:as` associations.
+
+Detailed Association Reference
+------------------------------
+
+The following sections give the details of each type of association, including the methods that they add and the options that you can use when declaring an association.
+
+### `belongs_to` Association Reference
+
+The `belongs_to` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In database terms, this association says that this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key, then you should use `has_one` instead.
+
+#### Methods Added by `belongs_to`
+
+When you declare a `belongs_to` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:
+
+* `association`
+* `association=(associate)`
+* `build_association(attributes = {})`
+* `create_association(attributes = {})`
+* `create_association!(attributes = {})`
+* `reload_association`
+
+In all of these methods, `association` is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to `belongs_to`. For example, given the declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+end
+```
+
+Each instance of the `Book` model will have these methods:
+
+```ruby
+author
+author=
+build_author
+create_author
+create_author!
+reload_author
+```
+
+NOTE: When initializing a new `has_one` or `belongs_to` association you must use the `build_` prefix to build the association, rather than the `association.build` method that would be used for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations. To create one, use the `create_` prefix.
+
+##### `association`
+
+The `association` method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated object is found, it returns `nil`.
+
+```ruby
+@author = @book.author
+```
+
+If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), call `#reload_association` on the parent object.
+
+```ruby
+@author = @book.reload_author
+```
+
+##### `association=(associate)`
+
+The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from the associated object and setting this object's foreign key to the same value.
+
+```ruby
+@book.author = @author
+```
+
+##### `build_association(attributes = {})`
+
+The `build_association` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through this object's foreign key will be set, but the associated object will _not_ yet be saved.
+
+```ruby
+@author = @book.build_author(author_number: 123,
+                                  author_name: "John Doe")
+```
+
+##### `create_association(attributes = {})`
+
+The `create_association` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through this object's foreign key will be set, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+
+```ruby
+@author = @book.create_author(author_number: 123,
+                                   author_name: "John Doe")
+```
+
+##### `create_association!(attributes = {})`
+
+Does the same as `create_association` above, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+
+
+#### Options for `belongs_to`
+
+While Quails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, there may be times when you want to customize the behavior of the `belongs_to` association reference. Such customizations can easily be accomplished by passing options and scope blocks when you create the association. For example, this association uses two such options:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, dependent: :destroy,
+    counter_cache: true
+end
+```
+
+The `belongs_to` association supports these options:
+
+* `:autosave`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:counter_cache`
+* `:dependent`
+* `:foreign_key`
+* `:primary_key`
+* `:inverse_of`
+* `:polymorphic`
+* `:touch`
+* `:validate`
+* `:optional`
+
+##### `:autosave`
+
+If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Quails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object.
+
+##### `:class_name`
+
+If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the `:class_name` option to supply the model name. For example, if a book belongs to an author, but the actual name of the model containing authors is `Patron`, you'd set things up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, class_name: "Patron"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:counter_cache`
+
+The `:counter_cache` option can be used to make finding the number of belonging objects more efficient. Consider these models:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+end
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+```
+
+With these declarations, asking for the value of `@author.books.size` requires making a call to the database to perform a `COUNT(*)` query. To avoid this call, you can add a counter cache to the _belonging_ model:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, counter_cache: true
+end
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+```
+
+With this declaration, Quails will keep the cache value up to date, and then return that value in response to the `size` method.
+
+Although the `:counter_cache` option is specified on the model that includes
+the `belongs_to` declaration, the actual column must be added to the
+_associated_ (`has_many`) model. In the case above, you would need to add a
+column named `books_count` to the `Author` model.
+
+You can override the default column name by specifying a custom column name in
+the `counter_cache` declaration instead of `true`. For example, to use
+`count_of_books` instead of `books_count`:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, counter_cache: :count_of_books
+end
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: You only need to specify the `:counter_cache` option on the `belongs_to`
+side of the association.
+
+Counter cache columns are added to the containing model's list of read-only attributes through `attr_readonly`.
+
+##### `:dependent`
+If you set the `:dependent` option to:
+
+* `:destroy`, when the object is destroyed, `destroy` will be called on its
+associated objects.
+* `:delete`, when the object is destroyed, all its associated objects will be
+deleted directly from the database without calling their `destroy` method.
+
+WARNING: You should not specify this option on a `belongs_to` association that is connected with a `has_many` association on the other class. Doing so can lead to orphaned records in your database.
+
+##### `:foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Quails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on this model is the name of the association with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, class_name: "Patron",
+                        foreign_key: "patron_id"
+end
+```
+
+TIP: In any case, Quails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.
+
+##### `:primary_key`
+
+By convention, Quails assumes that the `id` column is used to hold the primary key
+of its tables. The `:primary_key` option allows you to specify a different column.
+
+For example, given we have a `users` table with `guid` as the primary key. If we want a separate `todos` table to hold the foreign key `user_id` in the `guid` column, then we can use `primary_key` to achieve this like so:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  self.primary_key = 'guid' # primary key is guid and not id
+end
+
+class Todo < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :user, primary_key: 'guid'
+end
+```
+
+When we execute `@user.todos.create` then the `@todo` record will have its
+`user_id` value as the `guid` value of `@user`.
+
+##### `:inverse_of`
+
+The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `has_many` or `has_one` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:polymorphic` options.
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, inverse_of: :author
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, inverse_of: :books
+end
+```
+
+##### `:polymorphic`
+
+Passing `true` to the `:polymorphic` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+
+##### `:touch`
+
+If you set the `:touch` option to `true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, touch: true
+end
+
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+```
+
+In this case, saving or destroying a book will update the timestamp on the associated author. You can also specify a particular timestamp attribute to update:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, touch: :books_updated_at
+end
+```
+
+##### `:validate`
+
+If you set the `:validate` option to `true`, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `false`: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved.
+
+##### `:optional`
+
+If you set the `:optional` option to `true`, then the presence of the associated
+object won't be validated. By default, this option is set to `false`.
+
+#### Scopes for `belongs_to`
+
+There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `belongs_to`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, -> { where active: true },
+                        dependent: :destroy
+end
+```
+
+You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) inside the scope block. The following ones are discussed below:
+
+* `where`
+* `includes`
+* `readonly`
+* `select`
+
+##### `where`
+
+The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet.
+
+```ruby
+class book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, -> { where active: true }
+end
+```
+
+##### `includes`
+
+You can use the `includes` method to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:
+
+```ruby
+class LineItem < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :book
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+  has_many :line_items
+end
+
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+```
+
+If you frequently retrieve authors directly from line items (`@line_item.book.author`), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including authors in the association from line items to books:
+
+```ruby
+class LineItem < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :book, -> { includes :author }
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+  has_many :line_items
+end
+
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: There's no need to use `includes` for immediate associations - that is, if you have `Book belongs_to :author`, then the author is eager-loaded automatically when it's needed.
+
+##### `readonly`
+
+If you use `readonly`, then the associated object will be read-only when retrieved via the association.
+
+##### `select`
+
+The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated object. By default, Quails retrieves all columns.
+
+TIP: If you use the `select` method on a `belongs_to` association, you should also set the `:foreign_key` option to guarantee the correct results.
+
+#### Do Any Associated Objects Exist?
+
+You can see if any associated objects exist by using the `association.nil?` method:
+
+```ruby
+if @book.author.nil?
+  @msg = "No author found for this book"
+end
+```
+
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+
+Assigning an object to a `belongs_to` association does _not_ automatically save the object. It does not save the associated object either.
+
+### `has_one` Association Reference
+
+The `has_one` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In database terms, this association says that the other class contains the foreign key. If this class contains the foreign key, then you should use `belongs_to` instead.
+
+#### Methods Added by `has_one`
+
+When you declare a `has_one` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:
+
+* `association`
+* `association=(associate)`
+* `build_association(attributes = {})`
+* `create_association(attributes = {})`
+* `create_association!(attributes = {})`
+* `reload_association`
+
+In all of these methods, `association` is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to `has_one`. For example, given the declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account
+end
+```
+
+Each instance of the `Supplier` model will have these methods:
+
+```ruby
+account
+account=
+build_account
+create_account
+create_account!
+reload_account
+```
+
+NOTE: When initializing a new `has_one` or `belongs_to` association you must use the `build_` prefix to build the association, rather than the `association.build` method that would be used for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations. To create one, use the `create_` prefix.
+
+##### `association`
+
+The `association` method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated object is found, it returns `nil`.
+
+```ruby
+@account = @supplier.account
+```
+
+If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), call `#reload_association` on the parent object.
+
+```ruby
+@account = @supplier.reload_account
+```
+
+##### `association=(associate)`
+
+The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from this object and setting the associated object's foreign key to the same value.
+
+```ruby
+@supplier.account = @account
+```
+
+##### `build_association(attributes = {})`
+
+The `build_association` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through its foreign key will be set, but the associated object will _not_ yet be saved.
+
+```ruby
+@account = @supplier.build_account(terms: "Net 30")
+```
+
+##### `create_association(attributes = {})`
+
+The `create_association` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through its foreign key will be set, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+
+```ruby
+@account = @supplier.create_account(terms: "Net 30")
+```
+
+##### `create_association!(attributes = {})`
+
+Does the same as `create_association` above, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+
+#### Options for `has_one`
+
+While Quails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, there may be times when you want to customize the behavior of the `has_one` association reference. Such customizations can easily be accomplished by passing options when you create the association. For example, this association uses two such options:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, class_name: "Billing", dependent: :nullify
+end
+```
+
+The `has_one` association supports these options:
+
+* `:as`
+* `:autosave`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:dependent`
+* `:foreign_key`
+* `:inverse_of`
+* `:primary_key`
+* `:source`
+* `:source_type`
+* `:through`
+* `:validate`
+
+##### `:as`
+
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations).
+
+##### `:autosave`
+
+If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Quails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object.
+
+##### `:class_name`
+
+If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the `:class_name` option to supply the model name. For example, if a supplier has an account, but the actual name of the model containing accounts is `Billing`, you'd set things up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, class_name: "Billing"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:dependent`
+
+Controls what happens to the associated object when its owner is destroyed:
+
+* `:destroy` causes the associated object to also be destroyed
+* `:delete` causes the associated object to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not execute)
+* `:nullify` causes the foreign key to be set to `NULL`. Callbacks are not executed.
+* `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there is an associated record
+* `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
+
+It's necessary not to set or leave `:nullify` option for those associations
+that have `NOT NULL` database constraints. If you don't set `dependent` to
+destroy such associations you won't be able to change the associated object
+because the initial associated object's foreign key will be set to the
+unallowed `NULL` value.
+
+##### `:foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Quails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, foreign_key: "supp_id"
+end
+```
+
+TIP: In any case, Quails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.
+
+##### `:inverse_of`
+
+The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `belongs_to` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:through` or `:as` options.
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, inverse_of: :supplier
+end
+
+class Account < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :supplier, inverse_of: :account
+end
+```
+
+##### `:primary_key`
+
+By convention, Quails assumes that the column used to hold the primary key of this model is `id`. You can override this and explicitly specify the primary key with the `:primary_key` option.
+
+##### `:source`
+
+The `:source` option specifies the source association name for a `has_one :through` association.
+
+##### `:source_type`
+
+The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_one :through` association that proceeds through a polymorphic association.
+
+##### `:through`
+
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#the-has-one-through-association).
+
+##### `:validate`
+
+If you set the `:validate` option to `true`, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `false`: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved.
+
+#### Scopes for `has_one`
+
+There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `has_one`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, -> { where active: true }
+end
+```
+
+You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) inside the scope block. The following ones are discussed below:
+
+* `where`
+* `includes`
+* `readonly`
+* `select`
+
+##### `where`
+
+The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet.
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, -> { where "confirmed = 1" }
+end
+```
+
+##### `includes`
+
+You can use the `includes` method to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account
+end
+
+class Account < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :supplier
+  belongs_to :representative
+end
+
+class Representative < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :accounts
+end
+```
+
+If you frequently retrieve representatives directly from suppliers (`@supplier.account.representative`), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including representatives in the association from suppliers to accounts:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_one :account, -> { includes :representative }
+end
+
+class Account < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :supplier
+  belongs_to :representative
+end
+
+class Representative < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :accounts
+end
+```
+
+##### `readonly`
+
+If you use the `readonly` method, then the associated object will be read-only when retrieved via the association.
+
+##### `select`
+
+The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated object. By default, Quails retrieves all columns.
+
+#### Do Any Associated Objects Exist?
+
+You can see if any associated objects exist by using the `association.nil?` method:
+
+```ruby
+if @supplier.account.nil?
+  @msg = "No account found for this supplier"
+end
+```
+
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+
+When you assign an object to a `has_one` association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update its foreign key). In addition, any object being replaced is also automatically saved, because its foreign key will change too.
+
+If either of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns `false` and the assignment itself is cancelled.
+
+If the parent object (the one declaring the `has_one` association) is unsaved (that is, `new_record?` returns `true`) then the child objects are not saved. They will automatically when the parent object is saved.
+
+If you want to assign an object to a `has_one` association without saving the object, use the `build_association` method.
+
+### `has_many` Association Reference
+
+The `has_many` association creates a one-to-many relationship with another model. In database terms, this association says that the other class will have a foreign key that refers to instances of this class.
+
+#### Methods Added by `has_many`
+
+When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association:
+
+* `collection`
+* `collection<<(object, ...)`
+* `collection.delete(object, ...)`
+* `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
+* `collection=(objects)`
+* `collection_singular_ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
+* `collection.clear`
+* `collection.empty?`
+* `collection.size`
+* `collection.find(...)`
+* `collection.where(...)`
+* `collection.exists?(...)`
+* `collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)`
+* `collection.create(attributes = {})`
+* `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
+* `collection.reload`
+
+In all of these methods, `collection` is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to `has_many`, and `collection_singular` is replaced with the singularized version of that symbol. For example, given the declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+```
+
+Each instance of the `Author` model will have these methods:
+
+```ruby
+books
+books<<(object, ...)
+books.delete(object, ...)
+books.destroy(object, ...)
+books=(objects)
+book_ids
+book_ids=(ids)
+books.clear
+books.empty?
+books.size
+books.find(...)
+books.where(...)
+books.exists?(...)
+books.build(attributes = {}, ...)
+books.create(attributes = {})
+books.create!(attributes = {})
+books.reload
+```
+
+##### `collection`
+
+The `collection` method returns a Relation of all of the associated objects. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty Relation.
+
+```ruby
+@books = @author.books
+```
+
+##### `collection<<(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection<<` method adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the primary key of the calling model.
+
+```ruby
+@author.books << @book1
+```
+
+##### `collection.delete(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection.delete` method removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to `NULL`.
+
+```ruby
+@author.books.delete(@book1)
+```
+
+WARNING: Additionally, objects will be destroyed if they're associated with `dependent: :destroy`, and deleted if they're associated with `dependent: :delete_all`.
+
+##### `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection by running `destroy` on each object.
+
+```ruby
+@author.books.destroy(@book1)
+```
+
+WARNING: Objects will _always_ be removed from the database, ignoring the `:dependent` option.
+
+##### `collection=(objects)`
+
+The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate. The changes are persisted to the database.
+
+##### `collection_singular_ids`
+
+The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+@book_ids = @author.book_ids
+```
+
+##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
+
+The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate. The changes are persisted to the database.
+
+##### `collection.clear`
+
+The `collection.clear` method removes all objects from the collection according to the strategy specified by the `dependent` option. If no option is given, it follows the default strategy. The default strategy for `has_many :through` associations is `delete_all`, and for `has_many` associations is to set the foreign keys to `NULL`.
+
+```ruby
+@author.books.clear
+```
+
+WARNING: Objects will be deleted if they're associated with `dependent: :destroy`,
+just like `dependent: :delete_all`.
+
+##### `collection.empty?`
+
+The `collection.empty?` method returns `true` if the collection does not contain any associated objects.
+
+```erb
+<% if @author.books.empty? %>
+  No Books Found
+<% end %>
+```
+
+##### `collection.size`
+
+The `collection.size` method returns the number of objects in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+@book_count = @author.books.size
+```
+
+##### `collection.find(...)`
+
+The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.find`.
+
+```ruby
+@available_book = @author.books.find(1)
+```
+
+##### `collection.where(...)`
+
+The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the conditions supplied but the objects are loaded lazily meaning that the database is queried only when the object(s) are accessed.
+
+```ruby
+@available_books = @author.books.where(available: true) # No query yet
+@available_book = @available_books.first # Now the database will be queried
+```
+
+##### `collection.exists?(...)`
+
+The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied
+conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as
+[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](http://api.rubyonquails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F).
+
+##### `collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)`
+
+The `collection.build` method returns a single or array of new objects of the associated type. The object(s) will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through their foreign key will be created, but the associated objects will _not_ yet be saved.
+
+```ruby
+@book = @author.books.build(published_at: Time.now,
+                                book_number: "A12345")
+
+@books = @author.books.build([
+  { published_at: Time.now, book_number: "A12346" },
+  { published_at: Time.now, book_number: "A12347" }
+])
+```
+
+##### `collection.create(attributes = {})`
+
+The `collection.create` method returns a single or array of new objects of the associated type. The object(s) will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through its foreign key will be created, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+
+```ruby
+@book = @author.books.create(published_at: Time.now,
+                                 book_number: "A12345")
+
+@books = @author.books.create([
+  { published_at: Time.now, book_number: "A12346" },
+  { published_at: Time.now, book_number: "A12347" }
+])
+```
+
+##### `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
+
+Does the same as `collection.create` above, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+
+##### `collection.reload`
+
+The `collection.reload` method returns a Relation of all of the associated objects, forcing a database read. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty Relation.
+
+```ruby
+@books = @author.books.reload
+```
+
+#### Options for `has_many`
+
+While Quails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, there may be times when you want to customize the behavior of the `has_many` association reference. Such customizations can easily be accomplished by passing options when you create the association. For example, this association uses two such options:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, dependent: :delete_all, validate: false
+end
+```
+
+The `has_many` association supports these options:
+
+* `:as`
+* `:autosave`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:counter_cache`
+* `:dependent`
+* `:foreign_key`
+* `:inverse_of`
+* `:primary_key`
+* `:source`
+* `:source_type`
+* `:through`
+* `:validate`
+
+##### `:as`
+
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations).
+
+##### `:autosave`
+
+If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Quails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object.
+
+##### `:class_name`
+
+If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the `:class_name` option to supply the model name. For example, if an author has many books, but the actual name of the model containing books is `Transaction`, you'd set things up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, class_name: "Transaction"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:counter_cache`
+
+This option can be used to configure a custom named `:counter_cache`. You only need this option when you customized the name of your `:counter_cache` on the [belongs_to association](#options-for-belongs-to).
+
+##### `:dependent`
+
+Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed:
+
+* `:destroy` causes all the associated objects to also be destroyed
+* `:delete_all` causes all the associated objects to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not execute)
+* `:nullify` causes the foreign keys to be set to `NULL`. Callbacks are not executed.
+* `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there are any associated records
+* `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects
+
+##### `:foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Quails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, foreign_key: "cust_id"
+end
+```
+
+TIP: In any case, Quails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.
+
+##### `:inverse_of`
+
+The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `belongs_to` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:through` or `:as` options.
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, inverse_of: :author
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author, inverse_of: :books
+end
+```
+
+##### `:primary_key`
+
+By convention, Quails assumes that the column used to hold the primary key of the association is `id`. You can override this and explicitly specify the primary key with the `:primary_key` option.
+
+Let's say the `users` table has `id` as the primary_key but it also
+has a `guid` column. The requirement is that the `todos` table should
+hold the `guid` column value as the foreign key and not `id`
+value. This can be achieved like this:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :todos, primary_key: :guid
+end
+```
+
+Now if we execute `@todo = @user.todos.create` then the `@todo`
+record's `user_id` value will be the `guid` value of `@user`.
+
+
+##### `:source`
+
+The `:source` option specifies the source association name for a `has_many :through` association. You only need to use this option if the name of the source association cannot be automatically inferred from the association name.
+
+##### `:source_type`
+
+The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_many :through` association that proceeds through a polymorphic association.
+
+##### `:through`
+
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#the-has-many-through-association).
+
+##### `:validate`
+
+If you set the `:validate` option to `false`, then associated objects will not be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `true`: associated objects will be validated when this object is saved.
+
+#### Scopes for `has_many`
+
+There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `has_many`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, -> { where processed: true }
+end
+```
+
+You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) inside the scope block. The following ones are discussed below:
+
+* `where`
+* `extending`
+* `group`
+* `includes`
+* `limit`
+* `offset`
+* `order`
+* `readonly`
+* `select`
+* `distinct`
+
+##### `where`
+
+The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet.
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :confirmed_books, -> { where "confirmed = 1" },
+    class_name: "Book"
+end
+```
+
+You can also set conditions via a hash:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :confirmed_books, -> { where confirmed: true },
+                              class_name: "Book"
+end
+```
+
+If you use a hash-style `where` option, then record creation via this association will be automatically scoped using the hash. In this case, using `@author.confirmed_books.create` or `@author.confirmed_books.build` will create books where the confirmed column has the value `true`.
+
+##### `extending`
+
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions).
+
+##### `group`
+
+The `group` method supplies an attribute name to group the result set by, using a `GROUP BY` clause in the finder SQL.
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :line_items, -> { group 'books.id' },
+                        through: :books
+end
+```
+
+##### `includes`
+
+You can use the `includes` method to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+  has_many :line_items
+end
+
+class LineItem < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :book
+end
+```
+
+If you frequently retrieve line items directly from authors (`@author.books.line_items`), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including line items in the association from authors to books:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, -> { includes :line_items }
+end
+
+class Book < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :author
+  has_many :line_items
+end
+
+class LineItem < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :book
+end
+```
+
+##### `limit`
+
+The `limit` method lets you restrict the total number of objects that will be fetched through an association.
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :recent_books,
+    -> { order('published_at desc').limit(100) },
+    class_name: "Book"
+end
+```
+
+##### `offset`
+
+The `offset` method lets you specify the starting offset for fetching objects via an association. For example, `-> { offset(11) }` will skip the first 11 records.
+
+##### `order`
+
+The `order` method dictates the order in which associated objects will be received (in the syntax used by an SQL `ORDER BY` clause).
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, -> { order "date_confirmed DESC" }
+end
+```
+
+##### `readonly`
+
+If you use the `readonly` method, then the associated objects will be read-only when retrieved via the association.
+
+##### `select`
+
+The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated objects. By default, Quails retrieves all columns.
+
+WARNING: If you specify your own `select`, be sure to include the primary key and foreign key columns of the associated model. If you do not, Quails will throw an error.
+
+##### `distinct`
+
+Use the `distinct` method to keep the collection free of duplicates. This is
+mostly useful together with the `:through` option.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :readings
+  has_many :articles, through: :readings
+end
+
+person = Person.create(name: 'John')
+article   = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article
+person.articles.inspect # => [#<Article id: 5, name: "a1">, #<Article id: 5, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect     # => [#<Reading id: 12, person_id: 5, article_id: 5>, #<Reading id: 13, person_id: 5, article_id: 5>]
+```
+
+In the above case there are two readings and `person.articles` brings out both of
+them even though these records are pointing to the same article.
+
+Now let's set `distinct`:
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  has_many :readings
+  has_many :articles, -> { distinct }, through: :readings
+end
+
+person = Person.create(name: 'Honda')
+article   = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article
+person.articles.inspect # => [#<Article id: 7, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect     # => [#<Reading id: 16, person_id: 7, article_id: 7>, #<Reading id: 17, person_id: 7, article_id: 7>]
+```
+
+In the above case there are still two readings. However `person.articles` shows
+only one article because the collection loads only unique records.
+
+If you want to make sure that, upon insertion, all of the records in the
+persisted association are distinct (so that you can be sure that when you
+inspect the association that you will never find duplicate records), you should
+add a unique index on the table itself. For example, if you have a table named
+`readings` and you want to make sure the articles can only be added to a person once,
+you could add the following in a migration:
+
+```ruby
+add_index :readings, [:person_id, :article_id], unique: true
+```
+
+Once you have this unique index, attempting to add the article to a person twice
+will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique` error:
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.create(name: 'Honda')
+article = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+```
+
+Note that checking for uniqueness using something like `include?` is subject
+to race conditions. Do not attempt to use `include?` to enforce distinctness
+in an association. For instance, using the article example from above, the
+following code would be racy because multiple users could be attempting this
+at the same time:
+
+```ruby
+person.articles << article unless person.articles.include?(article)
+```
+
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+
+When you assign an object to a `has_many` association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update its foreign key). If you assign multiple objects in one statement, then they are all saved.
+
+If any of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns `false` and the assignment itself is cancelled.
+
+If the parent object (the one declaring the `has_many` association) is unsaved (that is, `new_record?` returns `true`) then the child objects are not saved when they are added. All unsaved members of the association will automatically be saved when the parent is saved.
+
+If you want to assign an object to a `has_many` association without saving the object, use the `collection.build` method.
+
+### `has_and_belongs_to_many` Association Reference
+
+The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association creates a many-to-many relationship with another model. In database terms, this associates two classes via an intermediate join table that includes foreign keys referring to each of the classes.
+
+#### Methods Added by `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association:
+
+* `collection`
+* `collection<<(object, ...)`
+* `collection.delete(object, ...)`
+* `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
+* `collection=(objects)`
+* `collection_singular_ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
+* `collection.clear`
+* `collection.empty?`
+* `collection.size`
+* `collection.find(...)`
+* `collection.where(...)`
+* `collection.exists?(...)`
+* `collection.build(attributes = {})`
+* `collection.create(attributes = {})`
+* `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
+* `collection.reload`
+
+In all of these methods, `collection` is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to `has_and_belongs_to_many`, and `collection_singular` is replaced with the singularized version of that symbol. For example, given the declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Part < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
+end
+```
+
+Each instance of the `Part` model will have these methods:
+
+```ruby
+assemblies
+assemblies<<(object, ...)
+assemblies.delete(object, ...)
+assemblies.destroy(object, ...)
+assemblies=(objects)
+assembly_ids
+assembly_ids=(ids)
+assemblies.clear
+assemblies.empty?
+assemblies.size
+assemblies.find(...)
+assemblies.where(...)
+assemblies.exists?(...)
+assemblies.build(attributes = {}, ...)
+assemblies.create(attributes = {})
+assemblies.create!(attributes = {})
+assemblies.reload
+```
+
+##### Additional Column Methods
+
+If the join table for a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association has additional columns beyond the two foreign keys, these columns will be added as attributes to records retrieved via that association. Records returned with additional attributes will always be read-only, because Quails cannot save changes to those attributes.
+
+WARNING: The use of extra attributes on the join table in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association is deprecated. If you require this sort of complex behavior on the table that joins two models in a many-to-many relationship, you should use a `has_many :through` association instead of `has_and_belongs_to_many`.
+
+
+##### `collection`
+
+The `collection` method returns a Relation of all of the associated objects. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty Relation.
+
+```ruby
+@assemblies = @part.assemblies
+```
+
+##### `collection<<(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection<<` method adds one or more objects to the collection by creating records in the join table.
+
+```ruby
+@part.assemblies << @assembly1
+```
+
+NOTE: This method is aliased as `collection.concat` and `collection.push`.
+
+##### `collection.delete(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection.delete` method removes one or more objects from the collection by deleting records in the join table. This does not destroy the objects.
+
+```ruby
+@part.assemblies.delete(@assembly1)
+```
+
+##### `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection by deleting records in the join table. This does not destroy the objects.
+
+```ruby
+@part.assemblies.destroy(@assembly1)
+```
+
+##### `collection=(objects)`
+
+The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate. The changes are persisted to the database.
+
+##### `collection_singular_ids`
+
+The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+@assembly_ids = @part.assembly_ids
+```
+
+##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
+
+The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate. The changes are persisted to the database.
+
+##### `collection.clear`
+
+The `collection.clear` method removes every object from the collection by deleting the rows from the joining table. This does not destroy the associated objects.
+
+##### `collection.empty?`
+
+The `collection.empty?` method returns `true` if the collection does not contain any associated objects.
+
+```ruby
+<% if @part.assemblies.empty? %>
+  This part is not used in any assemblies
+<% end %>
+```
+
+##### `collection.size`
+
+The `collection.size` method returns the number of objects in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+@assembly_count = @part.assemblies.size
+```
+
+##### `collection.find(...)`
+
+The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.find`. It also adds the additional condition that the object must be in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+@assembly = @part.assemblies.find(1)
+```
+
+##### `collection.where(...)`
+
+The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the conditions supplied but the objects are loaded lazily meaning that the database is queried only when the object(s) are accessed. It also adds the additional condition that the object must be in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+@new_assemblies = @part.assemblies.where("created_at > ?", 2.days.ago)
+```
+
+##### `collection.exists?(...)`
+
+The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied
+conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as
+[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](http://api.rubyonquails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F).
+
+##### `collection.build(attributes = {})`
+
+The `collection.build` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through the join table will be created, but the associated object will _not_ yet be saved.
+
+```ruby
+@assembly = @part.assemblies.build({assembly_name: "Transmission housing"})
+```
+
+##### `collection.create(attributes = {})`
+
+The `collection.create` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through the join table will be created, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+
+```ruby
+@assembly = @part.assemblies.create({assembly_name: "Transmission housing"})
+```
+
+##### `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
+
+Does the same as `collection.create`, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+
+##### `collection.reload`
+
+The `collection.reload` method returns a Relation of all of the associated objects, forcing a database read. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty Relation.
+
+```ruby
+@assemblies = @part.assemblies.reload
+```
+
+#### Options for `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+While Quails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, there may be times when you want to customize the behavior of the `has_and_belongs_to_many` association reference. Such customizations can easily be accomplished by passing options when you create the association. For example, this association uses two such options:
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, -> { readonly },
+                                       autosave: true
+end
+```
+
+The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association supports these options:
+
+* `:association_foreign_key`
+* `:autosave`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:foreign_key`
+* `:join_table`
+* `:validate`
+
+##### `:association_foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Quails assumes that the column in the join table used to hold the foreign key pointing to the other model is the name of that model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:association_foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+TIP: The `:foreign_key` and `:association_foreign_key` options are useful when setting up a many-to-many self-join. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :friends,
+      class_name: "User",
+      foreign_key: "this_user_id",
+      association_foreign_key: "other_user_id"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:autosave`
+
+If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Quails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object.
+
+##### `:class_name`
+
+If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the `:class_name` option to supply the model name. For example, if a part has many assemblies, but the actual name of the model containing assemblies is `Gadget`, you'd set things up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, class_name: "Gadget"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Quails assumes that the column in the join table used to hold the foreign key pointing to this model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :friends,
+      class_name: "User",
+      foreign_key: "this_user_id",
+      association_foreign_key: "other_user_id"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:join_table`
+
+If the default name of the join table, based on lexical ordering, is not what you want, you can use the `:join_table` option to override the default.
+
+##### `:validate`
+
+If you set the `:validate` option to `false`, then associated objects will not be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `true`: associated objects will be validated when this object is saved.
+
+#### Scopes for `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `has_and_belongs_to_many`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, -> { where active: true }
+end
+```
+
+You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) inside the scope block. The following ones are discussed below:
+
+* `where`
+* `extending`
+* `group`
+* `includes`
+* `limit`
+* `offset`
+* `order`
+* `readonly`
+* `select`
+* `distinct`
+
+##### `where`
+
+The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet.
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies,
+    -> { where "factory = 'Seattle'" }
+end
+```
+
+You can also set conditions via a hash:
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies,
+    -> { where factory: 'Seattle' }
+end
+```
+
+If you use a hash-style `where`, then record creation via this association will be automatically scoped using the hash. In this case, using `@parts.assemblies.create` or `@parts.assemblies.build` will create orders where the `factory` column has the value "Seattle".
+
+##### `extending`
+
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions).
+
+##### `group`
+
+The `group` method supplies an attribute name to group the result set by, using a `GROUP BY` clause in the finder SQL.
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, -> { group "factory" }
+end
+```
+
+##### `includes`
+
+You can use the `includes` method to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used.
+
+##### `limit`
+
+The `limit` method lets you restrict the total number of objects that will be fetched through an association.
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies,
+    -> { order("created_at DESC").limit(50) }
+end
+```
+
+##### `offset`
+
+The `offset` method lets you specify the starting offset for fetching objects via an association. For example, if you set `offset(11)`, it will skip the first 11 records.
+
+##### `order`
+
+The `order` method dictates the order in which associated objects will be received (in the syntax used by an SQL `ORDER BY` clause).
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ApplicationRecord
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies,
+    -> { order "assembly_name ASC" }
+end
+```
+
+##### `readonly`
+
+If you use the `readonly` method, then the associated objects will be read-only when retrieved via the association.
+
+##### `select`
+
+The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated objects. By default, Quails retrieves all columns.
+
+##### `distinct`
+
+Use the `distinct` method to remove duplicates from the collection.
+
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+
+When you assign an object to a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update the join table). If you assign multiple objects in one statement, then they are all saved.
+
+If any of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns `false` and the assignment itself is cancelled.
+
+If the parent object (the one declaring the `has_and_belongs_to_many` association) is unsaved (that is, `new_record?` returns `true`) then the child objects are not saved when they are added. All unsaved members of the association will automatically be saved when the parent is saved.
+
+If you want to assign an object to a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association without saving the object, use the `collection.build` method.
+
+### Association Callbacks
+
+Normal callbacks hook into the life cycle of Active Record objects, allowing you to work with those objects at various points. For example, you can use a `:before_save` callback to cause something to happen just before an object is saved.
+
+Association callbacks are similar to normal callbacks, but they are triggered by events in the life cycle of a collection. There are four available association callbacks:
+
+* `before_add`
+* `after_add`
+* `before_remove`
+* `after_remove`
+
+You define association callbacks by adding options to the association declaration. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, before_add: :check_credit_limit
+
+  def check_credit_limit(book)
+    ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Quails passes the object being added or removed to the callback.
+
+You can stack callbacks on a single event by passing them as an array:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books,
+    before_add: [:check_credit_limit, :calculate_shipping_charges]
+
+  def check_credit_limit(book)
+    ...
+  end
+
+  def calculate_shipping_charges(book)
+    ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If a `before_add` callback throws an exception, the object does not get added to the collection. Similarly, if a `before_remove` callback throws an exception, the object does not get removed from the collection.
+
+### Association Extensions
+
+You're not limited to the functionality that Quails automatically builds into association proxy objects. You can also extend these objects through anonymous modules, adding new finders, creators, or other methods. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books do
+    def find_by_book_prefix(book_number)
+      find_by(category_id: book_number[0..2])
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you have an extension that should be shared by many associations, you can use a named extension module. For example:
+
+```ruby
+module FindRecentExtension
+  def find_recent
+    where("created_at > ?", 5.days.ago)
+  end
+end
+
+class Author < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :books, -> { extending FindRecentExtension }
+end
+
+class Supplier < ApplicationRecord
+  has_many :deliveries, -> { extending FindRecentExtension }
+end
+```
+
+Extensions can refer to the internals of the association proxy using these three attributes of the `proxy_association` accessor:
+
+* `proxy_association.owner` returns the object that the association is a part of.
+* `proxy_association.reflection` returns the reflection object that describes the association.
+* `proxy_association.target` returns the associated object for `belongs_to` or `has_one`, or the collection of associated objects for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many`.
+
+Single Table Inheritance
+------------------------
+
+Sometimes, you may want to share fields and behavior between different models.
+Let's say we have Car, Motorcycle and Bicycle models. We will want to share
+the `color` and `price` fields and some methods for all of them, but having some
+specific behavior for each, and separated controllers too.
+
+Quails makes this quite easy. First, let's generate the base Vehicle model:
+
+```bash
+$ quails generate model vehicle type:string color:string price:decimal{10.2}
+```
+
+Did you note we are adding a "type" field? Since all models will be saved in a
+single database table, Quails will save in this column the name of the model that
+is being saved. In our example, this can be "Car", "Motorcycle" or "Bicycle."
+STI won't work without a "type" field in the table.
+
+Next, we will generate the three models that inherit from Vehicle. For this,
+we can use the `--parent=PARENT` option, which will generate a model that
+inherits from the specified parent and without equivalent migration (since the
+table already exists).
+
+For example, to generate the Car model:
+
+```bash
+$ quails generate model car --parent=Vehicle
+```
+
+The generated model will look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Car < Vehicle
+end
+```
+
+This means that all behavior added to Vehicle is available for Car too, as
+associations, public methods, etc.
+
+Creating a car will save it in the `vehicles` table with "Car" as the `type` field:
+
+```ruby
+Car.create(color: 'Red', price: 10000)
+```
+
+will generate the following SQL:
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO "vehicles" ("type", "color", "price") VALUES ('Car', 'Red', 10000)
+```
+
+Querying car records will just search for vehicles that are cars:
+
+```ruby
+Car.all
+```
+
+will run a query like:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "vehicles".* FROM "vehicles" WHERE "vehicles"."type" IN ('Car')
+```