puppet 7.34.0-universal-darwin → 8.0.1-universal-darwin

data/spec/unit/pops/types/types_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'puppet/pops'
+require 'puppet_spec/compiler'
+
+module Puppet::Pops
+module Types
+describe 'Puppet Type System' do
+  include PuppetSpec::Compiler
+
+  let(:tf) { TypeFactory }
+  context 'Integer type' do
+    let!(:a) { tf.range(10, 20) }
+    let!(:b) { tf.range(18, 28) }
+    let!(:c) { tf.range( 2, 12) }
+    let!(:d) { tf.range(12, 18) }
+    let!(:e) { tf.range( 8, 22) }
+    let!(:f) { tf.range( 8,  9) }
+    let!(:g) { tf.range(21, 22) }
+    let!(:h) { tf.range(30, 31) }
+    let!(:i) { tf.float_range(1.0, 30.0) }
+    let!(:j) { tf.float_range(1.0, 9.0) }
+
+    context 'when testing if ranges intersect' do
+      it 'detects an intersection when self is before its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(b)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an intersection when self is after its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(c)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an intersection when self covers its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(d)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an intersection when self equals its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(a)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an intersection when self is covered by its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(e)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'does not consider an adjacent range to be intersecting' do
+        [f, g].each {|x| expect(a.intersect?(x)).to be_falsey }
+      end
+
+      it 'does not consider an range that is apart to be intersecting' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(h)).to be_falsey
+      end
+
+      it 'does not consider an overlapping float range to be intersecting' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(i)).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when testing if ranges are adjacent' do
+      it 'detects an adjacent type when self is after its argument' do
+        expect(a.adjacent?(f)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an adjacent type when self is before its argument' do
+        expect(a.adjacent?(g)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'does not consider overlapping types to be adjacent' do
+        [a, b, c, d, e].each { |x| expect(a.adjacent?(x)).to be_falsey }
+      end
+
+      it 'does not consider an range that is apart to be adjacent' do
+        expect(a.adjacent?(h)).to be_falsey
+      end
+
+      it 'does not consider an adjacent float range to be adjancent' do
+        expect(a.adjacent?(j)).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when merging ranges' do
+      it 'will merge intersecting ranges' do
+        expect(a.merge(b)).to eq(tf.range(10, 28))
+      end
+
+      it 'will merge adjacent ranges' do
+        expect(a.merge(g)).to eq(tf.range(10, 22))
+      end
+
+      it 'will not merge ranges that are apart' do
+        expect(a.merge(h)).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'will not merge overlapping float ranges' do
+        expect(a.merge(i)).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'will not merge adjacent float ranges' do
+        expect(a.merge(j)).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Float type' do
+    let!(:a) { tf.float_range(10.0, 20.0) }
+    let!(:b) { tf.float_range(18.0, 28.0) }
+    let!(:c) { tf.float_range( 2.0, 12.0) }
+    let!(:d) { tf.float_range(12.0, 18.0) }
+    let!(:e) { tf.float_range( 8.0, 22.0) }
+    let!(:f) { tf.float_range(30.0, 31.0) }
+    let!(:g) { tf.range(1, 30) }
+
+    context 'when testing if ranges intersect' do
+      it 'detects an intersection when self is before its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(b)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an intersection when self is after its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(c)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an intersection when self covers its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(d)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an intersection when self equals its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(a)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'detects an intersection when self is covered by its argument' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(e)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'does not consider an range that is apart to be intersecting' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(f)).to be_falsey
+      end
+
+      it 'does not consider an overlapping integer range to be intersecting' do
+        expect(a.intersect?(g)).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when merging ranges' do
+      it 'will merge intersecting ranges' do
+        expect(a.merge(b)).to eq(tf.float_range(10.0, 28.0))
+      end
+
+      it 'will not merge ranges that are apart' do
+        expect(a.merge(f)).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'will not merge overlapping integer ranges' do
+        expect(a.merge(g)).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Boolean type' do
+    it 'parameterized type is assignable to base type' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        notice(Boolean[true] < Boolean)
+        notice(Boolean[false] < Boolean)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'boolean literals are instances of the base type' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        notice(true =~ Boolean)
+        notice(false =~ Boolean)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'boolean literals are instances of type parameterized with the same literal' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        notice(true =~ Boolean[true])
+        notice(false =~ Boolean[false])
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'boolean literals are not instances of type parameterized with a different literal' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        notice(true =~ Boolean[false])
+        notice(false =~ Boolean[true])
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['false', 'false'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Enum type' do
+    it 'sorts its entries' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        Enum[c,b,a].each |$e| { notice $e }
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    end
+
+    it 'makes entries unique' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        Enum[a,b,c,b,a].each |$e| { notice $e }
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    end
+
+    it 'is case sensitive by default' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        notice('A' =~ Enum[a,b])
+        notice('a' =~ Enum[a,b])
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['false', 'true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'is case insensitive when last parameter argument is true' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        notice('A' =~ Enum[a,b,true])
+        notice('a' =~ Enum[a,b,true])
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Regexp type' do
+    it 'parameterized type is assignable to base type' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        notice(Regexp[a] < Regexp)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'new function creates a new regexp' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        $r = Regexp('abc')
+        notice('abc' =~ $r)
+        notice(type($r) =~ Type[Regexp])
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'special characters are escaped with second parameter to Regexp.new set to true' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        $r = Regexp('.[]', true)
+        notice('.[]' =~ $r)
+        notice(String($r) == "\\.\\[\\]")
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Iterable type' do
+    it 'can be parameterized with element type' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      function foo(Iterable[String] $x) {
+        $x.each |$e| {
+          notice $e
+        }
+      }
+      foo([bar, baz, cake])
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['bar', 'baz', 'cake'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Iterator type' do
+    let!(:iterint) { tf.iterator(tf.integer) }
+
+    context 'when testing instance?' do
+      it 'will consider an iterable on an integer is an instance of Iterator[Integer]' do
+        expect(iterint.instance?(Iterable.on(3))).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'will consider an iterable on string to be an instance of Iterator[Integer]' do
+        expect(iterint.instance?(Iterable.on('string'))).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when testing assignable?' do
+      it 'will consider an iterator with an assignable type as assignable' do
+        expect(tf.iterator(tf.numeric).assignable?(iterint)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'will not consider an iterator with a non assignable type as assignable' do
+        expect(tf.iterator(tf.string).assignable?(iterint)).to be_falsey
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when asked for an iterable type' do
+      it 'the default iterator type returns the default iterable type' do
+        expect(PIteratorType::DEFAULT.iterable_type).to be(PIterableType::DEFAULT)
+      end
+
+      it 'a typed iterator type returns the an equally typed iterable type' do
+        expect(iterint.iterable_type).to eq(tf.iterable(tf.integer))
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'can be parameterized with an element type' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      function foo(Iterator[String] $x) {
+        $x.each |$e| {
+          notice $e
+        }
+      }
+      foo([bar, baz, cake].reverse_each)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['cake', 'baz', 'bar'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Collection type' do
+    it 'can be parameterized with a range' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      notice(Collection[5, default] == Collection[5])
+      notice(Collection[5, 5] > Tuple[Integer, 0, 10])
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'false'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Struct type' do
+    context 'can be used as key in hash' do
+      it 'compacts optional in optional in optional to just optional' do
+        key1 = tf.struct({'foo' => tf.string})
+        key2 = tf.struct({'foo' => tf.string})
+        expect({key1 => 'hi'}[key2]).to eq('hi')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Optional type' do
+    let!(:overlapping_ints) { tf.variant(tf.range(10, 20), tf.range(18, 28)) }
+    let!(:optoptopt) { tf.optional(tf.optional(tf.optional(overlapping_ints))) }
+    let!(:optnu) { tf.optional(tf.not_undef(overlapping_ints)) }
+
+    context 'when normalizing' do
+      it 'compacts optional in optional in optional to just optional' do
+        expect(optoptopt.normalize).to eq(tf.optional(tf.range(10, 28)))
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'compacts NotUndef in Optional to just Optional' do
+      expect(optnu.normalize).to eq(tf.optional(tf.range(10, 28)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'NotUndef type' do
+    let!(:nununu) { tf.not_undef(tf.not_undef(tf.not_undef(tf.any))) }
+    let!(:nuopt) { tf.not_undef(tf.optional(tf.any)) }
+    let!(:nuoptint) { tf.not_undef(tf.optional(tf.integer)) }
+
+    context 'when normalizing' do
+      it 'compacts NotUndef in NotUndef in NotUndef to just NotUndef' do
+        expect(nununu.normalize).to eq(tf.not_undef(tf.any))
+      end
+
+      it 'compacts Optional in NotUndef to just NotUndef' do
+        expect(nuopt.normalize).to eq(tf.not_undef(tf.any))
+      end
+
+      it 'compacts NotUndef[Optional[Integer]] in NotUndef to just Integer' do
+        expect(nuoptint.normalize).to eq(tf.integer)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Variant type' do
+    let!(:overlapping_ints) { tf.variant(tf.range(10, 20), tf.range(18, 28)) }
+    let!(:adjacent_ints) { tf.variant(tf.range(10, 20), tf.range(8, 9)) }
+    let!(:mix_ints) { tf.variant(overlapping_ints, adjacent_ints) }
+    let!(:overlapping_floats) { tf.variant(tf.float_range(10.0, 20.0), tf.float_range(18.0, 28.0)) }
+    let!(:enums) { tf.variant(tf.enum('a', 'b'), tf.enum('b', 'c')) }
+    let!(:enums_s_is) { tf.variant(tf.enum('a', 'b'), tf.enum('b', 'c', true)) }
+    let!(:enums_is_is) { tf.variant(tf.enum('A', 'b', true), tf.enum('B', 'c', true)) }
+    let!(:patterns) { tf.variant(tf.pattern('a', 'b'), tf.pattern('b', 'c')) }
+    let!(:with_undef) { tf.variant(tf.undef, tf.range(1,10)) }
+    let!(:all_optional) { tf.variant(tf.optional(tf.range(1,10)), tf.optional(tf.range(11,20))) }
+    let!(:groups) { tf.variant(mix_ints, overlapping_floats, enums, patterns, with_undef, all_optional) }
+
+    context 'when normalizing contained types that' do
+      it 'are overlapping ints, the result is a range' do
+        expect(overlapping_ints.normalize).to eq(tf.range(10, 28))
+      end
+
+      it 'are adjacent ints, the result is a range' do
+        expect(adjacent_ints.normalize).to eq(tf.range(8, 20))
+      end
+
+      it 'are mixed variants with adjacent and overlapping ints, the result is a range' do
+        expect(mix_ints.normalize).to eq(tf.range(8, 28))
+      end
+
+      it 'are overlapping floats, the result is a float range' do
+        expect(overlapping_floats.normalize).to eq(tf.float_range(10.0, 28.0))
+      end
+
+      it 'are enums, the result is an enum' do
+        expect(enums.normalize).to eq(tf.enum('a', 'b', 'c'))
+      end
+
+      it 'are case sensitive versus case insensitive enums, does not merge the enums' do
+        expect(enums_s_is.normalize).to eq(enums_s_is)
+      end
+
+      it 'are case insensitive enums, result is case insensitive and unique irrespective of case' do
+        expect(enums_is_is.normalize).to eq(tf.enum('a', 'b', 'c', true))
+      end
+
+      it 'are patterns, the result is a pattern' do
+        expect(patterns.normalize).to eq(tf.pattern('a', 'b', 'c'))
+      end
+
+      it 'contains an Undef, the result is Optional' do
+        expect(with_undef.normalize).to eq(tf.optional(tf.range(1,10)))
+      end
+
+      it 'are all Optional, the result is an Optional with normalized type' do
+        expect(all_optional.normalize).to eq(tf.optional(tf.range(1,20)))
+      end
+
+      it 'can be normalized in groups, the result is a Variant containing the resulting normalizations' do
+        expect(groups.normalize).to eq(tf.optional(
+          tf.variant(
+            tf.range(1, 28),
+            tf.float_range(10.0, 28.0),
+            tf.enum('a', 'b', 'c'),
+            tf.pattern('a', 'b', 'c'))))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when generalizing' do
+      it 'will generalize and compact contained types' do
+        expect(tf.variant(tf.string(tf.range(3,3)), tf.string(tf.range(5,5))).generalize).to eq(tf.variant(tf.string))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Runtime type' do
+    it 'can be created with a runtime and a runtime type name' do
+      expect(tf.runtime('ruby', 'Hash').to_s).to eq("Runtime[ruby, 'Hash']")
+    end
+
+    it 'can be created with a runtime and, puppet name pattern, and runtime replacement' do
+      expect(tf.runtime('ruby', [/^MyPackage::(.*)$/, 'MyModule::\1']).to_s).to eq("Runtime[ruby, [/^MyPackage::(.*)$/, 'MyModule::\\1']]")
+    end
+
+    it 'will map a Puppet name to a runtime type' do
+      t = tf.runtime('ruby', [/^MyPackage::(.*)$/, 'MyModule::\1'])
+      expect(t.from_puppet_name('MyPackage::MyType').to_s).to eq("Runtime[ruby, 'MyModule::MyType']")
+    end
+
+    it 'with parameters is assignable to the default Runtime type' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      notice(Runtime[ruby, 'Symbol'] < Runtime)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'with parameters is not assignable from the default Runtime type' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      notice(Runtime < Runtime[ruby, 'Symbol'])
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['false'])
+    end
+
+    it 'default is assignable to itself' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      notice(Runtime < Runtime)
+      notice(Runtime <= Runtime)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['false', 'true'])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Type aliases' do
+    it 'will resolve nested objects using self recursion' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Tree = Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree]]
+      notice({a => {b => {c => d}}} =~ Tree)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'will find mismatches using self recursion' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Tree = Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree]]
+      notice({a => {b => {c => 1}}} =~ Tree)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['false'])
+    end
+
+    it 'will not allow an alias chain to only contain aliases' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Foo = Bar
+      type Fee = Foo
+      type Bar = Fee
+      notice(0 =~ Bar)
+      CODE
+      expect { eval_and_collect_notices(code) }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error, /Type alias 'Bar' cannot be resolved to a real type/)
+    end
+
+    it 'will not allow an alias chain that contains nothing but aliases and variants' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Foo = Bar
+      type Fee = Foo
+      type Bar = Variant[Fee,Foo]
+      notice(0 =~ Bar)
+      CODE
+      expect { eval_and_collect_notices(code) }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error, /Type alias 'Bar' cannot be resolved to a real type/)
+    end
+
+    it 'will not allow an alias to directly reference itself' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Foo = Foo
+      notice(0 =~ Foo)
+      CODE
+      expect { eval_and_collect_notices(code) }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error, /Type alias 'Foo' cannot be resolved to a real type/)
+    end
+
+    it 'will allow an alias to directly reference itself in a variant with other types' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Foo = Variant[Foo,String]
+      notice(a =~ Foo)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'will allow an alias where a variant references an alias with a variant that references itself' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type X = Variant[Y, Integer]
+      type Y = Variant[X, String]
+
+      notice(X >= X)
+      notice(X >= Y)
+      notice(Y >= X)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true','true','true'])
+    end
+
+    it 'will detect a mismatch in an alias that directly references itself in a variant with other types' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Foo = Variant[Foo,String]
+      notice(3 =~ Foo)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['false'])
+    end
+
+    it 'will normalize a Variant containing a self reference so that the self reference is removed' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Foo = Variant[Foo,String,Integer]
+      assert_type(Foo, /x/)
+      CODE
+      expect { eval_and_collect_notices(code) }.to raise_error(/expects a Foo = Variant\[String, Integer\] value, got Regexp/)
+    end
+
+    it 'will handle a scalar correctly in combinations of nested aliased variants' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Bar = Variant[Foo,Integer]
+      type Foo = Variant[Bar,String]
+      notice(a =~ Foo)
+      notice(1 =~ Foo)
+      notice(/x/ =~ Foo)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true', 'false'])
+    end
+
+    it 'will handle a non scalar correctly in combinations of nested aliased array with nested variants' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Bar = Variant[Foo,Integer]
+      type Foo = Array[Variant[Bar,String]]
+      notice([a] =~ Foo)
+      notice([1] =~ Foo)
+      notice([/x/] =~ Foo)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true', 'false'])
+    end
+
+    it 'will handle a non scalar correctly in combinations of nested aliased variants with array' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Bar = Variant[Foo,Array[Integer]]
+      type Foo = Variant[Bar,Array[String]]
+      notice([a] =~ Foo)
+      notice([1] =~ Foo)
+      notice([/x/] =~ Foo)
+      CODE
+      expect(eval_and_collect_notices(code)).to eq(['true', 'true', 'false'])
+    end
+
+    it 'will not allow dynamic constructs in type definition' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+      type Foo = Enum[$facts[os][family]]
+      notice(Foo)
+      CODE
+      expect{ eval_and_collect_notices(code) }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error,
+        /The expression <\$facts\[os\]\[family\]> is not a valid type specification/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'Type mappings' do
+    it 'can register a singe type mapping' do
+      source = <<-CODE
+        type MyModule::ImplementationRegistry = Object[{}]
+        type Runtime[ruby, 'Puppet::Pops::Types::ImplementationRegistry'] = MyModule::ImplementationRegistry
+        notice(true)
+      CODE
+      collect_notices(source) do |compiler|
+        compiler.compile do |catalog|
+          type = Loaders.implementation_registry.type_for_module(ImplementationRegistry)
+          expect(type).to be_a(PObjectType)
+          expect(type.name).to eql('MyModule::ImplementationRegistry')
+          catalog
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'can register a regexp based mapping' do
+      source = <<-CODE
+        type MyModule::TypeMismatchDescriber = Object[{}]
+        type Runtime[ruby, [/^Puppet::Pops::Types::(\\w+)$/, 'MyModule::\\1']] = [/^MyModule::(\\w+)$/, 'Puppet::Pops::Types::\\1']
+        notice(true)
+      CODE
+      collect_notices(source) do |compiler|
+        compiler.compile do |catalog|
+          type = Loaders.implementation_registry.type_for_module(TypeMismatchDescriber)
+          expect(type).to be_a(PObjectType)
+          expect(type.name).to eql('MyModule::TypeMismatchDescriber')
+          catalog
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'a type mapping affects type inference' do
+      source = <<-CODE
+        type MyModule::ImplementationRegistry = Object[{}]
+        type Runtime[ruby, 'Puppet::Pops::Types::ImplementationRegistry'] = MyModule::ImplementationRegistry
+        notice(true)
+      CODE
+      collect_notices(source) do |compiler|
+        compiler.compile do |catalog|
+          type = TypeCalculator.singleton.infer(Loaders.implementation_registry)
+          expect(type).to be_a(PObjectType)
+          expect(type.name).to eql('MyModule::ImplementationRegistry')
+          catalog
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'When attempting to redefine a built in type' do
+    it 'such as Integer, an error is raised' do
+      code = <<-CODE
+        type Integer = String
+        notice 'hello' =~ Integer
+      CODE
+      expect{ eval_and_collect_notices(code) }.to raise_error(/Attempt to redefine entity 'http:\/\/puppet\.com\/2016\.1\/runtime\/type\/integer'. Originally set by Puppet-Type-System\/Static-Loader/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'instantiation via new_function is supported by' do
+    let(:loader) { Loader::BaseLoader.new(nil, "types_unit_test_loader") }
+    it 'Integer' do
+      func_class = tf.integer.new_function
+      expect(func_class).to be_a(Class)
+      expect(func_class.superclass).to be(Puppet::Functions::Function)
+    end
+
+    it 'Optional[Integer]' do
+      func_class = tf.optional(tf.integer).new_function
+      expect(func_class).to be_a(Class)
+      expect(func_class.superclass).to be(Puppet::Functions::Function)
+    end
+
+    it 'Regexp' do
+      func_class = tf.regexp.new_function
+      expect(func_class).to be_a(Class)
+      expect(func_class.superclass).to be(Puppet::Functions::Function)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'instantiation via new_function is not supported by' do
+    let(:loader) { Loader::BaseLoader.new(nil, "types_unit_test_loader") }
+
+      it 'Any, Scalar, Collection' do
+        [tf.any, tf.scalar, tf.collection ].each do |t|
+        expect { t.new_function
+        }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /Creation of new instance of type '#{t.to_s}' is not supported/)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'instantiation via ruby create function' do
+    before(:each) do
+      Puppet.push_context(:loaders => Loaders.new(Puppet::Node::Environment.create(:testing, []))) do
+      end
+    end
+
+    after(:each) do
+      Puppet.pop_context()
+    end
+
+    it 'is supported by Integer' do
+      int = tf.integer.create('32')
+      expect(int).to eq(32)
+    end
+
+    it 'is supported by Regexp' do
+      rx = tf.regexp.create('[a-z]+')
+      expect(rx).to eq(/[a-z]+/)
+    end
+
+    it 'is supported by Optional[Integer]' do
+      int = tf.optional(tf.integer).create('32')
+      expect(int).to eq(32)
+    end
+
+    it 'is not supported by Any, Scalar, Collection' do
+      [tf.any, tf.scalar, tf.collection ].each do |t|
+        expect { t.create }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /Creation of new instance of type '#{t.to_s}' is not supported/)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'creation of parameterized type via ruby create function on class' do
+    before(:each) do
+      Puppet.push_context(:loaders => Loaders.new(Puppet::Node::Environment.create(:testing, []))) do
+      end
+    end
+
+    after(:each) do
+      Puppet.pop_context()
+    end
+
+    it 'is supported by Integer' do
+      int_type = tf.integer.class.create(0, 32)
+      expect(int_type).to eq(tf.range(0, 32))
+    end
+
+    it 'is supported by Regexp' do
+      rx_type = tf.regexp.class.create('[a-z]+')
+      expect(rx_type).to eq(tf.regexp(/[a-z]+/))
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'backward compatibility' do
+    it 'PTypeType can be accessed from PType' do
+      # should appoint the exact same instance
+      expect(PType).to equal(PTypeType)
+    end
+
+    it 'PClassType can be accessed from PHostClassType' do
+      # should appoint the exact same instance
+      expect(PHostClassType).to equal(PClassType)
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
+end