rails_pulse 0.4.2 → 0.5.0.pre.1

data/app/javascript/rails_pulse/controllers/chart_controller.js

@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ import { Controller } from "@hotwired/stimulus"
 
 export default class extends Controller {
   static values = {
-    type: String,        // "bar", "line", "area", "sparkline"
-    data: Object,        // Chart data
-    options: Object,     // ECharts configuration
-    theme: String        // ECharts theme
+    type: String,            // "bar", "line", "area", "sparkline"
+    data: Object,            // Chart data
+    options: Object,         // ECharts configuration
+    theme: String,           // ECharts theme
+    timezone: String,        // IANA zone summaries were bucketed in (e.g. "Etc/UTC")
+    timezoneLabel: String    // Human label for the same zone (e.g. "UTC")
   }
 
   connect() {
@@ -401,6 +403,46 @@ export default class extends Controller {
     return this.getSafeFormatter(cleanString)
   }
 
+  // Formats in the aggregation zone, not the browser's — SummaryJob fixes a
+  // day's boundary at write time, so browser-zone display can flip the date.
+  formatDailyDate(date, extraOptions = {}) {
+    const timeZone = this.timezoneValue || undefined
+    return date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric', timeZone, ...extraOptions })
+  }
+
+  // "Mon D, HH:MM" — the hourly-granularity counterpart to formatDailyDate.
+  formatDailyDateTime(date) {
+    const timeZone = this.timezoneValue || undefined
+    return date.toLocaleString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric', hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit', hour12: false, timeZone })
+  }
+
+  // "HH:MM" only, same zone as the above.
+  formatHourMinute(date) {
+    const timeZone = this.timezoneValue || undefined
+    return date.toLocaleString('en-US', { hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit', hour12: false, timeZone })
+  }
+
+  // Year comparison in the same zone as the label it decorates, so a point
+  // near New Year is not tagged with a year the aggregation zone has not
+  // reached yet (or has already left).
+  isCurrentYear(date) {
+    const options = { year: 'numeric', timeZone: this.timezoneValue || undefined }
+    return date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', options) === new Date().toLocaleDateString('en-US', options)
+  }
+
+  // Hourly vs. daily comes from the formatter key Ruby chose, not ECharts'
+  // generated axisValueLabel (unreliable for some axis-pointer/series combos).
+  isHourlyAxis() {
+    return this.optionsValue?.xAxis?.axisLabel?.formatter === "time"
+  }
+
+  // Appends " (Zone)" to a tooltip's date/time string when a zone label is
+  // available, so a hover always says which zone the point is in.
+  withZoneSuffix(dateString) {
+    const zone = this.timezoneLabelValue || ''
+    return zone ? `${dateString} (${zone})` : dateString
+  }
+
   /**
    * Returns a safe formatter function based on the formatter string.
    * This prevents arbitrary code execution by using a whitelist approach.
@@ -455,7 +497,7 @@ export default class extends Controller {
             return value.toString()
           }
 
-          return date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric' })
+          return this.formatDailyDate(date)
         }
         return value
       },
@@ -463,17 +505,14 @@ export default class extends Controller {
       // Time only (formatted as "HH:00" to match Rails Pulse formatters)
       'time': (value) => {
         if (typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'string') {
-          // Convert to number if string
           const numValue = typeof value === 'string' ? parseInt(value) : value
           const date = new Date(numValue)
 
-          const hours = date.getHours()
-          if (isNaN(hours)) {
+          if (isNaN(date.getTime())) {
             return value.toString()
           }
 
-          const minutes = date.getMinutes()
-          return hours.toString().padStart(2, '0') + ':' + minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')
+          return this.formatHourMinute(date)
         }
         return value
       },
@@ -501,9 +540,7 @@ export default class extends Controller {
 
         const data = params[0]
         const date = new Date(data.axisValue)
-        const hours = date.getHours().toString().padStart(2, '0')
-        const minutes = date.getMinutes().toString().padStart(2, '0')
-        const dateString = `${hours}:${minutes}`
+        const dateString = this.withZoneSuffix(this.formatHourMinute(date))
         const value = parseInt(data.data)
 
         return `${dateString} <br /> ${data.marker} ${value} ms`
@@ -515,7 +552,7 @@ export default class extends Controller {
 
         const data = params[0]
         const date = new Date(data.axisValue)
-        const dateString = date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric' })
+        const dateString = this.withZoneSuffix(this.formatDailyDate(date))
         const value = parseInt(data.data)
 
         return `${dateString} <br /> ${data.marker} ${value} ms`
@@ -527,9 +564,7 @@ export default class extends Controller {
 
         const data = params[0]
         const date = new Date(data.axisValue)
-        const hours = date.getHours().toString().padStart(2, '0')
-        const minutes = date.getMinutes().toString().padStart(2, '0')
-        const dateString = `${hours}:${minutes}`
+        const dateString = this.withZoneSuffix(this.formatHourMinute(date))
 
         return `${dateString} <br /> ${data.marker} ${data.data}`
       },
@@ -540,7 +575,7 @@ export default class extends Controller {
 
         const data = params[0]
         const date = new Date(data.axisValue)
-        const dateString = date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric' })
+        const dateString = this.withZoneSuffix(this.formatDailyDate(date))
 
         return `${dateString} <br /> ${data.marker} ${data.data}`
       },
@@ -558,13 +593,14 @@ export default class extends Controller {
           const timestamp = Number(axisValue)
           const date = new Date(timestamp)
           if (!isNaN(date.getTime())) {
-            dateString = date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', {
-              month: 'short',
-              day: 'numeric',
-              year: date.getFullYear() !== new Date().getFullYear() ? 'numeric' : undefined
+            dateString = this.formatDailyDate(date, {
+              year: this.isCurrentYear(date) ? undefined : 'numeric'
             })
           }
         }
+        // Category axis sends an already-formatted label (e.g. "Apr 28")
+        // instead of a timestamp — still needs the suffix below.
+        dateString = this.withZoneSuffix(dateString)
 
         // Build tooltip HTML with all series
         let html = `${dateString}<br/>`
@@ -587,7 +623,7 @@ export default class extends Controller {
         if (typeof numValue === 'number' && !isNaN(numValue) && numValue > 1000000000000) {
           const date = new Date(numValue)
           if (!isNaN(date.getTime())) {
-            return date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric' })
+            return this.formatDailyDate(date)
           }
         }
 
@@ -599,23 +635,26 @@ export default class extends Controller {
       'tooltip_with_timestamp': (params) => {
         if (!Array.isArray(params) || params.length === 0) return ''
 
-        // axisValueLabel is the pre-formatted axis label (e.g. "Apr/28" or "04:00")
-        // axisValue is the raw value — a ms timestamp for time axis, category string otherwise
+        // axisValue is the raw value — a ms timestamp for time axis, an
+        // already-formatted category string (e.g. "Apr 28") otherwise
         const axisValue = params[0].axisValue
         const ts = Number(axisValue)
         let dateString
 
         if (!isNaN(ts) && ts > 1000000000000) {
           const date = new Date(ts)
-          // Show time component if sub-day granularity (axis label is HH:mm style)
-          const axisLabel = params[0].axisValueLabel || ''
-          const isHourly = /^\d{2}:\d{2}$/.test(axisLabel)
-          dateString = isHourly
-            ? date.toLocaleString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric', hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit', hour12: false })
-            : date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric' })
+          // Sub-day granularity comes from the formatter Ruby chose for this
+          // chart, not from ECharts' own generated axisValueLabel (unreliable
+          // for some axis-pointer/series combinations — see isHourlyAxis()).
+          dateString = this.isHourlyAxis() ? this.formatDailyDateTime(date) : this.formatDailyDate(date)
         } else {
+          // Category axis (daily/weekly/monthly charts send a plain,
+          // already-formatted label like "Apr 28" instead of an epoch
+          // timestamp) — still needs the zone suffix, same as the time-axis
+          // branch above, or daily-grouped charts silently lose it.
           dateString = axisValue
         }
+        dateString = this.withZoneSuffix(dateString)
 
         // Build tooltip HTML with all series
         let html = `${dateString}<br/>`
@@ -643,12 +682,13 @@ export default class extends Controller {
         if (typeof numValue === 'number' && !isNaN(numValue) && numValue > 1000000000000) {
           const date = new Date(numValue)
           if (!isNaN(date.getTime())) {
-            const hours = date.getHours().toString().padStart(2, '0')
-            const minutes = date.getMinutes().toString().padStart(2, '0')
-            axisValue = `${hours}:${minutes}`
+            axisValue = this.formatHourMinute(date)
           }
         }
-        // If it's already a formatted string (like "Apr 5"), leave it as-is
+        // Either the hour just computed above, or an already-formatted daily
+        // label (like "Apr 5") — both need the suffix, or daily sparklines
+        // silently lose it.
+        axisValue = this.withZoneSuffix(axisValue)
 
         // Show marker, series name, and value (e.g., "● P95: 150")
         return `${axisValue}<br/>${data.marker} ${seriesName}: ${value}`
@@ -669,11 +709,10 @@ export default class extends Controller {
         if (typeof numValue === 'number' && !isNaN(numValue) && numValue > 1000000000000) {
           const date = new Date(numValue)
           if (!isNaN(date.getTime())) {
-            const hours = date.getHours().toString().padStart(2, '0')
-            const minutes = date.getMinutes().toString().padStart(2, '0')
-            axisValue = `${hours}:${minutes}`
+            axisValue = this.formatHourMinute(date)
           }
         }
+        axisValue = this.withZoneSuffix(axisValue)
 
         return `${axisValue}<br/>${data.marker} ${seriesName}: ${value}`
       },
@@ -688,14 +727,12 @@ export default class extends Controller {
 
         if (!isNaN(ts) && ts > 1000000000000) {
           const date = new Date(ts)
-          const axisLabel = params[0].axisValueLabel || ''
-          const isHourly = /^\d{2}:\d{2}$/.test(axisLabel)
-          dateString = isHourly
-            ? date.toLocaleString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric', hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit', hour12: false })
-            : date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric' })
+          dateString = this.isHourlyAxis() ? this.formatDailyDateTime(date) : this.formatDailyDate(date)
         } else {
+          // Category axis (daily/weekly/monthly) — see tooltip_with_timestamp.
           dateString = axisValue
         }
+        dateString = this.withZoneSuffix(dateString)
 
         let html = `${dateString}<br/>`
         params.forEach(param => {

data/app/jobs/rails_pulse/backfill_summaries_job.rb

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ module RailsPulse
     # @param period_types [Array<String>] Period types to backfill (default: ["hour", "day"])
     # @return [nil]
     def perform(start_date, end_date, period_types = [ "hour", "day" ])
-      start_date = start_date.to_datetime
-      end_date = end_date.to_datetime
+      # A Date or date string means midnight in the aggregation time zone, so
+      # backfilled periods land on the boundaries the scheduled job writes.
+      start_date = start_date.in_time_zone
+      end_date = end_date.in_time_zone
 
       period_types.each do |period_type|
         backfill_period(period_type, start_date, end_date)

data/app/models/concerns/rails_pulse/has_metadata.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module RailsPulse
+  module HasMetadata
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    # metadata can be valid JSON that isn't an object (an array, a scalar)
+    def metadata_hash
+      return {} if metadata.blank?
+
+      parsed = JSON.parse(metadata)
+      parsed.is_a?(Hash) ? parsed : {}
+    rescue JSON::ParserError
+      {}
+    end
+  end
+end

data/app/models/concerns/rails_pulse/taggable.rb

@@ -5,25 +5,18 @@ module RailsPulse
     # Tag validation constants
     TAG_NAME_REGEX = /\A[a-z0-9_-]+\z/i
     MAX_TAG_LENGTH = 50
-    # Escape character for LIKE patterns over the serialized tags column.
-    # Never appears in a valid tag name, and needs no quoting on any adapter.
-    LIKE_ESCAPE = "!".freeze
-
     included do
       # Callbacks
       before_save :ensure_tags_is_array
 
-      # Scopes with table name qualification to avoid ambiguity.
-      # LIKE patterns are sanitized so `_`/`%` in a tag are matched literally.
-      # The ESCAPE clause is explicit because SQLite has no default escape
-      # character — without it `my\_tag` matches a literal backslash there
-      # and the filter silently matches nothing. `!` is used rather than `\`
-      # because MySQL and PostgreSQL disagree on how to quote a backslash.
+      # Scopes with table name qualification to avoid ambiguity. Tags are
+      # matched against the serialized column, so the quoted tag name is
+      # escaped by LikePattern and paired with its ESCAPE clause.
       scope :with_tag, ->(tag) {
-        where("#{table_name}.tags LIKE ? ESCAPE '!'", "%\"#{sanitize_sql_like(tag.to_s, LIKE_ESCAPE)}\"%")
+        where("#{table_name}.tags LIKE ? #{RailsPulse::LikePattern::CLAUSE}", "%\"#{RailsPulse::LikePattern.escape(tag)}\"%")
       }
       scope :without_tag, ->(tag) {
-        where.not("#{table_name}.tags LIKE ? ESCAPE '!'", "%\"#{sanitize_sql_like(tag.to_s, LIKE_ESCAPE)}\"%")
+        where.not("#{table_name}.tags LIKE ? #{RailsPulse::LikePattern::CLAUSE}", "%\"#{RailsPulse::LikePattern.escape(tag)}\"%")
       }
       scope :with_tags, -> { where("#{table_name}.tags IS NOT NULL AND #{table_name}.tags != '[]'") }
     end

data/app/models/rails_pulse/cards/base.rb

@@ -3,14 +3,21 @@ require "active_support/number_helper"
 module RailsPulse
   module Cards
     class Base
+      def initialize(window: nil, subject: nil, period: 7, period_type: "day", disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true)
+        @window = window
+        @subject = subject
+        @period = period
+        @period_type = period_type
+        @disabled_tags = disabled_tags
+        @show_non_tagged = show_non_tagged
+      end
+
       private
 
-      # nil unless the caller passed both start_time and end_time, so the
-      # "trailing @period days/hours" fallback below still applies by default.
+      # nil unless the caller passed a window, so the "trailing @period
+      # days/hours" fallback below still applies by default.
       def time_window
-        return @time_window if defined?(@time_window)
-
-        @time_window = RailsPulse::TimeWindow.build(@start_time, @end_time)
+        @window
       end
 
       def now
@@ -74,14 +81,16 @@ module RailsPulse
       end
 
       def subject_id
-        # Subclasses can override to provide @job.id, @query.id, @route.id
-        instance_variable_get(:@job)&.id ||
-          instance_variable_get(:@query)&.id ||
-          instance_variable_get(:@route)&.id
+        @subject&.id
       end
 
-      def quote(time)
-        RailsPulse::Summary.connection.quote(time)
+      # A SELECT fragment comparing against the card's window, with the
+      # bounds bound as values (:current_start, :range_start) rather than
+      # interpolated into the SQL string.
+      def window_sql(fragment)
+        Arel.sql(
+          RailsPulse::Summary.sanitize_sql_array([ fragment, { current_start: current_window_start, range_start: range_start } ])
+        )
       end
 
       # Enhanced sparkline generation (support hour and day)

data/app/models/rails_pulse/charts/base.rb

@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 module RailsPulse
   module Charts
     class Base
-      def initialize(ransack_query:, period_type: nil, subject: nil, start_time: nil, end_time: nil, start_duration: nil, disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, **options)
+      def initialize(ransack_query:, period_type: nil, subject: nil, window: nil, start_duration: nil, disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true)
         @ransack_query = ransack_query
         @period_type = period_type
         @subject = subject
-        @start_time = start_time
-        @end_time = end_time
+        @window = window
         @start_duration = start_duration
         @disabled_tags = disabled_tags
         @show_non_tagged = show_non_tagged
-
-        # Support legacy parameter names (job, query, route)
-        @subject ||= options[:job] || options[:query] || options[:route]
       end
 
       private

data/app/models/rails_pulse/charts/percentile_chart_base.rb

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 module RailsPulse
   module Charts
     class PercentileChartBase
-      def initialize(ransack_query:, period_type: nil, subject: nil, start_time: nil, end_time: nil, start_duration: nil, disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true)
+      def initialize(ransack_query:, period_type: nil, subject: nil, window: nil, start_duration: nil, disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true)
         @ransack_query = ransack_query
         @period_type = period_type
         @subject = subject
-        @start_time = start_time
-        @end_time = end_time
+        @window = window
         @start_duration = start_duration
         @disabled_tags = disabled_tags
         @show_non_tagged = show_non_tagged
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ module RailsPulse
         # Convert to final values (weighted averages) and pad missing data
         step = @period_type.to_s == "hour" ? 3600 : 86400
         daily_data = {}
-        (@start_time.to_i..@end_time.to_i).step(step) do |timestamp|
+        (@window.start_time.to_i..@window.end_time.to_i).step(step) do |timestamp|
           if raw_data[timestamp]
             count = raw_data[timestamp][:total_count]
             daily_data[timestamp] = {

data/app/models/rails_pulse/dashboard/charts/response_time_percentiles.rb

@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@ module RailsPulse
   module Dashboard
     module Charts
       class ResponseTimePercentiles
-        def initialize(disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, period: 7, period_type: "day", start_time: nil, end_time: nil)
+        def initialize(disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, period: 7, period_type: "day", window: nil)
           @disabled_tags = disabled_tags
           @show_non_tagged = show_non_tagged
           @period = period
           @period_type = period_type
-          @start_time = start_time
-          @end_time = end_time
+          @window = window
         end
 
         def to_chart_data
@@ -169,10 +168,10 @@ module RailsPulse
 
         private
 
-        # nil unless both start_time and end_time were given, so the default
+        # nil unless a window was given, so the default
         # "recent" view keeps using the trailing-@period-days fallback below.
         def time_window
-          @time_window ||= RailsPulse::TimeWindow.build(@start_time, @end_time)
+          @window
         end
 
         def default_hour_range

data/app/models/rails_pulse/dashboard/charts/throughput_and_errors.rb

@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@ module RailsPulse
   module Dashboard
     module Charts
       class ThroughputAndErrors
-        def initialize(disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, period: 7, period_type: "day", start_time: nil, end_time: nil)
+        def initialize(disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, period: 7, period_type: "day", window: nil)
           @disabled_tags = disabled_tags
           @show_non_tagged = show_non_tagged
           @period = period
           @period_type = period_type
-          @start_time = start_time
-          @end_time = end_time
+          @window = window
         end
 
         def to_chart_data
@@ -125,10 +124,10 @@ module RailsPulse
 
         private
 
-        # nil unless both start_time and end_time were given, so the default
+        # nil unless a window was given, so the default
         # "recent" view keeps using the trailing-@period-days fallback below.
         def time_window
-          @time_window ||= RailsPulse::TimeWindow.build(@start_time, @end_time)
+          @window
         end
 
         def default_hour_range

data/app/models/rails_pulse/dashboard/concerns/time_range_helper.rb

@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ module RailsPulse
         private
 
         def period_range
-          window = RailsPulse::TimeWindow.build(@start_time, @end_time)
-          return [ window.start_time, window.end_time ] if window
+          return [ @window.start_time, @window.end_time ] if @window
 
           [ @period.days.ago.beginning_of_day, Time.current ]
         end

data/app/models/rails_pulse/dashboard/health_summary.rb

@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@ module RailsPulse
       include Concerns::ThresholdConstants
       include Concerns::TimeRangeHelper
 
-      def initialize(disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, period: 7, start_time: nil, end_time: nil)
+      def initialize(disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, period: 7, window: nil)
         @disabled_tags   = disabled_tags
         @show_non_tagged = show_non_tagged
         @period          = period
-        @start_time      = start_time
-        @end_time        = end_time
+        @window          = window
         @route_thresholds = RailsPulse.configuration.route_thresholds
         @query_thresholds = RailsPulse.configuration.query_thresholds
         @job_thresholds   = RailsPulse.configuration.job_thresholds
@@ -22,6 +21,7 @@ module RailsPulse
           queries:  query_counts,
           jobs:     job_counts,
           exceptions: exception_counts,
+          tracking: tracking_counts,
           storage:  storage_counts
         }
       end
@@ -93,6 +93,33 @@ module RailsPulse
         StoragePressure.new.storage_counts
       end
 
+      # A process that dropped and has since gone away still counts as
+      # critical for that hour. Nil until any writer has reported.
+      def tracking_counts
+        return nil unless RailsPulse::Event.table_available?
+
+        live = RailsPulse::WriterHeartbeat.live_processes
+        dropped_by_process = RailsPulse::WriterHeartbeat.dropped_by_process(window: 1.hour).select { |_, n| n.positive? }
+        return nil if live.empty? && dropped_by_process.empty?
+
+        critical = dropped_by_process.size
+        healthy = slow = 0
+        live.each do |process|
+          next if dropped_by_process.key?(process.process_label)
+
+          # queue_size <= 0 means unreadable metadata, not an empty queue
+          if process.queue_size <= 0
+            critical += 1
+          elsif process.queue_depth * 2 >= process.queue_size
+            slow += 1
+          else
+            healthy += 1
+          end
+        end
+
+        { healthy: healthy, slow: slow, critical: critical }
+      end
+
       def job_counts
         return nil unless RailsPulse.configuration.track_jobs
 

data/app/models/rails_pulse/dashboard/needs_attention.rb

@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@ module RailsPulse
       include Concerns::ThresholdConstants
       include Concerns::TimeRangeHelper
 
-      def initialize(disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, period: 7, start_time: nil, end_time: nil)
+      def initialize(disabled_tags: [], show_non_tagged: true, period: 7, window: nil)
         @disabled_tags    = disabled_tags
         @show_non_tagged  = show_non_tagged
         @period           = period
-        @start_time       = start_time
-        @end_time         = end_time
+        @window           = window
         @route_thresholds = RailsPulse.configuration.route_thresholds
         @query_thresholds = RailsPulse.configuration.query_thresholds
         @job_thresholds   = RailsPulse.configuration.job_thresholds

data/app/models/rails_pulse/dashboard/storage_pressure.rb

@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@ module RailsPulse
       end
 
       def pressure_items
-        summary_staleness_items + stuck_records_items + sub_hour_retention_items
+        summary_staleness_items + stuck_records_items + sub_hour_retention_items + writer_drop_items
       end
 
+      # Dropped requests get their own Tracking badge, not this one
       def storage_counts
-        items    = pressure_items
+        items    = pressure_items.reject { |i| i[:type] == "TRACKING" }
         critical = items.any? { |i| i[:severity] == :critical } ? 1 : 0
         slow     = (critical.zero? && items.any? { |i| i[:severity] == :warning }) ? 1 : 0
         healthy  = (critical.zero? && slow.zero?) ? 1 : 0
@@ -36,11 +37,11 @@ module RailsPulse
         if age >= STALE_CRITICAL_THRESHOLD
           hours = (age / 1.hour).round
           [ stale_item(:critical, "Summary job is #{hours}h behind",
-                       "#{hours}h stale", "Last run: #{latest_end.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M UTC")}") ]
+                       "#{hours}h stale", "Last run: #{latest_end.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")} (#{RailsPulse::TimeRange.aggregation_zone_label})") ]
         elsif age >= STALE_WARNING_THRESHOLD
           hours = (age / 1.hour).round
           [ stale_item(:warning, "Summary job is #{hours}h behind",
-                       "#{hours}h stale", "Last run: #{latest_end.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M UTC")}") ]
+                       "#{hours}h stale", "Last run: #{latest_end.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")} (#{RailsPulse::TimeRange.aggregation_zone_label})") ]
         else
           []
         end
@@ -107,6 +108,35 @@ module RailsPulse
         } ]
       end
 
+      # Signal D — the background writer is discarding requests
+      def writer_drop_items
+        return [] unless RailsPulse::Event.table_available?
+
+        summary = RailsPulse::WriterHeartbeat.summary
+        dropped = summary[:dropped].to_i
+        return [] if dropped.zero?
+
+        [ {
+          type:          "TRACKING",
+          name:          "Writer queue dropping requests",
+          reason:        "#{dropped} #{"request".pluralize(dropped)} dropped in the last hour — charts are missing samples",
+          metric:        "#{dropped} dropped",
+          metric_sub:    "last hour, #{summary[:processes]} live #{"writer".pluralize(summary[:processes])}",
+          link:          "#",
+          severity:      :critical,
+          sort_score:    dropped.to_f,
+          popover_title: "The tracking queue is overflowing",
+          popover_body:  "Each process queues tracked requests for one background writer. When the queue (#{summary[:queue_size]} requests, " \
+                         "<code>config.async_queue_size</code>) is full the newest request is dropped rather than slowing the app, so the " \
+                         "dashboard undercounts traffic while this lasts.<br><br>" \
+                         "<strong>How to fix:</strong> raise <code>config.async_queue_size</code> in the Rails Pulse initializer, or find out " \
+                         "why the writer cannot keep up: database latency, a saturated connection pool, or a burst far above normal traffic. " \
+                         "<code>rails rails_pulse:status</code> reports the same numbers from the shell."
+        } ]
+      rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError
+        []
+      end
+
       def stale_item(severity, reason, metric, metric_sub)
         {
           type:          "STORAGE",