puppet 3.5.0.rc1-x86-mingw32

data/spec/unit/pops/types/type_calculator_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'puppet/pops'
+
+describe 'The type calculator' do
+  let(:calculator) {  Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeCalculator.new() }
+
+  def range_t(from, to)
+   t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new
+   t.from = from
+   t.to = to
+   t
+  end
+
+  def pattern_t(*patterns)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.pattern(*patterns)
+  end
+
+  def regexp_t(pattern)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.regexp(pattern)
+  end
+
+  def string_t(*strings)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.string(*strings)
+  end
+
+  def enum_t(*strings)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.enum(*strings)
+  end
+
+  def variant_t(*types)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.variant(*types)
+  end
+
+  def integer_t()
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.integer()
+  end
+
+  def array_t(t)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.array_of(t)
+  end
+
+  def hash_t(k,v)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.hash_of(v, k)
+  end
+
+  def data_t()
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.data()
+  end
+
+  def factory()
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory
+  end
+
+  def collection_t()
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.collection()
+  end
+
+  def tuple_t(*types)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.tuple(*types)
+  end
+
+  def struct_t(type_hash)
+    Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.struct(type_hash)
+  end
+
+  def types
+    Puppet::Pops::Types
+  end
+
+  shared_context "types_setup" do
+
+    def all_types
+      [ Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PRubyType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PPatternType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PEnumType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PVariantType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PStructType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType,
+      ]
+    end
+
+    def scalar_types
+      # PVariantType is also scalar, if its types are all Scalar
+      [
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PPatternType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PEnumType,
+      ]
+    end
+
+    def numeric_types
+      # PVariantType is also numeric, if its types are all numeric
+      [
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType,
+      ]
+    end
+
+    def string_types
+      # PVariantType is also string type, if its types are all compatible
+      [
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PPatternType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PEnumType,
+      ]
+    end
+
+    def collection_types
+      # PVariantType is also string type, if its types are all compatible
+      [
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PStructType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType,
+      ]
+    end
+
+    def data_compatible_types
+      result = scalar_types
+      result << Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType
+      result << array_t(types::PDataType.new)
+      result << types::TypeFactory.hash_of_data
+      result << Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType
+      tmp = tuple_t(types::PDataType.new)
+      result << (tmp)
+      tmp.size_type = range_t(0, nil)
+      result
+    end
+
+    def type_from_class(c)
+      c.is_a?(Class) ? c.new : c
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when inferring ruby' do
+
+    it 'fixnum translates to PIntegerType' do
+      calculator.infer(1).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+    end
+
+    it 'large fixnum (or bignum depending on architecture) translates to PIntegerType' do
+      calculator.infer(2**33).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+    end
+
+    it 'float translates to PFloatType' do
+      calculator.infer(1.3).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType
+    end
+
+    it 'string translates to PStringType' do
+      calculator.infer('foo').class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+    end
+
+    it 'inferred string type knows the string value' do
+      t = calculator.infer('foo')
+      t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      t.values.should == ['foo']
+    end
+
+    it 'boolean true translates to PBooleanType' do
+      calculator.infer(true).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType
+    end
+
+    it 'boolean false translates to PBooleanType' do
+      calculator.infer(false).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType
+    end
+
+    it 'regexp translates to PRegexpType' do
+      calculator.infer(/^a regular expression$/).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType
+    end
+
+    it 'nil translates to PNilType' do
+      calculator.infer(nil).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType
+    end
+
+    it ':undef translates to PNilType' do
+      calculator.infer(:undef).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType
+    end
+
+    it 'an instance of class Foo translates to PRubyType[Foo]' do
+      class Foo
+      end
+
+      t = calculator.infer(Foo.new)
+      t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PRubyType
+      t.ruby_class.should == 'Foo'
+    end
+
+    context 'array' do
+      it 'translates to PArrayType' do
+        calculator.infer([1,2]).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType
+      end
+
+      it 'with fixnum values translates to PArrayType[PIntegerType]' do
+        calculator.infer([1,2]).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+      end
+
+      it 'with 32 and 64 bit integer values translates to PArrayType[PIntegerType]' do
+        calculator.infer([1,2**33]).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+      end
+
+      it 'Range of integer values are computed' do
+        t = calculator.infer([-3,0,42]).element_type
+        t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+        t.from.should == -3
+        t.to.should == 42
+      end
+
+      it "Compound string values are computed" do
+        t = calculator.infer(['a','b', 'c']).element_type
+        t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+        t.values.should == ['a', 'b', 'c']
+      end
+
+      it 'with fixnum and float values translates to PArrayType[PNumericType]' do
+        calculator.infer([1,2.0]).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType
+      end
+
+      it 'with fixnum and string values translates to PArrayType[PScalarType]' do
+        calculator.infer([1,'two']).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      end
+
+      it 'with float and string values translates to PArrayType[PScalarType]' do
+        calculator.infer([1.0,'two']).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      end
+
+      it 'with fixnum, float, and string values translates to PArrayType[PScalarType]' do
+        calculator.infer([1, 2.0,'two']).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      end
+
+      it 'with fixnum and regexp values translates to PArrayType[PScalarType]' do
+        calculator.infer([1, /two/]).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      end
+
+      it 'with string and regexp values translates to PArrayType[PScalarType]' do
+        calculator.infer(['one', /two/]).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      end
+
+      it 'with string and symbol values translates to PArrayType[PObjectType]' do
+        calculator.infer(['one', :two]).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType
+      end
+
+      it 'with fixnum and nil values translates to PArrayType[PIntegerType]' do
+        calculator.infer([1, nil]).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+      end
+
+      it 'with arrays of string values translates to PArrayType[PArrayType[PStringType]]' do
+        et = calculator.infer([['first' 'array'], ['second','array']])
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType
+        et = et.element_type
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType
+        et = et.element_type
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      end
+
+      it 'with array of string values and array of fixnums translates to PArrayType[PArrayType[PScalarType]]' do
+        et = calculator.infer([['first' 'array'], [1,2]])
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType
+        et = et.element_type
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType
+        et = et.element_type
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      end
+
+      it 'with hashes of string values translates to PArrayType[PHashType[PStringType]]' do
+        et = calculator.infer([{:first => 'first', :second => 'second' }, {:first => 'first', :second => 'second' }])
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType
+        et = et.element_type
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType
+        et = et.element_type
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      end
+
+      it 'with hash of string values and hash of fixnums translates to PArrayType[PHashType[PScalarType]]' do
+        et = calculator.infer([{:first => 'first', :second => 'second' }, {:first => 1, :second => 2 }])
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType
+        et = et.element_type
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType
+        et = et.element_type
+        et.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'hash' do
+      it 'translates to PHashType' do
+        calculator.infer({:first => 1, :second => 2}).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType
+      end
+
+      it 'with symbolic keys translates to PHashType[PRubyType[Symbol],value]' do
+        k = calculator.infer({:first => 1, :second => 2}).key_type
+        k.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PRubyType
+        k.ruby_class.should == 'Symbol'
+      end
+
+      it 'with string keys translates to PHashType[PStringType,value]' do
+        calculator.infer({'first' => 1, 'second' => 2}).key_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      end
+
+      it 'with fixnum values translates to PHashType[key,PIntegerType]' do
+        calculator.infer({:first => 1, :second => 2}).element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  context 'patterns' do
+    it "constructs a PPatternType" do
+      t = pattern_t('a(b)c')
+      t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PPatternType
+      t.patterns.size.should == 1
+      t.patterns[0].class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType
+      t.patterns[0].pattern.should == 'a(b)c'
+      t.patterns[0].regexp.match('abc')[1].should == 'b'
+    end
+
+    it "constructs a PStringType with multiple strings" do
+      t = string_t('a', 'b', 'c', 'abc')
+      t.values.should == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'abc']
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Deal with cases not covered by computing common type
+  context 'when computing common type' do
+    it 'computes given resource type commonality' do
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      r1.type_name = 'File'
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      r2.type_name = 'File'
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "File"
+
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      r2.type_name = 'File'
+      r2.title = '/tmp/foo'
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "File"
+
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      r1.type_name = 'File'
+      r1.title = '/tmp/foo'
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "File['/tmp/foo']"
+
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      r1.type_name = 'File'
+      r1.title = '/tmp/bar'
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "File"
+
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      r2.type_name = 'Package'
+      r2.title = 'apache'
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "Resource"
+    end
+
+    it 'computes given hostclass type commonality' do
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new()
+      r1.class_name = 'foo'
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new()
+      r2.class_name = 'foo'
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "Class[foo]"
+
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new()
+      r2.class_name = 'bar'
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "Class"
+
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new()
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "Class"
+
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new()
+      calculator.string(calculator.common_type(r1, r2)).should == "Class"
+    end
+
+    it 'computes pattern commonality' do
+      t1 = pattern_t('abc')
+      t2 = pattern_t('xyz')
+      common_t = calculator.common_type(t1,t2)
+      common_t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PPatternType
+      common_t.patterns.map { |pr| pr.pattern }.should == ['abc', 'xyz']
+      calculator.string(common_t).should == "Pattern[/abc/, /xyz/]"
+    end
+
+    it 'computes enum commonality to value set sum' do
+      t1 = enum_t('a', 'b', 'c')
+      t2 = enum_t('x', 'y', 'z')
+      common_t = calculator.common_type(t1, t2)
+      common_t.should == enum_t('a', 'b', 'c', 'x', 'y', 'z')
+    end
+
+    it 'computed variant commonality to type union where added types are not sub-types' do
+      a_t1 = integer_t()
+      a_t2 = enum_t('b')
+      v_a = variant_t(a_t1, a_t2)
+      b_t1 = enum_t('a')
+      v_b = variant_t(b_t1)
+      common_t = calculator.common_type(v_a, v_b)
+      common_t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PVariantType
+      Set.new(common_t.types).should  == Set.new([a_t1, a_t2, b_t1])
+    end
+
+    it 'computed variant commonality to type union where added types are sub-types' do
+      a_t1 = integer_t()
+      a_t2 = string_t()
+      v_a = variant_t(a_t1, a_t2)
+      b_t1 = enum_t('a')
+      v_b = variant_t(b_t1)
+      common_t = calculator.common_type(v_a, v_b)
+      common_t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PVariantType
+      Set.new(common_t.types).should  == Set.new([a_t1, a_t2])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'computes assignability' do
+    include_context "types_setup"
+
+    context "for Object, such that" do
+      it 'all types are assignable to Object' do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType.new()
+        all_types.each { |t2| t2.new.should be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Object is not assignable to anything but Object' do
+        tested_types = all_types() - [Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType]
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType.new()
+        tested_types.each { |t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for Data, such that" do
+      it 'all scalars + array and hash are assignable to Data' do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType.new()
+        data_compatible_types.each { |t2|
+          type_from_class(t2).should be_assignable_to(t)
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'a Variant of scalar, hash, or array is assignable to Data' do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType.new()
+        data_compatible_types.each { |t2| variant_t(type_from_class(t2)).should be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Data is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType.new()
+        types_to_test = data_compatible_types- [Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType]
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(type_from_class(t2)) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Data is not assignable to a Variant of Data subtype' do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType.new()
+        types_to_test = data_compatible_types- [Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType]
+        types_to_test.each { |t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(variant_t(type_from_class(t2))) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Data is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType, Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType] - scalar_types
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType.new()
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for Scalar, such that" do
+      it "all scalars are assignable to Scalar" do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType.new()
+        scalar_types.each {|t2| t2.new.should be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Scalar is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType.new() 
+        types_to_test = scalar_types - [Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType]
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Scalar is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType, Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType] - scalar_types
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType.new()
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for Numeric, such that" do
+      it "all numerics are assignable to Numeric" do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType.new()
+        numeric_types.each {|t2| t2.new.should be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Numeric is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType.new()
+        types_to_test = numeric_types - [Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType]
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Numeric is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType,
+          ] - numeric_types
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType.new()
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for Collection, such that" do
+      it "all collections are assignable to Collection" do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType.new()
+        collection_types.each {|t2| t2.new.should be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Collection is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType.new()
+        types_to_test = collection_types - [Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType]
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Collection is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType] - collection_types
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType.new()
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for Array, such that" do
+      it "Array is not assignable to non Array based Collection type" do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType.new()
+        tested_types = collection_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Array is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType] - collection_types
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType.new()
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for Hash, such that" do
+      it "Hash is not assignable to any other Collection type" do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType.new()
+        tested_types = collection_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PStructType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Hash is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType] - collection_types
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType.new()
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for Tuple, such that" do
+      it "Tuple is not assignable to any other non Array based Collection type" do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType.new()
+        tested_types = collection_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Tuple is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType] - collection_types
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType.new()
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for Struct, such that" do
+      it "Struct is not assignable to any other non Hashed based Collection type" do
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PStructType.new()
+        tested_types = collection_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PStructType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Struct is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType,
+          Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType] - collection_types
+        t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PStructType.new()
+        tested_types.each {|t2| t.should_not be_assignable_to(t2.new) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should recognize mapped ruby types' do
+      { Integer    => Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new,
+        Fixnum     => Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new,
+        Bignum     => Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new,
+        Float      => Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType.new,
+        Numeric    => Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType.new,
+        NilClass   => Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType.new,
+        TrueClass  => Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType.new,
+        FalseClass => Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType.new,
+        String     => Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType.new,
+        Regexp     => Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType.new,
+        Regexp     => Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType.new,
+        Array      => Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.array_of_data(),
+        Hash       => Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.hash_of_data()
+      }.each do |ruby_type, puppet_type |
+          ruby_type.should be_assignable_to(puppet_type)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with integer ranges' do
+      it 'should accept an equal range' do
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(2,5), range_t(2,5)).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept an equal reverse range' do
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(2,5), range_t(5,2)).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a narrower range' do
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(2,10), range_t(3,5)).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a narrower reverse range' do
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(2,10), range_t(5,3)).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject a wider range' do
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(2,10)).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject a wider reverse range' do
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(10,2)).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject a partially overlapping range' do
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(2,4)).should == false
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(4,6)).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject a partially overlapping reverse range' do
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(4,2)).should == false
+        calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(6,4)).should == false
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with patterns' do
+      it 'should accept a string matching a pattern' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('abc')
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a regexp matching a pattern' do
+        p_t = pattern_t(/abc/)
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a pattern matching a pattern' do
+        p_t = pattern_t(pattern_t('abc'))
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a regexp matching a pattern' do
+        p_t = pattern_t(regexp_t('abc'))
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a string matching all patterns' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('abc', 'ab', 'c')
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept multiple strings if they all match any patterns' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('X', 'Y', 'abc')
+        p_s = string_t('Xa', 'aY', 'abc')
+        calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject a string not matching any patterns' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('abc', 'ab', 'c')
+        p_s = string_t('XqqqY')
+        calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject multiple strings if not all match any patterns' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('abc', 'ab', 'c', 'q')
+        p_s = string_t('X', 'Y', 'Z')
+        calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept enum matching patterns as instanceof' do
+        enum = enum_t('XS', 'S', 'M', 'L' 'XL', 'XXL')
+        pattern = pattern_t('S', 'M', 'L')
+        calculator.assignable?(pattern, enum).should  == true
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with tuples' do
+      it 'should accept matching tuples' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1,2)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Integer,Integer)
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2).should == true
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching tuples where one is more general than the other' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1,2)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Numeric,Numeric)
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2).should == false
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept ranged tuples' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1)
+        factory.constrain_size(tuple1, 5, 5)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Integer,Integer, Integer, Integer, Integer)
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2).should == true
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject ranged tuples when ranges does not match' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1)
+        factory.constrain_size(tuple1, 4, 5)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Integer,Integer, Integer, Integer, Integer)
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2).should == true
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject ranged tuples when ranges does not match (using infinite upper bound)' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1)
+        factory.constrain_size(tuple1, 4, :default)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Integer,Integer, Integer, Integer, Integer)
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2).should == true
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching tuples with optional entries' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1,2)
+        factory.constrain_size(tuple1, 0, :default)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Numeric,Numeric)
+        factory.constrain_size(tuple2, 0, :default)
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2).should == false
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching array' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1,2)
+        array = array_t(Integer)
+        factory.constrain_size(array, 2, 2)
+        calculator.assignable?(tuple1, array).should == true
+        calculator.assignable?(array, tuple1).should == true
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with structs' do
+      it 'should accept matching structs' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        struct2 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        calculator.assignable?(struct1, struct2).should == true
+        calculator.assignable?(struct2, struct1).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching structs where one is more general than the other' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        struct2 = struct_t({'a'=>Numeric, 'b'=>Numeric})
+        calculator.assignable?(struct1, struct2).should == false
+        calculator.assignable?(struct2, struct1).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching hash' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        non_empty_string = string_t()
+        non_empty_string.size_type = range_t(1, nil)
+        hsh = hash_t(non_empty_string, Integer)
+        factory.constrain_size(hsh, 2, 2)
+        calculator.assignable?(struct1, hsh).should == true
+        calculator.assignable?(hsh, struct1).should == true
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should recognize ruby type inheritance' do
+      class Foo
+      end
+
+      class Bar < Foo
+      end
+
+      fooType = calculator.infer(Foo.new)
+      barType = calculator.infer(Bar.new)
+
+      calculator.assignable?(fooType, fooType).should == true
+      calculator.assignable?(Foo, fooType).should == true
+
+      calculator.assignable?(fooType, barType).should == true
+      calculator.assignable?(Foo, barType).should == true
+
+      calculator.assignable?(barType, fooType).should == false
+      calculator.assignable?(Bar, fooType).should == false
+    end
+
+    it "should allow host class with same name" do
+      hc1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      hc2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      calculator.assignable?(hc1, hc2).should == true
+    end
+
+    it "should allow host class with name assigned to hostclass without name" do
+      hc1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.host_class()
+      hc2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      calculator.assignable?(hc1, hc2).should == true
+    end
+
+    it "should reject host classes with different names" do
+      hc1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      hc2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.host_class('another_name')
+      calculator.assignable?(hc1, hc2).should == false
+    end
+
+    it "should reject host classes without name assigned to host class with name" do
+      hc1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      hc2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.host_class()
+      calculator.assignable?(hc1, hc2).should == false
+    end
+
+    it "should allow resource with same type_name and title" do
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource('file', 'foo')
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource('file', 'foo')
+      calculator.assignable?(r1, r2).should == true
+    end
+
+    it "should allow more specific resource assignment" do
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource()
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource('file')
+      calculator.assignable?(r1, r2).should == true
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource('file', '/tmp/foo')
+      calculator.assignable?(r1, r2).should == true
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource('file')
+      calculator.assignable?(r1, r2).should == true
+    end
+
+    it "should reject less specific resource assignment" do
+      r1 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource('file', '/tmp/foo')
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource('file')
+      calculator.assignable?(r1, r2).should == false
+      r2 = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.resource()
+      calculator.assignable?(r1, r2).should == false
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  context 'when testing if x is instance of type t' do
+    include_context "types_setup"
+
+    it 'should consider undef to be instance of Object and NilType' do
+      calculator.instance?(Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType.new(), nil).should    == true
+      calculator.instance?(Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType.new(), nil).should == true
+    end
+
+    it 'should not consider undef to be an instance of any other type than Object and NilType and Data' do
+      types_to_test = all_types - [ 
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType,
+        Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType]
+
+      types_to_test.each {|t| calculator.instance?(t.new, nil).should == false }
+      types_to_test.each {|t| calculator.instance?(t.new, :undef).should == false }
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider fixnum instanceof PIntegerType' do
+      calculator.instance?(Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new(), 1).should == true
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider fixnum instanceof Fixnum' do
+      calculator.instance?(Fixnum, 1).should == true
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider integer in range' do
+      range = range_t(0,10)
+      calculator.instance?(range, 1).should == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, 10).should == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, -1).should == false
+      calculator.instance?(range, 11).should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider string in length range' do
+      range = factory.constrain_size(string_t, 1,3)
+      calculator.instance?(range, 'a').should    == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, 'abc').should  == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, '').should     == false
+      calculator.instance?(range, 'abcd').should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider array in length range' do
+      range = factory.constrain_size(array_t(integer_t), 1,3)
+      calculator.instance?(range, [1]).should    == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, [1,2,3]).should  == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, []).should     == false
+      calculator.instance?(range, [1,2,3,4]).should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider hash in length range' do
+      range = factory.constrain_size(hash_t(integer_t, integer_t), 1,2)
+      calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1}).should             == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1, 2=>2}).should       == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, {}).should                 == false
+      calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1, 2=>2, 3=>3}).should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider collection in length range for array ' do
+      range = factory.constrain_size(collection_t, 1,3)
+      calculator.instance?(range, [1]).should    == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, [1,2,3]).should  == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, []).should     == false
+      calculator.instance?(range, [1,2,3,4]).should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider collection in length range for hash' do
+      range = factory.constrain_size(collection_t, 1,2)
+      calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1}).should             == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1, 2=>2}).should       == true
+      calculator.instance?(range, {}).should                 == false
+      calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1, 2=>2, 3=>3}).should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider string matching enum as instanceof' do
+      enum = enum_t('XS', 'S', 'M', 'L', 'XL', '0')
+      calculator.instance?(enum, 'XS').should  == true
+      calculator.instance?(enum, 'S').should   == true
+      calculator.instance?(enum, 'XXL').should == false
+      calculator.instance?(enum, '').should    == false
+      calculator.instance?(enum, '0').should   == true
+      calculator.instance?(enum, 0).should     == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider array[string] as instance of Array[Enum] when strings are instance of Enum' do
+      enum = enum_t('XS', 'S', 'M', 'L', 'XL', '0')
+      array = array_t(enum)
+      calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 'XL']).should  == true
+      calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 'XXL']).should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider array[mixed] as instance of Variant[mixed] when mixed types are listed in Variant' do
+      enum = enum_t('XS', 'S', 'M', 'L', 'XL')
+      sizes = range_t(30, 50)
+      array = array_t(variant_t(enum, sizes))
+      calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 30, 50]).should  == true
+      calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 'XXL']).should   == false
+      calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 29]).should      == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider array[seq] as instance of Tuple[seq] when elements of seq are instance of' do
+      tuple = tuple_t(Integer, String, Float)
+      calculator.instance?(tuple, [1, 'a', 3.14]).should       == true
+      calculator.instance?(tuple, [1.2, 'a', 3.14]).should     == false
+      calculator.instance?(tuple, [1, 1, 3.14]).should         == false
+      calculator.instance?(tuple, [1, 'a', 1]).should          == false
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider hash[cont] as instance of Struct[cont-t]' do
+      struct = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>String, 'c'=>Float})
+      calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>'a', 'c'=>3.14}).should       == true
+      calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1.2, 'b'=>'a', 'c'=>3.14}).should     == false
+      calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>1, 'c'=>3.14}).should         == false
+      calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>'a', 'c'=>1}).should          == false
+    end
+
+    context 'and t is Data' do
+      it 'undef should be considered instance of Data' do
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, :undef).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'other symbols should not be considered instance of Data' do
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, :love).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty array should be considered instance of Data' do
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, []).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty hash should be considered instance of Data' do
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, {}).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'a hash with nil/undef data should be considered instance of Data' do
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, {'a' => nil}).should == true
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, {'a' => :undef}).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'a hash with nil/undef key should not considered instance of Data' do
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, {nil => 10}).should == false
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, {:undef => 10}).should == false
+      end
+
+      it 'an array with undef entries should be considered instance of Data' do
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, [:undef]).should == true
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, [nil]).should == true
+      end
+
+      it 'an array with undef / data entries should be considered instance of Data' do
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, [1, :undef, 'a']).should == true
+        calculator.instance?(data_t, [1, nil, 'a']).should == true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when converting a ruby class' do
+    it 'should yield \'PIntegerType\' for Integer, Fixnum, and Bignum' do
+      [Integer,Fixnum,Bignum].each do |c|
+        calculator.type(c).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PFloatType\' for Float' do
+      calculator.type(Float).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PBooleanType\' for FalseClass and TrueClass' do
+      [FalseClass,TrueClass].each do |c|
+        calculator.type(c).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PNilType\' for NilClass' do
+      calculator.type(NilClass).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PStringType\' for String' do
+      calculator.type(String).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PRegexpType\' for Regexp' do
+      calculator.type(Regexp).class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PArrayType[PDataType]\' for Array' do
+      t = calculator.type(Array)
+      t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType
+      t.element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PHashType[PScalarType,PDataType]\' for Hash' do
+      t = calculator.type(Hash)
+      t.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType
+      t.key_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      t.element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when representing the type as string' do
+    it 'should yield \'Type\' for PType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PType.new()).should == 'Type'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Object\' for PObjectType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType.new()).should == 'Object'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Scalar\' for PScalarType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType.new()).should == 'Scalar'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Boolean\' for PBooleanType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType.new()).should == 'Boolean'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Data\' for PDataType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType.new()).should == 'Data'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Numeric\' for PNumericType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType.new()).should == 'Numeric'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Integer\' and from/to for PIntegerType' do
+      int_T = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+      calculator.string(int_T.new()).should == 'Integer'
+      int = int_T.new()
+      int.from = 1
+      int.to = 1
+      calculator.string(int).should == 'Integer[1, 1]'
+      int = int_T.new()
+      int.from = 1
+      int.to = 2
+      calculator.string(int).should == 'Integer[1, 2]'
+      int = int_T.new()
+      int.from = nil
+      int.to = 2
+      calculator.string(int).should == 'Integer[default, 2]'
+      int = int_T.new()
+      int.from = 2
+      int.to = nil
+      calculator.string(int).should == 'Integer[2, default]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Float\' for PFloatType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType.new()).should == 'Float'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Regexp\' for PRegexpType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType.new()).should == 'Regexp'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Regexp[/pat/]\' for parameterized PRegexpType' do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType.new()
+      t.pattern = ('a/b')
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType.new()).should == 'Regexp'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'String\' for PStringType' do
+      calculator.string(Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType.new()).should == 'String'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'String\' for PStringType with multiple values' do
+      calculator.string(string_t('a', 'b', 'c')).should == 'String'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'String\' and from/to for PStringType' do
+      string_T = Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(string_T.new(), 1,1)).should == 'String[1, 1]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(string_T.new(), 1,2)).should == 'String[1, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(string_T.new(), :default, 2)).should == 'String[default, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(string_T.new(), 2, :default)).should == 'String[2, default]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Array[Integer]\' for PArrayType[PIntegerType]' do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType.new()
+      t.element_type = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      calculator.string(t).should == 'Array[Integer]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Collection\' and from/to for PCollectionType' do
+      col = collection_t()
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(col.copy, 1,1)).should == 'Collection[1, 1]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(col.copy, 1,2)).should == 'Collection[1, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(col.copy, :default, 2)).should == 'Collection[default, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(col.copy, 2, :default)).should == 'Collection[2, default]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Array\' and from/to for PArrayType' do
+      arr = array_t(string_t)
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(arr.copy, 1,1)).should == 'Array[String, 1, 1]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(arr.copy, 1,2)).should == 'Array[String, 1, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(arr.copy, :default, 2)).should == 'Array[String, default, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(arr.copy, 2, :default)).should == 'Array[String, 2, default]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Tuple[Integer]\' for PTupleType[PIntegerType]' do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType.new()
+      t.addTypes(Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new())
+      calculator.string(t).should == 'Tuple[Integer]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Tuple[T, T,..]\' for PTupleType[T, T, ...]' do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType.new()
+      t.addTypes(Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new())
+      t.addTypes(Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new())
+      t.addTypes(Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType.new())
+      calculator.string(t).should == 'Tuple[Integer, Integer, String]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Tuple\' and from/to for PTupleType' do
+      tuple_t = tuple_t(string_t)
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(tuple_t.copy, 1,1)).should == 'Tuple[String, 1, 1]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(tuple_t.copy, 1,2)).should == 'Tuple[String, 1, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(tuple_t.copy, :default, 2)).should == 'Tuple[String, default, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(tuple_t.copy, 2, :default)).should == 'Tuple[String, 2, default]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Struct\' and details for PStructType' do
+      struct_t = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>String})
+      s = calculator.string(struct_t)
+      # Ruby 1.8.7 - noone likes you...
+      (s == "Struct[{'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>String}]" || s == "Struct[{'b'=>String, 'a'=>Integer}]").should == true
+      struct_t = struct_t({})
+      calculator.string(struct_t).should == "Struct"
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Hash[String, Integer]\' for PHashType[PStringType, PIntegerType]' do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType.new()
+      t.key_type = Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType.new()
+      t.element_type = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      calculator.string(t).should == 'Hash[String, Integer]'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'Hash\' and from/to for PHashType' do
+      hsh = hash_t(string_t, string_t)
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(hsh.copy, 1,1)).should == 'Hash[String, String, 1, 1]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(hsh.copy, 1,2)).should == 'Hash[String, String, 1, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(hsh.copy, :default, 2)).should == 'Hash[String, String, default, 2]'
+      calculator.string(factory.constrain_size(hsh.copy, 2, :default)).should == 'Hash[String, String, 2, default]'
+    end
+
+    it "should yield 'Class' for a PHostClassType" do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new()
+      calculator.string(t).should == 'Class'
+    end
+
+    it "should yield 'Class[x]' for a PHostClassType[x]" do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new()
+      t.class_name = 'x'
+      calculator.string(t).should == 'Class[x]'
+    end
+
+    it "should yield 'Resource' for a PResourceType" do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      calculator.string(t).should == 'Resource'
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'File\' for a PResourceType[\'File\']' do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      t.type_name = 'File'
+      calculator.string(t).should == 'File'
+    end
+
+    it "should yield 'File['/tmp/foo']' for a PResourceType['File', '/tmp/foo']" do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()
+      t.type_name = 'File'
+      t.title = '/tmp/foo'
+      calculator.string(t).should == "File['/tmp/foo']"
+    end
+
+    it "should yield 'Enum[s,...]' for a PEnumType[s,...]" do
+      t = enum_t('a', 'b', 'c')
+      calculator.string(t).should == "Enum['a', 'b', 'c']"
+    end
+
+    it "should yield 'Pattern[/pat/,...]' for a PPatternType['pat',...]" do
+      t = pattern_t('a')
+      t2 = pattern_t('a', 'b', 'c')
+      calculator.string(t).should == "Pattern[/a/]"
+      calculator.string(t2).should == "Pattern[/a/, /b/, /c/]"
+    end
+
+    it "should escape special characters in the string for a PPatternType['pat',...]" do
+      t = pattern_t('a/b')
+      calculator.string(t).should == "Pattern[/a\\/b/]"
+    end
+
+    it "should yield 'Variant[t1,t2,...]' for a PVariantType[t1, t2,...]" do
+      t1 = string_t()
+      t2 = integer_t()
+      t3 = pattern_t('a')
+      t = variant_t(t1, t2, t3)
+      calculator.string(t).should == "Variant[String, Integer, Pattern[/a/]]"
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when processing meta type' do
+    it 'should infer PType as the type of all other types' do
+      ptype = Puppet::Pops::Types::PType
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType.new()       ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType.new()      ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType.new()   ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType.new()    ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType.new()   ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()   ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType.new()     ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType.new()   ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType.new()   ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType.new()).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType.new()     ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType.new()      ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PRubyType.new()      ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new() ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()  ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PEnumType.new()      ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PPatternType.new()   ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PVariantType.new()   ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType.new()     ).is_a?(ptype).should() == true
+    end
+
+    it 'should infer PType as the type of all other types' do
+      ptype = Puppet::Pops::Types::PType
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType.new()       )).should == "Type[Undef]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PDataType.new()      )).should == "Type[Data]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType.new()   )).should == "Type[Scalar]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType.new()    )).should == "Type[String]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PNumericType.new()   )).should == "Type[Numeric]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()   )).should == "Type[Integer]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType.new()     )).should == "Type[Float]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PRegexpType.new()    )).should == "Type[Regexp]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PBooleanType.new()   )).should == "Type[Boolean]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PCollectionType.new())).should == "Type[Collection]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PArrayType.new()     )).should == "Type[Array[?]]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType.new()      )).should == "Type[Hash[?, ?]]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PRubyType.new()      )).should == "Type[Ruby[?]]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PHostClassType.new() )).should == "Type[Class]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PResourceType.new()  )).should == "Type[Resource]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PEnumType.new()      )).should == "Type[Enum]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PVariantType.new()   )).should == "Type[Variant]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PPatternType.new()   )).should == "Type[Pattern]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PTupleType.new()     )).should == "Type[Tuple]"
+    end
+
+    it "computes the common type of PType's type parameter" do
+      int_t    = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      string_t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType.new()
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer([int_t])).should == "Array[Type[Integer], 1, 1]"
+      calculator.string(calculator.infer([int_t, string_t])).should == "Array[Type[Scalar], 2, 2]"
+    end
+
+    it 'should infer PType as the type of ruby classes' do
+      class Foo
+      end
+      [Object, Numeric, Integer, Fixnum, Bignum, Float, String, Regexp, Array, Hash, Foo].each do |c|
+        calculator.infer(c).is_a?(Puppet::Pops::Types::PType).should() == true
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should infer PType as the type of PType (meta regression short-circuit)' do
+      calculator.infer(Puppet::Pops::Types::PType.new()).is_a?(Puppet::Pops::Types::PType).should() == true
+    end
+
+    it 'computes instance? to be true if parameterized and type match' do
+      int_t    = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      type_t   = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.type_type(int_t)
+      type_type_t   = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.type_type(type_t)
+      calculator.instance?(type_type_t, type_t).should == true
+    end
+
+    it 'computes instance? to be false if parameterized and type do not match' do
+      int_t    = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      string_t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType.new()
+      type_t   = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.type_type(int_t)
+      type_t2   = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.type_type(string_t)
+      type_type_t   = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.type_type(type_t)
+      # i.e. Type[Integer] =~ Type[Type[Integer]] # false
+      calculator.instance?(type_type_t, type_t2).should == false
+    end
+
+    it 'computes instance? to be true if unparameterized and matched against a type[?]' do
+      int_t    = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      type_t   = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFactory.type_type(int_t)
+      calculator.instance?(Puppet::Pops::Types::PType.new, type_t).should == true
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when asking for an enumerable " do
+    it "should produce an enumerable for an Integer range that is not infinite" do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      t.from = 1
+      t.to = 10
+      calculator.enumerable(t).respond_to?(:each).should == true
+    end
+
+    it "should not produce an enumerable for an Integer range that has an infinite side" do
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      t.from = nil
+      t.to = 10
+      calculator.enumerable(t).should == nil
+
+      t = Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType.new()
+      t.from = 1
+      t.to = nil
+      calculator.enumerable(t).should == nil
+    end
+
+    it "all but Integer range are not enumerable" do
+      [Object, Numeric, Float, String, Regexp, Array, Hash].each do |t|
+        calculator.enumerable(calculator.type(t)).should == nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context "when dealing with different types of inference" do
+    it "an instance specific inference is produced by infer" do
+      calculator.infer(['a','b']).element_type.values.should == ['a', 'b']
+    end
+
+    it "a generic inference is produced using infer_generic" do
+      calculator.infer_generic(['a','b']).element_type.values.should == []
+    end
+
+    it "a generic result is created by generalize! given an instance specific result for an Array" do
+      generic = calculator.infer(['a','b'])
+      generic.element_type.values.should == ['a', 'b']
+      calculator.generalize!(generic)
+      generic.element_type.values.should == []
+    end
+
+    it "a generic result is created by generalize! given an instance specific result for a Hash" do
+      generic = calculator.infer({'a' =>1,'b' => 2})
+      generic.key_type.values.sort.should == ['a', 'b']
+      generic.element_type.from.should == 1
+      generic.element_type.to.should == 2
+      calculator.generalize!(generic)
+      generic.key_type.values.should == []
+      generic.element_type.from.should == nil
+      generic.element_type.to.should == nil
+    end
+
+    it "does not reduce by combining types when using infer_set" do
+      element_type = calculator.infer(['a','b',1,2]).element_type
+      element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PScalarType
+      element_type = calculator.infer_set(['a','b',1,2]).element_type
+      element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PVariantType
+      element_type.types[0].class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      element_type.types[1].class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      element_type.types[2].class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+      element_type.types[3].class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType
+    end
+
+    it "does not reduce by combining types when using infer_set and values are undef" do
+      element_type = calculator.infer(['a',nil]).element_type
+      element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      element_type = calculator.infer_set(['a',nil]).element_type
+      element_type.class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PVariantType
+      element_type.types[0].class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PStringType
+      element_type.types[1].class.should == Puppet::Pops::Types::PNilType
+    end
+  end
+
+  matcher :be_assignable_to do |type|
+    calc = Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeCalculator.new
+
+    match do |actual|
+      calc.assignable?(type, actual)
+    end
+
+    failure_message_for_should do |actual|
+      "#{calc.string(actual)} should be assignable to #{calc.string(type)}"
+    end
+
+    failure_message_for_should_not do |actual|
+      "#{calc.string(actual)} is assignable to #{calc.string(type)} when it should not"
+    end
+  end
+
+end