rack 1.0.1 → 2.2.21

data/lib/rack/lint.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-require 'rack/utils'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'forwardable'
 
 module Rack
   # Rack::Lint validates your application and the requests and
@@ -7,14 +9,15 @@ module Rack
   class Lint
     def initialize(app)
       @app = app
+      @content_length = nil
     end
 
     # :stopdoc:
 
     class LintError < RuntimeError; end
     module Assertion
-      def assert(message, &block)
-        unless block.call
+      def assert(message)
+        unless yield
           raise LintError, message
         end
       end
@@ -29,40 +32,50 @@ module Rack
 
     ## = Rack applications
 
-    ## A Rack application is an Ruby object (not a class) that
+    ## A Rack application is a Ruby object (not a class) that
     ## responds to +call+.
-    def call(env=nil)
+    def call(env = nil)
       dup._call(env)
     end
 
     def _call(env)
       ## It takes exactly one argument, the *environment*
-      assert("No env given") { env }
+      raise LintError, "No env given" unless env
       check_env env
 
-      env['rack.input'] = InputWrapper.new(env['rack.input'])
-      env['rack.errors'] = ErrorWrapper.new(env['rack.errors'])
+      env[RACK_INPUT] = InputWrapper.new(env[RACK_INPUT])
+      env[RACK_ERRORS] = ErrorWrapper.new(env[RACK_ERRORS])
 
       ## and returns an Array of exactly three values:
-      status, headers, @body = @app.call(env)
+      ary = @app.call(env)
+      raise LintError, "response is not an Array, but #{ary.class}" unless ary.kind_of? Array
+      raise LintError, "response array has #{ary.size} elements instead of 3" unless ary.size == 3
+
+      status, headers, @body = ary
       ## The *status*,
       check_status status
       ## the *headers*,
       check_headers headers
+
+      hijack_proc = check_hijack_response headers, env
+      if hijack_proc && headers.is_a?(Hash)
+        headers[RACK_HIJACK] = hijack_proc
+      end
+
       ## and the *body*.
       check_content_type status, headers
-      check_content_length status, headers, env
+      check_content_length status, headers
+      @head_request = env[REQUEST_METHOD] == HEAD
       [status, headers, self]
     end
 
     ## == The Environment
     def check_env(env)
-      ## The environment must be an true instance of Hash (no
-      ## subclassing allowed) that includes CGI-like headers.
-      ## The application is free to modify the environment.
-      assert("env #{env.inspect} is not a Hash, but #{env.class}") {
-        env.instance_of? Hash
-      }
+      ## The environment must be an unfrozen instance of Hash that includes
+      ## CGI-like headers.  The application is free to modify the
+      ## environment.
+      raise LintError, "env #{env.inspect} is not a Hash, but #{env.class}" unless env.kind_of? Hash
+      raise LintError, "env should not be frozen, but is" if env.frozen?
 
       ##
       ## The environment is required to include these variables
@@ -89,14 +102,26 @@ module Rack
       ##                      empty string, if the request URL targets
       ##                      the application root and does not have a
       ##                      trailing slash. This value may be
-      ##                      percent-encoded when I originating from
+      ##                      percent-encoded when originating from
       ##                      a URL.
 
       ## <tt>QUERY_STRING</tt>:: The portion of the request URL that
       ##                         follows the <tt>?</tt>, if any. May be
       ##                         empty, but is always required!
 
-      ## <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt>, <tt>SERVER_PORT</tt>:: When combined with <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> and <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>, these variables can be used to complete the URL. Note, however, that <tt>HTTP_HOST</tt>, if present, should be used in preference to <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> for reconstructing the request URL.  <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> and <tt>SERVER_PORT</tt> can never be empty strings, and so are always required.
+      ## <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt>:: When combined with <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> and
+      ##                        <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>, these variables can be
+      ##                        used to complete the URL. Note, however,
+      ##                        that <tt>HTTP_HOST</tt>, if present,
+      ##                        should be used in preference to
+      ##                        <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> for reconstructing
+      ##                        the request URL.
+      ##                        <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> can never be an empty
+      ##                        string, and so is always required.
+
+      ## <tt>SERVER_PORT</tt>:: An optional +Integer+ which is the port the
+      ##                        server is running on. Should be specified if
+      ##                        the server is running on a non-standard port.
 
       ## <tt>HTTP_</tt> Variables:: Variables corresponding to the
       ##                            client-supplied HTTP request
@@ -106,46 +131,131 @@ module Rack
       ##                            variables should correspond with
       ##                            the presence or absence of the
       ##                            appropriate HTTP header in the
-      ##                            request.
+      ##                            request. See
+      ##                            {RFC3875 section 4.1.18}[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875#section-4.1.18]
+      ##                            for specific behavior.
 
       ## In addition to this, the Rack environment must include these
       ## Rack-specific variables:
 
-      ## <tt>rack.version</tt>:: The Array [1,0], representing this version of Rack.
-      ## <tt>rack.url_scheme</tt>:: +http+ or +https+, depending on the request URL.
+      ## <tt>rack.version</tt>:: The Array representing this version of Rack
+      ##                         See Rack::VERSION, that corresponds to
+      ##                         the version of this SPEC.
+
+      ## <tt>rack.url_scheme</tt>:: +http+ or +https+, depending on the
+      ##                            request URL.
+
       ## <tt>rack.input</tt>:: See below, the input stream.
+
       ## <tt>rack.errors</tt>:: See below, the error stream.
-      ## <tt>rack.multithread</tt>:: true if the application object may be simultaneously invoked by another thread in the same process, false otherwise.
-      ## <tt>rack.multiprocess</tt>:: true if an equivalent application object may be simultaneously invoked by another process, false otherwise.
-      ## <tt>rack.run_once</tt>:: true if the server expects (but does not guarantee!) that the application will only be invoked this one time during the life of its containing process. Normally, this will only be true for a server based on CGI (or something similar).
-      ##
+
+      ## <tt>rack.multithread</tt>:: true if the application object may be
+      ##                             simultaneously invoked by another thread
+      ##                             in the same process, false otherwise.
+
+      ## <tt>rack.multiprocess</tt>:: true if an equivalent application object
+      ##                              may be simultaneously invoked by another
+      ##                              process, false otherwise.
+
+      ## <tt>rack.run_once</tt>:: true if the server expects
+      ##                          (but does not guarantee!) that the
+      ##                          application will only be invoked this one
+      ##                          time during the life of its containing
+      ##                          process. Normally, this will only be true
+      ##                          for a server based on CGI
+      ##                          (or something similar).
+
+      ## <tt>rack.hijack?</tt>:: present and true if the server supports
+      ##                         connection hijacking. See below, hijacking.
+
+      ## <tt>rack.hijack</tt>:: an object responding to #call that must be
+      ##                        called at least once before using
+      ##                        rack.hijack_io.
+      ##                        It is recommended #call return rack.hijack_io
+      ##                        as well as setting it in env if necessary.
+
+      ## <tt>rack.hijack_io</tt>:: if rack.hijack? is true, and rack.hijack
+      ##                           has received #call, this will contain
+      ##                           an object resembling an IO. See hijacking.
 
       ## Additional environment specifications have approved to
       ## standardized middleware APIs.  None of these are required to
       ## be implemented by the server.
 
-      ## <tt>rack.session</tt>:: A hash like interface for storing request session data.
+      ## <tt>rack.session</tt>:: A hash like interface for storing
+      ##                         request session data.
       ##                         The store must implement:
-      if session = env['rack.session']
+      if session = env[RACK_SESSION]
         ##                         store(key, value)         (aliased as []=);
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to store and []=") {
-          session.respond_to?(:store) && session.respond_to?(:[]=)
-        }
+        unless session.respond_to?(:store) && session.respond_to?(:[]=)
+          raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to store and []="
+        end
 
         ##                         fetch(key, default = nil) (aliased as []);
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to fetch and []") {
-          session.respond_to?(:fetch) && session.respond_to?(:[])
-        }
+        unless session.respond_to?(:fetch) && session.respond_to?(:[])
+          raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to fetch and []"
+        end
 
         ##                         delete(key);
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to delete") {
-          session.respond_to?(:delete)
-        }
+        unless session.respond_to?(:delete)
+          raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to delete"
+        end
 
         ##                         clear;
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to clear") {
-          session.respond_to?(:clear)
-        }
+        unless session.respond_to?(:clear)
+          raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to clear"
+        end
+
+        ##                         to_hash (returning unfrozen Hash instance);
+        unless session.respond_to?(:to_hash) && session.to_hash.kind_of?(Hash) && !session.to_hash.frozen?
+          raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to to_hash and return unfrozen Hash instance"
+        end
+      end
+
+      ## <tt>rack.logger</tt>:: A common object interface for logging messages.
+      ##                        The object must implement:
+      if logger = env[RACK_LOGGER]
+        ##                         info(message, &block)
+        unless logger.respond_to?(:info)
+          raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to info"
+        end
+
+        ##                         debug(message, &block)
+        unless logger.respond_to?(:debug)
+          raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to debug"
+        end
+
+        ##                         warn(message, &block)
+        unless logger.respond_to?(:warn)
+          raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to warn"
+        end
+
+        ##                         error(message, &block)
+        unless logger.respond_to?(:error)
+          raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to error"
+        end
+
+        ##                         fatal(message, &block)
+        unless logger.respond_to?(:fatal)
+          raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to fatal"
+        end
+      end
+
+      ## <tt>rack.multipart.buffer_size</tt>:: An Integer hint to the multipart parser as to what chunk size to use for reads and writes.
+      if bufsize = env[RACK_MULTIPART_BUFFER_SIZE]
+        unless bufsize.is_a?(Integer) && bufsize > 0
+          raise LintError, "rack.multipart.buffer_size must be an Integer > 0 if specified"
+        end
+      end
+
+      ## <tt>rack.multipart.tempfile_factory</tt>:: An object responding to #call with two arguments, the filename and content_type given for the multipart form field, and returning an IO-like object that responds to #<< and optionally #rewind. This factory will be used to instantiate the tempfile for each multipart form file upload field, rather than the default class of Tempfile.
+      if tempfile_factory = env[RACK_MULTIPART_TEMPFILE_FACTORY]
+        raise LintError, "rack.multipart.tempfile_factory must respond to #call" unless tempfile_factory.respond_to?(:call)
+        env[RACK_MULTIPART_TEMPFILE_FACTORY] = lambda do |filename, content_type|
+          io = tempfile_factory.call(filename, content_type)
+          raise LintError, "rack.multipart.tempfile_factory return value must respond to #<<" unless io.respond_to?(:<<)
+          io
+        end
       end
 
       ## The server or the application can store their own data in the
@@ -155,79 +265,97 @@ module Rack
       ## accepted specifications and must not be used otherwise.
       ##
 
-      %w[REQUEST_METHOD SERVER_NAME SERVER_PORT
-         QUERY_STRING
+      %w[REQUEST_METHOD SERVER_NAME QUERY_STRING
          rack.version rack.input rack.errors
          rack.multithread rack.multiprocess rack.run_once].each { |header|
-        assert("env missing required key #{header}") { env.include? header }
+        raise LintError, "env missing required key #{header}" unless env.include? header
       }
 
+      ## The <tt>SERVER_PORT</tt> must be an Integer if set.
+      server_port = env["SERVER_PORT"]
+      unless server_port.nil? || (Integer(server_port) rescue false)
+        raise LintError, "env[SERVER_PORT] is not an Integer"
+      end
+
+      ## The <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> must be a valid authority as defined by RFC7540.
+      unless (URI.parse("http://#{env[SERVER_NAME]}/") rescue false)
+        raise LintError, "#{env[SERVER_NAME]} must be a valid authority"
+      end
+
+      ## The <tt>HTTP_HOST</tt> must be a valid authority as defined by RFC7540.
+      unless (URI.parse("http://#{env[HTTP_HOST]}/") rescue false)
+        raise LintError, "#{env[HTTP_HOST]} must be a valid authority"
+      end
+
       ## The environment must not contain the keys
       ## <tt>HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE</tt> or <tt>HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH</tt>
       ## (use the versions without <tt>HTTP_</tt>).
       %w[HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH].each { |header|
-        assert("env contains #{header}, must use #{header[5,-1]}") {
-          not env.include? header
-        }
+        if env.include? header
+          raise LintError, "env contains #{header}, must use #{header[5, -1]}"
+        end
       }
 
       ## The CGI keys (named without a period) must have String values.
+      ## If the string values for CGI keys contain non-ASCII characters,
+      ## they should use ASCII-8BIT encoding.
       env.each { |key, value|
         next  if key.include? "."   # Skip extensions
-        assert("env variable #{key} has non-string value #{value.inspect}") {
-          value.instance_of? String
-        }
+        unless value.kind_of? String
+          raise LintError, "env variable #{key} has non-string value #{value.inspect}"
+        end
+        next if value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+        unless value.b !~ /[\x80-\xff]/n
+          raise LintError, "env variable #{key} has value containing non-ASCII characters and has non-ASCII-8BIT encoding #{value.inspect} encoding: #{value.encoding}"
+        end
       }
 
-      ##
       ## There are the following restrictions:
 
       ## * <tt>rack.version</tt> must be an array of Integers.
-      assert("rack.version must be an Array, was #{env["rack.version"].class}") {
-        env["rack.version"].instance_of? Array
-      }
+      unless env[RACK_VERSION].kind_of? Array
+        raise LintError, "rack.version must be an Array, was #{env[RACK_VERSION].class}"
+      end
       ## * <tt>rack.url_scheme</tt> must either be +http+ or +https+.
-      assert("rack.url_scheme unknown: #{env["rack.url_scheme"].inspect}") {
-        %w[http https].include? env["rack.url_scheme"]
-      }
+      unless %w[http https].include?(env[RACK_URL_SCHEME])
+        raise LintError, "rack.url_scheme unknown: #{env[RACK_URL_SCHEME].inspect}"
+      end
 
       ## * There must be a valid input stream in <tt>rack.input</tt>.
-      check_input env["rack.input"]
+      check_input env[RACK_INPUT]
       ## * There must be a valid error stream in <tt>rack.errors</tt>.
-      check_error env["rack.errors"]
+      check_error env[RACK_ERRORS]
+      ## * There may be a valid hijack stream in <tt>rack.hijack_io</tt>
+      check_hijack env
 
       ## * The <tt>REQUEST_METHOD</tt> must be a valid token.
-      assert("REQUEST_METHOD unknown: #{env["REQUEST_METHOD"]}") {
-        env["REQUEST_METHOD"] =~ /\A[0-9A-Za-z!\#$%&'*+.^_`|~-]+\z/
-      }
+      unless env[REQUEST_METHOD] =~ /\A[0-9A-Za-z!\#$%&'*+.^_`|~-]+\z/
+        raise LintError, "REQUEST_METHOD unknown: #{env[REQUEST_METHOD].dump}"
+      end
 
       ## * The <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt>, if non-empty, must start with <tt>/</tt>
-      assert("SCRIPT_NAME must start with /") {
-        !env.include?("SCRIPT_NAME") ||
-        env["SCRIPT_NAME"] == "" ||
-        env["SCRIPT_NAME"] =~ /\A\//
-      }
+      if env.include?(SCRIPT_NAME) && env[SCRIPT_NAME] != "" && env[SCRIPT_NAME] !~ /\A\//
+        raise LintError, "SCRIPT_NAME must start with /"
+      end
       ## * The <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>, if non-empty, must start with <tt>/</tt>
-      assert("PATH_INFO must start with /") {
-        !env.include?("PATH_INFO") ||
-        env["PATH_INFO"] == "" ||
-        env["PATH_INFO"] =~ /\A\//
-      }
+      if env.include?(PATH_INFO) && env[PATH_INFO] != "" && env[PATH_INFO] !~ /\A\//
+        raise LintError, "PATH_INFO must start with /"
+      end
       ## * The <tt>CONTENT_LENGTH</tt>, if given, must consist of digits only.
-      assert("Invalid CONTENT_LENGTH: #{env["CONTENT_LENGTH"]}") {
-        !env.include?("CONTENT_LENGTH") || env["CONTENT_LENGTH"] =~ /\A\d+\z/
-      }
+      if env.include?("CONTENT_LENGTH") && env["CONTENT_LENGTH"] !~ /\A\d+\z/
+        raise LintError, "Invalid CONTENT_LENGTH: #{env["CONTENT_LENGTH"]}"
+      end
 
       ## * One of <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> or <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> must be
       ##   set.  <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> should be <tt>/</tt> if
       ##   <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> is empty.
-      assert("One of SCRIPT_NAME or PATH_INFO must be set (make PATH_INFO '/' if SCRIPT_NAME is empty)") {
-        env["SCRIPT_NAME"] || env["PATH_INFO"]
-      }
+      unless env[SCRIPT_NAME] || env[PATH_INFO]
+        raise LintError, "One of SCRIPT_NAME or PATH_INFO must be set (make PATH_INFO '/' if SCRIPT_NAME is empty)"
+      end
       ##   <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> never should be <tt>/</tt>, but instead be empty.
-      assert("SCRIPT_NAME cannot be '/', make it '' and PATH_INFO '/'") {
-        env["SCRIPT_NAME"] != "/"
-      }
+      unless env[SCRIPT_NAME] != "/"
+        raise LintError, "SCRIPT_NAME cannot be '/', make it '' and PATH_INFO '/'"
+      end
     end
 
     ## === The Input Stream
@@ -237,18 +365,18 @@ module Rack
     def check_input(input)
       ## When applicable, its external encoding must be "ASCII-8BIT" and it
       ## must be opened in binary mode, for Ruby 1.9 compatibility.
-      assert("rack.input #{input} does not have ASCII-8BIT as its external encoding") {
-        input.external_encoding.name == "ASCII-8BIT"
-      } if input.respond_to?(:external_encoding)
-      assert("rack.input #{input} is not opened in binary mode") {
-        input.binmode?
-      } if input.respond_to?(:binmode?)
-      
+      if input.respond_to?(:external_encoding) && input.external_encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+        raise LintError, "rack.input #{input} does not have ASCII-8BIT as its external encoding"
+      end
+      if input.respond_to?(:binmode?) && !input.binmode?
+        raise LintError, "rack.input #{input} is not opened in binary mode"
+      end
+
       ## The input stream must respond to +gets+, +each+, +read+ and +rewind+.
       [:gets, :each, :read, :rewind].each { |method|
-        assert("rack.input #{input} does not respond to ##{method}") {
-          input.respond_to? method
-        }
+        unless input.respond_to? method
+          raise LintError, "rack.input #{input} does not respond to ##{method}"
+        end
       }
     end
 
@@ -259,93 +387,95 @@ module Rack
         @input = input
       end
 
-      def size
-        @input.size
-      end
-
       ## * +gets+ must be called without arguments and return a string,
       ##   or +nil+ on EOF.
       def gets(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#gets called with arguments") { args.size == 0 }
+        raise LintError, "rack.input#gets called with arguments" unless args.size == 0
         v = @input.gets
-        assert("rack.input#gets didn't return a String") {
-          v.nil? or v.instance_of? String
-        }
+        unless v.nil? or v.kind_of? String
+          raise LintError, "rack.input#gets didn't return a String"
+        end
         v
       end
 
-      ## * +read+ behaves like IO#read. Its signature is <tt>read([length, [buffer]])</tt>.
-      ##   If given, +length+ must be an non-negative Integer (>= 0) or +nil+, and +buffer+ must
-      ##   be a String and may not be nil. If +length+ is given and not nil, then this method
-      ##   reads at most +length+ bytes from the input stream. If +length+ is not given or nil,
-      ##   then this method reads all data until EOF.
-      ##   When EOF is reached, this method returns nil if +length+ is given and not nil, or ""
-      ##   if +length+ is not given or is nil.
-      ##   If +buffer+ is given, then the read data will be placed into +buffer+ instead of a
-      ##   newly created String object.
+      ## * +read+ behaves like IO#read.
+      ##   Its signature is <tt>read([length, [buffer]])</tt>.
+      ##
+      ##   If given, +length+ must be a non-negative Integer (>= 0) or +nil+,
+      ##   and +buffer+ must be a String and may not be nil.
+      ##
+      ##   If +length+ is given and not nil, then this method reads at most
+      ##   +length+ bytes from the input stream.
+      ##
+      ##   If +length+ is not given or nil, then this method reads
+      ##   all data until EOF.
+      ##
+      ##   When EOF is reached, this method returns nil if +length+ is given
+      ##   and not nil, or "" if +length+ is not given or is nil.
+      ##
+      ##   If +buffer+ is given, then the read data will be placed
+      ##   into +buffer+ instead of a newly created String object.
       def read(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#read called with too many arguments") {
-          args.size <= 2
-        }
+        unless args.size <= 2
+          raise LintError, "rack.input#read called with too many arguments"
+        end
         if args.size >= 1
-          assert("rack.input#read called with non-integer and non-nil length") {
-            args.first.kind_of?(Integer) || args.first.nil?
-          }
-          assert("rack.input#read called with a negative length") {
-            args.first.nil? || args.first >= 0
-          }
+          unless args.first.kind_of?(Integer) || args.first.nil?
+            raise LintError, "rack.input#read called with non-integer and non-nil length"
+          end
+          unless args.first.nil? || args.first >= 0
+            raise LintError, "rack.input#read called with a negative length"
+          end
         end
         if args.size >= 2
-          assert("rack.input#read called with non-String buffer") {
-            args[1].kind_of?(String)
-          }
+          unless args[1].kind_of?(String)
+            raise LintError, "rack.input#read called with non-String buffer"
+          end
         end
-        
+
         v = @input.read(*args)
-        
-        assert("rack.input#read didn't return nil or a String") {
-          v.nil? or v.instance_of? String
-        }
+
+        unless v.nil? or v.kind_of? String
+          raise LintError, "rack.input#read didn't return nil or a String"
+        end
         if args[0].nil?
-          assert("rack.input#read(nil) returned nil on EOF") {
-            !v.nil?
-          }
+          unless !v.nil?
+            raise LintError, "rack.input#read(nil) returned nil on EOF"
+          end
         end
-        
+
         v
       end
 
       ## * +each+ must be called without arguments and only yield Strings.
       def each(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#each called with arguments") { args.size == 0 }
+        raise LintError, "rack.input#each called with arguments" unless args.size == 0
         @input.each { |line|
-          assert("rack.input#each didn't yield a String") {
-            line.instance_of? String
-          }
+          unless line.kind_of? String
+            raise LintError, "rack.input#each didn't yield a String"
+          end
           yield line
         }
       end
-      
+
       ## * +rewind+ must be called without arguments. It rewinds the input
       ##   stream back to the beginning. It must not raise Errno::ESPIPE:
       ##   that is, it may not be a pipe or a socket. Therefore, handler
       ##   developers must buffer the input data into some rewindable object
       ##   if the underlying input stream is not rewindable.
       def rewind(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#rewind called with arguments") { args.size == 0 }
-        assert("rack.input#rewind raised Errno::ESPIPE") {
-          begin
-            @input.rewind
-            true
-          rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-            false
-          end
-        }
+        raise LintError, "rack.input#rewind called with arguments" unless args.size == 0
+        begin
+          @input.rewind
+          true
+        rescue Errno::ESPIPE
+          raise LintError, "rack.input#rewind raised Errno::ESPIPE"
+        end
       end
 
       ## * +close+ must never be called on the input stream.
       def close(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#close must not be called") { false }
+        raise LintError, "rack.input#close must not be called"
       end
     end
 
@@ -353,9 +483,9 @@ module Rack
     def check_error(error)
       ## The error stream must respond to +puts+, +write+ and +flush+.
       [:puts, :write, :flush].each { |method|
-        assert("rack.error #{error} does not respond to ##{method}") {
-          error.respond_to? method
-        }
+        unless error.respond_to? method
+          raise LintError, "rack.error #{error} does not respond to ##{method}"
+        end
       }
     end
 
@@ -373,7 +503,7 @@ module Rack
 
       ## * +write+ must be called with a single argument that is a String.
       def write(str)
-        assert("rack.errors#write not called with a String") { str.instance_of? String }
+        raise LintError, "rack.errors#write not called with a String" unless str.kind_of? String
         @error.write str
       end
 
@@ -385,50 +515,177 @@ module Rack
 
       ## * +close+ must never be called on the error stream.
       def close(*args)
-        assert("rack.errors#close must not be called") { false }
+        raise LintError, "rack.errors#close must not be called"
       end
     end
 
+    class HijackWrapper
+      include Assertion
+      extend Forwardable
+
+      REQUIRED_METHODS = [
+        :read, :write, :read_nonblock, :write_nonblock, :flush, :close,
+        :close_read, :close_write, :closed?
+      ]
+
+      def_delegators :@io, *REQUIRED_METHODS
+
+      def initialize(io)
+        @io = io
+        REQUIRED_METHODS.each do |meth|
+          raise LintError, "rack.hijack_io must respond to #{meth}" unless io.respond_to? meth
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    ## === Hijacking
+    #
+    # AUTHORS: n.b. The trailing whitespace between paragraphs is important and
+    # should not be removed. The whitespace creates paragraphs in the RDoc
+    # output.
+    #
+    ## ==== Request (before status)
+    def check_hijack(env)
+      if env[RACK_IS_HIJACK]
+        ## If rack.hijack? is true then rack.hijack must respond to #call.
+        original_hijack = env[RACK_HIJACK]
+        raise LintError, "rack.hijack must respond to call" unless original_hijack.respond_to?(:call)
+        env[RACK_HIJACK] = proc do
+          ## rack.hijack must return the io that will also be assigned (or is
+          ## already present, in rack.hijack_io.
+          io = original_hijack.call
+          HijackWrapper.new(io)
+          ##
+          ## rack.hijack_io must respond to:
+          ## <tt>read, write, read_nonblock, write_nonblock, flush, close,
+          ## close_read, close_write, closed?</tt>
+          ##
+          ## The semantics of these IO methods must be a best effort match to
+          ## those of a normal ruby IO or Socket object, using standard
+          ## arguments and raising standard exceptions. Servers are encouraged
+          ## to simply pass on real IO objects, although it is recognized that
+          ## this approach is not directly compatible with SPDY and HTTP 2.0.
+          ##
+          ## IO provided in rack.hijack_io should preference the
+          ## IO::WaitReadable and IO::WaitWritable APIs wherever supported.
+          ##
+          ## There is a deliberate lack of full specification around
+          ## rack.hijack_io, as semantics will change from server to server.
+          ## Users are encouraged to utilize this API with a knowledge of their
+          ## server choice, and servers may extend the functionality of
+          ## hijack_io to provide additional features to users. The purpose of
+          ## rack.hijack is for Rack to "get out of the way", as such, Rack only
+          ## provides the minimum of specification and support.
+          env[RACK_HIJACK_IO] = HijackWrapper.new(env[RACK_HIJACK_IO])
+          io
+        end
+      else
+        ##
+        ## If rack.hijack? is false, then rack.hijack should not be set.
+        raise LintError, "rack.hijack? is false, but rack.hijack is present" unless env[RACK_HIJACK].nil?
+        ##
+        ## If rack.hijack? is false, then rack.hijack_io should not be set.
+        raise LintError, "rack.hijack? is false, but rack.hijack_io is present" unless env[RACK_HIJACK_IO].nil?
+      end
+    end
+
+    ## ==== Response (after headers)
+    ## It is also possible to hijack a response after the status and headers
+    ## have been sent.
+    def check_hijack_response(headers, env)
+
+      # this check uses headers like a hash, but the spec only requires
+      # headers respond to #each
+      headers = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash[headers]
+
+      ## In order to do this, an application may set the special header
+      ## <tt>rack.hijack</tt> to an object that responds to <tt>call</tt>
+      ## accepting an argument that conforms to the <tt>rack.hijack_io</tt>
+      ## protocol.
+      ##
+      ## After the headers have been sent, and this hijack callback has been
+      ## called, the application is now responsible for the remaining lifecycle
+      ## of the IO. The application is also responsible for maintaining HTTP
+      ## semantics. Of specific note, in almost all cases in the current SPEC,
+      ## applications will have wanted to specify the header Connection:close in
+      ## HTTP/1.1, and not Connection:keep-alive, as there is no protocol for
+      ## returning hijacked sockets to the web server. For that purpose, use the
+      ## body streaming API instead (progressively yielding strings via each).
+      ##
+      ## Servers must ignore the <tt>body</tt> part of the response tuple when
+      ## the <tt>rack.hijack</tt> response API is in use.
+
+      if env[RACK_IS_HIJACK] && headers[RACK_HIJACK]
+        unless headers[RACK_HIJACK].respond_to? :call
+          raise LintError, 'rack.hijack header must respond to #call'
+        end
+        original_hijack = headers[RACK_HIJACK]
+        proc do |io|
+          original_hijack.call HijackWrapper.new(io)
+        end
+      else
+        ##
+        ## The special response header <tt>rack.hijack</tt> must only be set
+        ## if the request env has <tt>rack.hijack?</tt> <tt>true</tt>.
+        unless headers[RACK_HIJACK].nil?
+          raise LintError, 'rack.hijack header must not be present if server does not support hijacking'
+        end
+
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+    ## ==== Conventions
+    ## * Middleware should not use hijack unless it is handling the whole
+    ##   response.
+    ## * Middleware may wrap the IO object for the response pattern.
+    ## * Middleware should not wrap the IO object for the request pattern. The
+    ##   request pattern is intended to provide the hijacker with "raw tcp".
+
     ## == The Response
 
     ## === The Status
     def check_status(status)
       ## This is an HTTP status. When parsed as integer (+to_i+), it must be
       ## greater than or equal to 100.
-      assert("Status must be >=100 seen as integer") { status.to_i >= 100 }
+      unless status.to_i >= 100
+        raise LintError, "Status must be >=100 seen as integer"
+      end
     end
 
     ## === The Headers
     def check_headers(header)
       ## The header must respond to +each+, and yield values of key and value.
-      assert("headers object should respond to #each, but doesn't (got #{header.class} as headers)") {
-         header.respond_to? :each
-      }
+      unless header.respond_to? :each
+        raise LintError, "headers object should respond to #each, but doesn't (got #{header.class} as headers)"
+      end
+
       header.each { |key, value|
         ## The header keys must be Strings.
-        assert("header key must be a string, was #{key.class}") {
-          key.instance_of? String
-        }
-        ## The header must not contain a +Status+ key,
-        assert("header must not contain Status") { key.downcase != "status" }
-        ## contain keys with <tt>:</tt> or newlines in their name,
-        assert("header names must not contain : or \\n") { key !~ /[:\n]/ }
-        ## contain keys names that end in <tt>-</tt> or <tt>_</tt>,
-        assert("header names must not end in - or _") { key !~ /[-_]\z/ }
-        ## but only contain keys that consist of
-        ## letters, digits, <tt>_</tt> or <tt>-</tt> and start with a letter.
-        assert("invalid header name: #{key}") { key =~ /\A[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*\z/ }
+        unless key.kind_of? String
+          raise LintError, "header key must be a string, was #{key.class}"
+        end
+
+        ## Special headers starting "rack." are for communicating with the
+        ## server, and must not be sent back to the client.
+        next if key =~ /^rack\..+$/
+
+        ## The header must not contain a +Status+ key.
+        raise LintError, "header must not contain Status" if key.downcase == "status"
+        ## The header must conform to RFC7230 token specification, i.e. cannot
+        ## contain non-printable ASCII, DQUOTE or "(),/:;<=>?@[\]{}".
+        raise LintError, "invalid header name: #{key}" if key =~ /[\(\),\/:;<=>\?@\[\\\]{}[:cntrl:]]/
 
         ## The values of the header must be Strings,
-        assert("a header value must be a String, but the value of " +
-          "'#{key}' is a #{value.class}") { value.kind_of? String }
+        unless value.kind_of? String
+          raise LintError, "a header value must be a String, but the value of '#{key}' is a #{value.class}"
+        end
         ## consisting of lines (for multiple header values, e.g. multiple
-        ## <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> values) seperated by "\n".
+        ## <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> values) separated by "\\n".
         value.split("\n").each { |item|
           ## The lines must not contain characters below 037.
-          assert("invalid header value #{key}: #{item.inspect}") {
-            item !~ /[\000-\037]/
-          }
+          if item =~ /[\000-\037]/
+            raise LintError, "invalid header value #{key}: #{item.inspect}"
+          end
         }
       }
     end
@@ -436,79 +693,71 @@ module Rack
     ## === The Content-Type
     def check_content_type(status, headers)
       headers.each { |key, value|
-        ## There must be a <tt>Content-Type</tt>, except when the
-        ## +Status+ is 1xx, 204 or 304, in which case there must be none
-        ## given.
+        ## There must not be a <tt>Content-Type</tt>, when the +Status+ is 1xx,
+        ## 204 or 304.
         if key.downcase == "content-type"
-          assert("Content-Type header found in #{status} response, not allowed") {
-            not Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.include? status.to_i
-          }
+          if Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.key? status.to_i
+            raise LintError, "Content-Type header found in #{status} response, not allowed"
+          end
           return
         end
       }
-      assert("No Content-Type header found") {
-        Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.include? status.to_i
-      }
     end
 
     ## === The Content-Length
-    def check_content_length(status, headers, env)
+    def check_content_length(status, headers)
       headers.each { |key, value|
         if key.downcase == 'content-length'
           ## There must not be a <tt>Content-Length</tt> header when the
           ## +Status+ is 1xx, 204 or 304.
-          assert("Content-Length header found in #{status} response, not allowed") {
-            not Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.include? status.to_i
-          }
-
-          bytes = 0
-          string_body = true
-
-          if @body.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-            @body.each { |part|
-              unless part.kind_of?(String)
-                string_body = false
-                break
-              end
-
-              bytes += Rack::Utils.bytesize(part)
-            }
-
-            if env["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "HEAD"
-              assert("Response body was given for HEAD request, but should be empty") {
-                bytes == 0
-              }
-            else
-              if string_body
-                assert("Content-Length header was #{value}, but should be #{bytes}") {
-                  value == bytes.to_s
-                }
-              end
-            end
+          if Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.key? status.to_i
+            raise LintError, "Content-Length header found in #{status} response, not allowed"
           end
-
-          return
+          @content_length = value
         end
       }
     end
 
+    def verify_content_length(bytes)
+      if @head_request
+        unless bytes == 0
+          raise LintError, "Response body was given for HEAD request, but should be empty"
+        end
+      elsif @content_length
+        unless @content_length == bytes.to_s
+          raise LintError, "Content-Length header was #{@content_length}, but should be #{bytes}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     ## === The Body
     def each
       @closed = false
+      bytes = 0
+
       ## The Body must respond to +each+
+      unless @body.respond_to?(:each)
+        raise LintError, "Response body must respond to each"
+      end
+
       @body.each { |part|
         ## and must only yield String values.
-        assert("Body yielded non-string value #{part.inspect}") {
-          part.instance_of? String
-        }
+        unless part.kind_of? String
+          raise LintError, "Body yielded non-string value #{part.inspect}"
+        end
+        bytes += part.bytesize
         yield part
       }
+      verify_content_length(bytes)
+
       ##
       ## The Body itself should not be an instance of String, as this will
       ## break in Ruby 1.9.
       ##
-      ## If the Body responds to +close+, it will be called after iteration.
-      # XXX howto: assert("Body has not been closed") { @closed }
+      ## If the Body responds to +close+, it will be called after iteration. If
+      ## the body is replaced by a middleware after action, the original body
+      ## must be closed first, if it responds to close.
+      # XXX howto: raise LintError, "Body has not been closed" unless @closed
 
 
       ##
@@ -519,9 +768,9 @@ module Rack
       ## transport the response.
 
       if @body.respond_to?(:to_path)
-        assert("The file identified by body.to_path does not exist") {
-          ::File.exist? @body.to_path
-        }
+        unless ::File.exist? @body.to_path
+          raise LintError, "The file identified by body.to_path does not exist"
+        end
       end
 
       ##