romanbsd-gsl 1.11.2.2

data/ext/histogram.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1717 @@
+/*
+  histogram.c
+  Ruby/GSL: Ruby extension library for GSL (GNU Scientific Library)
+    (C) Copyright 2001-2006 by Yoshiki Tsunesada
+
+  Ruby/GSL is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
+  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
+*/
+
+#include "rb_gsl_config.h"
+#include "rb_gsl_histogram.h"
+#include "rb_gsl_array.h"
+#include <gsl/gsl_fit.h>
+#include <gsl/gsl_multifit_nlin.h>
+#include <gsl/gsl_blas.h>
+
+VALUE cgsl_histogram;
+VALUE cgsl_histogram_range;
+VALUE cgsl_histogram_bin;
+static VALUE cgsl_histogram_integ;
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_from_file(VALUE klass, VALUE name);
+#ifdef GSL_0_9_4_LATER
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_alloc(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector *v;
+  double min, max;
+  size_t n, size;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 1:
+    switch (TYPE(argv[0])) {
+    case T_FIXNUM:
+      n = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+      h = gsl_histogram_alloc(n);
+      break;
+    case T_ARRAY:
+      v = make_cvector_from_rarray(argv[0]);
+      h = gsl_histogram_alloc(v->size-1);
+      gsl_histogram_set_ranges(h, v->data, v->size);
+      gsl_vector_free(v);
+      break;
+    case T_STRING:
+      return rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_from_file(klass, argv[0]);
+      break;
+    default:
+      CHECK_VECTOR(argv[0]);
+      Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_vector, v);
+      h = gsl_histogram_alloc(v->size-1);
+      gsl_histogram_set_ranges(h, v->data, v->size);
+      break;
+    }
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+    break;
+  case 3:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]);
+    Need_Float(argv[1]); Need_Float(argv[2]);
+    n = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    min = NUM2DBL(argv[1]);
+    max = NUM2DBL(argv[2]);
+    h = gsl_histogram_calloc(n);
+    gsl_histogram_set_ranges_uniform(h, min, max);
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    switch (TYPE(argv[0])) {
+    case T_FIXNUM:
+      CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]);
+      if (TYPE(argv[1]) != T_ARRAY) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (Array expected)", 
+		 rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(argv[1])));
+      }
+      n = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+      min = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(argv[1], 0));
+      max = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(argv[1], 1));
+      h = gsl_histogram_calloc(n);
+      gsl_histogram_set_ranges_uniform(h, min, max);
+      return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+      break;
+    case T_ARRAY:
+      CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[1]);
+      v = make_cvector_from_rarray(argv[0]);
+      size = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+      h = gsl_histogram_calloc(size-1);
+      gsl_histogram_set_ranges(h, v->data, size);
+      gsl_vector_free(v);
+      return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+      break;
+    default:
+      CHECK_VECTOR(argv[0]);
+      CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[1]);
+      Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_vector, v);
+      size = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+      h = gsl_histogram_calloc(size-1);
+      gsl_histogram_set_ranges(h, v->data, size);
+      return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+      break;
+    }
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1, 2, 3)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_from_file(VALUE klass, VALUE name)
+{
+  char filename[1024], buf[1024];
+  gsl_histogram *h;
+  int nn;
+  size_t n, i;
+  FILE *fp = NULL;
+  double upper;
+  strcpy(filename, STR2CHARPTR(name));
+  sprintf(buf, "wc %s", filename);
+  fp = popen(buf, "r");
+  if (fp == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "popen failed.");
+  fgets(buf, 1024, fp);
+  pclose(fp);
+  sscanf(buf, "%d", &nn);
+  n = (size_t) nn;      /* vector length */
+  fp = fopen(filename, "r");
+  if (fp == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "cannot open file %s.", filename);
+  h = gsl_histogram_alloc(n);
+  i = 0;
+  while (fgets(buf, 1024, fp)) {
+    sscanf(buf, "%lg %lg %lg", h->range+i, &upper, h->bin+i);
+    i++;
+  }
+  h->range[n] = upper;
+  fclose(fp);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+  
+}
+
+/* initialization + set uniform ranges (equal spacing from min to max) */
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_uniform(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  double min, max, tmp;
+  size_t n;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 3:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]);
+    Need_Float(argv[1]); Need_Float(argv[2]);
+    n = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    min = NUM2DBL(argv[1]);
+    max = NUM2DBL(argv[2]);
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]);
+    n = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    Check_Type(argv[1], T_ARRAY);
+    min = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(argv[1], 0));
+    max = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(argv[1], 1));
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 2 or 3)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  if (min > max) {
+    tmp = min;
+    min = max;
+    max = tmp;
+  }
+  h = gsl_histogram_alloc(n);
+  gsl_histogram_set_ranges_uniform(h, min, max);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+}
+
+/* initialization + set ranges with a given spacing from min to max */
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_with_min_max_step(VALUE klass, VALUE vmin, 
+					    VALUE vmax, VALUE ss)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector *v = NULL;
+  double min, max, tmp, step;
+  size_t i, n;
+  Need_Float(vmin); Need_Float(vmax); Need_Float(ss);
+  min = NUM2DBL(vmin);
+  max = NUM2DBL(vmax);
+  step = NUM2DBL(ss);
+  if (min > max) {
+    tmp = min;
+    min = max;
+    max = tmp;
+  }
+  n = (int) ((max - min)/step);
+  h = gsl_histogram_alloc(n);
+  v = gsl_vector_alloc(n + 1);
+  for (i = 0; i < n + 1; i++) gsl_vector_set(v, i, min + step*i);
+  gsl_histogram_set_ranges(h, v->data, v->size);
+  gsl_vector_free(v);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_calloc(VALUE klass, VALUE nn)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  CHECK_FIXNUM(nn);
+  h = gsl_histogram_calloc(FIX2INT(nn));
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_calloc_range(int argc, VALUE *argv,  VALUE klass)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector *v = NULL;
+  size_t n;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 1:
+    CHECK_VECTOR(argv[0]);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_vector, v);
+    n = v->size;
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]);
+    CHECK_VECTOR(argv[1]);
+    n = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[1], gsl_vector, v);
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  h = gsl_histogram_calloc_range(n, v->data);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_bins(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return INT2FIX(gsl_histogram_bins(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_set_ranges(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector *v = NULL;
+  size_t size;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  if (argc != 1 && argc != 2) 
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1 or 2)", argc);
+  if (TYPE(argv[0]) == T_ARRAY) {
+    v = make_cvector_from_rarray(argv[0]);
+    if (argc == 1) size = v->size;
+    else size = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+    gsl_histogram_set_ranges(h, v->data, size);
+    gsl_vector_free(v);
+  } else {
+    CHECK_VECTOR(argv[0]);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_vector, v);
+    if (argc == 1) size = v->size;
+    else size = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+    gsl_histogram_set_ranges(h, v->data, size);
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_range(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector_view *v = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  v = gsl_vector_view_alloc();
+  v->vector.data = h->range;
+  v->vector.size = h->n + 1;
+  v->vector.stride = 1;
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(cgsl_histogram_range, 0, gsl_vector_view_free, v);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_bin(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector_view *v = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  v = gsl_vector_view_alloc();
+  v->vector.data = h->bin;
+  v->vector.size = h->n;
+  v->vector.stride = 1;
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(cgsl_histogram_bin, 0, gsl_vector_view_free, v);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_set_ranges_uniform(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  double xmin, xmax;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 1:
+    Check_Type(argv[0], T_ARRAY);
+    xmin = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(argv[0], 0));
+    xmax = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(argv[0], 1));
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    xmin = NUM2DBL(argv[0]);
+    xmax = NUM2DBL(argv[1]);
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  gsl_histogram_set_ranges_uniform(h, xmin, xmax);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/* singleton */
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_memcpy(VALUE obj, VALUE vhdest, VALUE vhsrc)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *hdest = NULL, *hsrc = NULL;
+  CHECK_HISTOGRAM(vhdest);
+  CHECK_HISTOGRAM(vhsrc);
+  Data_Get_Struct(vhdest, gsl_histogram, hdest);
+  Data_Get_Struct(vhsrc, gsl_histogram, hsrc);
+  gsl_histogram_memcpy(hdest, hsrc);
+  return vhdest;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_clone(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *hsrc = NULL, *hnew = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, hsrc);
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_clone(hsrc);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(obj), 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_accumulate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector *v;
+  gsl_vector_int *vi;
+  size_t i;
+  double weight = 1;
+#ifdef HAVE_NARRAY_H
+  double *ptr;
+  size_t size, stride;
+#endif
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 2:
+    Need_Float(argv[1]);
+    weight = NUM2DBL(argv[1]);
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    weight = 1;
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  if (TYPE(argv[0]) == T_ARRAY) {
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(argv[0])->len; i++)
+      gsl_histogram_accumulate(h, NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(argv[0], i)), weight);
+  } else if (VECTOR_P(argv[0])) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_vector, v);
+    for (i = 0; i < v->size; i++)
+      gsl_histogram_accumulate(h, gsl_vector_get(v, i), weight);
+  } else if (VECTOR_INT_P(argv[0])) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_vector_int, vi);
+    for (i = 0; i < vi->size; i++)
+      gsl_histogram_accumulate(h, (double)gsl_vector_int_get(vi, i), weight);
+#ifdef HAVE_NARRAY_H
+  } else if (NA_IsNArray(argv[0])) {
+    ptr = get_vector_ptr(argv[0], &stride, &size);
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) 
+      gsl_histogram_accumulate(h, ptr[i], weight);
+#endif
+  } else {
+    gsl_histogram_accumulate(h, NUM2DBL(argv[0]), weight);
+  }
+  return argv[0];
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_accumulate2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  double weight = 1;
+  double x;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 2:
+    Need_Float(argv[1]);
+    weight = NUM2DBL(argv[1]);
+    /* no break; */
+  case 1:
+    Need_Float(argv[0]);
+    x = NUM2DBL(argv[0]);
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  if (x < h->range[0]) x = h->range[0] + 4*GSL_DBL_EPSILON;
+  if (x > h->range[h->n]) x = h->range[h->n] - 4*GSL_DBL_EPSILON;
+  gsl_histogram_accumulate(h, x, weight);
+  return argv[0];
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_get(VALUE obj, VALUE i)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  CHECK_FIXNUM(i);
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_get(h, FIX2INT(i)));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_get_range(VALUE obj, VALUE i)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  double lower, upper;
+  CHECK_FIXNUM(i);
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  gsl_histogram_get_range(h, FIX2INT(i), &lower, &upper);
+  return rb_ary_new3(2, rb_float_new(lower), rb_float_new(upper));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_max(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_max(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_min(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_min(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_reset(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  gsl_histogram_reset(h);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_find(VALUE obj, VALUE x)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  size_t i;
+  Need_Float(x);
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  gsl_histogram_find(h, NUM2DBL(x), &i);
+  return INT2FIX(i);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_max_val(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_max_val(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_max_bin(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return INT2FIX(gsl_histogram_max_bin(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_min_val(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_min_val(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_min_bin(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return INT2FIX(gsl_histogram_min_bin(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_mean(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_mean(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_sigma(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_sigma(h));
+}
+
+#ifndef GSL_1_1_LATER
+double gsl_histogram_sum(const gsl_histogram * h)
+{  
+  double sum=0;  
+  size_t i=0, n;  
+  n=h->n;  
+  while(i < n) sum += h->bin[i++];  
+  return sum;
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_sum(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  if (CLASS_OF(obj) == cgsl_histogram_integ)
+    return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_get(h, h->n-1));
+  else
+    return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_sum(h));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_normalize_bang(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  double scale;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  if (CLASS_OF(obj) == cgsl_histogram_integ)
+    scale = 1.0/gsl_histogram_get(h, h->n-1);
+  else
+    scale = 1.0/gsl_histogram_sum(h);
+  gsl_histogram_scale(h, scale);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_normalize(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL, *hnew = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_clone(h);
+  return rb_gsl_histogram_normalize_bang(Data_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(obj), 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_integral(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  size_t istart = 0, iend, i = 0;
+  double sum = 0.0;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 0:
+    return rb_gsl_histogram_sum(obj);
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]);
+    istart = 0; iend = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]); CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[1]);
+    istart = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    iend = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 0-2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  if (iend >= h->n) iend = h->n - 1;
+  i = istart;
+  while (i <= iend) sum += h->bin[i++];
+  return rb_float_new(sum);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL;
+  switch (TYPE(obj)) {
+  case T_MODULE:
+  case T_CLASS:
+  case T_OBJECT:
+    if (argc != 2) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 2)",
+			    argc);
+    CHECK_HISTOGRAM(argv[0]);
+    CHECK_HISTOGRAM(argv[1]);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_histogram, h1);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[1], gsl_histogram, h2);
+    break;
+  default:
+    if (argc != 1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 2)",
+			    argc);
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+    CHECK_HISTOGRAM(argv[0]);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_histogram, h2);
+    break;
+  }
+  return INT2FIX(gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p(h1, h2));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL;
+  switch (TYPE(obj)) {
+  case T_MODULE:
+  case T_CLASS:
+  case T_OBJECT:
+    if (argc != 2) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 2)",
+			    argc);
+    CHECK_HISTOGRAM(argv[0]);
+    CHECK_HISTOGRAM(argv[1]);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_histogram, h1);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[1], gsl_histogram, h2);
+    break;
+  default:
+    if (argc != 1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 2)",
+			    argc);
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+    CHECK_HISTOGRAM(argv[0]);
+    Data_Get_Struct(argv[0], gsl_histogram, h2);
+    break;
+  }
+  if (gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p(h1, h2)) return Qtrue;
+  else return Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_add(VALUE obj, VALUE hh2)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL, *hnew = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_clone(h1);
+  if (HISTOGRAM_P(hh2)) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(hh2, gsl_histogram, h2);
+    mygsl_histogram_add(hnew, h2);
+  } else {
+    Need_Float(hh2);
+    gsl_histogram_shift(hnew, NUM2DBL(hh2));
+  }
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(obj), 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_add2(VALUE obj, VALUE hh2)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+  if (HISTOGRAM_P(hh2)) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(hh2, gsl_histogram, h2);
+    mygsl_histogram_add(h1, h2);
+  } else {
+    Need_Float(hh2);
+    gsl_histogram_shift(h1, NUM2DBL(hh2));
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_sub(VALUE obj, VALUE hh2)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL, *hnew = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_clone(h1);
+  if (HISTOGRAM_P(hh2)) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(hh2, gsl_histogram, h2);
+    mygsl_histogram_sub(hnew, h2);
+  } else {
+    Need_Float(hh2);
+    gsl_histogram_shift(hnew, -NUM2DBL(hh2));
+  }
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(obj), 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_sub2(VALUE obj, VALUE hh2)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+  if (HISTOGRAM_P(hh2)) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(hh2, gsl_histogram, h2);
+    mygsl_histogram_sub(h1, h2);
+  } else {
+    Need_Float(hh2);
+    gsl_histogram_shift(h1, -NUM2DBL(hh2));
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_mul(VALUE obj, VALUE hh2)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL, *hnew = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_clone(h1);
+  if (HISTOGRAM_P(hh2)) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(hh2, gsl_histogram, h2);
+    mygsl_histogram_mul(hnew, h2);
+  } else {
+    Need_Float(hh2);
+    gsl_histogram_scale(hnew, NUM2DBL(hh2));
+  }
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(obj), 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_mul2(VALUE obj, VALUE hh2)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+  if (HISTOGRAM_P(hh2)) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(hh2, gsl_histogram, h2);
+    mygsl_histogram_mul(h1, h2);
+  } else {
+    Need_Float(hh2);
+    gsl_histogram_scale(h1, NUM2DBL(hh2));
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_div(VALUE obj, VALUE hh2)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL, *hnew = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_clone(h1);
+  if (HISTOGRAM_P(hh2)) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(hh2, gsl_histogram, h2);
+    mygsl_histogram_div(hnew, h2);
+  } else {
+    Need_Float(hh2);
+    gsl_histogram_scale(hnew, 1.0/NUM2DBL(hh2));
+  }
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(obj), 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_div2(VALUE obj, VALUE hh2)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h1 = NULL, *h2 = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h1);
+  if (HISTOGRAM_P(hh2)) {
+    Data_Get_Struct(hh2, gsl_histogram, h2);
+    mygsl_histogram_div(h1, h2);
+  } else {
+    Need_Float(hh2);
+    gsl_histogram_scale(h1, 1.0/NUM2DBL(hh2));
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_scale_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  double scale;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 0:
+    if (CLASS_OF(obj) == cgsl_histogram_integ)
+      scale = 1.0/h->bin[h->n-1];
+    else
+      scale = 1.0/gsl_histogram_sum(h);
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    scale = NUM2DBL(argv[0]);
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  gsl_histogram_scale(h, scale);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_scale(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL, *hnew = NULL;
+  double scale;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 0:
+    if (CLASS_OF(obj) == cgsl_histogram_integ)
+      scale = 1.0/h->bin[h->n-1];
+    else
+      scale = 1.0/gsl_histogram_sum(h);
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    scale = NUM2DBL(argv[0]);
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_clone(h);
+  gsl_histogram_scale(hnew, scale);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(obj), 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_shift(VALUE obj, VALUE shift)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  Need_Float(shift);
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  gsl_histogram_shift(h, NUM2DBL(shift));
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_shift2(VALUE obj, VALUE shift)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL, *hnew = NULL;
+  Need_Float(shift);
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_clone(h);
+  gsl_histogram_shift(hnew, NUM2DBL(shift));
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(obj), 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fwrite(VALUE obj, VALUE io)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  FILE *f;
+  int status, flag = 0;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  f = rb_gsl_open_writefile(io, &flag);
+  status = gsl_histogram_fwrite(f, h);
+  if (flag == 1) fclose(f);
+  return INT2FIX(status);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fread(VALUE obj, VALUE io)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  FILE *f;
+  int status, flag = 0;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  f = rb_gsl_open_readfile(io, &flag);
+  status = gsl_histogram_fread(f, h);
+  if (flag == 1) fclose(f);
+  return INT2FIX(status);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fprintf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  FILE *fp;
+  int status, flag = 0;
+
+  if (argc != 1 && argc != 3) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 1 or 3)", argc);
+  }
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  fp = rb_gsl_open_writefile(argv[0], &flag);
+  if (argc == 3) {
+    Check_Type(argv[1], T_STRING);
+    Check_Type(argv[2], T_STRING);
+    status = gsl_histogram_fprintf(fp, h, STR2CSTR(argv[1]), STR2CSTR(argv[2]));
+  } else {
+    status = gsl_histogram_fprintf(fp, h, "%g", "%g");
+  }
+  if (flag == 1) fclose(fp);
+  return INT2FIX(status);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_printf(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  int status;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  if (argc == 2) {
+    Check_Type(argv[0], T_STRING);
+    Check_Type(argv[1], T_STRING);
+    status = gsl_histogram_fprintf(stdout, h, STR2CSTR(argv[0]), STR2CSTR(argv[1]));
+  } else {
+    status = gsl_histogram_fprintf(stdout, h, "%g", "%g");
+  }
+  return INT2FIX(status);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fscanf(VALUE obj, VALUE io)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  FILE *fp;
+  int status, flag = 0;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  fp = rb_gsl_open_readfile(io, &flag);
+  status = gsl_histogram_fscanf(fp, h);
+  if (flag == 1) fclose(fp);
+  return INT2FIX(status);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_print(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  int status;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  status = gsl_histogram_fprintf(stdout, h, "%g", "%g");
+  return INT2FIX(status);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_alloc(VALUE klass, VALUE nn)
+{
+  gsl_histogram_pdf *h = NULL;
+  gsl_histogram *h0 = NULL;
+#ifdef GSL_0_9_4_LATER
+	if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(nn, cgsl_histogram)) {
+		Data_Get_Struct(nn, gsl_histogram, h0);
+	  h = gsl_histogram_pdf_alloc(h0->n);
+	  gsl_histogram_pdf_init(h, h0);
+	} else {
+	  CHECK_FIXNUM(nn);
+    h = gsl_histogram_pdf_alloc(FIX2INT(nn));
+  }
+#else
+  gsl_histogram *hh = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(nn, gsl_histogram, hh);
+  h = gsl_histogram_pdf_alloc(hh);
+#endif
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, gsl_histogram_pdf_free, h);
+}
+
+#ifdef GSL_0_9_4_LATER
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_init(VALUE obj, VALUE hh)
+{
+  gsl_histogram_pdf *p = NULL;
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  CHECK_HISTOGRAM(hh);
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram_pdf, p);
+  Data_Get_Struct(hh, gsl_histogram, h);
+  gsl_histogram_pdf_init(p, h);
+  return obj;
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_sample(VALUE obj, VALUE r)
+{
+  gsl_histogram_pdf *p = NULL;
+  Need_Float(r);
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram_pdf, p);
+  return rb_float_new(gsl_histogram_pdf_sample(p, NUM2DBL(r)));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_range(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram_pdf *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector_view *v = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram_pdf, h);
+  v = gsl_vector_view_alloc(h->n);
+  v->vector.data = h->range;
+  v->vector.size = h->n + 1;
+  v->vector.stride = 1;
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(cgsl_histogram_range, 0, gsl_vector_view_free, v);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_sum(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram_pdf *h = NULL;
+  gsl_vector_view *v = NULL;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram_pdf, h);
+  v = gsl_vector_view_alloc(h->n);
+  v->vector.data = h->sum;
+  v->vector.size = h->n + 1;
+  v->vector.stride = 1;
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(cgsl_vector_view_ro, 0, gsl_vector_view_free, v);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_graph(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_GNU_GRAPH
+  gsl_histogram *v = NULL;
+  FILE *fp = NULL;
+  size_t i;
+  char command[1024];
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, v);
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 0:
+    strcpy(command, "graph -T X -g 3");
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    make_graphcommand(command, argv[0]);
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 0 or 1)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  fp = popen(command, "w");
+  if (fp == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "GNU graph not found.");
+  for (i = 0; i < v->n; i++) {
+    fprintf(fp, "%e %e\n%e %e\n", v->range[i], v->bin[i], v->range[i+1], v->bin[i]);
+  }
+  fflush(fp);
+ pclose(fp);
+  fp = NULL;
+  return Qtrue;
+#else
+  rb_raise(rb_eNoMethodError, "not implemented");
+  return Qfalse;
+#endif
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_plot(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_GNU_GRAPH
+  gsl_histogram *v = NULL;
+  FILE *fp = NULL;
+  size_t i;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, v);
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 0:
+    fp = popen("gnuplot -persist", "w");
+    if (fp == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "GNU graph not found.");
+    fprintf(fp, "plot '-' with fsteps\n");
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    fp = popen("gnuplot -persist", "w");
+    if (fp == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "GNU graph not found.");
+    if (TYPE(argv[0]) == T_STRING) 
+      fprintf(fp, "plot '-' %s\n", STR2CSTR(argv[0]));    
+    else
+      fprintf(fp, "plot '-' with fsteps\n");
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 0 or 1)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  for (i = 0; i < v->n; i++) {
+    fprintf(fp, "%e %e\n", v->range[i], v->bin[i]);
+  }
+  fprintf(fp, "e\n");
+  fflush(fp);
+  pclose(fp);
+  fp = NULL;
+  return Qtrue;
+#else
+  rb_raise(rb_eNoMethodError, "not implemented");
+  return Qfalse;
+#endif
+}
+
+struct fit_histogram {
+  gsl_histogram *h;
+  size_t binstart, binend;
+};
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fit_exponential(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  struct fit_histogram hh;
+  gsl_histogram *h;
+  gsl_vector *x, *lny, *w;
+  size_t binstart = 0, binend, n, p = 2, dof, i;
+  double c0, c1, cov00, cov01, cov11, sumsq, xl, xh;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  binstart = 0;
+  binend = h->n - 1;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 2:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]); CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[1]);
+    binstart = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    binend = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+    if (binend >= h->n) binend = h->n - 1;
+    break;
+  case 0:
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many arguments (%d for 0 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  hh.h = h;
+  hh.binstart = binstart;
+  hh.binend = binend;
+  n = binend - binstart + 1;
+  dof = n - p;
+  
+  x = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
+  w = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
+  lny = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if (gsl_histogram_get_range(h, i+binstart, &xl, &xh))
+      rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "wrong index");
+    gsl_vector_set(x, i, (xl+xh)/2.0);
+    gsl_vector_set(lny, i, log(h->bin[i+binstart]));
+    gsl_vector_set(w, i, h->bin[i+binstart]);
+  }
+  gsl_fit_wlinear(x->data, 1, w->data, 1, lny->data, 1, n, 
+		  &c0, &c1, &cov00, &cov01, &cov11, &sumsq);
+  gsl_vector_free(lny);
+  gsl_vector_free(w);
+  gsl_vector_free(x);
+  c0 = exp(c0);
+  return rb_ary_new3(6, rb_float_new(c0), rb_float_new(c1), 
+		     rb_float_new(c0*sqrt(cov00)), rb_float_new(sqrt(cov11)),
+		     rb_float_new(sumsq), INT2FIX(dof));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fit_power(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  struct fit_histogram hh;
+  gsl_histogram *h;
+  gsl_vector *lnx, *lny, *w;
+  size_t binstart = 0, binend, n, p = 2, dof, i;
+  double c0, c1, cov00, cov01, cov11, sumsq, xl, xh;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  binstart = 0;
+  binend = h->n - 1;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 2:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]); CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[1]);
+    binstart = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    binend = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+    if (binend >= h->n) binend = h->n - 1;
+    break;
+  case 0:
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many arguments (%d for 0 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  hh.h = h;
+  hh.binstart = binstart;
+  hh.binend = binend;
+  n = binend - binstart + 1;
+  dof = n - p;
+  
+  lnx = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
+  w = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
+  lny = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if (gsl_histogram_get_range(h, i+binstart, &xl, &xh))
+      rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "wrong index");
+    gsl_vector_set(lnx, i, (log(xl)+log(xh))/2.0);
+    gsl_vector_set(lny, i, log(h->bin[i+binstart]));
+    gsl_vector_set(w, i, h->bin[i+binstart]);
+  }
+  gsl_fit_wlinear(lnx->data, 1, w->data, 1, lny->data, 1, n, 
+		  &c0, &c1, &cov00, &cov01, &cov11, &sumsq);
+  gsl_vector_free(lny);
+  gsl_vector_free(w);
+  gsl_vector_free(lnx);
+  c0 = exp(c0);
+  return rb_ary_new3(6, rb_float_new(c0), rb_float_new(c1), 
+		     rb_float_new(c0*sqrt(cov00)), rb_float_new(sqrt(cov11)),
+		     rb_float_new(sumsq), INT2FIX(dof));
+}
+
+static int Gaussian_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params, gsl_vector *f);
+static int Gaussian_df(const gsl_vector *v, void *params, gsl_matrix * J);
+static int Gaussian_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params, gsl_vector *f)
+{
+  struct fit_histogram *hh;
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  double amp, mu, var, xl, xh, xi, yi, sqw;
+  size_t i, binstart, binend;
+  hh = (struct fit_histogram *) params;
+  h = hh->h;
+  binstart = hh->binstart;
+  binend = hh->binend;
+  var = gsl_vector_get(v, 0);
+  mu = gsl_vector_get(v, 1);
+  amp = gsl_vector_get(v, 2);
+  for (i = binstart; i <= binend; i++) {
+    if (gsl_histogram_get_range(h, i, &xl, &xh))
+      rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "wrong index");
+    xi = (xl + xh)/2.0;
+    yi = h->bin[i];
+    sqw = sqrt(yi);
+    gsl_vector_set(f, i-binstart, (amp*exp(-(xi - mu)*(xi - mu)/var/2.0) - yi)*sqw);
+  }
+  return GSL_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int Gaussian_df(const gsl_vector *v, void *params, gsl_matrix *J)
+{
+  struct fit_histogram *hh;
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  double amp, mu, var, xl, xh, xi, yi, y, sqw;
+  size_t i, binstart, binend;
+  hh = (struct fit_histogram *) params;
+  h = hh->h;
+  binstart = hh->binstart;
+  binend = hh->binend;
+  var = gsl_vector_get(v, 0);
+  mu = gsl_vector_get(v, 1);
+  amp = gsl_vector_get(v, 2);
+  for (i = binstart; i <= binend; i++) {
+    if (gsl_histogram_get_range(h, i, &xl, &xh))
+      rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "wrong index");
+    xi = (xl + xh)/2.0;
+    yi = h->bin[i];
+    sqw = sqrt(yi);
+    y = exp(-(xi - mu)*(xi - mu)/var/2.0);
+    gsl_matrix_set(J, i-binstart, 0, amp*y*(xi - mu)*(xi - mu)/2/var/var*sqw);
+    gsl_matrix_set(J, i-binstart, 1, amp*y*(xi - mu)/var*sqw);
+    gsl_matrix_set(J, i-binstart, 2, y*sqw);
+  }
+  return GSL_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int Gaussian_fdf(const gsl_vector *v, void *params, gsl_vector *f, 
+			gsl_matrix *J)
+{
+  Gaussian_f(v, params, f);
+  Gaussian_df(v, params, J);
+  return GSL_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fit_gaussian(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  struct fit_histogram hh;
+  const gsl_multifit_fdfsolver_type *T;
+  gsl_multifit_fdfsolver *s;
+  int status;
+  size_t iter = 0, binstart, binend;
+  size_t n, dof;      /* # of data points */
+  size_t p = 3;  /* # of fitting parameters */
+  gsl_multifit_function_fdf f;
+  gsl_matrix *covar = NULL;
+  gsl_vector *x = NULL;
+  double sigma, mean, height, errs, errm, errh, chi2;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  binstart = 0;
+  binend = h->n - 1;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 2:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]); CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[1]);
+    binstart = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    binend = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+    if (binend >= h->n) binend = h->n - 1;
+    break;
+  case 0:
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many arguments (%d for 0 or 2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  x = gsl_vector_alloc(p);
+  gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 1);   /* initial values, var = 1 */
+  gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.0);   /* mu = 0 */
+  gsl_vector_set(x, 2, 1);   /* amp = 1 */
+  hh.h = h;
+  hh.binstart = binstart;
+  hh.binend = binend;
+  n = binend - binstart + 1;
+
+  covar = gsl_matrix_alloc(p, p);
+
+  f.f = Gaussian_f;
+  f.df = Gaussian_df;
+  f.fdf = Gaussian_fdf;
+  f.n = n;
+  f.p = p;
+  f.params = &hh;
+
+  T = gsl_multifit_fdfsolver_lmsder;
+  s = gsl_multifit_fdfsolver_alloc(T, n, p);
+  gsl_multifit_fdfsolver_set(s, &f, x);
+
+  do {
+    iter++;
+    status = gsl_multifit_fdfsolver_iterate(s);
+    if (status) break;
+    status = gsl_multifit_test_delta(s->dx, s->x, 1e-4, 1e-4);
+  } while (status == GSL_CONTINUE);
+  sigma = sqrt(gsl_vector_get(s->x, 0));
+  mean = gsl_vector_get(s->x, 1);
+  height = gsl_vector_get(s->x, 2)*sigma*sqrt(2*M_PI);
+  gsl_multifit_covar(s->J, 0.0, covar);
+  chi2 = gsl_pow_2(gsl_blas_dnrm2(s->f));   /* not reduced chi-square */
+  dof = n - p;
+  errs = sqrt(chi2/dof*gsl_matrix_get(covar, 0, 0))/sigma/2;
+  errm = sqrt(chi2/dof*gsl_matrix_get(covar, 1, 1));
+  errh = sqrt(chi2/dof*gsl_matrix_get(covar, 2, 2));
+
+  gsl_multifit_fdfsolver_free(s);
+  gsl_vector_free(x);
+  gsl_matrix_free(covar);
+  return rb_ary_new3(8, rb_float_new(sigma), rb_float_new(mean),
+		     rb_float_new(height), rb_float_new(errs),
+		     rb_float_new(errm), rb_float_new(errh),
+		     rb_float_new(chi2), INT2FIX(dof));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fit(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  char fittype[32];
+  if (argc < 1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too few arguments");
+  Check_Type(argv[0], T_STRING);
+  strcpy(fittype, STR2CSTR(argv[0]));
+  if (str_head_grep(fittype, "exp") == 0) {
+    return rb_gsl_histogram_fit_exponential(argc-1, argv+1, obj);
+  } else if (str_head_grep(fittype, "power") == 0) {
+    return rb_gsl_histogram_fit_power(argc-1, argv+1, obj);
+  } else if (str_head_grep(fittype, "gaus") == 0) {
+    return rb_gsl_histogram_fit_gaussian(argc-1, argv+1, obj);
+  } else {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, 
+	     "unknown fitting type %s (exp, power, gaus expected)", fittype);
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Integrate histogram: the two histograms must have the same range and bins. */
+void mygsl_histogram_integrate(const gsl_histogram *h, gsl_histogram *hi,
+			       size_t istart, size_t iend)
+{
+  size_t i;
+  if (iend >= istart) {
+    if (istart < 0) istart = 0;
+    if (iend >= h->n) iend = h->n-1;
+    hi->bin[istart] = h->bin[istart];
+    for (i = istart+1; i <= iend; i++) hi->bin[i] = hi->bin[i-1] + h->bin[i];
+  } else {
+    if (istart >= h->n) istart = h->n-1;
+    if (iend < 0) iend = 0;
+    hi->bin[istart] = h->bin[istart];
+    for (i = istart-1; i >= iend; i--) {
+      hi->bin[i] = hi->bin[i+1] + h->bin[i];
+      if (i == 0) break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void mygsl_histogram_differentiate(const gsl_histogram *hi, gsl_histogram *h)
+{
+  size_t i;
+  h->bin[0] = hi->bin[0];
+  for (i = 1; i < hi->n; i++) h->bin[i] = hi->bin[i] - hi->bin[i-1];
+}
+
+/* Create a histogram integrating the given histogram h */
+gsl_histogram* mygsl_histogram_calloc_integrate(const gsl_histogram *h,
+						size_t istart, size_t iend)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *hi = NULL;
+  hi = gsl_histogram_calloc_range(h->n, h->range);
+  mygsl_histogram_integrate(h, hi, istart, iend);
+  return hi;
+}
+
+gsl_histogram* mygsl_histogram_calloc_differentiate(const gsl_histogram *hi)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  h = gsl_histogram_calloc_range(hi->n, hi->range);
+  mygsl_histogram_differentiate(hi, h);
+  return h;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_integrate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h, *hi;
+  size_t istart, iend;
+  int itmp;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 2:
+    istart = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    iend = FIX2INT(argv[1]);
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    switch (TYPE(argv[0])) {
+    case T_ARRAY:
+      istart = FIX2INT(rb_ary_entry(argv[0], 0));
+      iend = FIX2INT(rb_ary_entry(argv[0], 1));
+      break;
+    case T_FIXNUM:
+      itmp = FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+      if (itmp == -1) {
+	istart = h->n - 1;
+	iend = 0;
+      } else {
+	istart = 0;
+	iend = h->n - 1;
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong argument type %s (Arran or Fixnum expected)",
+	       rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(argv[0])));
+      break;
+    }
+    break;
+  case 0:
+    istart = 0;
+    iend = h->n - 1;
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 0-2)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  hi = mygsl_histogram_calloc_integrate(h, istart, iend);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(cgsl_histogram_integ, 0, gsl_histogram_free, hi);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_differentiate(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h, *hi;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, hi);
+  h = mygsl_histogram_calloc_differentiate(hi);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(cgsl_histogram, 0, gsl_histogram_free, h);
+}
+
+static gsl_histogram* mygsl_histogram_rebin(const gsl_histogram *h, size_t m)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *hnew;
+  double w;
+  size_t n, i, j, k;
+  if (m > h->n) m = h->n;
+  n = (size_t) h->n/m;
+  if (n*m != h->n) n += 1;
+  w = (h->range[h->n] - h->range[0])/h->n;
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_alloc(n);
+  for (i = 0, j = 0; i <= n; i++) {
+    if (i*m <= h->n) hnew->range[i] = h->range[i*m];
+    else hnew->range[i] = w*m*i;
+  }
+  for (i = 0, j = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    hnew->bin[i] = 0;
+    for (k = 0; k < m && j < h->n; k++) hnew->bin[i] += h->bin[j++];
+  }
+  return hnew;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_rebin(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h, *hnew;
+  size_t m = 2;
+  switch (argc) {
+  case 1:
+    CHECK_FIXNUM(argv[0]);
+    m = (size_t) FIX2INT(argv[0]);
+    break;
+  case 0:
+    m = 2;
+    break;
+  default:
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for 0 or 1)", argc);
+    break;
+  }
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  hnew = mygsl_histogram_rebin(h, m);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(cgsl_histogram, 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+static int mygsl_histogram_fread2(FILE * stream, gsl_histogram * h)
+{  
+  double min, max;
+  int status;
+  status = gsl_block_raw_fread(stream, &min, 1, 1);
+  if (status)    return status;  
+  status = gsl_block_raw_fread(stream, &max, 1, 1);
+  if (status)    return status;  
+  gsl_histogram_set_ranges_uniform(h, min, max);
+  status = gsl_block_raw_fread (stream, h->bin, h->n, 1);  
+  if (status)    return status;  
+  return status;
+}
+
+static int mygsl_histogram_fwrite2(FILE * stream, const gsl_histogram * h)
+{  
+  int status;
+  status = gsl_block_raw_fwrite (stream, h->range, 1, 1);
+  if (status)    return status;  
+  status = gsl_block_raw_fwrite (stream, h->range+h->n, 1, 1);
+  if (status)    return status;  
+  status = gsl_block_raw_fwrite (stream, h->bin, h->n, 1);  
+  return status;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fwrite2(VALUE obj, VALUE io)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  FILE *f;
+  int status, flag = 0;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  f = rb_gsl_open_writefile(io, &flag);
+  status = mygsl_histogram_fwrite2(f, h);
+  if (flag == 1) fclose(f);
+  return INT2FIX(status);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_fread2(VALUE obj, VALUE io)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h = NULL;
+  FILE *f;
+  int status, flag = 0;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  f = rb_gsl_open_readfile(io, &flag);
+  status = mygsl_histogram_fread2(f, h);
+  if (flag == 1) fclose(f);
+  return INT2FIX(status);
+}
+
+static gsl_histogram* mygsl_histogram_calloc_reverse(const gsl_histogram *h)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *hnew;
+  size_t i, n;
+  hnew = gsl_histogram_alloc(h->n);
+  n = h->n;
+  for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) hnew->range[i] = h->range[n-i];
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) hnew->bin[i] = h->bin[n-1-i];
+  return hnew;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_reverse(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h, *hnew;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  hnew = mygsl_histogram_calloc_reverse(h);
+  return Data_Wrap_Struct(cgsl_histogram, 0, gsl_histogram_free, hnew);
+}
+
+/* The functions below are not included in GSL */
+/*
+ * Returns an x value at which the histogram integration
+ * reaches the given percentile. The x value is calculated
+ * by an interpolation between the ranges in which the percentile
+ * is found.
+ */
+static double histogram_percentile(const gsl_histogram *h, double f)
+{
+  double sum = gsl_histogram_sum(h), sf;
+  double val, s = 0, x;
+  double ri, ri1;
+  size_t i;
+  sf = sum * f;
+  for (i = 0; i < h->n; i++) {
+    val = gsl_histogram_get(h, i);
+    if ((s+val) > sf) break;
+    s += val;
+  }
+  ri = h->range[i];
+  ri1 = h->range[i+1];
+  x = (sf - s)*(ri1 - ri)/val + ri;
+  return x;
+}
+
+static double histogram_median(const gsl_histogram *h)
+{
+  return histogram_percentile(h, 0.5);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_percentile(VALUE obj, VALUE f)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(histogram_percentile(h, NUM2DBL(f)));
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_median(VALUE obj)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(histogram_median(h));
+}
+
+static double histogram_percentile_inv(const gsl_histogram *h, double x)
+{
+  double sum = gsl_histogram_sum(h);
+  double val, s = 0;
+  double ri, ri1, q;
+  size_t i;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < h->n; i++) {
+    val = gsl_histogram_get(h, i);
+    if (h->range[i+1] > x) break;
+    s += val;
+  }
+  ri = h->range[i];
+  ri1 = h->range[i+1];
+  q = s + val/(ri1 - ri)*(x - ri);
+  return q/sum;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_gsl_histogram_percentile_inv(VALUE obj, VALUE x)
+{
+  gsl_histogram *h;
+  Data_Get_Struct(obj, gsl_histogram, h);
+  return rb_float_new(histogram_percentile_inv(h, NUM2DBL(x)));
+}
+
+void Init_gsl_histogram(VALUE module)
+{
+  VALUE cgsl_histogram_pdf;
+
+  cgsl_histogram = rb_define_class_under(module, "Histogram", cGSL_Object);
+  cgsl_histogram_range = rb_define_class_under(cgsl_histogram, "Range", 
+					       cgsl_vector_view_ro);
+  cgsl_histogram_bin = rb_define_class_under(cgsl_histogram, "Bin", 
+					     cgsl_vector_view);
+  cgsl_histogram_integ = rb_define_class_under(cgsl_histogram, "Integral", 
+					       cgsl_histogram);
+
+#ifdef GSL_0_9_4_LATER
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "alloc", rb_gsl_histogram_alloc, -1);
+  /*  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "new", rb_gsl_histogram_alloc, -1);*/
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "[]", rb_gsl_histogram_alloc, -1);
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "alloc_uniform", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_uniform, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "new_uniform", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_uniform, -1);
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "alloc_with_min_max_step", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_with_min_max_step, 3);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "new_with_min_max_step", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_alloc_with_min_max_step, 3);
+#endif
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "calloc", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_calloc, 1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "calloc_range", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_calloc_range, -1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "bins", rb_gsl_histogram_bins, 0);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "n", "bins");
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "size", "bins");
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "set_ranges", rb_gsl_histogram_set_ranges, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "range", rb_gsl_histogram_range, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "bin", rb_gsl_histogram_bin, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "set_ranges_uniform", 
+		   rb_gsl_histogram_set_ranges_uniform, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "memcpy", rb_gsl_histogram_memcpy, 2);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "clone", rb_gsl_histogram_clone, 0);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "duplicate", "clone");
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "increment", rb_gsl_histogram_accumulate, -1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "fill", "increment");
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "accumulate", "increment");
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "increment2", rb_gsl_histogram_accumulate2, -1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "accumulate2", "increment2");
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "fill2", "increment2");
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "get", rb_gsl_histogram_get, 1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "[]", "get");
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "get_range", rb_gsl_histogram_get_range, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "max", rb_gsl_histogram_max, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "min", rb_gsl_histogram_min, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "reset", rb_gsl_histogram_reset, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "find", rb_gsl_histogram_find, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "max_val", rb_gsl_histogram_max_val, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "max_bin", rb_gsl_histogram_max_bin, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "min_val", rb_gsl_histogram_min_val, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "min_bin", rb_gsl_histogram_min_bin, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "mean", rb_gsl_histogram_mean, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "sigma", rb_gsl_histogram_sigma, 0);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "sum", rb_gsl_histogram_integral, -1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "integral", "sum");
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "equal_bins_p", 
+		   rb_gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p, -1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "equal_bins", "equal_bins_p");
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "equal_bins_p", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "equal_bins", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "equal_bins_p?", 
+		   rb_gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p2, -1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "equal_bins?", "equal_bins_p?");
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "equal_bins_p?", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p2, -1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram, "equal_bins?", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_equal_bins_p2, -1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "add", rb_gsl_histogram_add, 1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "+", "add");
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "sub", rb_gsl_histogram_sub, 1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "-", "sub");
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "mul", rb_gsl_histogram_mul, 1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "*", "mul");
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "div", rb_gsl_histogram_div, 1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "/", "div");
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "add!", rb_gsl_histogram_add2, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "sub!", rb_gsl_histogram_sub2, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "mul!", rb_gsl_histogram_mul2, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "div!", rb_gsl_histogram_div2, 1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "scale!", rb_gsl_histogram_scale_bang, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "scale", rb_gsl_histogram_scale, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "shift!", rb_gsl_histogram_shift, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "shift", rb_gsl_histogram_shift2, 1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fwrite", rb_gsl_histogram_fwrite, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fread", rb_gsl_histogram_fread, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fwrite2", rb_gsl_histogram_fwrite2, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fread2", rb_gsl_histogram_fread2, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fprintf", rb_gsl_histogram_fprintf, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "printf", rb_gsl_histogram_printf, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fscanf", rb_gsl_histogram_fscanf, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "print", rb_gsl_histogram_print, 0);
+
+  cgsl_histogram_pdf = rb_define_class_under(cgsl_histogram, "Pdf", cGSL_Object);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram_pdf, "alloc", 
+			     rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_alloc, 1);
+  /*  rb_define_singleton_method(cgsl_histogram_pdf, "new", 
+      rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_alloc, 1);*/
+#ifdef GSL_0_9_4_LATER
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram_pdf, "init", rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_init, 1);
+#endif
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram_pdf, "sample", rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_sample, 1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram_pdf, "range", rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_range, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram_pdf, "sum", rb_gsl_histogram_pdf_sum, 0);
+
+  /*****/
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "graph", rb_gsl_histogram_graph, -1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "draw", "graph");
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "plot", rb_gsl_histogram_plot, -1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fit_gaussian", 
+		   rb_gsl_histogram_fit_gaussian, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fit_exponential", 
+		   rb_gsl_histogram_fit_exponential, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fit_power", 
+		   rb_gsl_histogram_fit_power, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "fit", 
+		   rb_gsl_histogram_fit, -1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "integrate", rb_gsl_histogram_integrate, -1);
+  rb_undef_method(cgsl_histogram_integ, "integrate");
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram_integ, "differentiate", 
+		   rb_gsl_histogram_differentiate, 0);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram_integ, "diff", "differentiate");
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "normalize", rb_gsl_histogram_normalize, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "normalize!", rb_gsl_histogram_normalize_bang, 0);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "rebin", rb_gsl_histogram_rebin, -1);
+  rb_define_alias(cgsl_histogram, "mergebin", "rebin");
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "reverse", rb_gsl_histogram_reverse, 0);
+
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "percentile", rb_gsl_histogram_percentile, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "median", rb_gsl_histogram_median, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cgsl_histogram, "percentile_inv", rb_gsl_histogram_percentile_inv, 1);
+}