ppe-georuby 1.7.2

data/lib/geo_ruby/simple_features/helper.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+module GeoRuby
+  module SimpleFeatures
+    #indicates the presence of Z coordinates in EWKB strings
+    Z_MASK=0x80000000
+    #indicates the presence of M coordinates in EWKB strings.
+    M_MASK=0x40000000
+    #indicate the presence of a SRID in EWKB strings.
+    SRID_MASK=0x20000000
+    #GeoRSS namespace
+    GEORSS_NS = "http://www.georss.org/georss"
+    #GML Namespace
+    GML_NS = "http://www.opengis.net/gml"
+    #W3CGeo Namespace
+    W3CGEO_NS = "http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#"
+    #KML Namespace
+    KML_NS = "http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1"
+  end
+end

data/lib/geo_ruby/simple_features/line_string.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+require "geo_ruby/simple_features/geometry"
+
+module GeoRuby
+  module SimpleFeatures
+    #Represents a line string as an array of points (see Point).
+    class LineString < Geometry
+      #the list of points forming the line string
+      attr_reader :points
+
+      def initialize(srid= DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        super(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        @points=[]
+      end
+
+      #Delegate the unknown methods to the points array
+      def method_missing(method_name,*args,&b)
+        @points.send(method_name,*args,&b)
+      end
+
+      #tests if the line string is closed
+      def is_closed
+        #a bit naive...
+        @points.first == @points.last
+      end
+      alias :closed? :is_closed
+
+      #Bounding box in 2D/3D. Returns an array of 2 points
+      def bounding_box
+        max_x, min_x, max_y, min_y = -Float::MAX, Float::MAX, -Float::MAX, Float::MAX
+        if(with_z)
+          max_z, min_z = -Float::MAX,Float::MAX
+          each do |point|
+            max_y = point.y if point.y > max_y
+            min_y = point.y if point.y < min_y
+            max_x = point.x if point.x > max_x
+            min_x = point.x if point.x < min_x
+            max_z = point.z if point.z > max_z
+            min_z = point.z if point.z < min_z
+          end
+          [Point.from_x_y_z(min_x,min_y,min_z),Point.from_x_y_z(max_x,max_y,max_z)]
+        else
+          each do |point|
+            max_y = point.y if point.y > max_y
+            min_y = point.y if point.y < min_y
+            max_x = point.x if point.x > max_x
+            min_x = point.x if point.x < min_x
+          end
+          [Point.from_x_y(min_x,min_y),Point.from_x_y(max_x,max_y)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def m_range
+        if with_m
+          max_m, min_m = -Float::MAX, Float::MAX
+          each do |point|
+            max_m = point.m if point.m > max_m
+            min_m = point.m if point.m < min_m
+          end
+          [min_m,max_m]
+        else
+          [0,0]
+        end
+      end
+
+     #call to native Geo intersect, return true or false
+      def intersects?(other_line_string)
+
+      end
+
+      def spherical_distance
+        total = 0
+        @points.each_with_index do |p,i|
+          total += p.spherical_distance(@points[i+1]) if @points[i+1]
+        end
+        total
+      end
+
+      def euclidian_distance
+        total = 0
+        @points.each_with_index do |p,i|
+          total += p.euclidian_distance(@points[i+1]) if @points[i+1]
+        end
+        total
+      end
+
+      #Tests the equality of line strings
+      def ==(other_line_string)
+        if(other_line_string.class != self.class or
+             other_line_string.length != self.length)
+          false
+        else
+          index=0
+          while index<length
+            return false if self[index] != other_line_string[index]
+            index+=1
+          end
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      #Binary representation of a line string
+      def binary_representation(allow_z=true,allow_m=true) #:nodoc:
+        rep = [length].pack("V")
+        each {|point| rep << point.binary_representation(allow_z,allow_m) }
+        rep
+      end
+
+      #WKB geometry type
+      def binary_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        2
+      end
+
+      #Text representation of a line string
+      def text_representation(allow_z=true,allow_m=true) #:nodoc:
+        @points.collect{|point| point.text_representation(allow_z,allow_m) }.join(",")
+      end
+      #WKT geometry type
+      def text_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        "LINESTRING"
+      end
+
+      #georss simple representation
+      def georss_simple_representation(options) #:nodoc:
+        georss_ns = options[:georss_ns] || "georss"
+        geom_attr = options[:geom_attr]
+        "<#{georss_ns}:line#{geom_attr}>" + georss_poslist + "</#{georss_ns}:line>\n"
+      end
+      #georss w3c representation : outputs the first point of the line
+      def georss_w3cgeo_representation(options) #:nodoc:
+        w3cgeo_ns = options[:w3cgeo_ns] || "geo"
+        "<#{w3cgeo_ns}:lat>#{self[0].y}</#{w3cgeo_ns}:lat>\n<#{w3cgeo_ns}:long>#{self[0].x}</#{w3cgeo_ns}:long>\n"
+      end
+      #georss gml representation
+      def georss_gml_representation(options) #:nodoc:
+        georss_ns = options[:georss_ns] || "georss"
+        gml_ns = options[:gml_ns] || "gml"
+
+        result = "<#{georss_ns}:where>\n<#{gml_ns}:LineString>\n<#{gml_ns}:posList>\n"
+        result += georss_poslist
+        result += "\n</#{gml_ns}:posList>\n</#{gml_ns}:LineString>\n</#{georss_ns}:where>\n"
+      end
+
+      def georss_poslist #:nodoc:
+        map {|point| "#{point.y} #{point.x}"}.join(" ")
+      end
+
+      #outputs the geometry in kml format : options are <tt>:id</tt>, <tt>:tesselate</tt>, <tt>:extrude</tt>,
+      #<tt>:altitude_mode</tt>. If the altitude_mode option is not present, the Z (if present) will not be output (since
+      #it won't be used by GE anyway: clampToGround is the default)
+      def kml_representation(options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        result = "<LineString#{options[:id_attr]}>\n"
+        result += options[:geom_data] if options[:geom_data]
+        result += "<coordinates>"
+        result += kml_poslist(options)
+        result += "</coordinates>\n"
+        result += "</LineString>\n"
+      end
+
+      def kml_poslist(options) #:nodoc:
+        pos_list = if options[:allow_z]
+           map {|point| "#{point.x},#{point.y},#{options[:fixed_z] || point.z || 0}" }
+        else
+          map {|point| "#{point.x},#{point.y}" }
+        end
+        pos_list.reverse! if(options[:reverse])
+        pos_list.join(" ")
+      end
+
+      # Simplify linestring (Douglas Peucker Algorithm)
+      # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramer-Douglas-Peucker_algorithm
+      def simplify(epsilon=1)
+        LineString.from_points(do_simplify(@points, epsilon))
+      end
+
+      def do_simplify(list, epsilon)
+        index = dmax = 0
+        2.upto(list.length - 1) do |i|
+          d = list[i].orthogonal_distance(list[0], list[-1])
+          index, dmax = i, d if d > dmax
+        end
+
+        if dmax >= epsilon
+          res1 = do_simplify(list[0..index], epsilon)
+          res2 = do_simplify(list[index..-1], epsilon)
+          res1[0..-2] + res2[0..-1]
+        else
+          [list[0], list[-1]]
+        end
+      end
+
+      #Creates a new line string. Accept an array of points as argument
+      def self.from_points(points,srid=DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        line_string = new(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        line_string.concat(points)
+        line_string
+      end
+
+      #Creates a new line string. Accept a sequence of points as argument : ((x,y)...(x,y))
+      def self.from_coordinates(points,srid=DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        line_string = new(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        line_string.concat( points.map {|p| Point.from_coordinates(p,srid,with_z,with_m) } )
+        line_string
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/geo_ruby/simple_features/linear_ring.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'geo_ruby/simple_features/line_string'
+
+module GeoRuby
+  module SimpleFeatures
+    #Represents a linear ring, which is a closed line string (see LineString). Currently, no check is performed to verify if the linear ring is really closed.
+    class LinearRing < LineString
+      def initialize(srid= DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        super(srid,with_z,with_m)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/geo_ruby/simple_features/multi_line_string.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+require 'geo_ruby/simple_features/geometry_collection'
+
+module GeoRuby
+
+  module SimpleFeatures
+
+    #Represents a group of line strings (see LineString).
+    class MultiLineString < GeometryCollection
+
+      def initialize(srid = DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        super(srid)
+      end
+
+      def binary_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        5
+      end
+
+      def points
+        geometries.map(&:points).flatten
+      end
+
+      #Text representation of a multi line string
+      def text_representation(allow_z=true,allow_m=true) #:nodoc:
+        @geometries.collect{|line_string| "(" + line_string.text_representation(allow_z,allow_m) + ")" }.join(",")
+      end
+
+      #WKT geometry type
+      def text_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        "MULTILINESTRING"
+      end
+
+      def to_line_string(join = true)
+        LineString.from_points(points)
+      end
+
+      #Creates a new multi line string from an array of line strings
+      def self.from_line_strings(line_strings,srid=DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        multi_line_string = new(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        multi_line_string.concat(line_strings)
+        multi_line_string
+      end
+
+      #Creates a new multi line string from sequences of points : (((x,y)...(x,y)),((x,y)...(x,y)))
+      def self.from_coordinates(point_sequences,srid=DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        multi_line_string = new(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        multi_line_string.concat(point_sequences.collect {|points| LineString.from_coordinates(points,srid,with_z,with_m) })
+        multi_line_string
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/geo_ruby/simple_features/multi_point.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+require 'geo_ruby/simple_features/geometry_collection'
+
+module GeoRuby
+  module SimpleFeatures
+    #Represents a group of points (see Point).
+    class MultiPoint < GeometryCollection
+
+      def initialize(srid= DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        super(srid,with_z,with_m)
+      end
+
+      def binary_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        4
+      end
+
+      def points
+        @geometries
+      end
+
+      #Text representation of a MultiPoint
+      def text_representation(allow_z=true,allow_m=true) #:nodoc:
+        "(" + @geometries.collect{|point| point.text_representation(allow_z,allow_m)}.join("),(") + ")"
+      end
+
+      #WKT geoemtry type
+      def text_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        "MULTIPOINT"
+      end
+
+      #Creates a new multi point from an array of points
+      def self.from_points(points,srid= DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        multi_point= new(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        multi_point.concat(points)
+        multi_point
+      end
+
+      #Creates a new multi point from a list of point coordinates : ((x,y)...(x,y))
+      def self.from_coordinates(points,srid= DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        multi_point= new(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        multi_point.concat(points.collect {|point| Point.from_coordinates(point,srid,with_z,with_m)})
+        multi_point
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/geo_ruby/simple_features/multi_polygon.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require 'geo_ruby/simple_features/geometry_collection'
+
+module GeoRuby
+
+  module SimpleFeatures
+
+    #Represents a group of polygons (see Polygon).
+    class MultiPolygon < GeometryCollection
+
+      def initialize(srid = DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        super(srid)
+      end
+
+      def binary_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        6
+      end
+
+      def points
+        @points ||= geometries.inject([]) do |arr, r|
+          arr.concat(r.rings.map(&:points).flatten)
+        end
+      end
+
+      #Text representation of a MultiPolygon
+      def text_representation(allow_z=true,allow_m=true) #:nodoc:
+        @geometries.map {|polygon| "(" + polygon.text_representation(allow_z,allow_m) + ")"}.join(",")
+      end
+
+      #WKT geometry type
+      def text_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        "MULTIPOLYGON"
+      end
+
+      #Creates a multi polygon from an array of polygons
+      def self.from_polygons(polygons,srid=DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        multi_polygon = new(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        multi_polygon.concat(polygons)
+        multi_polygon
+      end
+
+      #Creates a multi polygon from sequences of points : ((((x,y)...(x,y)),((x,y)...(x,y)),((x,y)...(x,y)))
+      def self.from_coordinates(point_sequence_sequences,srid= DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        multi_polygon = new(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        multi_polygon.concat( point_sequence_sequences.collect {|point_sequences| Polygon.from_coordinates(point_sequences,srid,with_z,with_m) } )
+        multi_polygon
+      end
+
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/geo_ruby/simple_features/point.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "geo_ruby/simple_features/geometry"
+
+module GeoRuby
+  module SimpleFeatures
+    #Represents a point. It is in 3D if the Z coordinate is not +nil+.
+    class Point < Geometry
+      DEG2RAD = 0.0174532925199433
+      HALFPI  = 1.5707963267948966
+      attr_accessor :x,:y,:z,:m
+      attr_reader :r, :t # radium and theta
+
+      #if you prefer calling the coordinates lat and lon (or lng, for GeoKit compatibility)
+      alias :lon :x
+      alias :lng :x
+      alias :lat :y
+      alias :rad :r
+      alias :tet :t
+      alias :tetha :t
+
+      def initialize(srid=DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        super(srid,with_z,with_m)
+        @x = @y = 0.0
+        @z=0.0 #default value : meaningful if with_z
+        @m=0.0 #default value : meaningful if with_m
+      end
+      #sets all coordinates in one call. Use the +m+ accessor to set the m.
+      def set_x_y_z(x,y,z)
+        @x=x
+        @y=y
+        @z=z
+        self
+      end
+      alias :set_lon_lat_z :set_x_y_z
+
+      #sets all coordinates of a 2D point in one call
+      def set_x_y(x,y)
+        @x=x
+        @y=y
+        self
+      end
+      alias :set_lon_lat :set_x_y
+
+      #Return the distance between the 2D points (ie taking care only of the x and y coordinates), assuming
+      #the points are in projected coordinates. Euclidian distance in whatever unit the x and y ordinates are.
+      def euclidian_distance(point)
+        Math.sqrt((point.x - x)**2 + (point.y - y)**2)
+      end
+
+      # Spherical distance in meters, using 'Haversine' formula.
+      # with a radius of 6471000m
+      # Assumes x is the lon and y the lat, in degrees (Changed in version 1.1).
+      # The user has to make sure using this distance makes sense (ie she should be in latlon coordinates)
+      def spherical_distance(point,r=6370997.0)
+        dlat = (point.lat - lat) * DEG2RAD / 2
+        dlon = (point.lon - lon) * DEG2RAD / 2
+
+        a = Math.sin(dlat)**2 + Math.cos(lat * DEG2RAD) * Math.cos(point.lat * DEG2RAD) * Math.sin(dlon)**2
+        c = 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1-a))
+        r * c
+      end
+
+      #Ellipsoidal distance in m using Vincenty's formula. Lifted entirely from Chris Veness's code at http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/LatLongVincenty.html and adapted for Ruby. Assumes the x and y are the lon and lat in degrees.
+      #a is the semi-major axis (equatorial radius) of the ellipsoid
+      #b is the semi-minor axis (polar radius) of the ellipsoid
+      #Their values by default are set to the ones of the WGS84 ellipsoid
+      def ellipsoidal_distance(point, a = 6378137.0, b = 6356752.3142)
+        f = (a-b) / a
+        l = (point.lon - lon) * DEG2RAD
+
+        u1 = Math.atan((1-f) * Math.tan(lat * DEG2RAD ))
+        u2 = Math.atan((1-f) * Math.tan(point.lat * DEG2RAD))
+        sinU1 = Math.sin(u1)
+        cosU1 = Math.cos(u1)
+        sinU2 = Math.sin(u2)
+        cosU2 = Math.cos(u2)
+
+        lambda = l
+        lambdaP = 2 * Math::PI
+        iterLimit = 20
+
+        while (lambda-lambdaP).abs > 1e-12 && --iterLimit>0
+          sinLambda = Math.sin(lambda)
+          cosLambda = Math.cos(lambda)
+          sinSigma = Math.sqrt((cosU2*sinLambda) * (cosU2*sinLambda) + (cosU1*sinU2-sinU1*cosU2*cosLambda) * (cosU1*sinU2-sinU1*cosU2*cosLambda))
+
+          return 0 if sinSigma == 0 #coincident points
+
+          cosSigma = sinU1*sinU2 + cosU1*cosU2*cosLambda
+          sigma = Math.atan2(sinSigma, cosSigma)
+          sinAlpha = cosU1 * cosU2 * sinLambda / sinSigma
+          cosSqAlpha = 1 - sinAlpha*sinAlpha
+          cos2SigmaM = cosSigma - 2*sinU1*sinU2/cosSqAlpha
+
+          cos2SigmaM = 0 if (cos2SigmaM.nan?) #equatorial line: cosSqAlpha=0
+
+          c = f/16*cosSqAlpha*(4+f*(4-3*cosSqAlpha))
+          lambdaP = lambda
+          lambda = l + (1-c) * f * sinAlpha * (sigma + c * sinSigma * (cos2SigmaM + c * cosSigma * (-1 + 2 * cos2SigmaM * cos2SigmaM)))
+        end
+        return NaN if iterLimit==0 #formula failed to converge
+
+        uSq = cosSqAlpha * (a*a - b*b) / (b*b)
+        a_bis = 1 + uSq/16384*(4096+uSq*(-768+uSq*(320-175*uSq)))
+        b_bis = uSq/1024 * (256+uSq*(-128+uSq*(74-47*uSq)))
+        deltaSigma = b_bis * sinSigma*(cos2SigmaM + b_bis/4*(cosSigma*(-1+2*cos2SigmaM*cos2SigmaM)- b_bis/6*cos2SigmaM*(-3+4*sinSigma*sinSigma)*(-3+4*cos2SigmaM*cos2SigmaM)))
+
+        b*a_bis*(sigma-deltaSigma)
+      end
+
+      # Orthogonal Distance
+      # Based http://www.allegro.cc/forums/thread/589720
+      def orthogonal_distance(line, tail = nil)
+        head, tail  = tail ?  [line, tail] : [line[0], line[-1]]
+        a, b = @x - head.x, @y - head.y
+        c, d = tail.x - head.x, tail.y - head.y
+
+        dot = a * c + b * d
+        len = c * c + d * d
+        res = dot / len
+
+        xx, yy = if res < 0
+                   [head.x, head.y]
+                 elsif res > 1
+                   [tail.x, tail.y]
+                 else
+                   [head.x + res * c, head.y + res * d]
+                 end
+        # todo benchmark if worth creating an instance
+        # euclidian_distance(Point.from_x_y(xx, yy))
+        Math.sqrt((@x - xx) ** 2 + (@y - yy) ** 2)
+      end
+
+      #Bearing from a point to another, in degrees.
+      def bearing_to(other)
+        return 0 if self == other
+        a,b =  other.x - self.x, other.y - self.y
+        res =  Math.acos(b / Math.sqrt(a*a+b*b)) / Math::PI * 180;
+        a < 0 ? 360 - res : res
+      end
+
+      #Bearing from a point to another as symbols. (:n, :s, :sw, :ne...)
+      def bearing_text(other)
+        case bearing_to(other)
+        when 1..22    then :n
+        when 23..66   then :ne
+        when 67..112  then :e
+        when 113..146 then :se
+        when 147..202 then :s
+        when 203..246 then :sw
+        when 247..292 then :w
+        when 293..336 then :nw
+        when 337..360 then :n
+        else nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      #Bounding box in 2D/3D. Returns an array of 2 points
+      def bounding_box
+        unless with_z
+          [Point.from_x_y(@x,@y),Point.from_x_y(@x,@y)]
+        else
+          [Point.from_x_y_z(@x,@y,@z),Point.from_x_y_z(@x,@y,@z)]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def m_range
+        [@m,@m]
+      end
+
+      #tests the equality of the position of points + m
+      def ==(other)
+        return false unless other.kind_of?(Point)
+        @x == other.x and @y == other.y and @z == other.z and @m == other.m
+      end
+
+      #binary representation of a point. It lacks some headers to be a valid EWKB representation.
+      def binary_representation(allow_z=true,allow_m=true) #:nodoc:
+        bin_rep = [@x,@y].pack("EE")
+        bin_rep += [@z].pack("E") if @with_z and allow_z #Default value so no crash
+        bin_rep += [@m].pack("E") if @with_m and allow_m #idem
+        bin_rep
+      end
+
+      #WKB geometry type of a point
+      def binary_geometry_type#:nodoc:
+        1
+      end
+
+      #text representation of a point
+      def text_representation(allow_z=true,allow_m=true) #:nodoc:
+        tex_rep = "#{@x} #{@y}"
+        tex_rep += " #{@z}" if @with_z and allow_z
+        tex_rep += " #{@m}" if @with_m and allow_m
+        tex_rep
+      end
+
+      #WKT geometry type of a point
+      def text_geometry_type #:nodoc:
+        "POINT"
+      end
+
+      #georss simple representation
+      def georss_simple_representation(options) #:nodoc:
+        georss_ns = options[:georss_ns] || "georss"
+        geom_attr = options[:geom_attr]
+        "<#{georss_ns}:point#{geom_attr}>#{y} #{x}</#{georss_ns}:point>\n"
+      end
+
+      #georss w3c representation
+      def georss_w3cgeo_representation(options) #:nodoc:
+        w3cgeo_ns = options[:w3cgeo_ns] || "geo"
+        "<#{w3cgeo_ns}:lat>#{y}</#{w3cgeo_ns}:lat>\n<#{w3cgeo_ns}:long>#{x}</#{w3cgeo_ns}:long>\n"
+      end
+
+      #georss gml representation
+      def georss_gml_representation(options) #:nodoc:
+        georss_ns = options[:georss_ns] || "georss"
+        gml_ns = options[:gml_ns] || "gml"
+        result = "<#{georss_ns}:where>\n<#{gml_ns}:Point>\n<#{gml_ns}:pos>"
+        result += "#{y} #{x}"
+        result += "</#{gml_ns}:pos>\n</#{gml_ns}:Point>\n</#{georss_ns}:where>\n"
+      end
+
+      #outputs the geometry in kml format : options are <tt>:id</tt>, <tt>:tesselate</tt>, <tt>:extrude</tt>,
+      #<tt>:altitude_mode</tt>. If the altitude_mode option is not present, the Z (if present) will not be output (since
+      #it won't be used by GE anyway: clampToGround is the default)
+      def kml_representation(options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        result = "<Point#{options[:id_attr]}>\n"
+        result += options[:geom_data] if options[:geom_data]
+        result += "<coordinates>#{x},#{y}"
+        result += ",#{options[:fixed_z] || z ||0}" if options[:allow_z]
+        result += "</coordinates>\n"
+        result += "</Point>\n"
+      end
+
+      # Outputs the geometry in coordinates format:
+      # 47°52′48″, -20°06′00″
+      def as_latlong(opts = { })
+        val = []
+        [x,y].each_with_index do |l,i|
+          deg = l.to_i.abs
+          min = (60 * (l.abs - deg)).to_i
+          labs = (l * 1000000).abs / 1000000
+          sec = ((((labs - labs.to_i) * 60) - ((labs - labs.to_i) * 60).to_i) * 100000) * 60 / 100000
+          str = opts[:full] ? "%.i°%.2i′%05.2f″" :  "%.i°%.2i′%02.0f″"
+          if opts[:coord]
+            out = str % [deg,min,sec]
+            if i == 0
+              out += l > 0 ? "N" : "S"
+            else
+              out += l > 0 ? "E" : "W"
+            end
+            val << out
+          else
+            val << str % [l.to_i, min, sec]
+          end
+        end
+        val.join(", ")
+      end
+
+      # Polar stuff
+      #
+      # http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/converting-cartesian-polar-coordinates-d_1347.html
+      # http://rcoordinate.rubyforge.org/svn/point.rb
+      # outputs radium
+      def r;      Math.sqrt(@x**2 + @y**2);      end
+
+      # outputs theta
+      def theta_rad
+        if @x.zero?
+          @y < 0 ? 3 * HALFPI : HALFPI
+        else
+          th = Math.atan(@y/@x)
+          th += 2 * Math::PI if r > 0
+        end
+      end
+
+      # outputs theta in degrees
+      def theta_deg;        theta_rad / DEG2RAD;      end
+
+      # outputs an array containing polar distance and theta
+      def as_polar;        [r,t];      end
+
+      # invert signal of all coordinates
+      def -@
+        set_x_y_z(-@x, -@y, -@z)
+      end
+
+      #creates a point from an array of coordinates
+      def self.from_coordinates(coords,srid=DEFAULT_SRID,with_z=false,with_m=false)
+        if ! (with_z or with_m)
+          from_x_y(coords[0],coords[1],srid)
+        elsif with_z and with_m
+          from_x_y_z_m(coords[0],coords[1],coords[2],coords[3],srid)
+        elsif with_z
+          from_x_y_z(coords[0],coords[1],coords[2],srid)
+        else
+          from_x_y_m(coords[0],coords[1],coords[2],srid)
+        end
+      end
+
+      #creates a point from the X and Y coordinates
+      def self.from_x_y(x,y,srid=DEFAULT_SRID)
+        point= new(srid)
+        point.set_x_y(x,y)
+      end
+
+      #creates a point from the X, Y and Z coordinates
+      def self.from_x_y_z(x,y,z,srid=DEFAULT_SRID)
+        point= new(srid,true)
+        point.set_x_y_z(x,y,z)
+      end
+
+      #creates a point from the X, Y and M coordinates
+      def self.from_x_y_m(x,y,m,srid=DEFAULT_SRID)
+        point= new(srid,false,true)
+        point.m=m
+        point.set_x_y(x,y)
+      end
+
+      #creates a point from the X, Y, Z and M coordinates
+      def self.from_x_y_z_m(x,y,z,m,srid=DEFAULT_SRID)
+        point= new(srid,true,true)
+        point.m=m
+        point.set_x_y_z(x,y,z)
+      end
+
+      #creates a point using polar coordinates
+      #r and theta(degrees)
+      def self.from_r_t(r,t,srid=DEFAULT_SRID)
+        t *= DEG2RAD
+        x = r * Math.cos(t)
+        y = r * Math.sin(t)
+        point= new(srid)
+        point.set_x_y(x,y)
+      end
+
+      #creates a point using coordinates like 22`34 23.45N
+      def self.from_latlong(lat,lon,srid=DEFAULT_SRID)
+        p = [lat,lon].map do |l|
+          sig, deg, min, sec, cen = l.scan(/(-)?(\d{1,2})\D*(\d{2})\D*(\d{2})(\D*(\d{1,3}))?/).flatten
+          sig = true if l =~ /W|S/
+          dec = deg.to_i + (min.to_i * 60 + "#{sec}#{cen}".to_f) / 3600
+          sig ? dec * -1 : dec
+        end
+        point= new(srid)
+        point.set_x_y(p[0],p[1])
+      end
+
+      #aliasing the constructors in case you want to use lat/lon instead of y/x
+      class << self
+        alias :xy               :from_x_y
+        alias :xyz              :from_x_y_z
+        alias :from_lon_lat_z   :from_x_y_z
+        alias :from_lon_lat     :from_x_y
+        alias :from_lon_lat_z   :from_x_y_z
+        alias :from_lon_lat_m   :from_x_y_m
+        alias :from_lon_lat_z_m :from_x_y_z_m
+        alias :from_rad_tet     :from_r_t
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end