pg 1.1.4

data/spec/pg/connection_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1872 @@
+# -*- rspec -*-
+#encoding: utf-8
+
+require_relative '../helpers'
+
+require 'timeout'
+require 'socket'
+require 'pg'
+
+describe PG::Connection do
+
+	it "can create a connection option string from a Hash of options" do
+		optstring = described_class.parse_connect_args(
+			:host => 'pgsql.example.com',
+			:dbname => 'db01',
+			'sslmode' => 'require'
+		  )
+
+		expect( optstring ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)host='pgsql.example.com'/ )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)dbname='db01'/ )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)sslmode='require'/ )
+	end
+
+	it "can create a connection option string from positional parameters" do
+		optstring = described_class.parse_connect_args( 'pgsql.example.com', nil, '-c geqo=off', nil,
+		                                       'sales' )
+
+		expect( optstring ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)host='pgsql.example.com'/ )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)dbname='sales'/ )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)options='-c geqo=off'/ )
+
+		expect( optstring ).to_not match( /port=/ )
+		expect( optstring ).to_not match( /tty=/ )
+	end
+
+	it "can create a connection option string from a mix of positional and hash parameters" do
+		optstring = described_class.parse_connect_args( 'pgsql.example.com',
+		                                       :dbname => 'licensing', :user => 'jrandom' )
+
+		expect( optstring ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)host='pgsql.example.com'/ )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)dbname='licensing'/ )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)user='jrandom'/ )
+	end
+
+	it "can create a connection option string from an option string and a hash" do
+		optstring = described_class.parse_connect_args( 'dbname=original', :user => 'jrandom' )
+
+		expect( optstring ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)dbname=original/ )
+		expect( optstring ).to match( /(^|\s)user='jrandom'/ )
+	end
+
+	it "escapes single quotes and backslashes in connection parameters" do
+		expect(
+			described_class.parse_connect_args( "DB 'browser' \\" )
+		).to match( /host='DB \\'browser\\' \\\\'/ )
+
+	end
+
+	let(:uri) { 'postgresql://user:pass@pgsql.example.com:222/db01?sslmode=require' }
+
+	it "can connect using a URI" do
+		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( uri )
+
+		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://user:pass@pgsql.example.com:222/db01\?} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*sslmode=require} )
+
+		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( URI.parse(uri) )
+
+		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://user:pass@pgsql.example.com:222/db01\?} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*sslmode=require} )
+	end
+
+	it "can create a connection URI from a URI and a hash" do
+		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( uri, :connect_timeout => 2 )
+
+		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://user:pass@pgsql.example.com:222/db01\?} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*sslmode=require} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*connect_timeout=2} )
+
+		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( uri,
+			:user => 'a',
+			:password => 'b',
+			:host => 'localhost',
+			:port => 555,
+			:dbname => 'x' )
+
+		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://\?} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*user=a} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*password=b} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*host=localhost} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*port=555} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*dbname=x} )
+	end
+
+	it "can create a connection URI with a non-standard domain socket directory" do
+		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( 'postgresql://%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fpostgresql/dbname' )
+
+		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql://%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fpostgresql/dbname} )
+
+		string = described_class.
+			parse_connect_args( 'postgresql:///dbname', :host => '/var/lib/postgresql' )
+
+		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{^postgresql:///dbname\?} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{\?.*host=%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fpostgresql} )
+	end
+
+	it "connects with defaults if no connection parameters are given" do
+		expect( described_class.parse_connect_args ).to eq( '' )
+	end
+
+	it "connects successfully with connection string" do
+		conninfo_with_colon_in_password = "host=localhost user=a port=555 dbname=test password=a:a"
+
+		string = described_class.parse_connect_args( conninfo_with_colon_in_password )
+
+		expect( string ).to be_a( String )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)user=a} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)password=a:a} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)host=localhost} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)port=555} )
+		expect( string ).to match( %r{(^|\s)dbname=test} )
+	end
+
+	it "connects successfully with connection string" do
+		tmpconn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
+		tmpconn.finish
+	end
+
+	it "connects using 7 arguments converted to strings" do
+		tmpconn = described_class.connect( 'localhost', @port, nil, nil, :test, nil, nil )
+		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
+		tmpconn.finish
+	end
+
+	it "connects using a hash of connection parameters" do
+		tmpconn = described_class.connect(
+			:host => 'localhost',
+			:port => @port,
+			:dbname => :test)
+		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
+		tmpconn.finish
+	end
+
+	it "connects using a hash of optional connection parameters" do
+		tmpconn = described_class.connect(
+			:host => 'localhost',
+			:port => @port,
+			:dbname => :test,
+			:keepalives => 1)
+		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
+		tmpconn.finish
+	end
+
+	it "raises an exception when connecting with an invalid number of arguments" do
+		expect {
+			described_class.connect( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 'the-extra-arg' )
+		}.to raise_error do |error|
+			expect( error ).to be_an( ArgumentError )
+			expect( error.message ).to match( /extra positional parameter/i )
+			expect( error.message ).to match( /8/ )
+			expect( error.message ).to match( /the-extra-arg/ )
+		end
+	end
+
+	it "can connect asynchronously", :socket_io do
+		tmpconn = described_class.connect_start( @conninfo )
+		expect( tmpconn ).to be_a( described_class )
+
+		wait_for_polling_ok(tmpconn)
+		expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
+		tmpconn.finish
+	end
+
+	it "can connect asynchronously for the duration of a block", :socket_io do
+		conn = nil
+
+		described_class.connect_start(@conninfo) do |tmpconn|
+			expect( tmpconn ).to be_a( described_class )
+			conn = tmpconn
+
+			wait_for_polling_ok(tmpconn)
+			expect( tmpconn.status ).to eq( PG::CONNECTION_OK )
+		end
+
+		expect( conn ).to be_finished()
+	end
+
+	context "with async established connection", :socket_io do
+		before :each do
+			@conn2 = described_class.connect_start( @conninfo )
+			wait_for_polling_ok(@conn2)
+			expect( @conn2 ).to still_be_usable
+		end
+
+		after :each do
+			expect( @conn2 ).to still_be_usable
+			@conn2.close
+		end
+
+		it "conn.send_query and IO.select work" do
+			@conn2.send_query("SELECT 1")
+			res = wait_for_query_result(@conn2)
+			expect( res.values ).to eq([["1"]])
+		end
+
+		it "conn.send_query and conn.block work" do
+			@conn2.send_query("SELECT 2")
+			@conn2.block
+			res = @conn2.get_last_result
+			expect( res.values ).to eq([["2"]])
+		end
+
+		it "conn.async_query works" do
+			res = @conn2.async_query("SELECT 3")
+			expect( res.values ).to eq([["3"]])
+			expect( @conn2 ).to still_be_usable
+
+			res = @conn2.query("SELECT 4")
+		end
+
+		it "can use conn.reset_start to restart the connection" do
+			ios = IO.pipe
+			conn = described_class.connect_start( @conninfo )
+			wait_for_polling_ok(conn)
+
+			# Close the two pipe file descriptors, so that the file descriptor of
+			# newly established connection is probably distinct from the previous one.
+			ios.each(&:close)
+			conn.reset_start
+			wait_for_polling_ok(conn, :reset_poll)
+
+			# The new connection should work even when the file descriptor has changed.
+			conn.send_query("SELECT 1")
+			res = wait_for_query_result(conn)
+			expect( res.values ).to eq([["1"]])
+
+			conn.close
+		end
+
+		it "should properly close a socket IO when GC'ed" do
+			# This results in
+			#    Errno::ENOTSOCK: An operation was attempted on something that is not a socket.
+			# on Windows when rb_w32_unwrap_io_handle() isn't called in pgconn_gc_free().
+			5.times do
+				conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+				conn.socket_io.close
+			end
+			GC.start
+			IO.pipe.each(&:close)
+		end
+	end
+
+	it "raises proper error when sending fails" do
+		conn = described_class.connect_start( '127.0.0.1', 54320, "", "", "me", "xxxx", "somedb" )
+		expect{ conn.exec 'SELECT 1' }.to raise_error(PG::UnableToSend, /no connection/)
+	end
+
+	it "doesn't leave stale server connections after finish" do
+		described_class.connect(@conninfo).finish
+		sleep 0.5
+		res = @conn.exec(%[SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM pg_stat_activity
+							WHERE usename IS NOT NULL AND application_name != ''])
+		# there's still the global @conn, but should be no more
+		expect( res[0]['n'] ).to eq( '1' )
+	end
+
+	it "can retrieve it's connection parameters for the established connection" do
+		expect( @conn.db ).to eq( "test" )
+		expect( @conn.user ).to be_a_kind_of( String )
+		expect( @conn.pass ).to eq( "" )
+		expect( @conn.port ).to eq( @port )
+		expect( @conn.tty ).to eq( "" )
+		expect( @conn.options ).to eq( "" )
+	end
+	it "can retrieve it's connection parameters for the established connection",
+	    skip: RUBY_PLATFORM=~/x64-mingw/ ? "host segfaults on Windows-x64" : false do
+		expect( @conn.host ).to eq( "localhost" )
+	end
+
+	EXPECTED_TRACE_OUTPUT = %{
+		To backend> Msg Q
+		To backend> "SELECT 1 AS one"
+		To backend> Msg complete, length 21
+		From backend> T
+		From backend (#4)> 28
+		From backend (#2)> 1
+		From backend> "one"
+		From backend (#4)> 0
+		From backend (#2)> 0
+		From backend (#4)> 23
+		From backend (#2)> 4
+		From backend (#4)> -1
+		From backend (#2)> 0
+		From backend> D
+		From backend (#4)> 11
+		From backend (#2)> 1
+		From backend (#4)> 1
+		From backend (1)> 1
+		From backend> C
+		From backend (#4)> 13
+		From backend> "SELECT 1"
+		From backend> Z
+		From backend (#4)> 5
+		From backend> Z
+		From backend (#4)> 5
+		From backend> T
+		}.gsub( /^\t{2}/, '' ).lstrip
+
+	it "trace and untrace client-server communication", :unix do
+			# be careful to explicitly close files so that the
+			# directory can be removed and we don't have to wait for
+			# the GC to run.
+			trace_file = TEST_DIRECTORY + "test_trace.out"
+			trace_io = trace_file.open( 'w', 0600 )
+			@conn.trace( trace_io )
+			trace_io.close
+
+			res = @conn.exec("SELECT 1 AS one")
+			@conn.untrace
+
+			res = @conn.exec("SELECT 2 AS two")
+
+			trace_data = trace_file.read
+
+			# For async_exec the output will be different:
+			#  From backend> Z
+			#  From backend (#4)> 5
+			# +From backend> Z
+			# +From backend (#4)> 5
+			#  From backend> T
+			trace_data.sub!( /(From backend> Z\nFrom backend \(#4\)> 5\n){3}/m, '\\1\\1' )
+
+			expect( trace_data ).to eq( EXPECTED_TRACE_OUTPUT )
+		end
+
+	it "allows a query to be cancelled" do
+		error = false
+		@conn.send_query("SELECT pg_sleep(1000)")
+		@conn.cancel
+		tmpres = @conn.get_result
+		if(tmpres.result_status != PG::PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
+			error = true
+		end
+		expect( error ).to eq( true )
+	end
+
+	it "can stop a thread that runs a blocking query with async_exec" do
+		pending "this does not work on Rubinius" if RUBY_ENGINE=='rbx'
+
+		start = Time.now
+		t = Thread.new do
+			@conn.async_exec( 'select pg_sleep(10)' )
+		end
+		sleep 0.1
+
+		t.kill
+		t.join
+		expect( (Time.now - start) ).to be < 10
+	end
+
+	it "should work together with signal handlers", :unix do
+		signal_received = false
+		trap 'USR1' do
+			signal_received = true
+		end
+
+		Thread.new do
+			sleep 0.1
+			Process.kill("USR1", Process.pid)
+		end
+		@conn.exec("select pg_sleep(0.3)")
+		expect( signal_received ).to be_truthy
+
+		signal_received = false
+		Thread.new do
+			sleep 0.1
+			Process.kill("USR1", Process.pid)
+		end
+		@conn.async_exec("select pg_sleep(0.3)")
+		expect( signal_received ).to be_truthy
+	end
+
+
+	it "automatically rolls back a transaction started with Connection#transaction if an exception " +
+	   "is raised" do
+		# abort the per-example transaction so we can test our own
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+
+		res = nil
+		@conn.exec( "CREATE TABLE pie ( flavor TEXT )" )
+
+		begin
+			expect {
+				res = @conn.transaction do
+					@conn.exec( "INSERT INTO pie VALUES ('rhubarb'), ('cherry'), ('schizophrenia')" )
+					raise "Oh noes! All pie is gone!"
+				end
+			}.to raise_exception( RuntimeError, /all pie is gone/i )
+
+			res = @conn.exec( "SELECT * FROM pie" )
+			expect( res.ntuples ).to eq( 0 )
+		ensure
+			@conn.exec( "DROP TABLE pie" )
+		end
+	end
+
+	it "returns the block result from Connection#transaction" do
+		# abort the per-example transaction so we can test our own
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+
+		res = @conn.transaction do
+			"transaction result"
+		end
+		expect( res ).to eq( "transaction result" )
+	end
+
+	it "not read past the end of a large object" do
+		@conn.transaction do
+			oid = @conn.lo_create( 0 )
+			fd = @conn.lo_open( oid, PG::INV_READ|PG::INV_WRITE )
+			@conn.lo_write( fd, "foobar" )
+			expect( @conn.lo_read( fd, 10 ) ).to be_nil()
+			@conn.lo_lseek( fd, 0, PG::SEEK_SET )
+			expect( @conn.lo_read( fd, 10 ) ).to eq( 'foobar' )
+		end
+	end
+
+	it "supports explicitly calling #exec_params" do
+		@conn.exec( "CREATE TABLE students ( name TEXT, age INTEGER )" )
+		@conn.exec_params( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Wally', 8] )
+		@conn.exec_params( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Sally', 6] )
+		@conn.exec_params( "INSERT INTO students VALUES( $1, $2 )", ['Dorothy', 4] )
+
+		res = @conn.exec_params( "SELECT name FROM students WHERE age >= $1", [6] )
+		expect( res.values ).to eq( [ ['Wally'], ['Sally'] ] )
+	end
+
+	it "supports hash form parameters for #exec_params" do
+		hash_param_bin = { value: ["00ff"].pack("H*"), type: 17, format: 1 }
+		hash_param_nil = { value: nil, type: 17, format: 1 }
+		res = @conn.exec_params( "SELECT $1, $2",
+					[ hash_param_bin, hash_param_nil ] )
+		expect( res.values ).to eq( [["\\x00ff", nil]] )
+		expect( result_typenames(res) ).to eq( ['bytea', 'bytea'] )
+	end
+
+	it "should work with arbitrary number of params" do
+		begin
+			3.step( 12, 0.2 ) do |exp|
+				num_params = (2 ** exp).to_i
+				sql = num_params.times.map{|n| "$#{n+1}::INT" }.join(",")
+				params = num_params.times.to_a
+				res = @conn.exec_params( "SELECT #{sql}", params )
+				expect( res.nfields ).to eq( num_params )
+				expect( res.values ).to eq( [num_params.times.map(&:to_s)] )
+			end
+		rescue PG::ProgramLimitExceeded
+			# Stop silently if the server complains about too many params
+		end
+	end
+
+	it "can wait for NOTIFY events" do
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woo' )
+
+		t = Thread.new do
+			begin
+				conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+				sleep 1
+				conn.async_exec( 'NOTIFY woo' )
+			ensure
+				conn.finish
+			end
+		end
+
+		expect( @conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) ).to eq( 'woo' )
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woo' )
+
+		t.join
+	end
+
+	it "calls a block for NOTIFY events if one is given" do
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woo' )
+
+		t = Thread.new do
+			begin
+				conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+				sleep 1
+				conn.async_exec( 'NOTIFY woo' )
+			ensure
+				conn.finish
+			end
+		end
+
+		eventpid = event = nil
+		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) {|*args| event, eventpid = args }
+		expect( event ).to eq( 'woo' )
+		expect( eventpid ).to be_an( Integer )
+
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woo' )
+
+		t.join
+	end
+
+	it "doesn't collapse sequential notifications" do
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woo' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN war' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woz' )
+
+		begin
+			conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+			conn.exec( 'NOTIFY woo' )
+			conn.exec( 'NOTIFY war' )
+			conn.exec( 'NOTIFY woz' )
+		ensure
+			conn.finish
+		end
+
+		channels = []
+		3.times do
+			channels << @conn.wait_for_notify( 2 )
+		end
+
+		expect( channels.size ).to eq( 3 )
+		expect( channels ).to include( 'woo', 'war', 'woz' )
+
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woz' )
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN war' )
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woo' )
+	end
+
+	it "returns notifications which are already in the queue before wait_for_notify is called " +
+	   "without waiting for the socket to become readable" do
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN woo' )
+
+		begin
+			conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+			conn.exec( 'NOTIFY woo' )
+		ensure
+			conn.finish
+		end
+
+		# Cause the notification to buffer, but not be read yet
+		@conn.exec( 'SELECT 1' )
+
+		expect( @conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) ).to eq( 'woo' )
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN woo' )
+	end
+
+	it "can receive notices while waiting for NOTIFY without exceeding the timeout" do
+		notices = []
+		@conn.set_notice_processor do |msg|
+			notices << [msg, Time.now]
+		end
+		st = Time.now
+		@conn.send_query "SELECT pg_sleep(0.5); do $$ BEGIN RAISE NOTICE 'woohoo'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;"
+		expect( @conn.wait_for_notify( 1 ) ).to be_nil
+		expect( notices.first ).to_not be_nil
+		et = Time.now
+		expect( (et - notices.first[1]) ).to be >= 0.4
+		expect( (et - st) ).to be >= 0.9
+		expect( (et - st) ).to be < 1.4
+	end
+
+	it "yields the result if block is given to exec" do
+		rval = @conn.exec( "select 1234::int as a union select 5678::int as a" ) do |result|
+			values = []
+			expect( result ).to be_kind_of( PG::Result )
+			expect( result.ntuples ).to eq( 2 )
+			result.each do |tuple|
+				values << tuple['a']
+			end
+			values
+		end
+
+		expect( rval.size ).to eq( 2 )
+		expect( rval ).to include( '5678', '1234' )
+	end
+
+	it "can process #copy_data output queries" do
+		rows = []
+		res2 = @conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
+			expect( res.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_COPY_OUT )
+			expect( res.nfields ).to eq( 1 )
+			while row=@conn.get_copy_data
+				rows << row
+			end
+		end
+		expect( rows ).to eq( ["1\n", "2\n"] )
+		expect( res2.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_COMMAND_OK )
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "can handle incomplete #copy_data output queries" do
+		expect {
+			@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
+				@conn.get_copy_data
+			end
+		}.to raise_error(PG::NotAllCopyDataRetrieved, /Not all/)
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "can handle client errors in #copy_data for output" do
+		expect {
+			@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT" ) do
+				raise "boom"
+			end
+		}.to raise_error(RuntimeError, "boom")
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "can handle server errors in #copy_data for output" do
+		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
+		@conn.transaction do
+			@conn.exec( "CREATE FUNCTION errfunc() RETURNS int AS $$ BEGIN RAISE 'test-error'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;" )
+			expect {
+				@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT errfunc()) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
+					while @conn.get_copy_data
+					end
+				end
+			}.to raise_error(PG::Error, /test-error/)
+		end
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "can process #copy_data input queries" do
+		@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
+		res2 = @conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
+			expect( res.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_COPY_IN )
+			expect( res.nfields ).to eq( 1 )
+			@conn.put_copy_data "1\n"
+			@conn.put_copy_data "2\n"
+		end
+		expect( res2.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_COMMAND_OK )
+
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+
+		res = @conn.exec( "SELECT * FROM copytable ORDER BY col1" )
+		expect( res.values ).to eq( [["1"], ["2"]] )
+	end
+
+	it "can handle client errors in #copy_data for input" do
+		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
+		@conn.transaction do
+			@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
+			expect {
+				@conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
+					raise "boom"
+				end
+			}.to raise_error(RuntimeError, "boom")
+		end
+
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "can handle server errors in #copy_data for input" do
+		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
+		@conn.transaction do
+			@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 INT)" )
+			expect {
+				@conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
+					@conn.put_copy_data "xyz\n"
+				end
+			}.to raise_error(PG::Error, /invalid input syntax for integer/)
+		end
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "gracefully handle SQL statements while in #copy_data for input" do
+		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
+		@conn.transaction do
+			@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 INT)" )
+			expect {
+				@conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
+					@conn.exec "SELECT 1"
+				end
+			}.to raise_error(PG::Error, /no COPY in progress/)
+		end
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "gracefully handle SQL statements while in #copy_data for output" do
+		@conn.exec "ROLLBACK"
+		@conn.transaction do
+			expect {
+				@conn.copy_data( "COPY (VALUES(1), (2)) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
+					@conn.exec "SELECT 3"
+				end
+			}.to raise_error(PG::Error, /no COPY in progress/)
+		end
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "should raise an error for non copy statements in #copy_data" do
+		expect {
+			@conn.copy_data( "SELECT 1" ){}
+		}.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /no COPY/)
+
+		expect( @conn ).to still_be_usable
+	end
+
+	it "correctly finishes COPY queries passed to #async_exec" do
+		@conn.async_exec( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT" )
+
+		results = []
+		begin
+			data = @conn.get_copy_data( true )
+			if false == data
+				@conn.block( 2.0 )
+				data = @conn.get_copy_data( true )
+			end
+			results << data if data
+		end until data.nil?
+
+		expect( results.size ).to eq( 2 )
+		expect( results ).to include( "1\n", "2\n" )
+	end
+
+
+	it "described_class#block shouldn't block a second thread" do
+		start = Time.now
+		t = Thread.new do
+			@conn.send_query( "select pg_sleep(3)" )
+			@conn.block
+		end
+
+		sleep 0.5
+		expect( t ).to be_alive()
+		@conn.cancel
+		t.join
+		expect( (Time.now - start) ).to be < 3
+	end
+
+	it "described_class#block should allow a timeout" do
+		@conn.send_query( "select pg_sleep(1)" )
+
+		start = Time.now
+		@conn.block( 0.3 )
+		finish = Time.now
+
+		expect( (finish - start) ).to be_within( 0.2 ).of( 0.3 )
+	end
+
+	it "can return the default connection options" do
+		expect( described_class.conndefaults ).to be_a( Array )
+		expect( described_class.conndefaults ).to all( be_a(Hash) )
+		expect( described_class.conndefaults[0] ).to include( :keyword, :label, :dispchar, :dispsize )
+		expect( @conn.conndefaults ).to eq( described_class.conndefaults )
+	end
+
+	it "can return the default connection options as a Hash" do
+		expect( described_class.conndefaults_hash ).to be_a( Hash )
+		expect( described_class.conndefaults_hash ).to include( :user, :password, :dbname, :host, :port )
+		expect( ['5432', '54321', @port.to_s] ).to include( described_class.conndefaults_hash[:port] )
+		expect( @conn.conndefaults_hash ).to eq( described_class.conndefaults_hash )
+	end
+
+	it "can return the connection's connection options", :postgresql_93 do
+		expect( @conn.conninfo ).to be_a( Array )
+		expect( @conn.conninfo ).to all( be_a(Hash) )
+		expect( @conn.conninfo[0] ).to include( :keyword, :label, :dispchar, :dispsize )
+	end
+
+
+	it "can return the connection's connection options as a Hash", :postgresql_93 do
+		expect( @conn.conninfo_hash ).to be_a( Hash )
+		expect( @conn.conninfo_hash ).to include( :user, :password, :connect_timeout, :dbname, :host )
+		expect( @conn.conninfo_hash[:dbname] ).to eq( 'test' )
+	end
+
+	describe "connection information related to SSL" do
+
+		it "can retrieve connection's ssl state", :postgresql_95 do
+			expect( @conn.ssl_in_use? ).to be false
+		end
+
+		it "can retrieve connection's ssl attribute_names", :postgresql_95 do
+			expect( @conn.ssl_attribute_names ).to be_a(Array)
+		end
+
+		it "can retrieve a single ssl connection attribute", :postgresql_95 do
+			expect( @conn.ssl_attribute('dbname') ).to eq( nil )
+		end
+
+		it "can retrieve all connection's ssl attributes", :postgresql_95 do
+			expect( @conn.ssl_attributes ).to be_a_kind_of( Hash )
+		end
+	end
+
+
+	it "honors the connect_timeout connection parameter", :postgresql_93 do
+		conn = PG.connect( port: @port, dbname: 'test', connect_timeout: 11 )
+		begin
+			expect( conn.conninfo_hash[:connect_timeout] ).to eq( "11" )
+		ensure
+			conn.finish
+		end
+	end
+
+	describe "deprecated password encryption method" do
+		it "can encrypt password for a given user" do
+			expect( described_class.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres") ).to match( /\S+/ )
+		end
+
+		it "raises an appropriate error if either of the required arguments is not valid" do
+			expect {
+				described_class.encrypt_password( nil, nil )
+			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
+			expect {
+				described_class.encrypt_password( "postgres", nil )
+			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
+			expect {
+				described_class.encrypt_password( nil, "postgres" )
+			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
+		end
+	end
+
+	describe "password encryption method", :postgresql_10 do
+		it "can encrypt without algorithm" do
+			expect( @conn.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres") ).to match( /\S+/ )
+			expect( @conn.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres", nil) ).to match( /\S+/ )
+		end
+
+		it "can encrypt with algorithm" do
+			expect( @conn.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres", "md5") ).to match( /md5\S+/i )
+			expect( @conn.encrypt_password("postgres", "postgres", "scram-sha-256") ).to match( /SCRAM-SHA-256\S+/i )
+		end
+
+		it "raises an appropriate error if either of the required arguments is not valid" do
+			expect {
+				@conn.encrypt_password( nil, nil )
+			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
+			expect {
+				@conn.encrypt_password( "postgres", nil )
+			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
+			expect {
+				@conn.encrypt_password( nil, "postgres" )
+			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
+			expect {
+				@conn.encrypt_password( "postgres", "postgres", :invalid )
+			}.to raise_error( TypeError )
+			expect {
+				@conn.encrypt_password( "postgres", "postgres", "invalid" )
+			}.to raise_error( PG::Error, /unrecognized/ )
+		end
+	end
+
+
+	it "allows fetching a column of values from a result by column number" do
+		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
+		expect( res.column_values( 0 ) ).to eq( %w[1 2 3] )
+		expect( res.column_values( 1 ) ).to eq( %w[2 3 4] )
+	end
+
+
+	it "allows fetching a column of values from a result by field name" do
+		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
+		expect( res.field_values( 'column1' ) ).to eq( %w[1 2 3] )
+		expect( res.field_values( 'column2' ) ).to eq( %w[2 3 4] )
+	end
+
+
+	it "raises an error if selecting an invalid column index" do
+		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
+		expect {
+			res.column_values( 20 )
+		}.to raise_error( IndexError )
+	end
+
+
+	it "raises an error if selecting an invalid field name" do
+		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
+		expect {
+			res.field_values( 'hUUuurrg' )
+		}.to raise_error( IndexError )
+	end
+
+
+	it "raises an error if column index is not a number" do
+		res = @conn.exec( 'VALUES (1,2),(2,3),(3,4)' )
+		expect {
+			res.column_values( 'hUUuurrg' )
+		}.to raise_error( TypeError )
+	end
+
+
+	it "handles server close while asynchronous connect", :socket_io do
+		serv = TCPServer.new( '127.0.0.1', 54320 )
+		conn = described_class.connect_start( '127.0.0.1', 54320, "", "", "me", "xxxx", "somedb" )
+		expect( [PG::PGRES_POLLING_WRITING, PG::CONNECTION_OK] ).to include conn.connect_poll
+		select( nil, [conn.socket_io], nil, 0.2 )
+		serv.close
+		if conn.connect_poll == PG::PGRES_POLLING_READING
+			select( [conn.socket_io], nil, nil, 0.2 )
+		end
+		expect( conn.connect_poll ).to eq( PG::PGRES_POLLING_FAILED )
+	end
+
+	it "discards previous results at #discard_results" do
+		@conn.send_query( "select 1" )
+		@conn.discard_results
+		@conn.send_query( "select 41 as one" )
+		res = @conn.get_last_result
+		expect( res.to_a ).to eq( [{ 'one' => '41' }] )
+	end
+
+	it "discards previous results (if any) before waiting on #exec" do
+		@conn.send_query( "select 1" )
+		res = @conn.exec( "select 42 as one" )
+		expect( res.to_a ).to eq( [{ 'one' => '42' }] )
+	end
+
+	it "discards previous errors before waiting on #exec", :without_transaction do
+		@conn.send_query( "ERROR" )
+		res = @conn.exec( "select 43 as one" )
+		expect( res.to_a ).to eq( [{ 'one' => '43' }] )
+	end
+
+	it "calls the block if one is provided to #exec" do
+		result = nil
+		@conn.exec( "select 47 as one" ) do |pg_res|
+			result = pg_res[0]
+		end
+		expect( result ).to eq( { 'one' => '47' } )
+	end
+
+	it "raises a rescue-able error if #finish is called twice", :without_transaction do
+		conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
+
+		conn.finish
+		expect { conn.finish }.to raise_error( PG::ConnectionBad, /connection is closed/i )
+	end
+
+	it "can use conn.reset to restart the connection" do
+		ios = IO.pipe
+		conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
+
+		# Close the two pipe file descriptors, so that the file descriptor of
+		# newly established connection is probably distinct from the previous one.
+		ios.each(&:close)
+		conn.reset
+
+		# The new connection should work even when the file descriptor has changed.
+		expect( conn.exec("SELECT 1").values ).to eq([["1"]])
+		conn.close
+	end
+
+	it "closes the IO fetched from #socket_io when the connection is closed", :without_transaction, :socket_io do
+		conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
+		io = conn.socket_io
+		conn.finish
+		expect( io ).to be_closed()
+		expect { conn.socket_io }.to raise_error( PG::ConnectionBad, /connection is closed/i )
+	end
+
+	it "closes the IO fetched from #socket_io when the connection is reset", :without_transaction, :socket_io do
+		conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
+		io = conn.socket_io
+		conn.reset
+		expect( io ).to be_closed()
+		expect( conn.socket_io ).to_not equal( io )
+		conn.finish
+	end
+
+	it "block should raise ConnectionBad for a closed connection" do
+		serv = TCPServer.new( '127.0.0.1', 54320 )
+		conn = described_class.connect_start( '127.0.0.1', 54320, "", "", "me", "xxxx", "somedb" )
+		while [PG::CONNECTION_STARTED, PG::CONNECTION_MADE].include?(conn.connect_poll)
+			sleep 0.1
+		end
+		serv.close
+		expect{ conn.block }.to raise_error(PG::ConnectionBad, /server closed the connection unexpectedly/)
+		expect{ conn.block }.to raise_error(PG::ConnectionBad, /can't get socket descriptor/)
+	end
+
+	it "sets the fallback_application_name on new connections" do
+		conn_string = PG::Connection.parse_connect_args( 'dbname=test' )
+
+		conn_name = conn_string[ /application_name='(.*?)'/, 1 ]
+		expect( conn_name ).to include( $0[0..10] )
+		expect( conn_name ).to include( $0[-10..-1] )
+		expect( conn_name.length ).to be <= 64
+	end
+
+	it "sets a shortened fallback_application_name on new connections" do
+		old_0 = $0
+		begin
+			$0 = "/this/is/a/very/long/path/with/many/directories/to/our/beloved/ruby"
+			conn_string = PG::Connection.parse_connect_args( 'dbname=test' )
+			conn_name = conn_string[ /application_name='(.*?)'/, 1 ]
+			expect( conn_name ).to include( $0[0..10] )
+			expect( conn_name ).to include( $0[-10..-1] )
+			expect( conn_name.length ).to be <= 64
+		ensure
+			$0 = old_0
+		end
+	end
+
+	it "calls the block supplied to wait_for_notify with the notify payload if it accepts " +
+			"any number of arguments" do
+
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
+
+		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees, 'skirt and boots'} )
+		conn.finish
+
+		event, pid, msg = nil
+		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do |*args|
+			event, pid, msg = *args
+		end
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
+
+		expect( event ).to eq( 'knees' )
+		expect( pid ).to be_a_kind_of( Integer )
+		expect( msg ).to eq( 'skirt and boots' )
+	end
+
+	it "accepts nil as the timeout in #wait_for_notify " do
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
+
+		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees} )
+		conn.finish
+
+		event, pid = nil
+		@conn.wait_for_notify( nil ) do |*args|
+			event, pid = *args
+		end
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
+
+		expect( event ).to eq( 'knees' )
+		expect( pid ).to be_a_kind_of( Integer )
+	end
+
+	it "sends nil as the payload if the notification wasn't given one" do
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
+
+		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees} )
+		conn.finish
+
+		payload = :notnil
+		@conn.wait_for_notify( nil ) do |*args|
+			payload = args[ 2 ]
+		end
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
+
+		expect( payload ).to be_nil()
+	end
+
+	it "calls the block supplied to wait_for_notify with the notify payload if it accepts " +
+			"two arguments" do
+
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
+
+		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees, 'skirt and boots'} )
+		conn.finish
+
+		event, pid, msg = nil
+		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do |arg1, arg2|
+			event, pid, msg = arg1, arg2
+		end
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
+
+		expect( event ).to eq( 'knees' )
+		expect( pid ).to be_a_kind_of( Integer )
+		expect( msg ).to be_nil()
+	end
+
+	it "calls the block supplied to wait_for_notify with the notify payload if it " +
+			"doesn't accept arguments" do
+
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
+
+		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees, 'skirt and boots'} )
+		conn.finish
+
+		notification_received = false
+		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do
+			notification_received = true
+		end
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
+
+		expect( notification_received ).to be_truthy()
+	end
+
+	it "calls the block supplied to wait_for_notify with the notify payload if it accepts " +
+			"three arguments" do
+
+		@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+		@conn.exec( 'LISTEN knees' )
+
+		conn = described_class.connect( @conninfo )
+		conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY knees, 'skirt and boots'} )
+		conn.finish
+
+		event, pid, msg = nil
+		@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do |arg1, arg2, arg3|
+			event, pid, msg = arg1, arg2, arg3
+		end
+		@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN knees' )
+
+		expect( event ).to eq( 'knees' )
+		expect( pid ).to be_a_kind_of( Integer )
+		expect( msg ).to eq( 'skirt and boots' )
+	end
+
+	context "server ping", :without_transaction do
+
+		it "pings successfully with connection string" do
+			ping = described_class.ping(@conninfo)
+			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_OK )
+		end
+
+		it "pings using 7 arguments converted to strings" do
+			ping = described_class.ping('localhost', @port, nil, nil, :test, nil, nil)
+			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_OK )
+		end
+
+		it "pings using a hash of connection parameters" do
+			ping = described_class.ping(
+				:host => 'localhost',
+				:port => @port,
+				:dbname => :test)
+			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_OK )
+		end
+
+		it "returns correct response when ping connection cannot be established" do
+			ping = described_class.ping(
+				:host => 'localhost',
+				:port => 9999,
+				:dbname => :test)
+			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_NO_RESPONSE )
+		end
+
+		it "returns error when ping connection arguments are wrong" do
+			ping = described_class.ping('localhost', 'localhost', nil, nil, :test, nil, nil)
+			expect( ping ).to_not eq( PG::PQPING_OK )
+		end
+
+		it "returns correct response when ping connection arguments are wrong" do
+			ping = described_class.ping(
+				:host => 'localhost',
+				:invalid_option => 9999,
+				:dbname => :test)
+			expect( ping ).to eq( PG::PQPING_NO_ATTEMPT )
+		end
+
+	end
+
+	describe "set_single_row_mode" do
+
+		it "raises an error when called at the wrong time" do
+			expect {
+				@conn.set_single_row_mode
+			}.to raise_error(PG::Error)
+		end
+
+		it "should work in single row mode" do
+			@conn.send_query( "SELECT generate_series(1,10)" )
+			@conn.set_single_row_mode
+
+			results = []
+			loop do
+				@conn.block
+				res = @conn.get_result or break
+				results << res
+			end
+			expect( results.length ).to eq( 11 )
+			results[0..-2].each do |res|
+				expect( res.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE )
+				values = res.field_values('generate_series')
+				expect( values.length ).to eq( 1 )
+				expect( values.first.to_i ).to be > 0
+			end
+			expect( results.last.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_TUPLES_OK )
+			expect( results.last.ntuples ).to eq( 0 )
+		end
+
+		it "should receive rows before entire query is finished" do
+			@conn.send_query( "SELECT generate_series(0,999), NULL UNION ALL SELECT 1000, pg_sleep(1);" )
+			@conn.set_single_row_mode
+
+			start_time = Time.now
+			first_row_time = nil
+			loop do
+				res = @conn.get_result or break
+				res.check
+				first_row_time = Time.now unless first_row_time
+			end
+			expect( (Time.now - start_time) ).to be >= 0.9
+			expect( (first_row_time - start_time) ).to be < 0.9
+		end
+
+		it "should receive rows before entire query fails" do
+			@conn.exec( "CREATE FUNCTION errfunc() RETURNS int AS $$ BEGIN RAISE 'test-error'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;" )
+			@conn.send_query( "SELECT generate_series(0,999), NULL UNION ALL SELECT 1000, errfunc();" )
+			@conn.set_single_row_mode
+
+			first_result = nil
+			expect do
+				loop do
+					res = @conn.get_result or break
+					res.check
+					first_result ||= res
+				end
+			end.to raise_error(PG::Error)
+			expect( first_result.kind_of?(PG::Result) ).to be_truthy
+			expect( first_result.result_status ).to eq( PG::PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE )
+		end
+
+	end
+
+	context "multinationalization support", :ruby_19 do
+
+		describe "rubyforge #22925: m17n support" do
+			it "should return results in the same encoding as the client (iso-8859-1)" do
+				out_string = nil
+				@conn.transaction do |conn|
+					conn.internal_encoding = 'iso8859-1'
+					res = conn.exec_params("VALUES ('fantasia')", [], 0)
+					out_string = res[0]['column1']
+				end
+				expect( out_string ).to eq( 'fantasia' )
+				expect( out_string.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_1 )
+			end
+
+			it "should return results in the same encoding as the client (utf-8)" do
+				out_string = nil
+				@conn.transaction do |conn|
+					conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
+					res = conn.exec_params("VALUES ('世界線航跡蔵')", [], 0)
+					out_string = res[0]['column1']
+				end
+				expect( out_string ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵' )
+				expect( out_string.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
+			end
+
+			it "should return results in the same encoding as the client (EUC-JP)" do
+				out_string = nil
+				@conn.transaction do |conn|
+					conn.internal_encoding = 'EUC-JP'
+					stmt = "VALUES ('世界線航跡蔵')".encode('EUC-JP')
+					res = conn.exec_params(stmt, [], 0)
+					out_string = res[0]['column1']
+				end
+				expect( out_string ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵'.encode('EUC-JP') )
+				expect( out_string.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
+			end
+
+			it "returns the results in the correct encoding even if the client_encoding has " +
+			   "changed since the results were fetched" do
+				out_string = nil
+				@conn.transaction do |conn|
+					conn.internal_encoding = 'EUC-JP'
+					stmt = "VALUES ('世界線航跡蔵')".encode('EUC-JP')
+					res = conn.exec_params(stmt, [], 0)
+					conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
+					out_string = res[0]['column1']
+				end
+				expect( out_string ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵'.encode('EUC-JP') )
+				expect( out_string.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
+			end
+
+			it "the connection should return ASCII-8BIT when it's set to SQL_ASCII" do
+				@conn.exec "SET client_encoding TO SQL_ASCII"
+				expect( @conn.internal_encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ASCII_8BIT )
+			end
+
+			it "the connection should use JOHAB dummy encoding when it's set to JOHAB" do
+				@conn.set_client_encoding "JOHAB"
+				val = @conn.exec("SELECT chr(x'3391'::int)").values[0][0]
+				expect( val.encoding.name ).to eq( "JOHAB" )
+				expect( val.unpack("H*")[0] ).to eq( "dc65" )
+			end
+
+			it "can retrieve server encoding as text" do
+				enc = @conn.parameter_status "server_encoding"
+				expect( enc ).to eq( "UTF8" )
+			end
+
+			it "can retrieve server encoding as ruby encoding" do
+				expect( @conn.external_encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
+			end
+
+			it "uses the client encoding for escaped string" do
+				original = "Möhre to 'scape".encode( "utf-16be" )
+				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
+				escaped  = @conn.escape( original )
+				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
+				expect( escaped ).to eq( "Möhre to ''scape".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP) )
+			end
+
+			it "uses the client encoding for escaped literal" do
+				original = "Möhre to 'scape".encode( "utf-16be" )
+				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
+				escaped  = @conn.escape_literal( original )
+				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
+				expect( escaped ).to eq( "'Möhre to ''scape'".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP) )
+			end
+
+			it "uses the client encoding for escaped identifier" do
+				original = "Möhre to 'scape".encode( "utf-16le" )
+				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
+				escaped  = @conn.escape_identifier( original )
+				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
+				expect( escaped ).to eq( "\"Möhre to 'scape\"".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP) )
+			end
+
+			it "uses the client encoding for quote_ident" do
+				original = "Möhre to 'scape".encode( "utf-16le" )
+				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
+				escaped  = @conn.quote_ident( original )
+				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::EUC_JP )
+				expect( escaped ).to eq( "\"Möhre to 'scape\"".encode(Encoding::EUC_JP) )
+			end
+
+			it "uses the previous string encoding for escaped string" do
+				original = "Möhre to 'scape".encode( "iso-8859-1" )
+				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
+				escaped  = described_class.escape( original )
+				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_1 )
+				expect( escaped ).to eq( "Möhre to ''scape".encode(Encoding::ISO8859_1) )
+			end
+
+			it "uses the previous string encoding for quote_ident" do
+				original = "Möhre to 'scape".encode( "iso-8859-1" )
+				@conn.set_client_encoding( "euc_jp" )
+				escaped  = described_class.quote_ident( original )
+				expect( escaped.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_1 )
+				expect( escaped.encode ).to eq( "\"Möhre to 'scape\"".encode(Encoding::ISO8859_1) )
+			end
+
+			it "raises appropriate error if set_client_encoding is called with invalid arguments" do
+				expect { @conn.set_client_encoding( "invalid" ) }.to raise_error(PG::Error, /invalid value/)
+				expect { @conn.set_client_encoding( :invalid ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
+				expect { @conn.set_client_encoding( nil ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
+			end
+		end
+
+		describe "respect and convert character encoding of input strings" do
+			before :each do
+				@conn.internal_encoding = __ENCODING__
+			end
+
+			it "should convert query string and parameters to #exec_params" do
+				r = @conn.exec_params("VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("utf-16le"),
+				                  ['grün'.encode('utf-16be'), 'grün'.encode('iso-8859-1')])
+				expect( r.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert query string to #exec" do
+				r = @conn.exec("SELECT 'grün'".encode("utf-16be"))
+				expect( r.values ).to eq( [['grün']] )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert strings and parameters to #prepare and #exec_prepared" do
+				@conn.prepare("weiß1".encode("utf-16be"), "VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("cp850"))
+				r = @conn.exec_prepared("weiß1".encode("utf-32le"),
+				                ['grün'.encode('cp936'), 'grün'.encode('utf-16le')])
+				expect( r.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert strings to #describe_prepared" do
+				@conn.prepare("weiß2", "VALUES(123)")
+				r = @conn.describe_prepared("weiß2".encode("utf-16be"))
+				expect( r.nfields ).to eq( 1 )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert strings to #describe_portal" do
+				@conn.exec "DECLARE cörsör CURSOR FOR VALUES(1,2,3)"
+				r = @conn.describe_portal("cörsör".encode("utf-16le"))
+				expect( r.nfields ).to eq( 3 )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert query string to #send_query" do
+				@conn.send_query("VALUES('grün')".encode("utf-16be"))
+				expect( @conn.get_last_result.values ).to eq( [['grün']] )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert query string and parameters to #send_query_params" do
+				@conn.send_query_params("VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("utf-16le"),
+				                  ['grün'.encode('utf-32be'), 'grün'.encode('iso-8859-1')])
+				expect( @conn.get_last_result.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert strings and parameters to #send_prepare and #send_query_prepared" do
+				@conn.send_prepare("weiß3".encode("iso-8859-1"), "VALUES( $1, $2, $1=$2, 'grün')".encode("utf-16be"))
+				@conn.get_last_result
+				@conn.send_query_prepared("weiß3".encode("utf-32le"),
+				                ['grün'.encode('utf-16le'), 'grün'.encode('iso-8859-1')])
+				expect( @conn.get_last_result.values ).to eq( [['grün', 'grün', 't', 'grün']] )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert strings to #send_describe_prepared" do
+				@conn.prepare("weiß4", "VALUES(123)")
+				@conn.send_describe_prepared("weiß4".encode("utf-16be"))
+				expect( @conn.get_last_result.nfields ).to eq( 1 )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert strings to #send_describe_portal" do
+				@conn.exec "DECLARE cörsör CURSOR FOR VALUES(1,2,3)"
+				@conn.send_describe_portal("cörsör".encode("utf-16le"))
+				expect( @conn.get_last_result.nfields ).to eq( 3 )
+			end
+
+			it "should convert error string to #put_copy_end" do
+				@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
+				@conn.exec( "COPY copytable FROM STDIN" )
+				@conn.put_copy_end("grün".encode("utf-16be"))
+				expect( @conn.get_result.error_message ).to match(/grün/)
+				@conn.get_result
+			end
+		end
+
+		it "rejects command strings with zero bytes" do
+			expect{ @conn.exec( "SELECT 1;\x00" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.exec_params( "SELECT 1;\x00", [] ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.prepare( "abc\x00", "SELECT 1;" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.prepare( "abc", "SELECT 1;\x00" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.exec_prepared( "abc\x00", [] ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.describe_prepared( "abc\x00" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.describe_portal( "abc\x00" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_query( "SELECT 1;\x00" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_query_params( "SELECT 1;\x00", [] ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_prepare( "abc\x00", "SELECT 1;" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_prepare( "abc", "SELECT 1;\x00" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_query_prepared( "abc\x00", [] ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_describe_prepared( "abc\x00" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_describe_portal( "abc\x00" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+		end
+
+		it "rejects query params with zero bytes" do
+			expect{ @conn.exec_params( "SELECT 1;\x00", ["ab\x00"] ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.exec_prepared( "abc\x00", ["ab\x00"] ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_query_params( "SELECT 1;\x00", ["ab\x00"] ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+			expect{ @conn.send_query_prepared( "abc\x00", ["ab\x00"] ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+		end
+
+		it "rejects string with zero bytes in escape" do
+			expect{ @conn.escape( "ab\x00cd" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+		end
+
+		it "rejects string with zero bytes in escape_literal" do
+			expect{ @conn.escape_literal( "ab\x00cd" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+		end
+
+		it "rejects string with zero bytes in escape_identifier" do
+			expect{ @conn.escape_identifier( "ab\x00cd" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+		end
+
+		it "rejects string with zero bytes in quote_ident" do
+			expect{ described_class.quote_ident( "ab\x00cd" ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+		end
+
+		it "rejects Array with string with zero bytes" do
+			original = ["xyz", "2\x00"]
+			expect{ described_class.quote_ident( original ) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /null byte/)
+		end
+
+		it "can quote bigger strings with quote_ident" do
+			original = "'01234567\"" * 100
+			escaped = described_class.quote_ident( original )
+			expect( escaped ).to eq( "\"" + original.gsub("\"", "\"\"") + "\"" )
+		end
+
+		it "can quote Arrays with quote_ident" do
+			original = "'01234567\""
+			escaped = described_class.quote_ident( [original]*3 )
+			expected = ["\"" + original.gsub("\"", "\"\"") + "\""] * 3
+			expect( escaped ).to eq( expected.join(".") )
+		end
+
+		it "will raise a TypeError for invalid arguments to quote_ident" do
+			expect{ described_class.quote_ident( nil ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
+			expect{ described_class.quote_ident( [nil] ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
+			expect{ described_class.quote_ident( [['a']] ) }.to raise_error(TypeError)
+		end
+
+		describe "Ruby 1.9.x default_internal encoding" do
+
+			it "honors the Encoding.default_internal if it's set and the synchronous interface is used" do
+				@conn.transaction do |txn_conn|
+					txn_conn.internal_encoding = Encoding::ISO8859_1
+					txn_conn.exec( "CREATE TABLE defaultinternaltest ( foo text )" )
+					txn_conn.exec( "INSERT INTO defaultinternaltest VALUES ('Grün und Weiß')" )
+				end
+
+				begin
+					prev_encoding = Encoding.default_internal
+					Encoding.default_internal = Encoding::ISO8859_2
+
+					conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
+					expect( conn.internal_encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_2 )
+					res = conn.exec( "SELECT foo FROM defaultinternaltest" )
+					expect( res[0]['foo'].encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_2 )
+				ensure
+					conn.exec( "DROP TABLE defaultinternaltest" )
+					conn.finish if conn
+					Encoding.default_internal = prev_encoding
+				end
+			end
+
+			it "allows users of the async interface to set the client_encoding to the default_internal" do
+				begin
+					prev_encoding = Encoding.default_internal
+					Encoding.default_internal = Encoding::KOI8_R
+
+					@conn.set_default_encoding
+
+					expect( @conn.internal_encoding ).to eq( Encoding::KOI8_R )
+				ensure
+					Encoding.default_internal = prev_encoding
+				end
+			end
+
+		end
+
+
+		it "encodes exception messages with the connection's encoding (#96)", :without_transaction do
+			# Use a new connection so the client_encoding isn't set outside of this example
+			conn = PG.connect( @conninfo )
+			conn.client_encoding = 'iso-8859-15'
+
+			conn.transaction do
+				conn.exec "CREATE TABLE foo (bar TEXT)"
+
+				begin
+					query = "INSERT INTO foo VALUES ('Côte d'Ivoire')".encode( 'iso-8859-15' )
+					conn.exec( query )
+				rescue => err
+					expect( err.message.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_15 )
+				else
+					fail "No exception raised?!"
+				end
+			end
+
+			conn.finish if conn
+		end
+
+		it "handles clearing result in or after set_notice_receiver" do
+			r = nil
+			@conn.set_notice_receiver do |result|
+				r = result
+				expect( r.cleared? ).to eq(false)
+			end
+			@conn.exec "do $$ BEGIN RAISE NOTICE 'foo'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;"
+			sleep 0.2
+			expect( r ).to be_a( PG::Result )
+			expect( r.cleared? ).to eq(true)
+			expect( r.autoclear? ).to eq(true)
+			r.clear
+			@conn.set_notice_receiver
+		end
+
+		it "receives properly encoded messages in the notice callbacks" do
+			[:receiver, :processor].each do |kind|
+				notices = []
+				@conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
+				if kind == :processor
+					@conn.set_notice_processor do |msg|
+						notices << msg
+					end
+				else
+					@conn.set_notice_receiver do |result|
+						notices << result.error_message
+					end
+				end
+
+				3.times do
+					@conn.exec "do $$ BEGIN RAISE NOTICE '世界線航跡蔵'; END; $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;"
+				end
+
+				expect( notices.length ).to eq( 3 )
+				notices.each do |notice|
+					expect( notice ).to match( /^NOTICE:.*世界線航跡蔵/ )
+					expect( notice.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
+				end
+				@conn.set_notice_receiver
+				@conn.set_notice_processor
+			end
+		end
+
+		it "receives properly encoded text from wait_for_notify" do
+			@conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
+			@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+			@conn.exec( 'LISTEN "Möhre"' )
+			@conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY "Möhre", '世界線航跡蔵'} )
+			event, pid, msg = nil
+			@conn.wait_for_notify( 10 ) do |*args|
+				event, pid, msg = *args
+			end
+			@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN "Möhre"' )
+
+			expect( event ).to eq( "Möhre" )
+			expect( event.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
+			expect( msg ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵' )
+			expect( msg.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
+		end
+
+		it "returns properly encoded text from notifies" do
+			@conn.internal_encoding = 'utf-8'
+			@conn.exec( 'ROLLBACK' )
+			@conn.exec( 'LISTEN "Möhre"' )
+			@conn.exec( %Q{NOTIFY "Möhre", '世界線航跡蔵'} )
+			@conn.exec( 'UNLISTEN "Möhre"' )
+
+			notification = @conn.notifies
+			expect( notification[:relname] ).to eq( "Möhre" )
+			expect( notification[:relname].encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
+			expect( notification[:extra] ).to eq( '世界線航跡蔵' )
+			expect( notification[:extra].encoding ).to eq( Encoding::UTF_8 )
+			expect( notification[:be_pid] ).to be > 0
+		end
+	end
+
+	context "OS thread support", :ruby_19 do
+		it "Connection#exec shouldn't block a second thread" do
+			t = Thread.new do
+				@conn.exec( "select pg_sleep(1)" )
+			end
+
+			sleep 0.5
+			expect( t ).to be_alive()
+			t.join
+		end
+
+		it "Connection.new shouldn't block a second thread" do
+			serv = nil
+			t = Thread.new do
+				serv = TCPServer.new( '127.0.0.1', 54320 )
+				expect {
+					described_class.new( '127.0.0.1', 54320, "", "", "me", "xxxx", "somedb" )
+				}.to raise_error(PG::ConnectionBad, /server closed the connection unexpectedly/)
+			end
+
+			sleep 0.5
+			expect( t ).to be_alive()
+			serv.close
+			t.join
+		end
+	end
+
+	describe "type casting" do
+		it "should raise an error on invalid param mapping" do
+			expect{
+				@conn.exec_params( "SELECT 1", [], nil, :invalid )
+			}.to raise_error(TypeError)
+		end
+
+		it "should return nil if no type mapping is set" do
+			expect( @conn.type_map_for_queries ).to be_kind_of(PG::TypeMapAllStrings)
+			expect( @conn.type_map_for_results ).to be_kind_of(PG::TypeMapAllStrings)
+		end
+
+		it "shouldn't type map params unless requested" do
+			if @conn.server_version < 100000
+				expect{
+					@conn.exec_params( "SELECT $1", [5] )
+				}.to raise_error(PG::IndeterminateDatatype)
+			else
+				# PostgreSQL-10 maps to TEXT type (OID 25)
+				expect( @conn.exec_params( "SELECT $1", [5] ).ftype(0)).to eq(25)
+			end
+		end
+
+		it "should raise an error on invalid encoder to put_copy_data" do
+			expect{
+				@conn.put_copy_data [1], :invalid
+			}.to raise_error(TypeError)
+		end
+
+		it "can type cast parameters to put_copy_data with explicit encoder" do
+			tm = PG::TypeMapByColumn.new [nil]
+			row_encoder = PG::TextEncoder::CopyRow.new type_map: tm
+
+			@conn.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
+			res2 = @conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
+				@conn.put_copy_data [1], row_encoder
+				@conn.put_copy_data ["2"], row_encoder
+			end
+
+			res2 = @conn.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT", row_encoder ) do |res|
+				@conn.put_copy_data [3]
+				@conn.put_copy_data ["4"]
+			end
+
+			res = @conn.exec( "SELECT * FROM copytable ORDER BY col1" )
+			expect( res.values ).to eq( [["1"], ["2"], ["3"], ["4"]] )
+		end
+
+		context "with default query type map" do
+			before :each do
+				@conn2 = described_class.new(@conninfo)
+				tm = PG::TypeMapByClass.new
+				tm[Integer] = PG::TextEncoder::Integer.new oid: 20
+				@conn2.type_map_for_queries = tm
+
+				row_encoder = PG::TextEncoder::CopyRow.new type_map: tm
+				@conn2.encoder_for_put_copy_data = row_encoder
+			end
+			after :each do
+				@conn2.close
+			end
+
+			it "should respect a type mapping for params and it's OID and format code" do
+				res = @conn2.exec_params( "SELECT $1", [5] )
+				expect( res.values ).to eq( [["5"]] )
+				expect( res.ftype(0) ).to eq( 20 )
+			end
+
+			it "should return the current type mapping" do
+				expect( @conn2.type_map_for_queries ).to be_kind_of(PG::TypeMapByClass)
+			end
+
+			it "should work with arbitrary number of params in conjunction with type casting" do
+				begin
+					3.step( 12, 0.2 ) do |exp|
+						num_params = (2 ** exp).to_i
+						sql = num_params.times.map{|n| "$#{n+1}" }.join(",")
+						params = num_params.times.to_a
+						res = @conn2.exec_params( "SELECT #{sql}", params )
+						expect( res.nfields ).to eq( num_params )
+						expect( res.values ).to eq( [num_params.times.map(&:to_s)] )
+					end
+				rescue PG::ProgramLimitExceeded
+					# Stop silently as soon the server complains about too many params
+				end
+			end
+
+			it "can process #copy_data input queries with row encoder and respects character encoding" do
+				@conn2.exec( "CREATE TEMP TABLE copytable (col1 TEXT)" )
+				res2 = @conn2.copy_data( "COPY copytable FROM STDOUT" ) do |res|
+					@conn2.put_copy_data [1]
+					@conn2.put_copy_data ["Möhre".encode("utf-16le")]
+				end
+
+				res = @conn2.exec( "SELECT * FROM copytable ORDER BY col1" )
+				expect( res.values ).to eq( [["1"], ["Möhre"]] )
+			end
+		end
+
+		context "with default result type map" do
+			before :each do
+				@conn2 = described_class.new(@conninfo)
+				tm = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+				tm.add_coder PG::TextDecoder::Integer.new oid: 23, format: 0
+				@conn2.type_map_for_results = tm
+
+				row_decoder = PG::TextDecoder::CopyRow.new
+				@conn2.decoder_for_get_copy_data = row_decoder
+			end
+			after :each do
+				@conn2.close
+			end
+
+			it "should respect a type mapping for result" do
+				res = @conn2.exec_params( "SELECT $1::INT", ["5"] )
+				expect( res.values ).to eq( [[5]] )
+			end
+
+			it "should return the current type mapping" do
+				expect( @conn2.type_map_for_results ).to be_kind_of(PG::TypeMapByOid)
+			end
+
+			it "should work with arbitrary number of params in conjunction with type casting" do
+				begin
+					3.step( 12, 0.2 ) do |exp|
+						num_params = (2 ** exp).to_i
+						sql = num_params.times.map{|n| "$#{n+1}::INT" }.join(",")
+						params = num_params.times.to_a
+						res = @conn2.exec_params( "SELECT #{sql}", params )
+						expect( res.nfields ).to eq( num_params )
+						expect( res.values ).to eq( [num_params.times.to_a] )
+					end
+				rescue PG::ProgramLimitExceeded
+					# Stop silently as soon the server complains about too many params
+				end
+			end
+
+			it "can process #copy_data output with row decoder and respects character encoding" do
+				@conn2.internal_encoding = Encoding::ISO8859_1
+				rows = []
+				res2 = @conn2.copy_data( "COPY (VALUES('1'), ('Möhre')) TO STDOUT".encode("utf-16le") ) do |res|
+					while row=@conn2.get_copy_data
+						rows << row
+					end
+				end
+				expect( rows.last.last.encoding ).to eq( Encoding::ISO8859_1 )
+				expect( rows ).to eq( [["1"], ["Möhre".encode("iso-8859-1")]] )
+			end
+
+			it "can type cast #copy_data output with explicit decoder" do
+				tm = PG::TypeMapByColumn.new [PG::TextDecoder::Integer.new]
+				row_decoder = PG::TextDecoder::CopyRow.new type_map: tm
+				rows = []
+				@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 2) TO STDOUT", row_decoder ) do |res|
+					while row=@conn.get_copy_data
+						rows << row
+					end
+				end
+				@conn.copy_data( "COPY (SELECT 3 UNION ALL SELECT 4) TO STDOUT" ) do |res|
+					while row=@conn.get_copy_data( false, row_decoder )
+						rows << row
+					end
+				end
+				expect( rows ).to eq( [[1], [2], [3], [4]] )
+			end
+		end
+	end
+
+	describe "deprecated forms of methods" do
+		it "should forward exec to exec_params" do
+			res = @conn.exec("VALUES($1::INT)", [7]).values
+			expect(res).to eq( [["7"]] )
+			res = @conn.exec("VALUES($1::INT)", [7], 1).values
+			expect(res).to eq( [[[7].pack("N")]] )
+			res = @conn.exec("VALUES(8)", [], 1).values
+			expect(res).to eq( [[[8].pack("N")]] )
+		end
+
+		it "should forward exec_params to exec" do
+			res = @conn.exec_params("VALUES(3); VALUES(4)").values
+			expect(res).to eq( [["4"]] )
+			res = @conn.exec_params("VALUES(3); VALUES(4)", nil).values
+			expect(res).to eq( [["4"]] )
+			res = @conn.exec_params("VALUES(3); VALUES(4)", nil, nil).values
+			expect(res).to eq( [["4"]] )
+			res = @conn.exec_params("VALUES(3); VALUES(4)", nil, 1).values
+			expect(res).to eq( [["4"]] )
+			res = @conn.exec_params("VALUES(3); VALUES(4)", nil, nil, nil).values
+			expect(res).to eq( [["4"]] )
+			expect{
+				@conn.exec_params("VALUES(3); VALUES(4)", nil, nil, nil, nil).values
+			}.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+		end
+
+		it "should forward send_query to send_query_params" do
+			@conn.send_query("VALUES($1)", [5])
+			expect(@conn.get_last_result.values).to eq( [["5"]] )
+		end
+
+		it "shouldn't forward send_query_params to send_query" do
+			expect{ @conn.send_query_params("VALUES(4)").values }
+				.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+			expect{ @conn.send_query_params("VALUES(4)", nil).values }
+				.to raise_error(TypeError)
+		end
+	end
+end