puppet 7.32.1-x86-mingw32 → 8.0.1-x86-mingw32

data/spec/unit/functions4_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1046 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'puppet/pops'
+require 'puppet/loaders'
+require 'puppet_spec/pops'
+require 'puppet_spec/scope'
+
+module FunctionAPISpecModule
+  class TestDuck
+  end
+
+  class TestFunctionLoader < Puppet::Pops::Loader::StaticLoader
+    def initialize
+      @constants = {}
+    end
+
+    def add_function(name, function)
+      set_entry(Puppet::Pops::Loader::TypedName.new(:function, name), function, __FILE__)
+    end
+
+    def add_type(name, type)
+      set_entry(Puppet::Pops::Loader::TypedName.new(:type, name), type, __FILE__)
+    end
+
+    def set_entry(typed_name, value, origin = nil)
+      @constants[typed_name] = Puppet::Pops::Loader::Loader::NamedEntry.new(typed_name, value, origin)
+    end
+
+    # override StaticLoader
+    def load_constant(typed_name)
+      @constants[typed_name]
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe 'the 4x function api' do
+  include FunctionAPISpecModule
+  include PuppetSpec::Pops
+  include PuppetSpec::Scope
+
+  let(:loader) { FunctionAPISpecModule::TestFunctionLoader.new }
+
+  def parse_eval(code, here)
+    if here.respond_to?(:source_location)
+      eval(code, here, here.source_location[0], here.source_location[1])
+    else
+      # this can be removed when ruby < 2.6 is dropped
+      eval(code, here)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'allows a simple function to be created without dispatch declaration' do
+    f = Puppet::Functions.create_function('min') do
+      def min(x,y)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+
+    # the produced result is a Class inheriting from Function
+    expect(f.class).to be(Class)
+    expect(f.superclass).to be(Puppet::Functions::Function)
+    # and this class had the given name (not a real Ruby class name)
+    expect(f.name).to eql('min')
+  end
+
+  it 'refuses to create functions that are not based on the Function class' do
+    expect do
+      Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing', Object) {}
+    end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /function 'testing'.*Functions must be based on Puppet::Pops::Functions::Function. Got Object/)
+  end
+
+  it 'refuses to create functions with parameters that are not named with a symbol' do
+    expect do
+      Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing') do
+        dispatch :test do
+          param 'Integer', 'not_symbol'
+        end
+        def test(x)
+        end
+      end
+    end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /Parameter name argument must be a Symbol/)
+  end
+
+  it 'a function without arguments can be defined and called without dispatch declaration' do
+    f = create_noargs_function_class()
+    func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+    expect(func.call({})).to eql(10)
+  end
+
+  it 'an error is raised when calling a no arguments function with arguments' do
+    f = create_noargs_function_class()
+    func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+    expect{func.call({}, 'surprise')}.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "'test' expects no arguments, got 1")
+  end
+
+  it 'a simple function can be called' do
+    f = create_min_function_class()
+    # TODO: Bogus parameters, not yet used
+    func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+    expect(func.is_a?(Puppet::Functions::Function)).to be_truthy
+    expect(func.call({}, 10,20)).to eql(10)
+  end
+
+  it 'an error is raised if called with too few arguments' do
+    f = create_min_function_class()
+    # TODO: Bogus parameters, not yet used
+    func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+    expect(func.is_a?(Puppet::Functions::Function)).to be_truthy
+    expect do
+      func.call({}, 10)
+    end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "'min' expects 2 arguments, got 1")
+  end
+
+  it 'an error is raised if called with too many arguments' do
+    f = create_min_function_class()
+    # TODO: Bogus parameters, not yet used
+    func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+    expect(func.is_a?(Puppet::Functions::Function)).to be_truthy
+    expect do
+      func.call({}, 10, 10, 10)
+    end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "'min' expects 2 arguments, got 3")
+  end
+
+  it 'correct dispatch is chosen when zero parameter dispatch exists' do
+    f = create_function_with_no_parameter_dispatch
+    func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+    expect(func.is_a?(Puppet::Functions::Function)).to be_truthy
+    expect(func.call({}, 1)).to eql(1)
+  end
+
+  it 'an error is raised if simple function-name and method are not matched' do
+    expect do
+      create_badly_named_method_function_class()
+    end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /Function Creation Error, cannot create a default dispatcher for function 'mix', no method with this name found/)
+  end
+
+  it 'the implementation separates dispatchers for different functions' do
+    # this tests that meta programming / construction puts class attributes in the correct class
+    f1 = create_min_function_class()
+    f2 = create_max_function_class()
+
+    d1 = f1.dispatcher
+    d2 = f2.dispatcher
+
+    expect(d1).to_not eql(d2)
+    expect(d1.dispatchers[0]).to_not eql(d2.dispatchers[0])
+  end
+
+  context 'when using regular dispatch' do
+    it 'a function can be created using dispatch and called' do
+      f = create_min_function_class_using_dispatch()
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.call({}, 3,4)).to eql(3)
+    end
+
+    it 'an error is raised with reference to given parameter names when called with mis-matched arguments' do
+      f = create_min_function_class_using_dispatch()
+      # TODO: Bogus parameters, not yet used
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.is_a?(Puppet::Functions::Function)).to be_truthy
+      expect do
+        func.call({}, 10, 'ten')
+      end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "'min' parameter 'b' expects a Numeric value, got String")
+    end
+
+    it 'an error includes optional indicators for last element' do
+      f = create_function_with_optionals_and_repeated_via_multiple_dispatch()
+      # TODO: Bogus parameters, not yet used
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.is_a?(Puppet::Functions::Function)).to be_truthy
+      expect do
+        func.call({}, 3, 10, 3, "4")
+      end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "The function 'min' was called with arguments it does not accept. It expects one of:
+  (Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric a?, Numeric b?, Numeric c*)
+    rejected: parameter 'b' expects a Numeric value, got String
+  (String x, String y, String a+)
+    rejected: parameter 'x' expects a String value, got Integer")
+    end
+
+    it 'can create optional repeated parameter' do
+      f = create_function_with_repeated
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.call({})).to eql(0)
+      expect(func.call({}, 1)).to eql(1)
+      expect(func.call({}, 1, 2)).to eql(2)
+
+      f = create_function_with_optional_repeated
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.call({})).to eql(0)
+      expect(func.call({}, 1)).to eql(1)
+      expect(func.call({}, 1, 2)).to eql(2)
+    end
+
+    it 'can create required repeated parameter' do
+      f = create_function_with_required_repeated
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.call({}, 1)).to eql(1)
+      expect(func.call({}, 1, 2)).to eql(2)
+      expect { func.call({}) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "'count_args' expects at least 1 argument, got none")
+    end
+
+    it 'can create scope_param followed by repeated  parameter' do
+      f = create_function_with_scope_param_required_repeat
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.call({}, 'yay', 1,2,3)).to eql([{}, 'yay',1,2,3])
+    end
+
+    it 'a function can use inexact argument mapping' do
+      f = create_function_with_inexact_dispatch
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.call({}, 3.0,4.0,5.0)).to eql([Float, Float, Float])
+      expect(func.call({}, 'Apple', 'Banana')).to eql([String, String])
+    end
+
+    it 'a function can be created using dispatch and called' do
+      f = create_min_function_class_disptaching_to_two_methods()
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.call({}, 3,4)).to eql(3)
+      expect(func.call({}, 'Apple', 'Banana')).to eql('Apple')
+    end
+
+    it 'a function can not be created with parameters declared after a repeated parameter' do
+      expect { create_function_with_param_after_repeated }.to raise_error(ArgumentError,
+        /function 't1'.*Parameters cannot be added after a repeated parameter/)
+    end
+
+    it 'a function can not be created with required parameters declared after optional ones' do
+      expect { create_function_with_rq_after_opt }.to raise_error(ArgumentError,
+        /function 't1'.*A required parameter cannot be added after an optional parameter/)
+    end
+
+    it 'a function can not be created with required repeated parameters declared after optional ones' do
+      expect { create_function_with_rq_repeated_after_opt }.to raise_error(ArgumentError,
+        /function 't1'.*A required repeated parameter cannot be added after an optional parameter/)
+    end
+
+    it 'an error is raised with reference to multiple methods when called with mis-matched arguments' do
+      f = create_min_function_class_disptaching_to_two_methods()
+      # TODO: Bogus parameters, not yet used
+      func = f.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+      expect(func.is_a?(Puppet::Functions::Function)).to be_truthy
+      expect do
+        func.call({}, 10, '20')
+      end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "The function 'min' was called with arguments it does not accept. It expects one of:
+  (Numeric a, Numeric b)
+    rejected: parameter 'b' expects a Numeric value, got String
+  (String s1, String s2)
+    rejected: parameter 's1' expects a String value, got Integer")
+    end
+
+    context 'an argument_mismatch handler' do
+      let(:func) { create_function_with_mismatch_handler.new(:closure_scope, :loader) }
+
+      it 'is called on matching arguments' do
+        expect { func.call({}, '1') }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "'test' It's not OK to pass a string")
+      end
+
+      it 'is not called unless arguments are matching' do
+        expect { func.call({}, '1', 3) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "'test' expects 1 argument, got 2")
+      end
+
+      it 'is not included in a signature mismatch description' do
+        expect { func.call({}, 2.3) }.to raise_error { |e| expect(e.message).not_to match(/String/) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when requesting a type' do
+      it 'responds with a Callable for a single signature' do
+        tf = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory
+        fc = create_min_function_class_using_dispatch()
+        t = fc.dispatcher.to_type
+        expect(t.class).to be(Puppet::Pops::Types::PCallableType)
+        expect(t.param_types.class).to be(Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType)
+        expect(t.param_types.types).to eql([tf.numeric(), tf.numeric()])
+        expect(t.block_type).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'responds with a Variant[Callable...] for multiple signatures' do
+        tf = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory
+        fc = create_min_function_class_disptaching_to_two_methods()
+        t = fc.dispatcher.to_type
+        expect(t.class).to be(Puppet::Pops::Types::PVariantType)
+        expect(t.types.size).to eql(2)
+        t1 = t.types[0]
+        expect(t1.param_types.class).to be(Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType)
+        expect(t1.param_types.types).to eql([tf.numeric(), tf.numeric()])
+        expect(t1.block_type).to be_nil
+        t2 = t.types[1]
+        expect(t2.param_types.class).to be(Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType)
+        expect(t2.param_types.types).to eql([tf.string(), tf.string()])
+        expect(t2.block_type).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'supports lambdas' do
+      it 'such that, a required block can be defined and given as an argument' do
+        the_function = create_function_with_required_block_all_defaults().new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+        result = the_function.call({}, 7) { |a,b| a < b ? a : b }
+        expect(result).to eq(7)
+      end
+
+      it 'such that, a missing required block when called raises an error' do
+        the_function = create_function_with_required_block_all_defaults().new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+        expect do
+          the_function.call({}, 10)
+        end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "'test' expects a block")
+      end
+
+      it 'such that, an optional block can be defined and given as an argument' do
+        the_function = create_function_with_optional_block_all_defaults().new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+        result = the_function.call({}, 4) { |a,b| a < b ? a : b }
+        expect(result).to eql(4)
+      end
+
+      it 'such that, an optional block can be omitted when called and gets the value nil' do
+        the_function = create_function_with_optional_block_all_defaults().new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+        expect(the_function.call({}, 2)).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'such that, a scope can be injected and a block can be used' do
+        the_function = create_function_with_scope_required_block_all_defaults().new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+        expect(the_function.call({}, 1) { |a,b| a < b ? a : b }).to eql(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'provides signature information' do
+      it 'about capture rest (varargs)' do
+        fc = create_function_with_optionals_and_repeated
+        signatures = fc.signatures
+        expect(signatures.size).to eql(1)
+        signature = signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.last_captures_rest?).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'about optional and required parameters' do
+        fc = create_function_with_optionals_and_repeated
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.args_range).to eql( [2, Float::INFINITY ] )
+        expect(signature.infinity?(signature.args_range[1])).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'about block not being allowed' do
+        fc = create_function_with_optionals_and_repeated
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.block_range).to eql( [ 0, 0 ] )
+        expect(signature.block_type).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'about required block' do
+        fc = create_function_with_required_block_all_defaults
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.block_range).to eql( [ 1, 1 ] )
+        expect(signature.block_type).to_not be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'about optional block' do
+        fc = create_function_with_optional_block_all_defaults
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.block_range).to eql( [ 0, 1 ] )
+        expect(signature.block_type).to_not be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'about the type' do
+        fc = create_function_with_optional_block_all_defaults
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.type.class).to be(Puppet::Pops::Types::PCallableType)
+      end
+
+      it 'about parameter names obtained from ruby introspection' do
+        fc = create_min_function_class
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.parameter_names).to eql(['x', 'y'])
+      end
+
+      it 'about parameter names specified with dispatch' do
+        fc = create_min_function_class_using_dispatch
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.parameter_names).to eql([:a, :b])
+      end
+
+      it 'about block_name when it is *not* given in the definition' do
+        # neither type, nor name
+        fc = create_function_with_required_block_all_defaults
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.block_name).to eql(:block)
+        # no name given, only type
+        fc = create_function_with_required_block_given_type
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.block_name).to eql(:block)
+      end
+
+      it 'about block_name when it *is* given in the definition' do
+        # neither type, nor name
+        fc = create_function_with_required_block_default_type
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.block_name).to eql(:the_block)
+        # no name given, only type
+        fc = create_function_with_required_block_fully_specified
+        signature = fc.signatures[0]
+        expect(signature.block_name).to eql(:the_block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'supports calling other functions' do
+      before(:each) do
+        Puppet.push_context( {:loaders => Puppet::Pops::Loaders.new(Puppet::Node::Environment.create(:testing, []))})
+      end
+
+      after(:each) do
+        Puppet.pop_context()
+      end
+
+      it 'such that, other functions are callable by name' do
+        fc = Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+          def test()
+            # Call a function available in the puppet system
+            call_function('assert_type', 'Integer', 10)
+          end
+        end
+        # initiate the function the same way the loader initiates it
+        f = fc.new(:closure_scope, Puppet.lookup(:loaders).puppet_system_loader)
+        expect(f.call({})).to eql(10)
+      end
+
+      it 'such that, calling a non existing function raises an error' do
+        fc = Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+          def test()
+            # Call a function not available in the puppet system
+            call_function('no_such_function', 'Integer', 'hello')
+          end
+        end
+        # initiate the function the same way the loader initiates it
+        f = fc.new(:closure_scope, Puppet.lookup(:loaders).puppet_system_loader)
+        expect{f.call({})}.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "Function test(): Unknown function: 'no_such_function'")
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'functions in a context with a compiler' do
+      before(:each) do
+        Puppet.push_context( {:loaders => Puppet::Pops::Loaders.new(Puppet::Node::Environment.create(:testing, []))})
+      end
+
+      after(:each) do
+        Puppet.pop_context()
+      end
+
+      before(:each) do
+        Puppet[:strict_variables] = true
+      end
+
+      let(:parser) {  Puppet::Pops::Parser::EvaluatingParser.new }
+      let(:node) { 'node.example.com' }
+      let(:scope) { s = create_test_scope_for_node(node); s }
+      let(:loader) { Puppet::Pops::Loaders.find_loader(nil) }
+
+      context 'supports calling ruby functions with lambda from puppet' do
+        it 'function with required block can be called' do
+          # construct ruby function to call
+          fc = Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+            dispatch :test do
+              param 'Integer', :x
+              # block called 'the_block', and using "all_callables"
+              required_block_param #(all_callables(), 'the_block')
+            end
+            def test(x)
+              # call the block with x
+              yield(x)
+            end
+          end
+          # add the function to the loader (as if it had been loaded from somewhere)
+          the_loader = loader
+          f = fc.new({}, the_loader)
+          loader.set_entry(Puppet::Pops::Loader::TypedName.new(:function, 'testing::test'), f)
+          # evaluate a puppet call
+          source = "testing::test(10) |$x| { $x+1 }"
+          program = parser.parse_string(source, __FILE__)
+          expect(Puppet::Pops::Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(the_loader)
+          expect(parser.evaluate(scope, program)).to eql(11)
+        end
+      end
+
+      it 'supports injection of a cache' do
+        the_function = create_function_with_cache_param.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+        expect(the_function.call(scope, 'key', 10)).to eql(nil)
+        expect(the_function.call(scope, 'key', 20)).to eql(10)
+        expect(the_function.call(scope, 'key', 30)).to eql(20)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'reports meaningful errors' do
+      let(:parser) {  Puppet::Pops::Parser::EvaluatingParser.new }
+
+      it 'syntax error in local type is reported with puppet source, puppet location, and ruby file containing function' do
+        the_loader = loader()
+        here = get_binding(the_loader)
+        expect do
+          parse_eval(<<-CODE, here)
+            Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+              local_types do
+                type 'MyType += Array[Integer]'
+              end
+              dispatch :test do
+                param 'MyType', :x
+              end
+              def test(x)
+                x
+              end
+            end
+          CODE
+        end.to raise_error(/MyType \+\= Array.*<Syntax error at '\+\=' \(line: 1, column: [0-9]+\)>.*functions4_spec\.rb.*/m)
+        # Note that raised error reports this spec file as the function source since the function is defined here
+      end
+
+      it 'syntax error in param type is reported with puppet source, puppet location, and ruby file containing function' do
+        the_loader = loader()
+        here = get_binding(the_loader)
+        expect do
+          parse_eval(<<-CODE, here)
+            Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+              dispatch :test do
+                param 'Array[1+=1]', :x
+              end
+              def test(x)
+                x
+              end
+            end
+          CODE
+        end.to raise_error(/Parsing of type string '"Array\[1\+=1\]"' failed with message: <Syntax error at '\]' \(line: 1, column: [0-9]+\)>/m)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'can use a loader when parsing types in function dispatch, and' do
+      let(:parser) {  Puppet::Pops::Parser::EvaluatingParser.new }
+
+      it 'uses return_type to validate returned value' do
+        the_loader = loader()
+        here = get_binding(the_loader)
+        fc = parse_eval(<<-CODE, here)
+          Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+            dispatch :test do
+              param 'Integer', :x
+              return_type 'String'
+            end
+            def test(x)
+              x
+            end
+          end
+        CODE
+        the_loader.add_function('testing::test', fc.new({}, the_loader))
+        program = parser.parse_string('testing::test(10)', __FILE__)
+        expect(Puppet::Pops::Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).and_return(the_loader)
+        expect { parser.evaluate({}, program) }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error,
+          /value returned from function 'test' has wrong type, expects a String value, got Integer/)
+      end
+
+      it 'resolve a referenced Type alias' do
+        the_loader = loader()
+        the_loader.add_type('myalias', type_alias_t('MyAlias', 'Integer'))
+        here = get_binding(the_loader)
+        fc = parse_eval(<<-CODE, here)
+          Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+            dispatch :test do
+              param 'MyAlias', :x
+              return_type 'MyAlias'
+            end
+            def test(x)
+              x
+            end
+          end
+        CODE
+        the_loader.add_function('testing::test', fc.new({}, the_loader))
+        program = parser.parse_string('testing::test(10)', __FILE__)
+        expect(Puppet::Pops::Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).and_return(the_loader)
+        expect(parser.evaluate({}, program)).to eql(10)
+      end
+
+      it 'reports a reference to an unresolved type' do
+        the_loader = loader()
+        here = get_binding(the_loader)
+        fc = parse_eval(<<-CODE, here)
+          Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+            dispatch :test do
+              param 'MyAlias', :x
+            end
+            def test(x)
+              x
+            end
+          end
+        CODE
+        the_loader.add_function('testing::test', fc.new({}, the_loader))
+        program = parser.parse_string('testing::test(10)', __FILE__)
+        expect(Puppet::Pops::Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).and_return(the_loader)
+        expect { parser.evaluate({}, program) }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error, /parameter 'x' references an unresolved type 'MyAlias'/)
+      end
+
+      it 'create local Type aliases' do
+        the_loader = loader()
+        here = get_binding(the_loader)
+        fc = parse_eval(<<-CODE, here)
+          Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+            local_types do
+              type 'MyType = Array[Integer]'
+            end
+            dispatch :test do
+              param 'MyType', :x
+            end
+            def test(x)
+              x
+            end
+          end
+        CODE
+        the_loader.add_function('testing::test', fc.new({}, the_loader))
+        program = parser.parse_string('testing::test([10,20])', __FILE__)
+        expect(Puppet::Pops::Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).and_return(the_loader)
+        expect(parser.evaluate({}, program)).to eq([10,20])
+      end
+
+      it 'create nested local Type aliases' do
+        the_loader = loader()
+        here = get_binding(the_loader)
+        fc = parse_eval(<<-CODE, here)
+          Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+            local_types do
+              type 'InnerType = Array[Integer]'
+              type 'OuterType = Hash[String,InnerType]'
+            end
+            dispatch :test do
+              param 'OuterType', :x
+            end
+            def test(x)
+              x
+            end
+          end
+        CODE
+        the_loader.add_function('testing::test', fc.new({}, the_loader))
+        program = parser.parse_string("testing::test({'x' => [10,20]})", __FILE__)
+        expect(Puppet::Pops::Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).and_return(the_loader)
+        expect(parser.evaluate({}, program)).to eq({'x' => [10,20]})
+      end
+
+      it 'create self referencing local Type aliases' do
+        the_loader = loader()
+        here = get_binding(the_loader)
+        fc = parse_eval(<<-CODE, here)
+          Puppet::Functions.create_function('testing::test') do
+            local_types do
+              type 'Tree = Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree]]'
+            end
+            dispatch :test do
+              param 'Tree', :x
+            end
+            def test(x)
+              x
+            end
+          end
+        CODE
+        the_loader.add_function('testing::test', fc.new({}, the_loader))
+        program = parser.parse_string("testing::test({'x' => {'y' => 'n'}})", __FILE__)
+        expect(Puppet::Pops::Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).and_return(the_loader)
+        expect(parser.evaluate({}, program)).to eq({'x' => {'y' => 'n'}})
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_noargs_function_class
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+      def test()
+        10
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_min_function_class
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('min') do
+      def min(x,y)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_max_function_class
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('max') do
+      def max(x,y)
+        x >= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_badly_named_method_function_class
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('mix') do
+      def mix_up(x,y)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_min_function_class_using_dispatch
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('min') do
+        dispatch :min do
+          param 'Numeric', :a
+          param 'Numeric', :b
+        end
+      def min(x,y)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_min_function_class_disptaching_to_two_methods
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('min') do
+      dispatch :min do
+        param 'Numeric', :a
+        param 'Numeric', :b
+      end
+
+      dispatch :min_s do
+        param 'String', :s1
+        param 'String', :s2
+      end
+
+      def min(x,y)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+
+      def min_s(x,y)
+        cmp = (x.downcase <=> y.downcase)
+        cmp <= 0 ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_optionals_and_repeated
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('min') do
+      def min(x,y,a=1, b=1, *c)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_optionals_and_repeated_via_dispatch
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('min') do
+      dispatch :min do
+        param 'Numeric', :x
+        param 'Numeric', :y
+        optional_param 'Numeric', :a
+        optional_param 'Numeric', :b
+        repeated_param 'Numeric', :c
+      end
+      def min(x,y,a=1, b=1, *c)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_optionals_and_repeated_via_multiple_dispatch
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('min') do
+      dispatch :min do
+        param 'Numeric', :x
+        param 'Numeric', :y
+        optional_param 'Numeric', :a
+        optional_param 'Numeric', :b
+        repeated_param 'Numeric', :c
+      end
+      dispatch :min do
+        param 'String', :x
+        param 'String', :y
+        required_repeated_param 'String', :a
+      end
+      def min(x,y,a=1, b=1, *c)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_required_repeated_via_dispatch
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('min') do
+      dispatch :min do
+        param 'Numeric', :x
+        param 'Numeric', :y
+        required_repeated_param 'Numeric', :z
+      end
+      def min(x,y, *z)
+        x <= y ? x : y
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_repeated
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('count_args') do
+      dispatch :count_args do
+        repeated_param 'Any', :c
+      end
+      def count_args(*c)
+        c.size
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_optional_repeated
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('count_args') do
+      dispatch :count_args do
+        optional_repeated_param 'Any', :c
+      end
+      def count_args(*c)
+        c.size
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_required_repeated
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('count_args') do
+      dispatch :count_args do
+        required_repeated_param 'Any', :c
+      end
+      def count_args(*c)
+        c.size
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_inexact_dispatch
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('t1') do
+      dispatch :t1 do
+        param 'Numeric', :x
+        param 'Numeric', :y
+        repeated_param 'Numeric', :z
+      end
+      dispatch :t1 do
+        param 'String', :x
+        param 'String', :y
+        repeated_param 'String', :z
+      end
+      def t1(first, *x)
+        [first.class, *x.map {|e|e.class}]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_rq_after_opt
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('t1') do
+      dispatch :t1 do
+        optional_param 'Numeric', :x
+        param 'Numeric', :y
+      end
+      def t1(*x)
+        x
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_rq_repeated_after_opt
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('t1') do
+      dispatch :t1 do
+        optional_param 'Numeric', :x
+        required_repeated_param 'Numeric', :y
+      end
+      def t1(x, *y)
+        x
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_param_after_repeated
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('t1') do
+      dispatch :t1 do
+        repeated_param 'Numeric', :x
+        param 'Numeric', :y
+      end
+      def t1(*x)
+        x
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+# DEAD TODO REMOVE
+#  def create_function_with_param_injection_regular
+#    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test', Puppet::Functions::InternalFunction) do
+#      attr_injected Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.type_of(FunctionAPISpecModule::TestDuck), :test_attr
+#      attr_injected Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.string(), :test_attr2, "a_string"
+#      attr_injected_producer Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.integer(), :serial, "an_int"
+#
+#      dispatch :test do
+#        injected_param Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.string, :x, 'a_string'
+#        injected_producer_param Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.integer, :y, 'an_int'
+#        param 'Scalar', :a
+#        param 'Scalar', :b
+#      end
+#
+#      def test(x,y,a,b)
+#        y_produced = y.produce(nil)
+#        "#{x}! #{a}, and #{b} < #{y_produced} = #{ !!(a < y_produced && b < y_produced)}"
+#      end
+#    end
+#  end
+
+  def create_function_with_required_block_all_defaults
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+      dispatch :test do
+        param 'Integer', :x
+        # use defaults, any callable, name is 'block'
+        block_param
+      end
+      def test(x)
+        yield(8,x)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_scope_required_block_all_defaults
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test', Puppet::Functions::InternalFunction) do
+      dispatch :test do
+        scope_param
+        param 'Integer', :x
+        # use defaults, any callable, name is 'block'
+        required_block_param
+      end
+      def test(scope, x)
+        yield(3,x)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_required_block_default_type
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+      dispatch :test do
+        param 'Integer', :x
+        # use defaults, any callable, name is 'block'
+        required_block_param :the_block
+      end
+      def test(x)
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_scope_param_required_repeat
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test', Puppet::Functions::InternalFunction) do
+      dispatch :test do
+        scope_param
+        param 'Any', :extra
+        repeated_param 'Any', :the_block
+      end
+      def test(scope, *args)
+        [scope, *args]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_required_block_given_type
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+      dispatch :test do
+        param 'Integer', :x
+        required_block_param
+      end
+      def test(x)
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_required_block_fully_specified
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+      dispatch :test do
+        param 'Integer', :x
+        # use defaults, any callable, name is 'block'
+        required_block_param('Callable', :the_block)
+      end
+      def test(x)
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_optional_block_all_defaults
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+      dispatch :test do
+        param 'Integer', :x
+        # use defaults, any callable, name is 'block'
+        optional_block_param
+      end
+      def test(x)
+        yield(5,x) if block_given?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_no_parameter_dispatch
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+      dispatch :test_no_args do
+      end
+      dispatch :test_one_arg do
+        param 'Integer', :x
+      end
+      def test_no_args
+        0
+      end
+      def test_one_arg(x)
+        x
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_mismatch_handler
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test') do
+      dispatch :test do
+        param 'Integer', :x
+      end
+
+      argument_mismatch :on_error do
+        param 'String', :x
+      end
+
+      def test(x)
+        yield(5,x) if block_given?
+      end
+
+      def on_error(x)
+        "It's not OK to pass a string"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create_function_with_cache_param
+    Puppet::Functions.create_function('test', Puppet::Functions::InternalFunction) do
+      dispatch :test do
+        cache_param
+        param 'String', :key
+        param 'Any', :value
+      end
+      def test(cache, k, v)
+        h = cache.retrieve(self)
+        previous = h[k]
+        h[k] = v
+        previous
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def type_alias_t(name, type_string)
+    type_expr = Puppet::Pops::Parser::EvaluatingParser.new.parse_string(type_string)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.type_alias(name, type_expr)
+  end
+
+  def get_binding(loader_injected_arg)
+    binding
+  end
+end