pg 1.0.0 → 1.5.9

data/spec/pg/connection_spec.rb

@@ -1,1719 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env rspec
-#encoding: utf-8
-
-require_relative '../helpers'
-
-require 'timeout'
-require 'socket'
-require 'pg'
-
-describe PG::Connection do
-
-	it "can create a connection option string from a Hash of options" do
-		optstring = described_class.parse_connect_args(
-			:host => 'pgsql.example.com',
-			:dbname => 'db01',
-			'sslmode' => 'require'
-		  )
-
-		expect( optstring ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)host='pgsql.example.com'/ )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)dbname='db01'/ )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)sslmode='require'/ )
-	end
-
-	it "can create a connection option string from positional parameters" do
-		optstring = described_class.parse_connect_args( 'pgsql.example.com', nil, '-c geqo=off', nil,
-		                                       'sales' )
-
-		expect( optstring ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)host='pgsql.example.com'/ )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)dbname='sales'/ )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)options='-c geqo=off'/ )
-
-		expect( optstring ).to_not match( /port=/ )
-		expect( optstring ).to_not match( /tty=/ )
-	end
-
-	it "can create a connection option string from a mix of positional and hash parameters" do
-		optstring = described_class.parse_connect_args( 'pgsql.example.com',
-		                                       :dbname => 'licensing', :user => 'jrandom' )
-
-		expect( optstring ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)host='pgsql.example.com'/ )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)dbname='licensing'/ )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)user='jrandom'/ )
-	end
-
-	it "can create a connection option string from an option string and a hash" do
-		optstring = described_class.parse_connect_args( 'dbname=original', :user => 'jrandom' )
-
-		expect( optstring ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)dbname=original/ )
-		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)user='jrandom'/ )
-	end
-
-	it "escapes single quotes and backslashes in connection parameters" do
-		expect(
-			described_class.parse_connect_args( "DB 'browser' \\" )
-		).to match( /host='DB \\'browser\\' \\\\'/ )
-
-	end
-
-	let(:uri) { 'postgresql://user:pass@pgsql.example.com:222/db01?sslmode=require' }
-
-	it "can connect using a URI" do
-		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( uri )
-
-		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://user:pass@pgsql.example.com:222/db01\?} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*sslmode=require} )
-
-		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( URI.parse(uri) )
-
-		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://user:pass@pgsql.example.com:222/db01\?} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*sslmode=require} )
-	end
-
-	it "can create a connection URI from a URI and a hash" do
-		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( uri, :connect_timeout => 2 )
-
-		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://user:pass@pgsql.example.com:222/db01\?} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*sslmode=require} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*connect_timeout=2} )
-
-		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( uri,
-			:user => 'a',
-			:password => 'b',
-			:host => 'localhost',
-			:port => 555,
-			:dbname => 'x' )
-
-		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://\?} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*user=a} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*password=b} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*host=localhost} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*port=555} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*dbname=x} )
-	end
-
-	it "can create a connection URI with a non-standard domain socket directory" do
-		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( 'postgresql://%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fpostgresql/dbname' )
-
-		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fpostgresql/dbname} )
-
-		string = described_class.
-			parse_connect_args( 'postgresql:///dbname', :host => '/var/lib/postgresql' )
-
-		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql:///dbname\?} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*host=%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fpostgresql} )
-	end
-
-	it "connects with defaults if no connection parameters are given" do
-		expect( described_class.parse_connect_args ).to eq( '' )
-	end
-
-	it "connects successfully with connection string" do
-		conninfo_with_colon_in_password = "host=localhost user=a port=555 dbname=test password=a:a"
-
-		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( conninfo_with_colon_in_password )
-
-		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)user=a} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)password=a:a} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)host=localhost} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)port=555} )
-		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)dbname=test} )
-	end
-
-	it "connects successfully with connection string" do
-		tmpconn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
-		tmpconn.finish
-	end
-
-	it "connects using 7 arguments converted to strings" do
-		tmpconn = described_class.connect( 'localhost', @port, nil, nil, :test, nil, nil )
-		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
-		tmpconn.finish
-	end
-
-	it "connects using a hash of connection parameters" do
-		tmpconn = described_class.connect(
-			:host => 'localhost',
-			:port => @port,
-			:dbname => :test)
-		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
-		tmpconn.finish
-	end
-
-	it "connects using a hash of optional connection parameters" do
-		tmpconn = described_class.connect(
-			:host => 'localhost',
-			:port => @port,
-			:dbname => :test,
-			:keepalives => 1)
-		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
-		tmpconn.finish
-	end
-
-	it "raises an exception when connecting with an invalid number of arguments" do
-		expect {
-			described_class.connect( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 'the-extra-arg' )
-		}.to raise_error do |error|
-			expect( error ).to be_an( ArgumentError )
-			expect( error.message ).to match( /extra positional parameter/i )
-			expect( error.message ).to match( /8/ )
-			expect( error.message ).to match( /the-extra-arg/ )
-		end
-	end
-
-	it "can connect asynchronously", :socket_io do
-		tmpconn = described_class.connect_start( @conninfo )
-		expect( tmpconn ).to be_a( described_class )
-		socket = tmpconn.socket_io
-		status = tmpconn.connect_poll
-
-		while status != PG::PGRES_POLLING_OK
-			if status == PG::PGRES_POLLING_READING
-				select( [socket], [], [], 5.0 ) or
-					raise "Asynchronous connection timed out!"
-
-			elsif status == PG::PGRES_POLLING_WRITING
-				select( [], [socket], [], 5.0 ) or
-					raise "Asynchronous connection timed out!"
-			end
-			status = tmpconn.connect_poll
-		end
-
-		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
-		tmpconn.finish
-	end
-
-	it "can connect asynchronously for the duration of a block", :socket_io do
-		conn = nil
-
-		described_class.connect_start(@conninfo) do |tmpconn|
-			expect( tmpconn ).to be_a( described_class )
-			conn = tmpconn
-			socket = tmpconn.socket_io
-			status = tmpconn.connect_poll
-
-			while status != PG::PGRES_POLLING_OK
-				if status == PG::PGRES_POLLING_READING
-					if(not select([socket],[],[],5.0))
-						raise "Asynchronous connection timed out!"
-					end
-				elsif(status == PG::PGRES_POLLING_WRITING)
-					if(not select([],[socket],[],5.0))
-						raise "Asynchronous connection timed out!"
-					end
-				end
-				status = tmpconn.connect_poll
-			end
-
-			expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
-		end
-
-		expect( conn ).to be_finished()
-	end
-
-	it "raises proper error when sending fails" do
-		conn = described_class.connect_start( '127.0.0.1', 54320, "", "", "me", "xxxx", "somedb" )
-		expect{ conn.exec 'SELECT 1' }.to raise_error(PG::UnableToSend, /no connection/)
-	end
-
-	it "doesn't leave stale server connections after finish" do
-		described_class.connect(@conninfo).finish
-		sleep 0.5
-		res = @conn.exec(%[SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM pg_stat_activity
-							WHERE usename IS NOT NULL AND application_name != ''])
-		# there's still the global @conn, but should be no more
-		expect( res[0]['n'] ).to eq( '1' )
-	end
-
-	it "can retrieve it's connection parameters for the established connection" do
-		expect( @conn.db ).to eq( "test" )
-		expect( @conn.user ).to be_a_kind_of( String )
-		expect( @conn.pass ).to eq( "" )
-		expect( @conn.port ).to eq( 54321 )
-		expect( @conn.tty ).to eq( "" )
-		expect( @conn.options ).to eq( "" )
-	end
-	it "can retrieve it's connection parameters for the established connection",
-	    skip: RUBY_PLATFORM=~/x64-mingw/ ? "host segfaults on Windows-x64" : false do
-		expect( @conn.host ).to eq( "localhost" )
-	end
-
-	EXPECTED_TRACE_OUTPUT = %{
-		To backend> Msg Q
-		To backend> "SELECT 1 AS one"
-		To backend> Msg complete, length 21
-		From backend> T
-		From backend (#4)> 28
-		From backend (#2)> 1
-		From backend> "one"
-		From backend (#4)> 0
-		From backend (#2)> 0
-		From backend (#4)> 23
-		From backend (#2)> 4
-		From backend (#4)> -1
-		From backend (#2)> 0
-		From backend> D
-		From backend (#4)> 11
-		From backend (#2)> 1
-		From backend (#4)> 1
-		From backend (1)> 1
-		From backend> C
-		From backend (#4)> 13
-		From backend> "SELECT 1"
-		From backend> Z
-		From backend (#4)> 5
-		From backend> Z
-		From backend (#4)> 5
-		From backend> T
-		}.gsub( /^\t{2}/, '' ).lstrip
-
-	it "trace and untrace client-server communication", :unix do
-			# be careful to explicitly close files so that the
-			# directory can be removed and we don't have to wait for
-			# the GC to run.
-			trace_file = TEST_DIRECTORY + "test_trace.out"
-			trace_io = trace_file.open( 'w', 0600 )
-			@conn.trace( trace_io )
-			trace_io.close
-
-			res = @conn.exec("SELECT 1 AS one")
-			@conn.untrace
-
-			res = @conn.exec("SELECT 2 AS two")
-
-			trace_data = trace_file.read
-
-			expected_trace_output = EXPECTED_TRACE_OUTPUT.dup
-			# For PostgreSQL < 9.0, the output will be different:
-			# -From backend (#4)> 13
-			# -From backend> "SELECT 1"
-			# +From backend (#4)> 11
-			# +From backend> "SELECT"
-			if @conn.server_version < 90000
-				expected_trace_output.sub!( /From backend \(#4\)> 13/, 'From backend (#4)> 11' )
-				expected_trace_output.sub!( /From backend> "SELECT 1"/, 'From backend> "SELECT"' )
-			end
-
-			expect( trace_data ).to eq( expected_trace_output )
-		end
-
-	it "allows a query to be cancelled" do
-		error = false
-		@conn.send_query("SELECT pg_sleep(1000)")
-		@conn.cancel
-		tmpres = @conn.get_result
-		if(tmpres.result_status != PG::PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
-			error = true
-		end
-		expect( error ).to eq( true )
-	end
-
-	it "can stop a thread that runs a blocking query with async_exec" do
-		pending "this does not work on Rubinius" if RUBY_ENGINE=='rbx'
-
-		start = Time.now
-		t = Thread.new do
-			@conn.async_exec( 'select pg_sleep(10)' )
-		end
-		sleep 0.1
-
-		t.kill
-		t.join
-		expect( (Time.now - start) ).to be < 10
-	end
-
-	it "should work together with signal handlers", :unix do
-		signal_received = false
-		trap 'USR1' do
-			signal_received = true
-		end
-
-		Thread.new do
-			sleep 0.1
-			Process.kill("USR1", Process.pid)
-		end
-		@conn.exec("select pg_sleep(0.3)")
-		expect( signal_received ).to be_truthy
-
-		signal_received = false
-		Thread.new do
-			sleep 0.1
-			Process.kill("USR1", Process.pid)
-		end
-		@conn.async_exec("select pg_sleep(0.3)")
-		expect( signal_received ).to be_truthy
-	end
-
-
-	it "automatically rolls back a transaction started with Connection#transaction if an exception " +
-	   "is raised" do
-		# abort the per-example transaction so we can test our own
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-
-		res = nil
-		@conn.exec( "CREATE TABLE pie ( flavor TEXT )" )
-
-		begin
-			expect {
-				res = @conn.transaction do
-					@conn.exec( "INSERT INTO pie VALUES ('rhubarb'), ('cherry'), ('schizophrenia')" )
-					raise "Oh noes! All pie is gone!"
-				end
-			}.to raise_exception( RuntimeError, /all pie is gone/i )
-
-			res = @conn.exec( "SELECT * FROM pie" )
-			expect( res.ntuples ).to eq( 0 )
-		ensure
-			@conn.exec( "DROP TABLE pie" )
-		end
-	end
-
-	it "returns the block result from Connection#transaction" do
-		# abort the per-example transaction so we can test our own
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-
-		res = @conn.transaction do
-			"transaction result"
-		end
-		expect( res ).to eq( "transaction result" )
-	end
-
-	it "not read past the end of a large object" do
-		@conn.transaction do
-			oid = @conn.lo_create( 0 )
-			fd = @conn.lo_open( oid, PG::INV_READ|PG::INV_WRITE )
-			@conn.lo_write( fd, "foobar" )
-			expect( @conn.lo_read( fd, 10 ) ).to be_nil()
-			@conn.lo_lseek( fd, 0, PG::SEEK_SET )
-			expect( @conn.lo_read( fd, 10 ) ).to eq( 'foobar' )
-		end
-	end
-
-
-	it "supports parameters passed to #exec (backward compatibility)" do
-		@conn.exec( "CREATE TABLE students ( name TEXT, age INTEGER )" )
-		@conn.exec( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Wally', 8] )
-		@conn.exec( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Sally', 6] )
-		@conn.exec( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Dorothy', 4] )
-
-		res = @conn.exec( "SELECT name FROM students WHERE age >= $1", [6] )
-		expect( res.values ).to eq( [ ['Wally'], ['Sally'] ] )
-	end
-
-	it "supports explicitly calling #exec_params" do
-		@conn.exec( "CREATE TABLE students ( name TEXT, age INTEGER )" )
-		@conn.exec( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Wally', 8] )
-		@conn.exec( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Sally', 6] )
-		@conn.exec( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Dorothy', 4] )
-
-		res = @conn.exec_params( "SELECT name FROM students WHERE age >= $1", [6] )
-		expect( res.values ).to eq( [ ['Wally'], ['Sally'] ] )
-	end
-
-	it "supports hash form parameters for #exec_params" do
-		hash_param_bin = { value: ["00ff"].pack("H*"), type: 17, format: 1 }
-		hash_param_nil = { value: nil, type: 17, format: 1 }
-		res = @conn.exec_params( "SELECT $1, $2",
-					[ hash_param_bin, hash_param_nil ] )
-		expect( res.values ).to eq( [["\\x00ff", nil]] )
-		expect( result_typenames(res) ).to eq( ['bytea', 'bytea'] )
-	end
-
-	it "should work with arbitrary number of params" do
-		begin
-			3.step( 12, 0.2 ) do |exp|
-				num_params = (2 ** exp).to_i
-				sql = num_params.times.map{|n| "$#{n+1}::INT" }.join(",")
-				params = num_params.times.to_a
-				res = @conn.exec_params( "SELECT #{sql}", params )
-				expect( res.nfields ).to eq( num_params )
-				expect( res.values ).to eq( [num_params.times.map(&:to_s)] )
-			end
-		rescue PG::ProgramLimitExceeded
-			# Stop silently if the server complains about too many params
-		end
-	end
-
-	it "can wait for NOTIFY events" do
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woo' )
-
-		t = Thread.new do
-			begin
-				conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-				sleep 1
-				conn.async_exec( 'NOTIFY woo' )
-			ensure
-				conn.finish
-			end
-		end
-
-		expect( @conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) ).to eq( 'woo' )
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woo' )
-
-		t.join
-	end
-
-	it "calls a block for NOTIFY events if one is given" do
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woo' )
-
-		t = Thread.new do
-			begin
-				conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-				sleep 1
-				conn.async_exec( 'NOTIFY woo' )
-			ensure
-				conn.finish
-			end
-		end
-
-		eventpid = event = nil
-		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) {|*args| event, eventpid = args }
-		expect( event ).to eq( 'woo' )
-		expect( eventpid ).to be_an( Integer )
-
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woo' )
-
-		t.join
-	end
-
-	it "doesn't collapse sequential notifications" do
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woo' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN war' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woz' )
-
-		begin
-			conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-			conn.exec( 'NOTIFY woo' )
-			conn.exec( 'NOTIFY war' )
-			conn.exec( 'NOTIFY woz' )
-		ensure
-			conn.finish
-		end
-
-		channels = []
-		3.times do
-			channels << @conn.wait_for_notify( 2 )
-		end
-
-		expect( channels.size ).to eq( 3 )
-		expect( channels ).to include( 'woo', 'war', 'woz' )
-
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woz' )
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN war' )
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woo' )
-	end
-
-	it "returns notifications which are already in the queue before wait_for_notify is called " +
-	   "without waiting for the socket to become readable" do
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woo' )
-
-		begin
-			conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-			conn.exec( 'NOTIFY woo' )
-		ensure
-			conn.finish
-		end
-
-		# Cause the notification to buffer, but not be read yet
-		@conn.exec( 'SELECT 1' )
-
-		expect( @conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) ).to eq( 'woo' )
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woo' )
-	end
-
-	it "can receive notices while waiting for NOTIFY without exceeding the timeout" do
-		notices = []
-		@conn.set_notice_processor do |msg|
-			notices << [msg, Time.now]
-		end
-		st = Time.now
-		@conn.send_query "SELECT pg_sleep(0.5); do $$ BEGIN RAISE NOTICE 'woohoo'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;"
-		expect( @conn.wait_for_notify( 1 ) ).to be_nil
-		expect( notices.first ).to_not be_nil
-		et = Time.now
-		expect( (et - notices.first[1]) ).to be >= 0.4
-		expect( (et - st) ).to be >= 0.9
-		expect( (et - st) ).to be < 1.4
-	end
-
-	it "yields the result if block is given to exec" do
-		rval = @conn.exec( "select 1234::int as a union select 5678::int as a" ) do |result|
-			values = []
-			expect( result ).to be_kind_of( PG::Result )
-			expect( result.ntuples ).to eq( 2 )
-			result.each do |tuple|
-				values << tuple['a']
-			end
-			values
-		end
-
-		expect( rval.size ).to eq( 2 )
-		expect( rval ).to include( '5678', '1234' )
-	end
-
-	it "can process #copy_data output queries" do
-		rows = []
-		res2 = @conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
-			expect( res.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_COPY_OUT )
-			expect( res.nfields ).to eq( 1 )
-			while row=@conn.get_copy_data
-				rows << row
-			end
-		end
-		expect( rows ).to eq( ["1\n", "2\n"] )
-		expect( res2.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_COMMAND_OK )
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "can handle incomplete #copy_data output queries" do
-		expect {
-			@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
-				@conn.get_copy_data
-			end
-		}.to raise_error(PG::NotAllCopyDataRetrieved, /Not all/)
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "can handle client errors in #copy_data for output" do
-		expect {
-			@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT" ) do
-				raise "boom"
-			end
-		}.to raise_error(RuntimeError, "boom")
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "can handle server errors in #copy_data for output" do
-		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
-		@conn.transaction do
-			@conn.exec( "CREATE FUNCTION errfunc() RETURNS int AS $$ BEGIN RAISE 'test-error'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;" )
-			expect {
-				@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT errfunc()) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
-					while @conn.get_copy_data
-					end
-				end
-			}.to raise_error(PG::Error, /test-error/)
-		end
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "can process #copy_data input queries" do
-		@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
-		res2 = @conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
-			expect( res.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_COPY_IN )
-			expect( res.nfields ).to eq( 1 )
-			@conn.put_copy_data "1\n"
-			@conn.put_copy_data "2\n"
-		end
-		expect( res2.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_COMMAND_OK )
-
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-
-		res = @conn.exec( "SELECT * FROM copytable ORDER BY col1" )
-		expect( res.values ).to eq( [["1"], ["2"]] )
-	end
-
-	it "can handle client errors in #copy_data for input" do
-		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
-		@conn.transaction do
-			@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
-			expect {
-				@conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
-					raise "boom"
-				end
-			}.to raise_error(RuntimeError, "boom")
-		end
-
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "can handle server errors in #copy_data for input" do
-		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
-		@conn.transaction do
-			@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 INT)" )
-			expect {
-				@conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
-					@conn.put_copy_data "xyz\n"
-				end
-			}.to raise_error(PG::Error, /invalid input syntax for integer/)
-		end
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "gracefully handle SQL statements while in #copy_data for input" do
-		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
-		@conn.transaction do
-			@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 INT)" )
-			expect {
-				@conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
-					@conn.exec "SELECT 1"
-				end
-			}.to raise_error(PG::Error, /no COPY in progress/)
-		end
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "gracefully handle SQL statements while in #copy_data for output" do
-		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
-		@conn.transaction do
-			expect {
-				@conn.copy_data( "COPY (VALUES(1), (2)) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
-					@conn.exec "SELECT 3"
-				end
-			}.to raise_error(PG::Error, /no COPY in progress/)
-		end
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "should raise an error for non copy statements in #copy_data" do
-		expect {
-			@conn.copy_data( "SELECT 1" ){}
-		}.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /no COPY/)
-
-		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
-	end
-
-	it "correctly finishes COPY queries passed to #async_exec" do
-		@conn.async_exec( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT" )
-
-		results = []
-		begin
-			data = @conn.get_copy_data( true )
-			if false == data
-				@conn.block( 2.0 )
-				data = @conn.get_copy_data( true )
-			end
-			results << data if data
-		end until data.nil?
-
-		expect( results.size ).to eq( 2 )
-		expect( results ).to include( "1\n", "2\n" )
-	end
-
-
-	it "described_class#block shouldn't block a second thread" do
-		start = Time.now
-		t = Thread.new do
-			@conn.send_query( "select pg_sleep(3)" )
-			@conn.block
-		end
-
-		sleep 0.5
-		expect( t ).to be_alive()
-		@conn.cancel
-		t.join
-		expect( (Time.now - start) ).to be < 3
-	end
-
-	it "described_class#block should allow a timeout" do
-		@conn.send_query( "select pg_sleep(1)" )
-
-		start = Time.now
-		@conn.block( 0.3 )
-		finish = Time.now
-
-		expect( (finish - start) ).to be_within( 0.2 ).of( 0.3 )
-	end
-
-	it "can return the default connection options" do
-		expect( described_class.conndefaults ).to be_a( Array )
-		expect( described_class.conndefaults ).to all( be_a(Hash) )
-		expect( described_class.conndefaults[0] ).to include( :keyword, :label, :dispchar, :dispsize )
-		expect( @conn.conndefaults ).to eq( described_class.conndefaults )
-	end
-
-	it "can return the default connection options as a Hash" do
-		expect( described_class.conndefaults_hash ).to be_a( Hash )
-		expect( described_class.conndefaults_hash ).to include( :user, :password, :dbname, :host, :port )
-		expect( ['5432', '54321'] ).to include( described_class.conndefaults_hash[:port] )
-		expect( @conn.conndefaults_hash ).to eq( described_class.conndefaults_hash )
-	end
-
-	it "can return the connection's connection options", :postgresql_93 do
-		expect( @conn.conninfo ).to be_a( Array )
-		expect( @conn.conninfo ).to all( be_a(Hash) )
-		expect( @conn.conninfo[0] ).to include( :keyword, :label, :dispchar, :dispsize )
-	end
-
-
-	it "can return the connection's connection options as a Hash", :postgresql_93 do
-		expect( @conn.conninfo_hash ).to be_a( Hash )
-		expect( @conn.conninfo_hash ).to include( :user, :password, :connect_timeout, :dbname, :host )
-		expect( @conn.conninfo_hash[:dbname] ).to eq( 'test' )
-	end
-
-	describe "connection information related to SSL" do
-
-		it "can retrieve connection's ssl state", :postgresql_95 do
-			expect( @conn.ssl_in_use? ).to be false
-		end
-
-		it "can retrieve connection's ssl attribute_names", :postgresql_95 do
-			expect( @conn.ssl_attribute_names ).to be_a(Array)
-		end
-
-		it "can retrieve a single ssl connection attribute", :postgresql_95 do
-			expect( @conn.ssl_attribute('dbname') ).to eq( nil )
-		end
-
-		it "can retrieve all connection's ssl attributes", :postgresql_95 do
-			expect( @conn.ssl_attributes ).to be_a_kind_of( Hash )
-		end
-	end
-
-
-	it "honors the connect_timeout connection parameter", :postgresql_93 do
-		conn = PG.connect( port: @port, dbname: 'test', connect_timeout: 11 )
-		begin
-			expect( conn.conninfo_hash[:connect_timeout] ).to eq( "11" )
-		ensure
-			conn.finish
-		end
-	end
-
-	describe "deprecated password encryption method" do
-		it "can encrypt password for a given user" do
-			expect( described_class.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres") ).to match( /\S+/ )
-		end
-
-		it "raises an appropriate error if either of the required arguments is not valid" do
-			expect {
-				described_class.encrypt_password( nil, nil )
-			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
-			expect {
-				described_class.encrypt_password( "postgres", nil )
-			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
-			expect {
-				described_class.encrypt_password( nil, "postgres" )
-			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
-		end
-	end
-
-	describe "password encryption method", :postgresql_10 do
-		it "can encrypt without algorithm" do
-			expect( @conn.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres") ).to match( /\S+/ )
-			expect( @conn.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres", nil) ).to match( /\S+/ )
-		end
-
-		it "can encrypt with algorithm" do
-			expect( @conn.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres", "md5") ).to match( /md5\S+/i )
-			expect( @conn.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres", "scram-sha-256") ).to match( /SCRAM-SHA-256\S+/i )
-		end
-
-		it "raises an appropriate error if either of the required arguments is not valid" do
-			expect {
-				@conn.encrypt_password( nil, nil )
-			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
-			expect {
-				@conn.encrypt_password( "postgres", nil )
-			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
-			expect {
-				@conn.encrypt_password( nil, "postgres" )
-			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
-			expect {
-				@conn.encrypt_password( "postgres", "postgres", :invalid )
-			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
-			expect {
-				@conn.encrypt_password( "postgres", "postgres", "invalid" )
-			}.to raise_error( PG::Error, /unrecognized/ )
-		end
-	end
-
-
-	it "allows fetching a column of values from a result by column number" do
-		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
-		expect( res.column_values( 0 ) ).to eq( %w[1 2 3] )
-		expect( res.column_values( 1 ) ).to eq( %w[2 3 4] )
-	end
-
-
-	it "allows fetching a column of values from a result by field name" do
-		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
-		expect( res.field_values( 'column1' ) ).to eq( %w[1 2 3] )
-		expect( res.field_values( 'column2' ) ).to eq( %w[2 3 4] )
-	end
-
-
-	it "raises an error if selecting an invalid column index" do
-		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
-		expect {
-			res.column_values( 20 )
-		}.to raise_error( IndexError )
-	end
-
-
-	it "raises an error if selecting an invalid field name" do
-		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
-		expect {
-			res.field_values( 'hUUuurrg' )
-		}.to raise_error( IndexError )
-	end
-
-
-	it "raises an error if column index is not a number" do
-		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
-		expect {
-			res.column_values( 'hUUuurrg' )
-		}.to raise_error( TypeError )
-	end
-
-
-	it "can connect asynchronously", :socket_io do
-		serv = TCPServer.new( '127.0.0.1', 54320 )
-		conn = described_class.connect_start( '127.0.0.1', 54320, "", "", "me", "xxxx", "somedb" )
-		expect( [PG::PGRES_POLLING_WRITING, PG::CONNECTION_OK] ).to include conn.connect_poll
-		select( nil, [conn.socket_io], nil, 0.2 )
-		serv.close
-		if conn.connect_poll == PG::PGRES_POLLING_READING
-			select( [conn.socket_io], nil, nil, 0.2 )
-		end
-		expect( conn.connect_poll ).to eq( PG::PGRES_POLLING_FAILED )
-	end
-
-	it "discards previous results (if any) before waiting on an #async_exec"
-
-	it "calls the block if one is provided to #async_exec" do
-		result = nil
-		@conn.async_exec( "select 47 as one" ) do |pg_res|
-			result = pg_res[0]
-		end
-		expect( result ).to eq( { 'one' => '47' } )
-	end
-
-	it "raises a rescue-able error if #finish is called twice", :without_transaction do
-		conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
-
-		conn.finish
-		expect { conn.finish }.to raise_error( PG::ConnectionBad, /connection is closed/i )
-	end
-
-	it "closes the IO fetched from #socket_io when the connection is closed", :without_transaction, :socket_io do
-		conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
-		io = conn.socket_io
-		conn.finish
-		expect( io ).to be_closed()
-		expect { conn.socket_io }.to raise_error( PG::ConnectionBad, /connection is closed/i )
-	end
-
-	it "closes the IO fetched from #socket_io when the connection is reset", :without_transaction, :socket_io do
-		conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
-		io = conn.socket_io
-		conn.reset
-		expect( io ).to be_closed()
-		expect( conn.socket_io ).to_not equal( io )
-		conn.finish
-	end
-
-	it "block should raise ConnectionBad for a closed connection" do
-		serv = TCPServer.new( '127.0.0.1', 54320 )
-		conn = described_class.connect_start( '127.0.0.1', 54320, "", "", "me", "xxxx", "somedb" )
-		while [PG::CONNECTION_STARTED, PG::CONNECTION_MADE].include?(conn.connect_poll)
-			sleep 0.1
-		end
-		serv.close
-		expect{ conn.block }.to raise_error(PG::ConnectionBad, /server closed the connection unexpectedly/)
-		expect{ conn.block }.to raise_error(PG::ConnectionBad, /can't get socket descriptor/)
-	end
-
-	it "sets the fallback_application_name on new connections" do
-		conn_string = PG::Connection.parse_connect_args( 'dbname=test' )
-
-		conn_name = conn_string[ /application_name='(.*?)'/, 1 ]
-		expect( conn_name ).to include( $0[0..10] )
-		expect( conn_name ).to include( $0[-10..-1] )
-		expect( conn_name.length ).to be <= 64
-	end
-
-	it "sets a shortened fallback_application_name on new connections" do
-		old_0 = $0
-		begin
-			$0 = "/this/is/a/very/long/path/with/many/directories/to/our/beloved/ruby"
-			conn_string = PG::Connection.parse_connect_args( 'dbname=test' )
-			conn_name = conn_string[ /application_name='(.*?)'/, 1 ]
-			expect( conn_name ).to include( $0[0..10] )
-			expect( conn_name ).to include( $0[-10..-1] )
-			expect( conn_name.length ).to be <= 64
-		ensure
-			$0 = old_0
-		end
-	end
-
-	it "calls the block supplied to wait_for_notify with the notify payload if it accepts " +
-			"any number of arguments" do
-
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
-
-		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees, 'skirt and boots'} )
-		conn.finish
-
-		event, pid, msg = nil
-		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do |*args|
-			event, pid, msg = *args
-		end
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
-
-		expect( event ).to eq( 'knees' )
-		expect( pid ).to be_a_kind_of( Integer )
-		expect( msg ).to eq( 'skirt and boots' )
-	end
-
-	it "accepts nil as the timeout in #wait_for_notify " do
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
-
-		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees} )
-		conn.finish
-
-		event, pid = nil
-		@conn.wait_for_notify( nil ) do |*args|
-			event, pid = *args
-		end
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
-
-		expect( event ).to eq( 'knees' )
-		expect( pid ).to be_a_kind_of( Integer )
-	end
-
-	it "sends nil as the payload if the notification wasn't given one" do
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
-
-		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees} )
-		conn.finish
-
-		payload = :notnil
-		@conn.wait_for_notify( nil ) do |*args|
-			payload = args[ 2 ]
-		end
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
-
-		expect( payload ).to be_nil()
-	end
-
-	it "calls the block supplied to wait_for_notify with the notify payload if it accepts " +
-			"two arguments" do
-
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
-
-		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees, 'skirt and boots'} )
-		conn.finish
-
-		event, pid, msg = nil
-		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do |arg1, arg2|
-			event, pid, msg = arg1, arg2
-		end
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
-
-		expect( event ).to eq( 'knees' )
-		expect( pid ).to be_a_kind_of( Integer )
-		expect( msg ).to be_nil()
-	end
-
-	it "calls the block supplied to wait_for_notify with the notify payload if it " +
-			"doesn't accept arguments" do
-
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
-
-		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees, 'skirt and boots'} )
-		conn.finish
-
-		notification_received = false
-		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do
-			notification_received = true
-		end
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
-
-		expect( notification_received ).to be_truthy()
-	end
-
-	it "calls the block supplied to wait_for_notify with the notify payload if it accepts " +
-			"three arguments" do
-
-		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
-
-		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
-		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees, 'skirt and boots'} )
-		conn.finish
-
-		event, pid, msg = nil
-		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do |arg1, arg2, arg3|
-			event, pid, msg = arg1, arg2, arg3
-		end
-		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
-
-		expect( event ).to eq( 'knees' )
-		expect( pid ).to be_a_kind_of( Integer )
-		expect( msg ).to eq( 'skirt and boots' )
-	end
-
-	context "server ping", :without_transaction do
-
-		it "pings successfully with connection string" do
-			ping = described_class.ping(@conninfo)
-			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_OK )
-		end
-
-		it "pings using 7 arguments converted to strings" do
-			ping = described_class.ping('localhost', @port, nil, nil, :test, nil, nil)
-			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_OK )
-		end
-
-		it "pings using a hash of connection parameters" do
-			ping = described_class.ping(
-				:host => 'localhost',
-				:port => @port,
-				:dbname => :test)
-			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_OK )
-		end
-
-		it "returns correct response when ping connection cannot be established" do
-			ping = described_class.ping(
-				:host => 'localhost',
-				:port => 9999,
-				:dbname => :test)
-			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_NO_RESPONSE )
-		end
-
-		it "returns correct response when ping connection arguments are wrong" do
-			ping = described_class.ping('localhost', 'localhost', nil, nil, :test, nil, nil)
-			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_NO_ATTEMPT )
-		end
-
-	end
-
-	describe "set_single_row_mode" do
-
-		it "raises an error when called at the wrong time" do
-			expect {
-				@conn.set_single_row_mode
-			}.to raise_error(PG::Error)
-		end
-
-		it "should work in single row mode" do
-			@conn.send_query( "SELECT generate_series(1,10)" )
-			@conn.set_single_row_mode
-
-			results = []
-			loop do
-				@conn.block
-				res = @conn.get_result or break
-				results << res
-			end
-			expect( results.length ).to eq( 11 )
-			results[0..-2].each do |res|
-				expect( res.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE )
-				values = res.field_values('generate_series')
-				expect( values.length ).to eq( 1 )
-				expect( values.first.to_i ).to be > 0
-			end
-			expect( results.last.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_TUPLES_OK )
-			expect( results.last.ntuples ).to eq( 0 )
-		end
-
-		it "should receive rows before entire query is finished" do
-			@conn.send_query( "SELECT generate_series(0,999), NULL UNION ALL SELECT 1000, pg_sleep(1);" )
-			@conn.set_single_row_mode
-
-			start_time = Time.now
-			first_row_time = nil
-			loop do
-				res = @conn.get_result or break
-				res.check
-				first_row_time = Time.now unless first_row_time
-			end
-			expect( (Time.now - start_time) ).to be >= 0.9
-			expect( (first_row_time - start_time) ).to be < 0.9
-		end
-
-		it "should receive rows before entire query fails" do
-			@conn.exec( "CREATE FUNCTION errfunc() RETURNS int AS $$ BEGIN RAISE 'test-error'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;" )
-			@conn.send_query( "SELECT generate_series(0,999), NULL UNION ALL SELECT 1000, errfunc();" )
-			@conn.set_single_row_mode
-
-			first_result = nil
-			expect do
-				loop do
-					res = @conn.get_result or break
-					res.check
-					first_result ||= res
-				end
-			end.to raise_error(PG::Error)
-			expect( first_result.kind_of?(PG::Result) ).to be_truthy
-			expect( first_result.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE )
-		end
-
-	end
-
-	context "multinationalization support", :ruby_19 do
-
-		describe "rubyforge #22925: m17n support" do
-			it "should return results in the same encoding as the client (iso-8859-1)" do
-				out_string = nil
-				@conn.transaction do |conn|
-					conn.internal_encoding = 'iso8859-1'
-					res = conn.exec("VALUES ('fantasia')", [], 0)
-					out_string = res[0]['column1']
-				end
-				expect( out_string ).to eq( 'fantasia' )
-				expect( out_string.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_1 )
-			end
-
-			it "should return results in the same encoding as the client (utf-8)" do
-				out_string = nil
-				@conn.transaction do |conn|
-					conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
-					res = conn.exec("VALUES ('世界線航跡蔵')", [], 0)
-					out_string = res[0]['column1']
-				end
-				expect( out_string ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵' )
-				expect( out_string.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
-			end
-
-			it "should return results in the same encoding as the client (EUC-JP)" do
-				out_string = nil
-				@conn.transaction do |conn|
-					conn.internal_encoding = 'EUC-JP'
-					stmt = "VALUES ('世界線航跡蔵')".encode('EUC-JP')
-					res = conn.exec(stmt, [], 0)
-					out_string = res[0]['column1']
-				end
-				expect( out_string ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵'.encode('EUC-JP') )
-				expect( out_string.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
-			end
-
-			it "returns the results in the correct encoding even if the client_encoding has " +
-			   "changed since the results were fetched" do
-				out_string = nil
-				@conn.transaction do |conn|
-					conn.internal_encoding = 'EUC-JP'
-					stmt = "VALUES ('世界線航跡蔵')".encode('EUC-JP')
-					res = conn.exec(stmt, [], 0)
-					conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
-					out_string = res[0]['column1']
-				end
-				expect( out_string ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵'.encode('EUC-JP') )
-				expect( out_string.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
-			end
-
-			it "the connection should return ASCII-8BIT when it's set to SQL_ASCII" do
-				@conn.exec "SET client_encoding TO SQL_ASCII"
-				expect( @conn.internal_encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ASCII_8BIT )
-			end
-
-			it "uses the client encoding for escaped string" do
-				original = "Möhre to\0 escape".encode( "utf-16be" )
-				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
-				escaped  = @conn.escape( original )
-				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
-				expect( escaped ).to eq( "Möhre to".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP) )
-			end
-
-			it "uses the client encoding for escaped literal" do
-				original = "Möhre to\0 escape".encode( "utf-16be" )
-				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
-				escaped  = @conn.escape_literal( original )
-				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
-				expect( escaped ).to eq( "'Möhre to'".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP) )
-			end
-
-			it "uses the client encoding for escaped identifier" do
-				original = "Möhre to\0 escape".encode( "utf-16le" )
-				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
-				escaped  = @conn.escape_identifier( original )
-				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
-				expect( escaped ).to eq( "\"Möhre to\"".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP) )
-			end
-
-			it "uses the client encoding for quote_ident" do
-				original = "Möhre to\0 escape".encode( "utf-16le" )
-				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
-				escaped  = @conn.quote_ident( original )
-				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
-				expect( escaped ).to eq( "\"Möhre to\"".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP) )
-			end
-
-			it "uses the previous string encoding for escaped string" do
-				original = "Möhre to\0 escape".encode( "iso-8859-1" )
-				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
-				escaped  = described_class.escape( original )
-				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_1 )
-				expect( escaped ).to eq( "Möhre to".encode(Encoding::ISO8859_1) )
-			end
-
-			it "uses the previous string encoding for quote_ident" do
-				original = "Möhre to\0 escape".encode( "iso-8859-1" )
-				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
-				escaped  = described_class.quote_ident( original )
-				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_1 )
-				expect( escaped.encode ).to eq( "\"Möhre to\"".encode(Encoding::ISO8859_1) )
-			end
-
-			it "raises appropriate error if set_client_encoding is called with invalid arguments" do
-				expect { @conn.set_client_encoding( "invalid" ) }.to raise_error(PG::Error, /invalid value/)
-				expect { @conn.set_client_encoding( :invalid ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
-				expect { @conn.set_client_encoding( nil ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
-			end
-		end
-
-		describe "respect and convert character encoding of input strings" do
-			before :each do
-				@conn.internal_encoding = __ENCODING__
-			end
-
-			it "should convert query string and parameters to #exec_params" do
-				r = @conn.exec_params("VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("utf-16le"),
-				                  ['grün'.encode('utf-16be'), 'grün'.encode('iso-8859-1')])
-				expect( r.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert query string and parameters to #async_exec" do
-				r = @conn.async_exec("VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("cp936"),
-				                  ['grün'.encode('cp850'), 'grün'.encode('utf-16le')])
-				expect( r.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert query string to #exec" do
-				r = @conn.exec("SELECT 'grün'".encode("utf-16be"))
-				expect( r.values ).to eq( [['grün']] )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert query string to #async_exec" do
-				r = @conn.async_exec("SELECT 'grün'".encode("utf-16le"))
-				expect( r.values ).to eq( [['grün']] )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert strings and parameters to #prepare and #exec_prepared" do
-				@conn.prepare("weiß1".encode("utf-16be"), "VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("cp850"))
-				r = @conn.exec_prepared("weiß1".encode("utf-32le"),
-				                ['grün'.encode('cp936'), 'grün'.encode('utf-16le')])
-				expect( r.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert strings to #describe_prepared" do
-				@conn.prepare("weiß2", "VALUES(123)")
-				r = @conn.describe_prepared("weiß2".encode("utf-16be"))
-				expect( r.nfields ).to eq( 1 )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert strings to #describe_portal" do
-				@conn.exec "DECLARE cörsör CURSOR FOR VALUES(1,2,3)"
-				r = @conn.describe_portal("cörsör".encode("utf-16le"))
-				expect( r.nfields ).to eq( 3 )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert query string to #send_query" do
-				@conn.send_query("VALUES('grün')".encode("utf-16be"))
-				expect( @conn.get_last_result.values ).to eq( [['grün']] )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert query string and parameters to #send_query" do
-				@conn.send_query("VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("utf-16le"),
-				                  ['grün'.encode('utf-32be'), 'grün'.encode('iso-8859-1')])
-				expect( @conn.get_last_result.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert strings and parameters to #send_prepare and #send_query_prepared" do
-				@conn.send_prepare("weiß3".encode("iso-8859-1"), "VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("utf-16be"))
-				@conn.get_last_result
-				@conn.send_query_prepared("weiß3".encode("utf-32le"),
-				                ['grün'.encode('utf-16le'), 'grün'.encode('iso-8859-1')])
-				expect( @conn.get_last_result.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert strings to #send_describe_prepared" do
-				@conn.prepare("weiß4", "VALUES(123)")
-				@conn.send_describe_prepared("weiß4".encode("utf-16be"))
-				expect( @conn.get_last_result.nfields ).to eq( 1 )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert strings to #send_describe_portal" do
-				@conn.exec "DECLARE cörsör CURSOR FOR VALUES(1,2,3)"
-				@conn.send_describe_portal("cörsör".encode("utf-16le"))
-				expect( @conn.get_last_result.nfields ).to eq( 3 )
-			end
-
-			it "should convert error string to #put_copy_end" do
-				@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
-				@conn.exec( "COPY copytable FROM STDIN" )
-				@conn.put_copy_end("grün".encode("utf-16be"))
-				expect( @conn.get_result.error_message ).to match(/grün/)
-				@conn.get_result
-			end
-		end
-
-		it "can quote bigger strings with quote_ident" do
-			original = "'01234567\"" * 100
-			escaped = described_class.quote_ident( original + "\0afterzero" )
-			expect( escaped ).to eq( "\"" + original.gsub("\"", "\"\"") + "\"" )
-		end
-
-		it "can quote Arrays with quote_ident" do
-			original = "'01234567\""
-			escaped = described_class.quote_ident( [original]*3 )
-			expected = ["\"" + original.gsub("\"", "\"\"") + "\""] * 3
-			expect( escaped ).to eq( expected.join(".") )
-		end
-
-		it "will raise a TypeError for invalid arguments to quote_ident" do
-			expect{ described_class.quote_ident( nil ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
-			expect{ described_class.quote_ident( [nil] ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
-			expect{ described_class.quote_ident( [['a']] ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
-		end
-
-		describe "Ruby 1.9.x default_internal encoding" do
-
-			it "honors the Encoding.default_internal if it's set and the synchronous interface is used" do
-				@conn.transaction do |txn_conn|
-					txn_conn.internal_encoding = Encoding::ISO8859_1
-					txn_conn.exec( "CREATE TABLE defaultinternaltest ( foo text )" )
-					txn_conn.exec( "INSERT INTO defaultinternaltest VALUES ('Grün und Weiß')" )
-				end
-
-				begin
-					prev_encoding = Encoding.default_internal
-					Encoding.default_internal = Encoding::ISO8859_2
-
-					conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
-					expect( conn.internal_encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_2 )
-					res = conn.exec( "SELECT foo FROM defaultinternaltest" )
-					expect( res[0]['foo'].encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_2 )
-				ensure
-					conn.exec( "DROP TABLE defaultinternaltest" )
-					conn.finish if conn
-					Encoding.default_internal = prev_encoding
-				end
-			end
-
-			it "allows users of the async interface to set the client_encoding to the default_internal" do
-				begin
-					prev_encoding = Encoding.default_internal
-					Encoding.default_internal = Encoding::KOI8_R
-
-					@conn.set_default_encoding
-
-					expect( @conn.internal_encoding ).to eq( Encoding::KOI8_R )
-				ensure
-					Encoding.default_internal = prev_encoding
-				end
-			end
-
-		end
-
-
-		it "encodes exception messages with the connection's encoding (#96)", :without_transaction do
-			# Use a new connection so the client_encoding isn't set outside of this example
-			conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
-			conn.client_encoding = 'iso-8859-15'
-
-			conn.transaction do
-				conn.exec "CREATE TABLE foo (bar TEXT)"
-
-				begin
-					query = "INSERT INTO foo VALUES ('Côte d'Ivoire')".encode( 'iso-8859-15' )
-					conn.exec( query )
-				rescue => err
-					expect( err.message.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_15 )
-				else
-					fail "No exception raised?!"
-				end
-			end
-
-			conn.finish if conn
-		end
-
-		it "handles clearing result in or after set_notice_receiver" do
-			r = nil
-			@conn.set_notice_receiver do |result|
-				r = result
-				expect( r.cleared? ).to eq(false)
-			end
-			@conn.exec "do $$ BEGIN RAISE NOTICE 'foo'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;"
-			sleep 0.2
-			expect( r ).to be_a( PG::Result )
-			expect( r.cleared? ).to eq(true)
-			expect( r.autoclear? ).to eq(true)
-			r.clear
-			@conn.set_notice_receiver
-		end
-
-		it "receives properly encoded messages in the notice callbacks" do
-			[:receiver, :processor].each do |kind|
-				notices = []
-				@conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
-				if kind == :processor
-					@conn.set_notice_processor do |msg|
-						notices << msg
-					end
-				else
-					@conn.set_notice_receiver do |result|
-						notices << result.error_message
-					end
-				end
-
-				3.times do
-					@conn.exec "do $$ BEGIN RAISE NOTICE '世界線航跡蔵'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;"
-				end
-
-				expect( notices.length ).to eq( 3 )
-				notices.each do |notice|
-					expect( notice ).to match( /^NOTICE:.*世界線航跡蔵/ )
-					expect( notice.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
-				end
-				@conn.set_notice_receiver
-				@conn.set_notice_processor
-			end
-		end
-
-		it "receives properly encoded text from wait_for_notify" do
-			@conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
-			@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-			@conn.exec( 'LISTEN "Möhre"' )
-			@conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY "Möhre", '世界線航跡蔵'} )
-			event, pid, msg = nil
-			@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do |*args|
-				event, pid, msg = *args
-			end
-			@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN "Möhre"' )
-
-			expect( event ).to eq( "Möhre" )
-			expect( event.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
-			expect( msg ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵' )
-			expect( msg.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
-		end
-
-		it "returns properly encoded text from notifies" do
-			@conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
-			@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
-			@conn.exec( 'LISTEN "Möhre"' )
-			@conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY "Möhre", '世界線航跡蔵'} )
-			@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN "Möhre"' )
-
-			notification = @conn.notifies
-			expect( notification[:relname] ).to eq( "Möhre" )
-			expect( notification[:relname].encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
-			expect( notification[:extra] ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵' )
-			expect( notification[:extra].encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
-			expect( notification[:be_pid] ).to be > 0
-		end
-	end
-
-	context "OS thread support", :ruby_19 do
-		it "Connection#exec shouldn't block a second thread" do
-			t = Thread.new do
-				@conn.exec( "select pg_sleep(1)" )
-			end
-
-			sleep 0.5
-			expect( t ).to be_alive()
-			t.join
-		end
-
-		it "Connection.new shouldn't block a second thread" do
-			serv = nil
-			t = Thread.new do
-				serv = TCPServer.new( '127.0.0.1', 54320 )
-				expect {
-					described_class.new( '127.0.0.1', 54320, "", "", "me", "xxxx", "somedb" )
-				}.to raise_error(PG::ConnectionBad, /server closed the connection unexpectedly/)
-			end
-
-			sleep 0.5
-			expect( t ).to be_alive()
-			serv.close
-			t.join
-		end
-	end
-
-	describe "type casting" do
-		it "should raise an error on invalid param mapping" do
-			expect{
-				@conn.exec_params( "SELECT 1", [], nil, :invalid )
-			}.to raise_error(TypeError)
-		end
-
-		it "should return nil if no type mapping is set" do
-			expect( @conn.type_map_for_queries ).to be_kind_of(PG::TypeMapAllStrings)
-			expect( @conn.type_map_for_results ).to be_kind_of(PG::TypeMapAllStrings)
-		end
-
-		it "shouldn't type map params unless requested" do
-			if @conn.server_version < 100000
-				expect{
-					@conn.exec_params( "SELECT $1", [5] )
-				}.to raise_error(PG::IndeterminateDatatype)
-			else
-				# PostgreSQL-10 maps to TEXT type (OID 25)
-				expect( @conn.exec_params( "SELECT $1", [5] ).ftype(0)).to eq(25)
-			end
-		end
-
-		it "should raise an error on invalid encoder to put_copy_data" do
-			expect{
-				@conn.put_copy_data [1], :invalid
-			}.to raise_error(TypeError)
-		end
-
-		it "can type cast parameters to put_copy_data with explicit encoder" do
-			tm = PG::TypeMapByColumn.new [nil]
-			row_encoder = PG::TextEncoder::CopyRow.new type_map: tm
-
-			@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
-			res2 = @conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
-				@conn.put_copy_data [1], row_encoder
-				@conn.put_copy_data ["2"], row_encoder
-			end
-
-			res2 = @conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT", row_encoder ) do |res|
-				@conn.put_copy_data [3]
-				@conn.put_copy_data ["4"]
-			end
-
-			res = @conn.exec( "SELECT * FROM copytable ORDER BY col1" )
-			expect( res.values ).to eq( [["1"], ["2"], ["3"], ["4"]] )
-		end
-
-		context "with default query type map" do
-			before :each do
-				@conn2 = described_class.new(@conninfo)
-				tm = PG::TypeMapByClass.new
-				tm[Integer] = PG::TextEncoder::Integer.new oid: 20
-				@conn2.type_map_for_queries = tm
-
-				row_encoder = PG::TextEncoder::CopyRow.new type_map: tm
-				@conn2.encoder_for_put_copy_data = row_encoder
-			end
-			after :each do
-				@conn2.close
-			end
-
-			it "should respect a type mapping for params and it's OID and format code" do
-				res = @conn2.exec_params( "SELECT $1", [5] )
-				expect( res.values ).to eq( [["5"]] )
-				expect( res.ftype(0) ).to eq( 20 )
-			end
-
-			it "should return the current type mapping" do
-				expect( @conn2.type_map_for_queries ).to be_kind_of(PG::TypeMapByClass)
-			end
-
-			it "should work with arbitrary number of params in conjunction with type casting" do
-				begin
-					3.step( 12, 0.2 ) do |exp|
-						num_params = (2 ** exp).to_i
-						sql = num_params.times.map{|n| "$#{n+1}" }.join(",")
-						params = num_params.times.to_a
-						res = @conn2.exec_params( "SELECT #{sql}", params )
-						expect( res.nfields ).to eq( num_params )
-						expect( res.values ).to eq( [num_params.times.map(&:to_s)] )
-					end
-				rescue PG::ProgramLimitExceeded
-					# Stop silently as soon the server complains about too many params
-				end
-			end
-
-			it "can process #copy_data input queries with row encoder and respects character encoding" do
-				@conn2.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
-				res2 = @conn2.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
-					@conn2.put_copy_data [1]
-					@conn2.put_copy_data ["Möhre".encode("utf-16le")]
-				end
-
-				res = @conn2.exec( "SELECT * FROM copytable ORDER BY col1" )
-				expect( res.values ).to eq( [["1"], ["Möhre"]] )
-			end
-		end
-
-		context "with default result type map" do
-			before :each do
-				@conn2 = described_class.new(@conninfo)
-				tm = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
-				tm.add_coder PG::TextDecoder::Integer.new oid: 23, format: 0
-				@conn2.type_map_for_results = tm
-
-				row_decoder = PG::TextDecoder::CopyRow.new
-				@conn2.decoder_for_get_copy_data = row_decoder
-			end
-			after :each do
-				@conn2.close
-			end
-
-			it "should respect a type mapping for result" do
-				res = @conn2.exec_params( "SELECT $1::INT", ["5"] )
-				expect( res.values ).to eq( [[5]] )
-			end
-
-			it "should return the current type mapping" do
-				expect( @conn2.type_map_for_results ).to be_kind_of(PG::TypeMapByOid)
-			end
-
-			it "should work with arbitrary number of params in conjunction with type casting" do
-				begin
-					3.step( 12, 0.2 ) do |exp|
-						num_params = (2 ** exp).to_i
-						sql = num_params.times.map{|n| "$#{n+1}::INT" }.join(",")
-						params = num_params.times.to_a
-						res = @conn2.exec_params( "SELECT #{sql}", params )
-						expect( res.nfields ).to eq( num_params )
-						expect( res.values ).to eq( [num_params.times.to_a] )
-					end
-				rescue PG::ProgramLimitExceeded
-					# Stop silently as soon the server complains about too many params
-				end
-			end
-
-			it "can process #copy_data output with row decoder and respects character encoding" do
-				@conn2.internal_encoding = Encoding::ISO8859_1
-				rows = []
-				res2 = @conn2.copy_data( "COPY (VALUES('1'), ('Möhre')) TO STDOUT".encode("utf-16le") ) do |res|
-					while row=@conn2.get_copy_data
-						rows << row
-					end
-				end
-				expect( rows.last.last.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_1 )
-				expect( rows ).to eq( [["1"], ["Möhre".encode("iso-8859-1")]] )
-			end
-
-			it "can type cast #copy_data output with explicit decoder" do
-				tm = PG::TypeMapByColumn.new [PG::TextDecoder::Integer.new]
-				row_decoder = PG::TextDecoder::CopyRow.new type_map: tm
-				rows = []
-				@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT", row_decoder ) do |res|
-					while row=@conn.get_copy_data
-						rows << row
-					end
-				end
-				@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
-					while row=@conn.get_copy_data( false, row_decoder )
-						rows << row
-					end
-				end
-				expect( rows ).to eq( [[1], [2], [3], [4]] )
-			end
-		end
-	end
-end