ric 0.12.0 → 0.14.1

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/tzinfo-2.0.4/lib/tzinfo/timezone.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1160 @@
+# encoding: UTF-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'set'
+
+module TZInfo
+  # {AmbiguousTime} is raised to indicate that a specified local time has more
+  # than one possible equivalent UTC time. Such ambiguities arise when the
+  # clocks are set back in a time zone, most commonly during the repeated hour
+  # when transitioning from daylight savings time to standard time.
+  #
+  # {AmbiguousTime} is raised by {Timezone#local_datetime},
+  # {Timezone#local_time}, {Timezone#local_timestamp}, {Timezone#local_to_utc}
+  # and {Timezone#period_for_local} when using an ambiguous time and not
+  # specifying how to resolve the ambiguity.
+  class AmbiguousTime < StandardError
+  end
+
+  # {PeriodNotFound} is raised to indicate that no {TimezonePeriod} matching a
+  # given time could be found.
+  class PeriodNotFound < StandardError
+  end
+
+  # {InvalidTimezoneIdentifier} is raised by {Timezone.get} if the identifier
+  # given is not valid.
+  class InvalidTimezoneIdentifier < StandardError
+  end
+
+  # {UnknownTimezone} is raised when calling methods on an instance of
+  # {Timezone} that was created directly. To obtain {Timezone} instances the
+  # {Timezone.get} method should be used instead.
+  class UnknownTimezone < StandardError
+  end
+
+  # The {Timezone} class represents a time zone. It provides a factory method,
+  # {get}, to retrieve {Timezone} instances by their identifier.
+  #
+  # The {Timezone#to_local} method can be used to convert `Time` and `DateTime`
+  # instances to the local time for the zone. For example:
+  #
+  #     tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
+  #     local_time = tz.to_local(Time.utc(2005,8,29,15,35,0))
+  #     local_datetime = tz.to_local(DateTime.new(2005,8,29,15,35,0))
+  #
+  # Local `Time` and `DateTime` instances returned by `Timezone` have the
+  # correct local offset.
+  #
+  # The {Timezone#local_to_utc} method can by used to convert local `Time` and
+  # `DateTime` instances to UTC. {Timezone#local_to_utc} ignores the UTC offset
+  # of the supplied value and treats if it is a local time for the zone. For
+  # example:
+  #
+  #     tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
+  #     utc_time = tz.local_to_utc(Time.new(2005,8,29,11,35,0))
+  #     utc_datetime = tz.local_to_utc(DateTime.new(2005,8,29,11,35,0))
+  #
+  # Each time zone is treated as sequence of periods of time ({TimezonePeriod})
+  # that observe the same offset ({TimezoneOffset}). Transitions
+  # ({TimezoneTransition}) denote the end of one period and the start of the
+  # next. The {Timezone} class has methods that allow the periods, offsets and
+  # transitions of a time zone to be interrogated.
+  #
+  # All methods that take `Time` objects as parameters can be used with
+  # arbitrary `Time`-like objects that respond to both `to_i` and `subsec` and
+  # optionally `utc_offset`.
+  #
+  # The {Timezone} class is thread-safe. It is safe to use class and instance
+  # methods of {Timezone} in concurrently executing threads. Instances of
+  # {Timezone} can be shared across thread boundaries.
+  #
+  # The IANA Time Zone Database maintainers recommend that time zone identifiers
+  # are not made visible to end-users (see [Names of
+  # timezones](https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming)). The
+  # {Country} class can be used to obtain lists of time zones by country,
+  # including user-friendly descriptions and approximate locations.
+  #
+  # @abstract The {get} method returns an instance of either {DataTimezone} or
+  #   {LinkedTimezone}. The {get_proxy} method and other methods returning
+  #   collections of time zones return instances of {TimezoneProxy}.
+  class Timezone
+    include Comparable
+
+    # The default value of the dst parameter of the {local_datetime},
+    # {local_time}, {local_timestamp}, {local_to_utc} and {period_for_local}
+    # methods.
+    #
+    # @!visibility private
+    @@default_dst = nil
+
+    class << self
+      # Sets the default value of the optional `dst` parameter of the
+      # {local_datetime}, {local_time}, {local_timestamp}, {local_to_utc} and
+      # {period_for_local} methods. Can be set to `nil`, `true` or `false`.
+      #
+      # @param value [Boolean] `nil`, `true` or `false`.
+      def default_dst=(value)
+        @@default_dst = value.nil? ? nil : !!value
+      end
+
+      # Returns the default value of the optional `dst` parameter of the
+      # {local_time}, {local_datetime} and {local_timestamp}, {local_to_utc}
+      # and {period_for_local} methods (`nil`, `true` or `false`).
+      #
+      # {default_dst} defaults to `nil` unless changed with {default_dst=}.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean] the default value of the optional `dst` parameter of
+      #   the {local_time}, {local_datetime} and {local_timestamp},
+      #   {local_to_utc} and {period_for_local} methods (`nil`, `true` or
+      #   `false`).
+      def default_dst
+        @@default_dst
+      end
+
+      # Returns a time zone by its IANA Time Zone Database identifier (e.g.
+      # `"Europe/London"` or `"America/Chicago"`). Call {all_identifiers} for a
+      # list of all the valid identifiers.
+      #
+      # The {get} method will return a subclass of {Timezone}, either a
+      # {DataTimezone} (for a time zone defined by rules that set out when
+      # transitions occur) or a {LinkedTimezone} (for a time zone that is just a
+      # link to or alias for a another time zone).
+      #
+      # @param identifier [String] an IANA Time Zone Database time zone
+      #   identifier.
+      # @return [Timezone] the {Timezone} with the given `identifier`.
+      # @raise [InvalidTimezoneIdentifier] if the `identifier` is not valid.
+      def get(identifier)
+        data_source.get_timezone_info(identifier).create_timezone
+      end
+
+      # Returns a proxy for the time zone with the given identifier. This allows
+      # loading of the time zone data to be deferred until it is first needed.
+      #
+      # The identifier will not be validated. If an invalid identifier is
+      # specified, no exception will be raised until the proxy is used.
+      #
+      # @param identifier [String] an IANA Time Zone Database time zone
+      #   identifier.
+      # @return [TimezoneProxy] a proxy for the time zone with the given
+      #   `identifier`.
+      def get_proxy(identifier)
+        TimezoneProxy.new(identifier)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an `Array` of all the available time zones.
+      #
+      # {TimezoneProxy} instances are returned to avoid the overhead of loading
+      # time zone data until it is first needed.
+      #
+      # @return [Array<Timezone>] all available time zones.
+      def all
+        get_proxies(all_identifiers)
+      end
+
+      # @return [Array<String>] an `Array` containing the identifiers of all the
+      #   available time zones.
+      def all_identifiers
+        data_source.timezone_identifiers
+      end
+
+      # Returns an `Array` of all the available time zones that are
+      # defined by offsets and transitions.
+      #
+      # {TimezoneProxy} instances are returned to avoid the overhead of loading
+      # time zone data until it is first needed.
+      #
+      # @return [Array<Timezone>] an `Array` of all the available time zones
+      #   that are defined by offsets and transitions.
+      def all_data_zones
+        get_proxies(all_data_zone_identifiers)
+      end
+
+      # @return [Array<String>] an `Array` of the identifiers of all available
+      # time zones that are defined by offsets and transitions.
+      def all_data_zone_identifiers
+        data_source.data_timezone_identifiers
+      end
+
+      # Returns an `Array` of all the available time zones that are
+      # defined as links to / aliases for other time zones.
+      #
+      # {TimezoneProxy} instances are returned to avoid the overhead of loading
+      # time zone data until it is first needed.
+      #
+      # @return [Array<Timezone>] an `Array` of all the available time zones
+      #   that are defined as links to / aliases for other time zones.
+      def all_linked_zones
+        get_proxies(all_linked_zone_identifiers)
+      end
+
+      # @return [Array<String>] an `Array` of the identifiers of all available
+      # time zones that are defined as links to / aliases for other time zones.
+      def all_linked_zone_identifiers
+        data_source.linked_timezone_identifiers
+      end
+
+      # Returns an `Array` of all the time zones that are observed by at least
+      # one {Country}. This is not the complete set of time zones as some are
+      # not country specific (e.g. `'Etc/GMT'`).
+      #
+      # {TimezoneProxy} instances are returned to avoid the overhead of loading
+      # time zone data until it is first needed.
+      #
+      # @return [Array<Timezone>] an `Array` of all the time zones that are
+      #   observed by at least one {Country}.
+      def all_country_zones
+        Country.all.map(&:zones).flatten.uniq
+      end
+
+      # Returns an `Array` of the identifiers of all the time zones that are
+      # observed by at least one {Country}. This is not the complete set of time
+      # zone identifiers as some are not country specific (e.g. `'Etc/GMT'`).
+      #
+      # {TimezoneProxy} instances are returned to avoid the overhead of loading
+      # time zone data until it is first needed.
+      #
+      # @return [Array<String>] an `Array` of the identifiers of all the time
+      # zones that are observed by at least one {Country}.
+      def all_country_zone_identifiers
+        Country.all.map(&:zone_identifiers).flatten.uniq
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # @param [Enumerable<String>] identifiers an `Enumerable` of time zone
+      #   identifiers.
+      # @return [Array<TimezoneProxy>] an `Array` of {TimezoneProxy}
+      #   instances corresponding to the given identifiers.
+      def get_proxies(identifiers)
+        identifiers.collect {|identifier| get_proxy(identifier)}
+      end
+
+      # @return [DataSource] the current DataSource.
+      def data_source
+        DataSource.get
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] the identifier of the time zone, for example,
+    #   `"Europe/Paris"`.
+    def identifier
+      raise_unknown_timezone
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] the identifier of the time zone, for example,
+    #   `"Europe/Paris"`.
+    def name
+      # Don't use alias, as identifier gets overridden.
+      identifier
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] {identifier}, modified to make it more readable.
+    def to_s
+      friendly_identifier
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] the internal object state as a programmer-readable
+    #   `String`.
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class}: #{identifier}>"
+    end
+
+    # Returns {identifier}, modified to make it more readable. Set
+    # `skip_first_part` to omit the first part of the identifier (typically a
+    # region name) where there is more than one part.
+    #
+    # For example:
+    #
+    #     TZInfo::Timezone.get('Europe/Paris').friendly_identifier(false)         #=> "Europe - Paris"
+    #     TZInfo::Timezone.get('Europe/Paris').friendly_identifier(true)          #=> "Paris"
+    #     TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/Indiana/Knox').friendly_identifier(false) #=> "America - Knox, Indiana"
+    #     TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/Indiana/Knox').friendly_identifier(true)  #=> "Knox, Indiana"
+    #
+    # @param skip_first_part [Boolean] whether the first part of the identifier
+    #   (typically a region name) should be omitted.
+    # @return [String] the modified identifier.
+    def friendly_identifier(skip_first_part = false)
+      id = identifier
+      id = id.encode(Encoding::UTF_8) unless id.encoding.ascii_compatible?
+      parts = id.split('/')
+      if parts.empty?
+        # shouldn't happen
+        identifier
+      elsif parts.length == 1
+        parts[0]
+      else
+        prefix = skip_first_part ? nil : "#{parts[0]} - "
+
+        parts = parts.drop(1).map do |part|
+          part.gsub!(/_/, ' ')
+
+          if part.index(/[a-z]/)
+            # Missing a space if a lower case followed by an upper case and the
+            # name isn't McXxxx.
+            part.gsub!(/([^M][a-z])([A-Z])/, '\1 \2')
+            part.gsub!(/([M][a-bd-z])([A-Z])/, '\1 \2')
+
+            # Missing an apostrophe if two consecutive upper case characters.
+            part.gsub!(/([A-Z])([A-Z])/, '\1\'\2')
+          end
+
+          part
+        end
+
+        "#{prefix}#{parts.reverse.join(', ')}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the {TimezonePeriod} that is valid at a given time.
+    #
+    # Unlike {period_for_local} and {period_for_utc}, the UTC offset of the
+    # `time` parameter is taken into consideration.
+    #
+    # @param time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}.
+    # @return [TimezonePeriod] the {TimezonePeriod} that is valid at `time`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is a {Timestamp} with an unspecified
+    #   offset.
+    def period_for(time)
+      raise_unknown_timezone
+    end
+
+    # Returns the set of {TimezonePeriod}s that are valid for the given
+    # local time as an `Array`.
+    #
+    # The UTC offset of the `local_time` parameter is ignored (it is treated as
+    # a time in the time zone represented by `self`).
+    #
+    # This will typically return an `Array` containing a single
+    # {TimezonePeriod}. More than one {TimezonePeriod} will be returned when the
+    # local time is ambiguous (for example, when daylight savings time ends). An
+    # empty `Array` will be returned when the local time is not valid (for
+    # example, when daylight savings time begins).
+    #
+    # To obtain just a single {TimezonePeriod} in all cases, use
+    # {period_for_local} instead and specify how ambiguities should be resolved.
+    #
+    # @param local_time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}.
+    # @return [Array<TimezonePeriod>] the set of {TimezonePeriod}s that are
+    #   valid at `local_time`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `local_time` is `nil`.
+    def periods_for_local(local_time)
+      raise_unknown_timezone
+    end
+
+    # Returns an `Array` of {TimezoneTransition} instances representing the
+    # times where the UTC offset of the timezone changes.
+    #
+    # Transitions are returned up to a given time (`to`).
+    #
+    # A from time may also be supplied using the `from` parameter. If from is
+    # not `nil`, only transitions from that time onwards will be returned.
+    #
+    # Comparisons with `to` are exclusive. Comparisons with `from` are
+    # inclusive. If a transition falls precisely on `to`, it will be excluded.
+    # If a transition falls on `from`, it will be included.
+    #
+    # @param to [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp} specifying the
+    #   latest (exclusive) transition to return.
+    # @param from [Object] an optional `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}
+    #   specifying the earliest (inclusive) transition to return.
+    # @return [Array<TimezoneTransition>] the transitions that are earlier than
+    #   `to` and, if specified, at or later than `from`. Transitions are ordered
+    #   by when they occur, from earliest to latest.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `from` is specified and `to` is not greater than
+    #   `from`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] is raised if `to` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if either `to` or `from` is a {Timestamp} with an
+    #   unspecified offset.
+    def transitions_up_to(to, from = nil)
+      raise_unknown_timezone
+    end
+
+    # Returns the canonical {Timezone} instance for this {Timezone}.
+    #
+    # The IANA Time Zone database contains two types of definition: Zones and
+    # Links. Zones are defined by rules that set out when transitions occur.
+    # Links are just references to fully defined Zone, creating an alias for
+    # that Zone.
+    #
+    # Links are commonly used where a time zone has been renamed in a release of
+    # the Time Zone database. For example, the US/Eastern Zone was renamed as
+    # America/New_York. A US/Eastern Link was added in its place, linking to
+    # (and creating an alias for) America/New_York.
+    #
+    # Links are also used for time zones that are currently identical to a full
+    # Zone, but that are administered separately. For example, Europe/Vatican is
+    # a Link to (and alias for) Europe/Rome.
+    #
+    # For a full Zone (implemented by {DataTimezone}), {canonical_zone} returns
+    # self.
+    #
+    # For a Link (implemented by {LinkedTimezone}), {canonical_zone} returns a
+    # {Timezone} instance representing the full Zone that the link targets.
+    #
+    # TZInfo can be used with different data sources (see the documentation for
+    # {TZInfo::DataSource}). Some DataSource implementations may not support
+    # distinguishing between full Zones and Links and will treat all time zones
+    # as full Zones. In this case, {canonical_zone} will always return `self`.
+    #
+    # There are two built-in DataSource implementations.
+    # {DataSources::RubyDataSource} (which will be used if the tzinfo-data gem
+    # is available) supports Link zones. {DataSources::ZoneinfoDataSource}
+    # returns Link zones as if they were full Zones. If the {canonical_zone} or
+    # {canonical_identifier} methods are needed, the tzinfo-data gem should be
+    # installed.
+    #
+    # The {TZInfo::DataSource.get} method can be used to check which DataSource
+    # implementation is being used.
+    #
+    # @return [Timezone] the canonical {Timezone} instance for this {Timezone}.
+    def canonical_zone
+      raise_unknown_timezone
+    end
+
+    # Returns the {TimezonePeriod} that is valid at a given time.
+    #
+    # The UTC offset of the `utc_time` parameter is ignored (it is treated as a
+    # UTC time). Use the {period_for} method instead if the UTC offset of the
+    # time needs to be taken into consideration.
+    #
+    # @param utc_time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}.
+    # @return [TimezonePeriod] the {TimezonePeriod} that is valid at `utc_time`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `utc_time` is `nil`.
+    def period_for_utc(utc_time)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'utc_time must be specified' unless utc_time
+      period_for(Timestamp.for(utc_time, :treat_as_utc))
+    end
+
+    # Returns the {TimezonePeriod} that is valid at the given local time.
+    #
+    # The UTC offset of the `local_time` parameter is ignored (it is treated as
+    # a time in the time zone represented by `self`). Use the {period_for}
+    # method instead if the the UTC offset of the time needs to be taken into
+    # consideration.
+    #
+    # _Warning:_ There are local times that have no equivalent UTC times (for
+    # example, during the transition from standard time to daylight savings
+    # time). There are also local times that have more than one UTC equivalent
+    # (for example, during the transition from daylight savings time to standard
+    # time).
+    #
+    # In the first case (no equivalent UTC time), a {PeriodNotFound} exception
+    # will be raised.
+    #
+    # In the second case (more than one equivalent UTC time), an {AmbiguousTime}
+    # exception will be raised unless the optional `dst` parameter or block
+    # handles the ambiguity.
+    #
+    # If the ambiguity is due to a transition from daylight savings time to
+    # standard time, the `dst` parameter can be used to select whether the
+    # daylight savings time or local time is used. For example, the following
+    # code would raise an {AmbiguousTime} exception:
+    #
+    #     tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
+    #     tz.period_for_local(Time.new(2004,10,31,1,30,0))
+    #
+    # Specifying `dst = true` would select the daylight savings period from
+    # April to October 2004. Specifying `dst = false` would return the
+    # standard time period from October 2004 to April 2005.
+    #
+    # The `dst` parameter will not be able to resolve an ambiguity resulting
+    # from the clocks being set back without changing from daylight savings time
+    # to standard time. In this case, if a block is specified, it will be called
+    # to resolve the ambiguity. The block must take a single parameter - an
+    # `Array` of {TimezonePeriod}s that need to be resolved. The block can
+    # select and return a single {TimezonePeriod} or return `nil` or an empty
+    # `Array` to cause an {AmbiguousTime} exception to be raised.
+    #
+    # The default value of the `dst` parameter can be specified using
+    # {Timezone.default_dst=}.
+    #
+    # @param local_time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}.
+    # @param dst [Boolean] whether to resolve ambiguous local times by always
+    #   selecting the period observing daylight savings time (`true`), always
+    #   selecting the period observing standard time (`false`), or leaving the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved (`nil`).
+    # @yield [periods] if the `dst` parameter did not resolve an ambiguity, an
+    #   optional block is yielded to.
+    # @yieldparam periods [Array<TimezonePeriod>] an `Array` containing all
+    #   the {TimezonePeriod}s that still match `local_time` after applying the
+    #   `dst` parameter.
+    # @yieldreturn [Object] to resolve the ambiguity: a chosen {TimezonePeriod}
+    #   or an `Array` containing a chosen {TimezonePeriod}; to leave the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved: an empty `Array`, an `Array` containing more than
+    #   one {TimezonePeriod}, or `nil`.
+    # @return [TimezonePeriod] the {TimezonePeriod} that is valid at
+    #   `local_time`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `local_time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [PeriodNotFound] if `local_time` is not valid for the time zone
+    #   (there is no equivalent UTC time).
+    # @raise [AmbiguousTime] if `local_time` was ambiguous for the time zone and
+    #   the `dst` parameter or block did not resolve the ambiguity.
+    def period_for_local(local_time, dst = Timezone.default_dst)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'local_time must be specified' unless local_time
+      local_time = Timestamp.for(local_time, :ignore)
+      results = periods_for_local(local_time)
+
+      if results.empty?
+        raise PeriodNotFound, "#{local_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')} is an invalid local time."
+      elsif results.size < 2
+        results.first
+      else
+        # ambiguous result try to resolve
+
+        if !dst.nil?
+          matches = results.find_all {|period| period.dst? == dst}
+          results = matches if !matches.empty?
+        end
+
+        if results.size < 2
+          results.first
+        else
+          # still ambiguous, try the block
+
+          if block_given?
+            results = yield results
+          end
+
+          if results.is_a?(TimezonePeriod)
+            results
+          elsif results && results.size == 1
+            results.first
+          else
+            raise AmbiguousTime, "#{local_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')} is an ambiguous local time."
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Converts a time to the local time for the time zone.
+    #
+    # The result will be of type {TimeWithOffset} (if passed a `Time`),
+    # {DateTimeWithOffset} (if passed a `DateTime`) or {TimestampWithOffset} (if
+    # passed a {Timestamp}). {TimeWithOffset}, {DateTimeWithOffset} and
+    # {TimestampWithOffset} are subclasses of `Time`, `DateTime` and {Timestamp}
+    # that provide additional information about the local result.
+    #
+    # Unlike {utc_to_local}, {to_local} takes the UTC offset of the given time
+    # into consideration.
+    #
+    # @param time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}.
+    # @return [Object] the local equivalent of `time` as a {TimeWithOffset},
+    #   {DateTimeWithOffset} or {TimestampWithOffset}.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is a {Timestamp} that does not have a
+    #   specified UTC offset.
+    def to_local(time)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'time must be specified' unless time
+
+      Timestamp.for(time) do |ts|
+        TimestampWithOffset.set_timezone_offset(ts, period_for(ts).offset)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Converts a time in UTC to the local time for the time zone.
+    #
+    # The result will be of type {TimeWithOffset} (if passed a `Time`),
+    # {DateTimeWithOffset} (if passed a `DateTime`) or {TimestampWithOffset} (if
+    # passed a {Timestamp}). {TimeWithOffset}, {DateTimeWithOffset} and
+    # {TimestampWithOffset} are subclasses of `Time`, `DateTime` and {Timestamp}
+    # that provide additional information about the local result.
+    #
+    # The UTC offset of the `utc_time` parameter is ignored (it is treated as a
+    # UTC time). Use the {to_local} method instead if the the UTC offset of the
+    # time needs to be taken into consideration.
+    #
+    # @param utc_time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}.
+    # @return [Object] the local equivalent of `utc_time` as a {TimeWithOffset},
+    #   {DateTimeWithOffset} or {TimestampWithOffset}.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `utc_time` is `nil`.
+    def utc_to_local(utc_time)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'utc_time must be specified' unless utc_time
+
+      Timestamp.for(utc_time, :treat_as_utc) do |ts|
+        to_local(ts)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Converts a local time for the time zone to UTC.
+    #
+    # The result will either be a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp} according to
+    # the type of the `local_time` parameter.
+    #
+    # The UTC offset of the `local_time` parameter is ignored (it is treated as
+    # a time in the time zone represented by `self`).
+    #
+    # _Warning:_ There are local times that have no equivalent UTC times (for
+    # example, during the transition from standard time to daylight savings
+    # time). There are also local times that have more than one UTC equivalent
+    # (for example, during the transition from daylight savings time to standard
+    # time).
+    #
+    # In the first case (no equivalent UTC time), a {PeriodNotFound} exception
+    # will be raised.
+    #
+    # In the second case (more than one equivalent UTC time), an {AmbiguousTime}
+    # exception will be raised unless the optional `dst` parameter or block
+    # handles the ambiguity.
+    #
+    # If the ambiguity is due to a transition from daylight savings time to
+    # standard time, the `dst` parameter can be used to select whether the
+    # daylight savings time or local time is used. For example, the following
+    # code would raise an {AmbiguousTime} exception:
+    #
+    #     tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
+    #     tz.period_for_local(Time.new(2004,10,31,1,30,0))
+    #
+    # Specifying `dst = true` would select the daylight savings period from
+    # April to October 2004. Specifying `dst = false` would return the
+    # standard time period from October 2004 to April 2005.
+    #
+    # The `dst` parameter will not be able to resolve an ambiguity resulting
+    # from the clocks being set back without changing from daylight savings time
+    # to standard time. In this case, if a block is specified, it will be called
+    # to resolve the ambiguity. The block must take a single parameter - an
+    # `Array` of {TimezonePeriod}s that need to be resolved. The block can
+    # select and return a single {TimezonePeriod} or return `nil` or an empty
+    # `Array` to cause an {AmbiguousTime} exception to be raised.
+    #
+    # The default value of the `dst` parameter can be specified using
+    # {Timezone.default_dst=}.
+    #
+    # @param local_time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}.
+    # @param dst [Boolean] whether to resolve ambiguous local times by always
+    #   selecting the period observing daylight savings time (`true`), always
+    #   selecting the period observing standard time (`false`), or leaving the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved (`nil`).
+    # @yield [periods] if the `dst` parameter did not resolve an ambiguity, an
+    #   optional block is yielded to.
+    # @yieldparam periods [Array<TimezonePeriod>] an `Array` containing all
+    #   the {TimezonePeriod}s that still match `local_time` after applying the
+    #   `dst` parameter.
+    # @yieldreturn [Object] to resolve the ambiguity: a chosen {TimezonePeriod}
+    #   or an `Array` containing a chosen {TimezonePeriod}; to leave the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved: an empty `Array`, an `Array` containing more than
+    #   one {TimezonePeriod}, or `nil`.
+    # @return [Object] the UTC equivalent of `local_time` as a `Time`,
+    #   `DateTime` or {Timestamp}.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `local_time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [PeriodNotFound] if `local_time` is not valid for the time zone
+    #   (there is no equivalent UTC time).
+    # @raise [AmbiguousTime] if `local_time` was ambiguous for the time zone and
+    #   the `dst` parameter or block did not resolve the ambiguity.
+    def local_to_utc(local_time, dst = Timezone.default_dst)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'local_time must be specified' unless local_time
+
+      Timestamp.for(local_time, :ignore) do |ts|
+        period = if block_given?
+          period_for_local(ts, dst) {|periods| yield periods }
+        else
+          period_for_local(ts, dst)
+        end
+
+        ts.add_and_set_utc_offset(-period.observed_utc_offset, :utc)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates a `Time` object based on the given (Gregorian calendar) date and
+    # time parameters. The parameters are interpreted as a local time in the
+    # time zone. The result has the appropriate `utc_offset`, `zone` and
+    # {TimeWithOffset#timezone_offset timezone_offset}.
+    #
+    # _Warning:_ There are time values that are not valid as local times in a
+    # time zone (for example, during the transition from standard time to
+    # daylight savings time). There are also time values that are ambiguous,
+    # occurring more than once with different offsets to UTC (for example,
+    # during the transition from daylight savings time to standard time).
+    #
+    # In the first case (an invalid local time), a {PeriodNotFound} exception
+    # will be raised.
+    #
+    # In the second case (more than one occurrence), an {AmbiguousTime}
+    # exception will be raised unless the optional `dst` parameter or block
+    # handles the ambiguity.
+    #
+    # If the ambiguity is due to a transition from daylight savings time to
+    # standard time, the `dst` parameter can be used to select whether the
+    # daylight savings time or local time is used. For example, the following
+    # code would raise an {AmbiguousTime} exception:
+    #
+    #     tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
+    #     tz.local_time(2004,10,31,1,30,0,0)
+    #
+    # Specifying `dst = true` would return a `Time` with a UTC offset of -4
+    # hours and abbreviation EDT (Eastern Daylight Time). Specifying `dst =
+    # false` would return a `Time` with a UTC offset of -5 hours and
+    # abbreviation EST (Eastern Standard Time).
+    #
+    # The `dst` parameter will not be able to resolve an ambiguity resulting
+    # from the clocks being set back without changing from daylight savings time
+    # to standard time. In this case, if a block is specified, it will be called
+    # to resolve the ambiguity. The block must take a single parameter - an
+    # `Array` of {TimezonePeriod}s that need to be resolved. The block can
+    # select and return a single {TimezonePeriod} or return `nil` or an empty
+    # `Array` to cause an {AmbiguousTime} exception to be raised.
+    #
+    # The default value of the `dst` parameter can be specified using
+    # {Timezone.default_dst=}.
+    #
+    # @param year [Integer] the year.
+    # @param month [Integer] the month (1-12).
+    # @param day [Integer] the day of the month (1-31).
+    # @param hour [Integer] the hour (0-23).
+    # @param minute [Integer] the minute (0-59).
+    # @param second [Integer] the second (0-59).
+    # @param sub_second [Numeric] the fractional part of the second as either
+    #   a `Rational` that is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1, or
+    #   the `Integer` 0.
+    # @param dst [Boolean] whether to resolve ambiguous local times by always
+    #   selecting the period observing daylight savings time (`true`), always
+    #   selecting the period observing standard time (`false`), or leaving the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved (`nil`).
+    # @yield [periods] if the `dst` parameter did not resolve an ambiguity, an
+    #   optional block is yielded to.
+    # @yieldparam periods [Array<TimezonePeriod>] an `Array` containing all
+    #   the {TimezonePeriod}s that still match `local_time` after applying the
+    #   `dst` parameter.
+    # @yieldreturn [Object] to resolve the ambiguity: a chosen {TimezonePeriod}
+    #   or an `Array` containing a chosen {TimezonePeriod}; to leave the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved: an empty `Array`, an `Array` containing more than
+    #   one {TimezonePeriod}, or `nil`.
+    # @return [TimeWithOffset] a new `Time` object based on the given values,
+    #   interpreted as a local time in the time zone.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if either of `year`, `month`, `day`, `hour`,
+    #   `minute`, or `second` is not an `Integer`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `sub_second` is not a `Rational`, or the
+    #   `Integer` 0.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `utc_offset` is not `nil`, not an `Integer`
+    #   and not the `Symbol` `:utc`.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `month` is not between 1 and 12.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `day` is not between 1 and 31.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `hour` is not between 0 and 23.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `minute` is not between 0 and 59.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `second` is not between 0 and 59.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `sub_second` is a `Rational` but that is less
+    #   than 0 or greater than or equal to 1.
+    # @raise [PeriodNotFound] if the date and time parameters do not specify a
+    #   valid local time in the time zone.
+    # @raise [AmbiguousTime] if the date and time parameters are ambiguous for
+    #   the time zone and the `dst` parameter or block did not resolve the
+    #   ambiguity.
+    def local_time(year, month = 1, day = 1, hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0, sub_second = 0, dst = Timezone.default_dst, &block)
+      local_timestamp(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, sub_second, dst, &block).to_time
+    end
+
+    # Creates a `DateTime` object based on the given (Gregorian calendar) date
+    # and time parameters. The parameters are interpreted as a local time in the
+    # time zone. The result has the appropriate `offset` and
+    # {DateTimeWithOffset#timezone_offset timezone_offset}.
+    #
+    # _Warning:_ There are time values that are not valid as local times in a
+    # time zone (for example, during the transition from standard time to
+    # daylight savings time). There are also time values that are ambiguous,
+    # occurring more than once with different offsets to UTC (for example,
+    # during the transition from daylight savings time to standard time).
+    #
+    # In the first case (an invalid local time), a {PeriodNotFound} exception
+    # will be raised.
+    #
+    # In the second case (more than one occurrence), an {AmbiguousTime}
+    # exception will be raised unless the optional `dst` parameter or block
+    # handles the ambiguity.
+    #
+    # If the ambiguity is due to a transition from daylight savings time to
+    # standard time, the `dst` parameter can be used to select whether the
+    # daylight savings time or local time is used. For example, the following
+    # code would raise an {AmbiguousTime} exception:
+    #
+    #     tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
+    #     tz.local_datetime(2004,10,31,1,30,0,0)
+    #
+    # Specifying `dst = true` would return a `Time` with a UTC offset of -4
+    # hours and abbreviation EDT (Eastern Daylight Time). Specifying `dst =
+    # false` would return a `Time` with a UTC offset of -5 hours and
+    # abbreviation EST (Eastern Standard Time).
+    #
+    # The `dst` parameter will not be able to resolve an ambiguity resulting
+    # from the clocks being set back without changing from daylight savings time
+    # to standard time. In this case, if a block is specified, it will be called
+    # to resolve the ambiguity. The block must take a single parameter - an
+    # `Array` of {TimezonePeriod}s that need to be resolved. The block can
+    # select and return a single {TimezonePeriod} or return `nil` or an empty
+    # `Array` to cause an {AmbiguousTime} exception to be raised.
+    #
+    # The default value of the `dst` parameter can be specified using
+    # {Timezone.default_dst=}.
+    #
+    # @param year [Integer] the year.
+    # @param month [Integer] the month (1-12).
+    # @param day [Integer] the day of the month (1-31).
+    # @param hour [Integer] the hour (0-23).
+    # @param minute [Integer] the minute (0-59).
+    # @param second [Integer] the second (0-59).
+    # @param sub_second [Numeric] the fractional part of the second as either
+    #   a `Rational` that is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1, or
+    #   the `Integer` 0.
+    # @param dst [Boolean] whether to resolve ambiguous local times by always
+    #   selecting the period observing daylight savings time (`true`), always
+    #   selecting the period observing standard time (`false`), or leaving the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved (`nil`).
+    # @yield [periods] if the `dst` parameter did not resolve an ambiguity, an
+    #   optional block is yielded to.
+    # @yieldparam periods [Array<TimezonePeriod>] an `Array` containing all
+    #   the {TimezonePeriod}s that still match `local_time` after applying the
+    #   `dst` parameter.
+    # @yieldreturn [Object] to resolve the ambiguity: a chosen {TimezonePeriod}
+    #   or an `Array` containing a chosen {TimezonePeriod}; to leave the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved: an empty `Array`, an `Array` containing more than
+    #   one {TimezonePeriod}, or `nil`.
+    # @return [DateTimeWithOffset] a new `DateTime` object based on the given
+    # values, interpreted as a local time in the time zone.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if either of `year`, `month`, `day`, `hour`,
+    #   `minute`, or `second` is not an `Integer`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `sub_second` is not a `Rational`, or the
+    #   `Integer` 0.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `utc_offset` is not `nil`, not an `Integer`
+    #   and not the `Symbol` `:utc`.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `month` is not between 1 and 12.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `day` is not between 1 and 31.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `hour` is not between 0 and 23.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `minute` is not between 0 and 59.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `second` is not between 0 and 59.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `sub_second` is a `Rational` but that is less
+    #   than 0 or greater than or equal to 1.
+    # @raise [PeriodNotFound] if the date and time parameters do not specify a
+    #   valid local time in the time zone.
+    # @raise [AmbiguousTime] if the date and time parameters are ambiguous for
+    #   the time zone and the `dst` parameter or block did not resolve the
+    #   ambiguity.
+    def local_datetime(year, month = 1, day = 1, hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0, sub_second = 0, dst = Timezone.default_dst, &block)
+      local_timestamp(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, sub_second, dst, &block).to_datetime
+    end
+
+    # Creates a {Timestamp} object based on the given (Gregorian calendar) date
+    # and time parameters. The parameters are interpreted as a local time in the
+    # time zone. The result has the appropriate {Timestamp#utc_offset
+    # utc_offset} and {TimestampWithOffset#timezone_offset timezone_offset}.
+    #
+    # _Warning:_ There are time values that are not valid as local times in a
+    # time zone (for example, during the transition from standard time to
+    # daylight savings time). There are also time values that are ambiguous,
+    # occurring more than once with different offsets to UTC (for example,
+    # during the transition from daylight savings time to standard time).
+    #
+    # In the first case (an invalid local time), a {PeriodNotFound} exception
+    # will be raised.
+    #
+    # In the second case (more than one occurrence), an {AmbiguousTime}
+    # exception will be raised unless the optional `dst` parameter or block
+    # handles the ambiguity.
+    #
+    # If the ambiguity is due to a transition from daylight savings time to
+    # standard time, the `dst` parameter can be used to select whether the
+    # daylight savings time or local time is used. For example, the following
+    # code would raise an {AmbiguousTime} exception:
+    #
+    #     tz = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
+    #     tz.local_timestamp(2004,10,31,1,30,0,0)
+    #
+    # Specifying `dst = true` would return a `Time` with a UTC offset of -4
+    # hours and abbreviation EDT (Eastern Daylight Time). Specifying `dst =
+    # false` would return a `Time` with a UTC offset of -5 hours and
+    # abbreviation EST (Eastern Standard Time).
+    #
+    # The `dst` parameter will not be able to resolve an ambiguity resulting
+    # from the clocks being set back without changing from daylight savings time
+    # to standard time. In this case, if a block is specified, it will be called
+    # to resolve the ambiguity. The block must take a single parameter - an
+    # `Array` of {TimezonePeriod}s that need to be resolved. The block can
+    # select and return a single {TimezonePeriod} or return `nil` or an empty
+    # `Array` to cause an {AmbiguousTime} exception to be raised.
+    #
+    # The default value of the `dst` parameter can be specified using
+    # {Timezone.default_dst=}.
+    #
+    # @param year [Integer] the year.
+    # @param month [Integer] the month (1-12).
+    # @param day [Integer] the day of the month (1-31).
+    # @param hour [Integer] the hour (0-23).
+    # @param minute [Integer] the minute (0-59).
+    # @param second [Integer] the second (0-59).
+    # @param sub_second [Numeric] the fractional part of the second as either
+    #   a `Rational` that is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1, or
+    #   the `Integer` 0.
+    # @param dst [Boolean] whether to resolve ambiguous local times by always
+    #   selecting the period observing daylight savings time (`true`), always
+    #   selecting the period observing standard time (`false`), or leaving the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved (`nil`).
+    # @yield [periods] if the `dst` parameter did not resolve an ambiguity, an
+    #   optional block is yielded to.
+    # @yieldparam periods [Array<TimezonePeriod>] an `Array` containing all
+    #   the {TimezonePeriod}s that still match `local_time` after applying the
+    #   `dst` parameter.
+    # @yieldreturn [Object] to resolve the ambiguity: a chosen {TimezonePeriod}
+    #   or an `Array` containing a chosen {TimezonePeriod}; to leave the
+    #   ambiguity unresolved: an empty `Array`, an `Array` containing more than
+    #   one {TimezonePeriod}, or `nil`.
+    # @return [TimestampWithOffset] a new {Timestamp} object based on the given
+    #   values, interpreted as a local time in the time zone.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if either of `year`, `month`, `day`, `hour`,
+    #   `minute`, or `second` is not an `Integer`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `sub_second` is not a `Rational`, or the
+    #   `Integer` 0.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `utc_offset` is not `nil`, not an `Integer`
+    #   and not the `Symbol` `:utc`.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `month` is not between 1 and 12.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `day` is not between 1 and 31.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `hour` is not between 0 and 23.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `minute` is not between 0 and 59.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `second` is not between 0 and 59.
+    # @raise [RangeError] if `sub_second` is a `Rational` but that is less
+    #   than 0 or greater than or equal to 1.
+    # @raise [PeriodNotFound] if the date and time parameters do not specify a
+    #   valid local time in the time zone.
+    # @raise [AmbiguousTime] if the date and time parameters are ambiguous for
+    #   the time zone and the `dst` parameter or block did not resolve the
+    #   ambiguity.
+    def local_timestamp(year, month = 1, day = 1, hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0, sub_second = 0, dst = Timezone.default_dst, &block)
+      ts = Timestamp.create(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, sub_second)
+      timezone_offset = period_for_local(ts, dst, &block).offset
+      utc_offset = timezone_offset.observed_utc_offset
+      TimestampWithOffset.new(ts.value - utc_offset, sub_second, utc_offset).set_timezone_offset(timezone_offset)
+    end
+
+    # Returns the unique offsets used by the time zone up to a given time (`to`)
+    # as an `Array` of {TimezoneOffset} instances.
+    #
+    # A from time may also be supplied using the `from` parameter. If from is
+    # not `nil`, only offsets used from that time onwards will be returned.
+    #
+    # Comparisons with `to` are exclusive. Comparisons with `from` are
+    # inclusive.
+    #
+    # @param to [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp} specifying the
+    #   latest (exclusive) offset to return.
+    # @param from [Object] an optional `Time`, `DateTime` or {Timestamp}
+    #   specifying the earliest (inclusive) offset to return.
+    # @return [Array<TimezoneOffsets>] the offsets that are used earlier than
+    #   `to` and, if specified, at or later than `from`. Offsets may be returned
+    #   in any order.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `from` is specified and `to` is not greater than
+    #   `from`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] is raised if `to` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if either `to` or `from` is a {Timestamp} with an
+    #   unspecified offset.
+    def offsets_up_to(to, from = nil)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'to must be specified' unless to
+
+      to_timestamp = Timestamp.for(to)
+      from_timestamp = from && Timestamp.for(from)
+      transitions = transitions_up_to(to_timestamp, from_timestamp)
+
+      if transitions.empty?
+        # No transitions in the range, find the period that covers it.
+
+        if from_timestamp
+          # Use the from date as it is inclusive.
+          period = period_for(from_timestamp)
+        else
+          # to is exclusive, so this can't be used with period_for. However, any
+          # time earlier than to can be used. Subtract 1 hour.
+          period = period_for(to_timestamp.add_and_set_utc_offset(-3600, :utc))
+        end
+
+        [period.offset]
+      else
+        result = Set.new
+
+        first = transitions.first
+        result << first.previous_offset unless from_timestamp && first.at == from_timestamp
+
+        transitions.each do |t|
+          result << t.offset
+        end
+
+        result.to_a
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the canonical identifier of this time zone.
+    #
+    # This is a shortcut for calling `canonical_zone.identifier`. Please refer
+    # to the {canonical_zone} documentation for further information.
+    #
+    # @return [String] the canonical identifier of this time zone.
+    def canonical_identifier
+      canonical_zone.identifier
+    end
+
+    # @return [TimeWithOffset] the current local time in the time zone.
+    def now
+      to_local(Time.now)
+    end
+
+    # @return [TimezonePeriod] the current {TimezonePeriod} for the time zone.
+    def current_period
+      period_for(Time.now)
+    end
+
+    # Returns the current local time and {TimezonePeriod} for the time zone as
+    # an `Array`. The first element is the time as a {TimeWithOffset}. The
+    # second element is the period.
+    #
+    # @return [Array] an `Array` containing the current {TimeWithOffset} for the
+    #   time zone as the first element and the current {TimezonePeriod} for the
+    #   time zone as the second element.
+    def current_time_and_period
+      period = nil
+
+      local_time = Timestamp.for(Time.now) do |ts|
+        period = period_for(ts)
+        TimestampWithOffset.set_timezone_offset(ts, period.offset)
+      end
+
+      [local_time, period]
+    end
+    alias current_period_and_time current_time_and_period
+
+    # Converts a time to local time for the time zone and returns a `String`
+    # representation of the local time according to the given format.
+    #
+    # `Timezone#strftime` first expands any occurrences of `%Z` in the format
+    # string to the time zone abbreviation for the local time (for example, EST
+    # or EDT). Depending on the type of `time` parameter, the result of the
+    # expansion is then passed to either `Time#strftime`, `DateTime#strftime` or
+    # `Timestamp#strftime` to handle any other format directives.
+    #
+    # This method is equivalent to the following:
+    #
+    #     time_zone.to_local(time).strftime(format)
+    #
+    # @param format [String] the format string.
+    # @param time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or `Timestamp`.
+    # @return [String] the formatted local time.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `format` or `time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is a {Timestamp} with an unspecified UTC
+    #   offset.
+    def strftime(format, time = Time.now)
+      to_local(time).strftime(format)
+    end
+
+    # @param time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or `Timestamp`.
+    # @return [String] the abbreviation of this {Timezone} at the given time.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is a {Timestamp} with an unspecified UTC
+    #   offset.
+    def abbreviation(time = Time.now)
+      period_for(time).abbreviation
+    end
+    alias abbr abbreviation
+
+    # @param time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or `Timestamp`.
+    # @return [Boolean] whether daylight savings time is in effect at the given
+    #   time.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is a {Timestamp} with an unspecified UTC
+    #   offset.
+    def dst?(time = Time.now)
+      period_for(time).dst?
+    end
+
+    # Returns the base offset from UTC in seconds at the given time. This does
+    # not include any adjustment made for daylight savings time and will
+    # typically remain constant throughout the year.
+    #
+    # To obtain the observed offset from UTC, including the effect of daylight
+    # savings time, use {observed_utc_offset} instead.
+    #
+    # If you require accurate {base_utc_offset} values, you should install the
+    # tzinfo-data gem and set {DataSources::RubyDataSource} as the {DataSource}.
+    # When using {DataSources::ZoneinfoDataSource}, the value of
+    # {base_utc_offset} has to be derived from changes to the observed UTC
+    # offset and DST status since it is not included in zoneinfo files.
+    #
+    # @param time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or `Timestamp`.
+    # @return [Integer] the base offset from UTC in seconds at the given time.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is a {Timestamp} with an unspecified UTC
+    #   offset.
+    def base_utc_offset(time = Time.now)
+      period_for(time).base_utc_offset
+    end
+
+    # Returns the observed offset from UTC in seconds at the given time. This
+    # includes adjustments made for daylight savings time.
+    #
+    # @param time [Object] a `Time`, `DateTime` or `Timestamp`.
+    # @return [Integer] the observed offset from UTC in seconds at the given
+    #   time.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is `nil`.
+    # @raise [ArgumentError] if `time` is a {Timestamp} with an unspecified UTC
+    #   offset.
+    def observed_utc_offset(time = Time.now)
+      period_for(time).observed_utc_offset
+    end
+    alias utc_offset observed_utc_offset
+
+    # Compares this {Timezone} with another based on the {identifier}.
+    #
+    # @param tz [Object] an `Object` to compare this {Timezone} with.
+    # @return [Integer] -1 if `tz` is less than `self`, 0 if `tz` is equal to
+    #   `self` and +1 if `tz` is greater than `self`, or `nil` if `tz` is not an
+    #   instance of {Timezone}.
+    def <=>(tz)
+      return nil unless tz.is_a?(Timezone)
+      identifier <=> tz.identifier
+    end
+
+    # @param tz [Object] an `Object` to compare this {Timezone} with.
+    # @return [Boolean] `true` if `tz` is an instance of {Timezone} and has the
+    #   same {identifier} as `self`, otherwise `false`.
+    def eql?(tz)
+      self == tz
+    end
+
+    # @return [Integer] a hash based on the {identifier}.
+    def hash
+      identifier.hash
+    end
+
+    # Matches `regexp` against the {identifier} of this {Timezone}.
+    #
+    # @param regexp [Regexp] a `Regexp` to match against the {identifier} of
+    #   this {Timezone}.
+    # @return [Integer] the position the match starts, or `nil` if there is no
+    #   match.
+    def =~(regexp)
+      regexp =~ identifier
+    end
+
+    # Returns a serialized representation of this {Timezone}. This method is
+    # called when using `Marshal.dump` with an instance of {Timezone}.
+    #
+    # @param limit [Integer] the maximum depth to dump - ignored.
+    # @return [String] a serialized representation of this {Timezone}.
+    def _dump(limit)
+      identifier
+    end
+
+    # Loads a {Timezone} from the serialized representation returned by {_dump}.
+    # This is method is called when using `Marshal.load` or `Marshal.restore`
+    # to restore a serialized {Timezone}.
+    #
+    # @param data [String] a serialized representation of a {Timezone}.
+    # @return [Timezone] the result of converting `data` back into a {Timezone}.
+    def self._load(data)
+      Timezone.get(data)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Raises an {UnknownTimezone} exception.
+    #
+    # @raise [UnknownTimezone] always.
+    def raise_unknown_timezone
+      raise UnknownTimezone, 'TZInfo::Timezone should not be constructed directly (use TZInfo::Timezone.get instead)'
+    end
+  end
+end