redaranj-right_aws 1.10.3

data/lib/sdb/active_sdb.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,930 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2008 RightScale Inc
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+
+begin
+  require 'uuidtools'
+rescue LoadError => e
+  STDERR.puts("RightSDB requires the uuidtools gem.  Run \'gem install uuidtools\' and try again.")
+  exit
+end
+
+module RightAws
+
+  # = RightAws::ActiveSdb -- RightScale SDB interface (alpha release)
+  # The RightAws::ActiveSdb class provides a complete interface to Amazon's Simple
+  # Database Service.
+  # 
+  # ActiveSdb is in alpha and does not load by default with the rest of RightAws.  You must use an additional require statement to load the ActiveSdb class.  For example:
+  # 
+  #   require 'right_aws'
+  #   require 'sdb/active_sdb'
+  #   
+  # Additionally, the ActiveSdb class requires the 'uuidtools' gem; this gem is not normally required by RightAws and is not installed as a 
+  # dependency of RightAws.
+  #
+  # Simple ActiveSdb usage example:
+  #
+  #  class Client < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base 
+  #  end
+  #  
+  #  # connect to SDB
+  #  RightAws::ActiveSdb.establish_connection
+  #  
+  #  # create domain
+  #  Client.create_domain
+  #  
+  #  # create initial DB
+  #  Client.create 'name' => 'Bush',     'country' => 'USA',    'gender' => 'male',   'expiration' => '2009', 'post' => 'president'
+  #  Client.create 'name' => 'Putin',    'country' => 'Russia', 'gender' => 'male',   'expiration' => '2008', 'post' => 'president' 
+  #  Client.create 'name' => 'Medvedev', 'country' => 'Russia', 'gender' => 'male',   'expiration' => '2012', 'post' => 'president'
+  #  Client.create 'name' => 'Mary',     'country' => 'USA',    'gender' => 'female', 'hobby' => ['patchwork', 'bundle jumping']
+  #  Client.create 'name' => 'Mary',     'country' => 'Russia', 'gender' => 'female', 'hobby' => ['flowers', 'cats', 'cooking']
+  #  sandy_id = Client.create('name' => 'Sandy', 'country' => 'Russia', 'gender' => 'female', 'hobby' => ['flowers', 'cats', 'cooking']).id
+  #  
+  #  # find all Bushes in USA
+  #  Client.find(:all, :conditions => ["['name'=?] intersection ['country'=?]",'Bush','USA']).each do |client|
+  #    client.reload
+  #    puts client.attributes.inspect
+  #  end
+  #  
+  #  # find all Maries through the world
+  #  Client.find_all_by_name_and_gender('Mary','female').each do |mary|
+  #    mary.reload
+  #    puts "#{mary[:name]}, gender: #{mary[:gender]}, hobbies: #{mary[:hobby].join(',')}"
+  #  end
+  #  
+  #  # find new russian president
+  #  medvedev = Client.find_by_post_and_country_and_expiration('president','Russia','2012')
+  #  if medvedev
+  #    medvedev.reload
+  #    medvedev.save_attributes('age' => '42', 'hobby' => 'Gazprom')
+  #  end
+  #  
+  #  # retire old president
+  #  Client.find_by_name('Putin').delete
+  #  
+  #  # Sandy disappointed in 'cooking' and decided to hide her 'gender' and 'country' ()
+  #  sandy = Client.find(sandy_id)
+  #  sandy.reload
+  #  sandy.delete_values('hobby' => ['cooking'] )
+  #  sandy.delete_attributes('country', 'gender')
+  #
+  #  # remove domain
+  #  Client.delete_domain
+  #
+  class ActiveSdb
+    
+    module ActiveSdbConnect
+      def connection
+        @connection || raise(ActiveSdbError.new('Connection to SDB is not established'))
+      end
+      # Create a new handle to an Sdb account. All handles share the same per process or per thread
+      # HTTP connection to Amazon Sdb. Each handle is for a specific account.
+      # The +params+ are passed through as-is to RightAws::SdbInterface.new
+      # Params:
+      #    { :server       => 'sdb.amazonaws.com'  # Amazon service host: 'sdb.amazonaws.com'(default)
+      #      :port         => 443                  # Amazon service port: 80 or 443(default)
+      #      :protocol     => 'https'              # Amazon service protocol: 'http' or 'https'(default)
+      #      :signature_version => '0'             # The signature version : '0' or '1'(default)
+      #      :multi_thread => true|false           # Multi-threaded (connection per each thread): true or false(default)
+      #      :logger       => Logger Object        # Logger instance: logs to STDOUT if omitted 
+      #      :nil_representation => 'mynil'}       # interpret Ruby nil as this string value; i.e. use this string in SDB to represent Ruby nils (default is the string 'nil')
+
+      def establish_connection(aws_access_key_id=nil, aws_secret_access_key=nil, params={})
+        @connection = RightAws::SdbInterface.new(aws_access_key_id, aws_secret_access_key, params)
+      end
+    end
+    
+    class ActiveSdbError < RuntimeError ; end
+    
+    class << self
+      include ActiveSdbConnect
+
+      # Retreive a list of domains.
+      #
+      #  put RightAws::ActiveSdb.domains #=> ['co-workers','family','friends','clients']
+      #
+      def domains
+        connection.list_domains[:domains]
+      end
+
+      # Create new domain. 
+      # Raises no errors if the domain already exists.
+      # 
+      #  RightAws::ActiveSdb.create_domain('alpha')  #=> {:request_id=>"6fc652a0-0000-41d5-91f4-3ed390a3d3b2", :box_usage=>"0.0055590278"}
+      #
+      def create_domain(domain_name)
+        connection.create_domain(domain_name)
+      end
+
+      # Remove domain from SDB. 
+      # Raises no errors if the domain does not exist.
+      # 
+      #  RightAws::ActiveSdb.create_domain('alpha')  #=> {:request_id=>"6fc652a0-0000-41c6-91f4-3ed390a3d3b2", :box_usage=>"0.0055590001"}
+      #
+      def delete_domain(domain_name)
+        connection.delete_domain(domain_name)
+      end
+    end
+    
+    class Base
+      
+      class << self
+        include ActiveSdbConnect
+        
+        # next_token value returned by last find: is useful to continue finding
+        attr_accessor :next_token
+      
+        # Returns a RightAws::SdbInterface object
+        #
+        #  class A < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #  end
+        #  
+        #  class B < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #  end
+        #  
+        #  class C < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #  end
+        #
+        #  RightAws::ActiveSdb.establish_connection 'key_id_1', 'secret_key_1'
+        #  
+        #  C.establish_connection 'key_id_2', 'secret_key_2'
+        #
+        #  # A and B uses the default connection, C - uses its own 
+        #  puts A.connection  #=> #<RightAws::SdbInterface:0xb76d6d7c>
+        #  puts B.connection  #=> #<RightAws::SdbInterface:0xb76d6d7c>
+        #  puts C.connection  #=> #<RightAws::SdbInterface:0xb76d6ca0>
+        #
+        def connection
+          @connection || ActiveSdb::connection
+        end
+
+        @domain = nil
+
+        # Current domain name.
+        #
+        #  # if 'ActiveSupport' is not loaded then class name converted to downcase
+        #  class Client < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #  end
+        #  puts Client.domain  #=> 'client'
+        #  
+        #  # if 'ActiveSupport' is loaded then class name being tableized
+        #  require 'activesupport'
+        #  class Client < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #  end
+        #  puts Client.domain  #=> 'clients'
+        #
+        #  # Explicit domain name definition
+        #  class Client < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #    set_domain_name :foreign_clients
+        #  end
+        #  puts Client.domain  #=> 'foreign_clients'
+        #
+        def domain
+          unless @domain
+            if defined? ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections
+              @domain = name.tableize
+            else
+              @domain = name.downcase
+            end
+          end
+          @domain
+        end
+
+        # Change the default domain name to user defined.
+        # 
+        #  class Client < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #    set_domain_name :foreign_clients
+        #  end
+        #
+        def set_domain_name(domain)
+          @domain = domain.to_s
+        end
+
+        # Create domain at SDB.
+        # Raises no errors if the domain already exists.
+        # 
+        #  class Client < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #  end
+        #  Client.create_domain  #=> {:request_id=>"6fc652a0-0000-41d5-91f4-3ed390a3d3b2", :box_usage=>"0.0055590278"}
+        #
+        def create_domain
+          connection.create_domain(domain)
+        end
+
+        # Remove domain from SDB.
+        # Raises no errors if the domain does not exist.
+        # 
+        #  class Client < RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base
+        #  end
+        #  Client.delete_domain  #=> {:request_id=>"e14d90d3-0000-4898-9995-0de28cdda270", :box_usage=>"0.0055590278"}
+        #
+        def delete_domain
+          connection.delete_domain(domain)
+        end
+        
+        # Perform a find request.
+        #  
+        # Single record: 
+        # 
+        #  Client.find(:first)
+        #  Client.find(:first, :conditions=> [ "['name'=?] intersection ['wife'=?]", "Jon", "Sandy"])
+        #  
+        # Bunch of records: 
+        # 
+        #  Client.find(:all)
+        #  Client.find(:all, :limit => 10)
+        #  Client.find(:all, :conditions=> [ "['name'=?] intersection ['girlfriend'=?]", "Jon", "Judy"])
+        #  Client.find(:all, :conditions=> [ "['name'=?]", "Sandy"], :limit => 3)
+        #  
+        # Records by ids:
+        # 
+        #  Client.find('1')
+        #  Client.find('1234987b4583475347523948')
+        #  Client.find('1','2','3','4', :conditions=> [ "['toys'=?]", "beer"])
+        #
+        # Find helpers: RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base.find_by_... and RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base.find_all_by_...
+        # 
+        #  Client.find_by_name('Matias Rust')
+        #  Client.find_by_name_and_city('Putin','Moscow')
+        #  Client.find_by_name_and_city_and_post('Medvedev','Moscow','president')
+        #
+        #  Client.find_all_by_author('G.Bush jr')
+        #  Client.find_all_by_age_and_gender_and_ethnicity('34','male','russian')
+        #  Client.find_all_by_gender_and_country('male', 'Russia', :auto_load => true, :order => 'name desc')
+        #
+        # Returned records have to be +reloaded+ to access their attributes.
+        # 
+        #  item = Client.find_by_name('Cat')  #=> #<Client:0xb77d0d40 @attributes={"id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7"}, @new_record=false>
+        #  item.reload                        #=> #<Client:0xb77d0d40 @attributes={"id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "name"=>["Cat"], "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}, @new_record=false>
+        #
+        # Continue listing:
+        #  # initial listing
+        #  Client.find(:all, :limit => 10)
+        #  # continue listing
+        #  begin
+        #    Client.find(:all, :limit => 10, :next_token => Client.next_token)
+        #  end while Client.next_token
+        #
+        #  Sort oder:
+        #    Client.find(:all, :order => 'gender')
+        #    Client.find(:all, :order => 'name desc')
+        #
+        #  Attributes auto load (be carefull - this may take lot of time for a huge bunch of records):
+        #    Client.find(:first)                      #=> #<Client:0xb77d0d40 @attributes={"id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7"}, @new_record=false>
+        #    Client.find(:first, :auto_load => true)  #=> #<Client:0xb77d0d40 @attributes={"id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "name"=>["Cat"], "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}, @new_record=false>
+        #
+        # see http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonSimpleDB/2007-11-07/DeveloperGuide/index.html?UsingQuery.html
+        #
+        def find(*args)
+          options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+          case args.first
+            when :all   then find_every    options
+            when :first then find_initial  options
+            else             find_from_ids args, options
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Perform a SQL-like select request.
+        #
+        # Single record:
+        #
+        #  Client.select(:first)
+        #  Client.select(:first, :conditions=> [ "name=? AND wife=?", "Jon", "Sandy"])
+        #  Client.select(:first, :conditions=> { :name=>"Jon", :wife=>"Sandy" }, :select => :girfriends)
+        #
+        # Bunch of records:
+        #
+        #  Client.select(:all)
+        #  Client.select(:all, :limit => 10)
+        #  Client.select(:all, :conditions=> [ "name=? AND 'girlfriend'=?", "Jon", "Judy"])
+        #  Client.select(:all, :conditions=> { :name=>"Sandy" }, :limit => 3)
+        #
+        # Records by ids:
+        #
+        #  Client.select('1')
+        #  Client.select('1234987b4583475347523948')
+        #  Client.select('1','2','3','4', :conditions=> ["toys=?", "beer"])
+        #
+        # Find helpers: RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base.select_by_... and RightAws::ActiveSdb::Base.select_all_by_...
+        #
+        #  Client.select_by_name('Matias Rust')
+        #  Client.select_by_name_and_city('Putin','Moscow')
+        #  Client.select_by_name_and_city_and_post('Medvedev','Moscow','president')
+        #
+        #  Client.select_all_by_author('G.Bush jr')
+        #  Client.select_all_by_age_and_gender_and_ethnicity('34','male','russian')
+        #  Client.select_all_by_gender_and_country('male', 'Russia', :order => 'name')
+        #
+        # Continue listing:
+        #
+        #  # initial listing
+        #  Client.select(:all, :limit => 10)
+        #  # continue listing
+        #  begin
+        #    Client.select(:all, :limit => 10, :next_token => Client.next_token)
+        #  end while Client.next_token
+        #
+        #  Sort oder:
+        #  If :order=>'attribute' option is specified then result response (ordered by 'attribute') will contain only items where attribute is defined (is not null).
+        #  
+        #    Client.select(:all)                         # returns all records
+        #    Client.select(:all, :order => 'gender')     # returns all records ordered by gender where gender attribute exists
+        #    Client.select(:all, :order => 'name desc')  # returns all records ordered by name in desc order where name attribute exists
+        #
+        # see http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonSimpleDB/2007-11-07/DeveloperGuide/index.html?UsingSelect.html
+        #
+        def select(*args)
+          options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+          case args.first
+            when :all   then sql_select(options)
+            when :first then sql_select(options.merge(:limit => 1)).first
+            else             select_from_ids args, options
+          end
+        end
+
+        def generate_id # :nodoc:
+          UUID.timestamp_create().to_s
+        end
+
+      protected
+
+        # Select
+
+        def select_from_ids(args, options) # :nodoc:
+          cond = []
+          # detect amount of records requested
+          bunch_of_records_requested = args.size > 1 || args.first.is_a?(Array)
+          # flatten ids
+          args = args.to_a.flatten
+          args.each { |id| cond << "id=#{self.connection.escape(id)}" }
+          ids_cond = "(#{cond.join(' OR ')})"
+          # user defined :conditions to string (if it was defined)
+          options[:conditions] = build_conditions(options[:conditions])
+          # join ids condition and user defined conditions
+          options[:conditions] = options[:conditions].blank? ? ids_cond : "(#{options[:conditions]}) AND #{ids_cond}"
+          result = sql_select(options)
+          # if one record was requested then return it
+          unless bunch_of_records_requested
+            record = result.first
+            # railse if nothing was found
+            raise ActiveSdbError.new("Couldn't find #{name} with ID #{args}") unless record
+            record
+          else
+            # if a bunch of records was requested then return check that we found all of them
+            # and return as an array
+            unless args.size == result.size
+              id_list = args.map{|i| "'#{i}'"}.join(',')
+              raise ActiveSdbError.new("Couldn't find all #{name} with IDs (#{id_list}) (found #{result.size} results, but was looking for #{args.size})")
+            else
+              result
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def sql_select(options) # :nodoc:
+          @next_token = options[:next_token]
+          select_expression = build_select(options)
+          # request items
+          query_result = self.connection.select(select_expression, @next_token)
+          @next_token = query_result[:next_token]
+          items = query_result[:items].map do |hash|
+            id, attributes = hash.shift
+            new_item = self.new( attributes.merge({ 'id' => id }))
+            new_item.mark_as_old
+            new_item
+          end
+          items
+        end
+
+        # select_by helpers
+        def select_all_by_(format_str, args, options) # :nodoc:
+          fields = format_str.to_s.sub(/^select_(all_)?by_/,'').split('_and_')
+          conditions = fields.map { |field| "#{field}=?" }.join(' AND ')
+          options[:conditions] = [conditions, *args]
+          select(:all, options)
+        end
+
+        def select_by_(format_str, args, options) # :nodoc:
+          options[:limit] = 1
+          select_all_by_(format_str, args, options).first
+        end
+
+        # Query
+
+        # Returns an array of query attributes.
+        # Query_expression must be a well formated SDB query string:
+        # query_attributes("['title' starts-with 'O\\'Reily'] intersection ['year' = '2007']") #=> ["title", "year"]
+        def query_attributes(query_expression) # :nodoc:
+          attrs = []
+          array = query_expression.scan(/['"](.*?[^\\])['"]/).flatten
+          until array.empty? do
+            attrs << array.shift # skip it's value
+            array.shift #
+          end
+          attrs
+        end
+
+        # Returns an array of [attribute_name, 'asc'|'desc']
+        def sort_options(sort_string)
+          sort_string[/['"]?(\w+)['"]? *(asc|desc)?/i]
+          [$1, ($2 || 'asc')]
+        end
+
+        # Perform a query request.
+        #
+        # Options
+        #  :query_expression     nil | string | array
+        #  :max_number_of_items  nil | integer
+        #  :next_token           nil | string
+        #  :sort_option          nil | string    "name desc|asc"
+        #
+        def query(options) # :nodoc:
+          @next_token = options[:next_token]
+          query_expression = build_conditions(options[:query_expression])
+          # add sort_options to the query_expression
+          if options[:sort_option]
+            sort_by, sort_order = sort_options(options[:sort_option])
+            sort_query_expression = "['#{sort_by}' starts-with '']"
+            sort_by_expression    = " sort '#{sort_by}' #{sort_order}"
+            # make query_expression to be a string (it may be null)
+            query_expression = query_expression.to_s
+            # quote from Amazon:
+            # The sort attribute must be present in at least one of the predicates of the query expression.
+            if query_expression.blank?
+              query_expression = sort_query_expression
+            elsif !query_attributes(query_expression).include?(sort_by)
+              query_expression += " intersection #{sort_query_expression}"
+            end
+            query_expression += sort_by_expression
+          end
+          # request items
+          query_result = self.connection.query(domain, query_expression, options[:max_number_of_items], @next_token)
+          @next_token = query_result[:next_token]
+          items = query_result[:items].map do |name| 
+            new_item = self.new('id' => name)
+            new_item.mark_as_old
+            reload_if_exists(record) if options[:auto_load]
+            new_item
+          end
+          items
+        end
+
+        # reload a record unless it is nil
+        def reload_if_exists(record) # :nodoc:
+          record && record.reload
+        end
+
+        def reload_all_records(*list) # :nodoc:
+          list.flatten.each { |record| reload_if_exists(record) }
+        end
+
+        def find_every(options) # :nodoc:
+          records = query( :query_expression    => options[:conditions],
+                           :max_number_of_items => options[:limit],
+                           :next_token          => options[:next_token],
+                           :sort_option         => options[:sort] || options[:order] )
+          options[:auto_load] ? reload_all_records(records) : records
+        end
+
+        def find_initial(options) # :nodoc:
+          options[:limit] = 1
+          record = find_every(options).first
+          options[:auto_load] ? reload_all_records(record).first : record
+        end
+
+        def find_from_ids(args, options) # :nodoc:
+          cond = []
+          # detect amount of records requested
+          bunch_of_records_requested = args.size > 1 || args.first.is_a?(Array)
+          # flatten ids
+          args = args.to_a.flatten
+          args.each { |id| cond << "'id'=#{self.connection.escape(id)}" }
+          ids_cond = "[#{cond.join(' OR ')}]"
+          # user defined :conditions to string (if it was defined)
+          options[:conditions] = build_conditions(options[:conditions])
+          # join ids condition and user defined conditions
+          options[:conditions] = options[:conditions].blank? ? ids_cond : "#{options[:conditions]} intersection #{ids_cond}"
+          result = find_every(options)
+          # if one record was requested then return it
+          unless bunch_of_records_requested
+            record = result.first
+            # railse if nothing was found
+            raise ActiveSdbError.new("Couldn't find #{name} with ID #{args}") unless record
+            options[:auto_load] ? reload_all_records(record).first : record
+          else
+            # if a bunch of records was requested then return check that we found all of them
+            # and return as an array
+            unless args.size == result.size
+              id_list = args.map{|i| "'#{i}'"}.join(',')
+              raise ActiveSdbError.new("Couldn't find all #{name} with IDs (#{id_list}) (found #{result.size} results, but was looking for #{args.size})")
+            else
+              options[:auto_load] ? reload_all_records(result) : result
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # find_by helpers 
+        def find_all_by_(format_str, args, options) # :nodoc:
+          fields = format_str.to_s.sub(/^find_(all_)?by_/,'').split('_and_')
+          conditions = fields.map { |field| "['#{field}'=?]" }.join(' intersection ')
+          options[:conditions] = [conditions, *args]
+          find(:all, options)
+        end
+
+        def find_by_(format_str, args, options) # :nodoc:
+          options[:limit] = 1
+          find_all_by_(format_str, args, options).first
+        end
+
+        # Misc
+
+        def method_missing(method, *args) # :nodoc:
+          if method.to_s[/^(find_all_by_|find_by_|select_all_by_|select_by_)/]
+            options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+            __send__($1, method, args, options)
+          else
+            super(method, *args)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def build_select(options) # :nodoc:
+          select     = options[:select]    || '*'
+          from       = options[:from]      || domain
+          conditions = options[:conditions] ? " WHERE #{build_conditions(options[:conditions])}" : ''
+          order      = options[:order]      ? " ORDER BY #{options[:order]}"                     : ''
+          limit      = options[:limit]      ? " LIMIT #{options[:limit]}"                        : ''
+          # mix sort by argument (it must present in response)
+          unless order.blank?
+            sort_by, sort_order = sort_options(options[:order])
+            conditions << (conditions.blank? ? " WHERE " : " AND ") << "(#{sort_by} IS NOT NULL)"
+          end
+          "SELECT #{select} FROM #{from}#{conditions}#{order}#{limit}"
+        end
+
+        def build_conditions(conditions) # :nodoc:
+          case
+          when conditions.is_a?(Array) then connection.query_expression_from_array(conditions)
+          when conditions.is_a?(Hash)  then connection.query_expression_from_hash(conditions)
+          else                              conditions
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+      
+      public
+
+      # instance attributes
+      attr_accessor :attributes 
+      
+      # item name
+      attr_accessor :id
+
+      # Create new Item instance.
+      # +attrs+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+      #
+      #  item = Client.new('name' => 'Jon', 'toys' => ['girls', 'beer', 'pub'])
+      #  puts item.inspect   #=> #<Client:0xb77a2698 @new_record=true, @attributes={"name"=>["Jon"], "toys"=>["girls", "beer", "pub"]}>
+      #  item.save           #=> {"name"=>["Jon"], "id"=>"c03edb7e-e45c-11dc-bede-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["girls", "beer", "pub"]}
+      #  puts item.inspect   #=> #<Client:0xb77a2698 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Jon"], "id"=>"c03edb7e-e45c-11dc-bede-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["girls", "beer", "pub"]}>
+      #  
+      def initialize(attrs={})
+        @attributes = uniq_values(attrs)
+        @new_record = true
+      end
+
+      # Create and save new Item instance.
+      # +Attributes+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+      #
+      #  item = Client.create('name' => 'Cat', 'toys' => ['Jons socks', 'mice', 'clew']) 
+      #  puts item.inspect   #=> #<Client:0xb77a0a78 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Cat"], "id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["Jons socks", "mice", "clew"]}>
+      #  
+      def self.create(attributes={})
+        item = self.new(attributes)
+        item.save
+        item
+      end
+      
+      # Returns an item id. Same as: item['id'] or item.attributes['id']
+      def id
+        @attributes['id']
+      end
+      
+      # Sets an item id.
+      def id=(id)
+        @attributes['id'] = id.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the attributes.
+      #
+      #  puts item.attributes.inspect #=> {"name"=>["Cat"], "id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}
+      #
+      def attributes
+        @attributes.dup
+      end
+      
+      # Allows one to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys matching the attribute names.
+      # if '+id+' attribute is not set in new attributes has then it being derived from old attributes.
+      #
+      #  puts item.attributes.inspect   #=> {"name"=>["Cat"], "id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}
+      #  # set new attributes ('id' is missed)
+      #  item.attributes = { 'name'=>'Dog', 'toys'=>['bones','cats'] }
+      #  puts item.attributes.inspect   #=> {"name"=>["Dog"], "id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["bones", "cats"]}
+      #  # set new attributes ('id' is set)
+      #  item.attributes = { 'id' => 'blah-blah', 'name'=>'Birds', 'toys'=>['seeds','dogs tail'] }
+      #  puts item.attributes.inspect   #=> {"name"=>["Birds"], "id"=>"blah-blah", "toys"=>["seeds", "dogs tail"]}
+      #
+      def attributes=(attrs)
+        old_id = @attributes['id']
+        @attributes = uniq_values(attrs)
+        @attributes['id'] = old_id if @attributes['id'].blank? && !old_id.blank?
+        self.attributes
+      end
+
+      def connection 
+        self.class.connection
+      end
+
+      # Item domain name.
+      def domain
+        self.class.domain
+      end
+      
+      # Returns the values of the attribute identified by +attribute+.
+      # 
+      #  puts item['Cat'].inspect  #=> ["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]
+      #
+      def [](attribute)
+        @attributes[attribute.to_s]
+      end
+
+      # Updates the attribute identified by +attribute+ with the specified +values+.
+      # 
+      #  puts item['Cat'].inspect  #=> ["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]
+      #  item['Cat'] = ["Whiskas", "chicken"]
+      #  puts item['Cat'].inspect  #=> ["Whiskas", "chicken"]
+      #
+      def []=(attribute, values)
+        attribute = attribute.to_s
+        @attributes[attribute] = attribute == 'id' ? values.to_s : values.to_a.uniq
+      end
+
+      # Reload attributes from SDB. Replaces in-memory attributes.
+      # 
+      #  item = Client.find_by_name('Cat')  #=> #<Client:0xb77d0d40 @attributes={"id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7"}, @new_record=false>
+      #  item.reload                        #=> #<Client:0xb77d0d40 @attributes={"id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "name"=>["Cat"], "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}, @new_record=false>
+      #  
+      def reload
+        raise_on_id_absence
+        old_id = id
+        attrs = connection.get_attributes(domain, id)[:attributes]
+        @attributes = {}
+        unless attrs.blank?
+          attrs.each { |attribute, values| @attributes[attribute] = values }
+          @attributes['id'] = old_id
+        end
+        mark_as_old
+        @attributes
+      end
+
+      # Reload a set of attributes from SDB. Adds the loaded list to in-memory data.
+      # +attrs_list+ is an array or comma separated list of attributes names.
+      # Returns a hash of loaded attributes.
+      # 
+      # This is not the best method to get a bunch of attributes because
+      # a web service call is being performed for every attribute.
+      # 
+      #  item = Client.find_by_name('Cat')
+      #  item.reload_attributes('toys', 'name')   #=> {"name"=>["Cat"], "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}
+      #
+      def reload_attributes(*attrs_list)
+        raise_on_id_absence
+        attrs_list = attrs_list.flatten.map{ |attribute| attribute.to_s }
+        attrs_list.delete('id')
+        result = {}
+        attrs_list.flatten.uniq.each do |attribute|
+          attribute = attribute.to_s
+          values = connection.get_attributes(domain, id, attribute)[:attributes][attribute]
+          unless values.blank?
+            @attributes[attribute] = result[attribute] = values
+          else
+            @attributes.delete(attribute)
+          end
+        end
+        mark_as_old
+        result
+      end
+
+      # Stores in-memory attributes to SDB.
+      # Adds the attributes values to already stored at SDB.
+      # Returns a hash of stored attributes. 
+      #
+      #  sandy = Client.new(:name => 'Sandy') #=> #<Client:0xb775a7a8 @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"]}, @new_record=true>
+      #  sandy['toys'] = 'boys'
+      #  sandy.put
+      #  sandy['toys'] = 'patchwork'
+      #  sandy.put
+      #  sandy['toys'] = 'kids'
+      #  sandy.put
+      #  puts sandy.attributes.inspect        #=> {"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["kids"]}
+      #  sandy.reload                         #=> {"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids", "patchwork"]}
+      #
+      # compare to +save+ method
+      def put
+        @attributes = uniq_values(@attributes)
+        prepare_for_update
+        attrs = @attributes.dup
+        attrs.delete('id')
+        connection.put_attributes(domain, id, attrs) unless attrs.blank?
+        connection.put_attributes(domain, id, { 'id' => id }, :replace)
+        mark_as_old
+        @attributes
+      end
+
+      # Stores specified attributes.
+      # +attrs+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+      # Returns a hash of saved attributes.
+      #
+      # see to +put+ method
+      def put_attributes(attrs)
+        attrs = uniq_values(attrs)
+        prepare_for_update
+        # if 'id' is present in attrs hash:
+        # replace internal 'id' attribute and remove it from the attributes to be sent
+        @attributes['id'] = attrs['id'] unless attrs['id'].blank?
+        attrs.delete('id')
+        # add new values to all attributes from list
+        connection.put_attributes(domain, id, attrs) unless attrs.blank?
+        connection.put_attributes(domain, id, { 'id' => id }, :replace)
+        attrs.each do |attribute, values|
+          @attributes[attribute] ||= []
+          @attributes[attribute] += values
+          @attributes[attribute].uniq!
+        end
+        mark_as_old
+        attributes
+      end
+
+      # Store in-memory attributes to SDB.
+      # Replaces the attributes values already stored at SDB by in-memory data.
+      # Returns a hash of stored attributes. 
+      # 
+      #  sandy = Client.new(:name => 'Sandy')  #=> #<Client:0xb775a7a8 @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"]}, @new_record=true>
+      #  sandy['toys'] = 'boys'
+      #  sandy.put
+      #  sandy['toys'] = 'patchwork'
+      #  sandy.put
+      #  sandy['toys'] = 'kids'
+      #  sandy.put
+      #  puts sandy.attributes.inspect         #=> {"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["kids"]}
+      #  sandy.reload                          #=> {"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["kids"]}
+      #
+      # compare to +put+ method
+      def save
+        @attributes = uniq_values(@attributes)
+        prepare_for_update
+        connection.put_attributes(domain, id, @attributes, :replace)
+        mark_as_old
+        @attributes
+      end
+
+      # Replaces the attributes at SDB by the given values.
+      # +Attrs+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+      # The other in-memory attributes are not being saved.
+      # Returns a hash of stored attributes.
+      #
+      # see +save+ method
+      def save_attributes(attrs)
+        prepare_for_update
+        attrs = uniq_values(attrs)
+        # if 'id' is present in attrs hash then replace internal 'id' attribute
+        unless attrs['id'].blank?
+          @attributes['id'] = attrs['id']
+        else
+          attrs['id'] = id
+        end
+        connection.put_attributes(domain, id, attrs, :replace) unless attrs.blank?
+        attrs.each { |attribute, values| attrs[attribute] = values }
+        mark_as_old
+        attrs
+      end
+
+      # Remove specified values from corresponding attributes.
+      # +attrs+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+      #
+      #  sandy = Client.find_by_name 'Sandy' 
+      #  sandy.reload
+      #  puts sandy.inspect                                #=> #<Client:0xb77b48fc @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids", "patchwork"]}>
+      #  puts sandy.delete_values('toys' => 'patchwork')   #=> { 'toys' => ['patchwork'] }
+      #  puts sandy.inspect                                #=> #<Client:0xb77b48fc @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids"]}>
+      #
+      def delete_values(attrs)
+        raise_on_id_absence
+        attrs = uniq_values(attrs)
+        attrs.delete('id')
+        unless attrs.blank?
+          connection.delete_attributes(domain, id, attrs)
+          attrs.each do |attribute, values|
+            # remove the values from the attribute
+            if @attributes[attribute]
+              @attributes[attribute] -= values
+            else
+              # if the attribute is unknown remove it from a resulting list of fixed attributes
+              attrs.delete(attribute)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        attrs
+      end
+
+      # Removes specified attributes from the item.
+      # +attrs_list+ is an array or comma separated list of attributes names.
+      # Returns the list of deleted attributes.
+      # 
+      #  sandy = Client.find_by_name 'Sandy' 
+      #  sandy.reload
+      #  puts sandy.inspect                   #=> #<Client:0xb7761d28 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids", "patchwork"}>
+      #  puts sandy.delete_attributes('toys') #=> ['toys']
+      #  puts sandy.inspect                   #=> #<Client:0xb7761d28 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7"}>
+      #
+      def delete_attributes(*attrs_list)
+        raise_on_id_absence
+        attrs_list = attrs_list.flatten.map{ |attribute| attribute.to_s }
+        attrs_list.delete('id')
+        unless attrs_list.blank?
+          connection.delete_attributes(domain, id, attrs_list)
+          attrs_list.each { |attribute| @attributes.delete(attribute) }
+        end
+        attrs_list
+      end
+
+      # Delete the Item entirely from SDB.
+      # 
+      #  sandy = Client.find_by_name 'Sandy' 
+      #  sandy.reload
+      #  sandy.inspect       #=> #<Client:0xb7761d28 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids", "patchwork"}>
+      #  puts sandy.delete
+      #  sandy.reload      
+      #  puts sandy.inspect  #=> #<Client:0xb7761d28 @attributes={}, @new_record=false>
+      # 
+      def delete
+        raise_on_id_absence
+        connection.delete_attributes(domain, id)
+      end
+
+      # Item ID
+      def to_s
+        @id
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this object hasn‘t been saved yet.      
+      def new_record?
+        @new_record
+      end
+
+      def mark_as_old  # :nodoc:
+        @new_record = false
+      end
+
+    private    
+    
+      def raise_on_id_absence
+        raise ActiveSdbError.new('Unknown record id') unless id
+      end
+      
+      def prepare_for_update
+        @attributes['id'] = self.class.generate_id if @attributes['id'].blank?
+      end
+      
+      def uniq_values(attributes=nil) # :nodoc:
+        attrs = {}
+        attributes.each do |attribute, values|
+          attribute = attribute.to_s
+          attrs[attribute] = attribute == 'id' ? values.to_s : values.to_a.uniq
+          attrs.delete(attribute) if values.blank?
+        end
+        attrs
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end