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data/books/Office_of_Strategic_Services-Simple_Sabotage_Field_Manual.txt

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+The purpose of this paper is to characterize simple sabotage, to
+outline its possible effects, and to present suggestions for inciting
+and executing it.
+
+Sabotage varies from highly technical _coup de main_ acts that require
+detailed planning and the use of specially-trained operatives, to
+innumerable simple acts which the ordinary individual citizen-saboteur
+can perform. This paper is primarily concerned with the latter type.
+Simple sabotage does not require specially prepared tools or equipment;
+it is executed by an ordinary citizen who may or may not act
+individually and without the necessity for active connection with an
+organized group; and it is carried out in such a way as to involve a
+minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal.
+
+Where destruction is involved, the weapons of the citizen-saboteur are
+salt, nails, candles, pebbles, thread, or any other materials he might
+normally be expected to possess as a householder or as a worker in his
+particular occupation. His arsenal is the kitchen shelf, the trash
+pile, his own usual kit of tools and supplies. The targets of his
+sabotage are usually objects to which he has normal and inconspicuous
+access in everyday life.
+
+A second type of simple sabotage requires no destructive tools
+whatsoever and produces physical damage, if any, by highly indirect
+means. It is based on universal opportunities to make faulty decisions,
+to adopt a noncooperative attitude, and to induce others to follow
+suit. Making a faulty decision may be simply a matter of placing tools
+in one spot instead of another. A non-cooperative attitude may involve
+nothing more than creating an unpleasant situation among one’s fellow
+workers, engaging in bickerings, or displaying surliness and stupidity.
+
+This type of activity, sometimes referred to as the “human element,” is
+frequently responsible for accidents, delays, and general obstruction
+even under normal conditions. The potential saboteur should discover
+what types of faulty decisions and the operations are _normally_ found
+in this kind of work and should then devise his sabotage so as to
+enlarge that “margin for error.”
+
+Acts of simple sabotage are occurring throughout Europe. An effort
+should be made to add to their efficiency, lessen their detectability,
+and increase their number. Acts of simple sabotage, multiplied by
+thousands of citizen-saboteurs, can be an effective weapon against the
+enemy. Slashing tires, draining fuel tanks, starting fires, starting
+arguments, acting stupidly, short-circuiting electric systems, abrading
+machine parts will waste materials, manpower, and time. Occurring on a
+wide scale, simple sabotage will be a constant and tangible drag on the
+war effort of the enemy.
+
+Simple sabotage may also have secondary results of more or less value.
+Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass and demoralize enemy
+administrators and police. Further, success may embolden the
+citizen-saboteur eventually to find colleagues who can assist him in
+sabotage of greater dimensions. Finally, the very practice of simple
+sabotage by natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these
+individuals identify themselves actively with the United Nations war
+effort, and encourage them to assist openly in periods of Allied
+invasion and occupation.
+
+To incite the citizen to the active practice of simple sabotage and to
+keep him practicing that sabotage over sustained periods is a special
+problem.
+
+Simple sabotage is often an act which the citizen performs according to
+his own initiative and inclination. Acts of destruction do not bring
+him any personal gain and may be completely foreign to his habitually
+conservationist attitude toward materials and tools. Purposeful
+stupidity is contrary to human nature. He frequently needs pressure,
+stimulation or assurance, and information and suggestions regarding
+feasible methods of simple sabotage.
+
+(a) The ordinary citizen very probably has no immediate personal motive
+for committing simple sabotage. Instead, he must be made to anticipate
+indirect personal gain, such as might come with enemy evacuation or
+destruction of the ruling government group. Gains should be stated as
+specifically as possible for the area addressed: simple sabotage will
+hasten the day when Commissioner X and his deputies Y and Z will be
+thrown out, when particularly obnoxious decrees and restrictions will
+be abolished, when food will arrive, and so on. Abstract verbalizations
+about personal liberty, freedom of the press, and so on, will not be
+convincing in most parts of the world. In many areas they will not even
+be comprehensible.
+
+(b) Since the effect of his own acts is limited, the saboteur may
+become discouraged unless he feels that he is a member of a large,
+though unseen, group of saboteurs operating against the enemy or the
+government of his own country and elsewhere. This can be conveyed
+indirectly: suggestions which he reads and hears can include
+observations that a particular technique has been successful in this or
+that district. Even if the technique is not applicable to his
+surroundings, another’s success will encourage him to attempt similar
+acts. It also can be conveyed directly: statements praising the
+effectiveness of simple sabotage can be contrived which will be
+published by white radio, freedom stations, and the subversive press.
+Estimates of the proportion of the population engaged in sabotage can
+be disseminated. Instances of successful sabotage already are being
+broadcast by white radio and freedom stations, and this should be
+continued and expanded where compatible with security.
+
+(c) More important than (a) or (b) would be to create a situation in
+which the citizen-saboteur acquires a sense of responsibility and
+begins to educate others in simple sabotage.
+
+It should be pointed out to the saboteur where the circumstances are
+suitable, that he is acting in self-defense against the enemy, or
+retaliating against the enemy for other acts of destruction. A
+reasonable amount of humor in the presentation of suggestions for
+simple sabotage will relax tensions of fear.
+
+(a) The saboteur may have to reverse his thinking, and he should be
+told this in so many words. Where he formerly thought of keeping his
+tools sharp, he should now let them grow dull; surfaces that formerly
+were lubricated now should be sanded; normally diligent, he should now
+be lazy and careless; and so on. Once he is encouraged to think
+backwards about himself and the objects of his everyday life, the
+saboteur will see many opportunities in his immediate environment which
+cannot possibly be seen from a distance. A state of mind should be
+encouraged that anything can be sabotaged.
+
+(b) Among the potential citizen-saboteurs who are to engage in physical
+destruction, two extreme types may be distinguished. On the one hand,
+there is the man who is not technically trained and employed. This man
+needs specific suggestions as to what he can and should destroy as well
+as details regarding the tools by means of which destruction is
+accomplished.
+
+(c) At the other extreme is the man who is a technician, such as a
+lathe operator or an automobile mechanic. Presumably this man would be
+able to devise methods of simple sabotage which would be appropriate to
+his own facilities. However, this man needs to be stimulated to
+re-orient his thinking in the direction of destruction. Specific
+examples, which need not be from his own field, should accomplish this.
+
+(d) Various media may be used to disseminate suggestions and
+information regarding simple sabotage. Among the media which may be
+used, as the immediate situation dictates, are: freedom stations or
+radio false (unreadable) broadcasts or leaflets may be directed toward
+specific geographic or occupational areas, or they may be general in
+scope. Finally, agents may be trained in the art of simple sabotage, in
+anticipation of a time when they may be able to communicate this
+information directly.
+
+(a) The amount of activity carried on by the saboteur will be governed
+not only by the number of opportunities he sees, but also by the amount
+of danger he feels. Bad news travels fast, and simple sabotage will be
+discouraged if too many simple saboteurs are arrested.
+
+(b) It should not be difficult to prepare leaflets and other media for
+the saboteur about the choice of weapons, time, and targets which will
+insure the saboteur against detection and retaliation. Among such
+suggestions might be the following:
+
+(1) Use materials which appear to be innocent. A knife or a nail file
+can be carried normally on your person; either is a multi-purpose
+instrument for creating damage. Matches, pebbles, hair, salt, nails,
+and dozens of other destructive agents can be carried or kept in your
+living quarters without exciting any suspicion whatever. If you are a
+worker in a particular trade or industry you can easily carry and keep
+such things as wrenches, hammers, emery paper, and the like.
+
+(2) Try to commit acts for which large numbers of people could be
+responsible. For instance, if you blow out the wiring in a factory at a
+central fire box, almost anyone could have done it. On-the-street
+sabotage after dark, such as you might be able to carry out against a
+military car or truck, is another example of an act for which it would
+be impossible to blame you.
+
+(3) Do not be afraid to commit acts for which you might be blamed
+directly, so long as you do so rarely, and as long as you have a
+plausible excuse: you dropped your wrench across an electric circuit
+because an air raid had kept you up the night before and you were
+half-dozing at work. Always be profuse in your apologies. Frequently
+you can “get away” with such acts under the cover of pretending
+stupidity, ignorance, over-caution, fear of being suspected of
+sabotage, or weakness and dullness due to undernourishment.
+
+(4) After you have committed an act of easy sabotage, resist any
+temptation to wait around and see what happens. Loiterers arouse
+suspicion. Of course, there are circumstances when it would be
+suspicious for you to leave. If you commit sabotage on your job, you
+should naturally stay at your work.
+
+The citizen-saboteur cannot be closely controlled. Nor is it reasonable
+to expect that simple sabotage can be precisely concentrated on
+specific types of target according to the requirements of a concrete
+military situation. Attempts to control simple sabotage according to
+developing military factors, moreover, might provide the enemy with
+intelligence of more or less value in anticipating the date and area of
+notably intensified or notably slackened military activity.
+
+Sabotage suggestions, of course, should be adapted to fit the area
+where they are to be practiced. Target priorities for general types of
+situations likewise can be specified, for emphasis at the proper time
+by the underground press, freedom stations, and cooperating propaganda.
+
+(a) Simple sabotage is more than malicious mischief, and it should
+always consist of acts whose results will be detrimental to the
+materials and manpower of the enemy.
+
+(b) The saboteur should be ingenious in using his every-day equipment.
+All sorts of weapons will present themselves if he looks at his
+surroundings in a different light. For example, emery dust—a powerful
+weapon—may at first seem unobtainable, but if the saboteur were to
+pulverize an emery knife sharpener or emery wheel with a hammer, he
+would find himself with a plentiful supply.
+
+(c) The saboteur should never attack targets beyond his capacity or the
+capacity of his instruments. An inexperienced person should not, for
+example, attempt to use explosives, but should confine himself to the
+use of matches or other familiar weapons.
+
+(d) The saboteur should try to damage only objects and materials known
+to be in use by the enemy or to be destined for early use by the enemy.
+It will be safe for him to assume that almost any product of heavy
+industry is destined for enemy use, and that the most efficient fuels
+and lubricants also are destined for enemy use. Without special
+knowledge, however, it would be undesirable for him to attempt
+destruction of food crops or food products.
+
+(e) Although the citizen-saboteur may rarely have access to military
+objects, he should give these preference above all others.
+
+During periods which are quiescent in a military sense, such emphasis
+as can be given to simple sabotage might well center on industrial
+production, to lessen the flow of materials and equipment to the enemy.
+Slashing a rubber tire on an Army truck may be an act of value;
+spoiling a batch of rubber in the production plant is an act of still
+more value.
+
+(a) Most significant sabotage for an area which is, or is soon destined
+to be, a theater of combat operations is that whose effects will be
+direct and immediate. Even if the effects are relatively minor and
+localized, this type of sabotage is to be preferred to activities whose
+effects, while widespread, are indirect and delayed.
+
+(1) The saboteur should be encouraged to attack transportation
+facilities of all kinds.
+
+Among such facilities are roads, railroads, auto mobiles, trucks,
+motor-cycles, bicycles, trains, and trams.
+
+(2) Any communications facilities which can be used by the authorities
+to transmit instructions or morale material should be the objects of
+simple sabotage. These include telephone, telegraph and power systems,
+radio, newspapers, placards, and public notices.
+
+(3) Critical materials, valuable in themselves or necessary to the
+efficient functioning of transportation and communication, also should
+become targets for the citizen-saboteur. These may include oil,
+gasoline, tires, food, and water.
+
+It will not be possible to evaluate the desirability of simple sabotage
+in an area without having in mind rather specifically what individual
+acts and results are embraced by the definition of simple sabotage.
+
+A listing of specific acts follows, classified according to types of
+target. This list is presented as a growing rather than a complete
+outline of the methods of simple sabotage. As new techniques are
+developed, or new fields explored, it will be elaborated and expanded.
+
+Warehouses, barracks, offices, hotels, and factory buildings are
+outstanding targets for simple sabotage. They are extremely susceptible
+to damage, especially by fire; they offer opportunities to such
+untrained people as janitors, charwomen, and casual visitors; and, when
+damaged, they present a relatively large handicap to the enemy.
+
+(a) _Fires_ can be started wherever there is an accumulation of
+inflammable material. Warehouses are obviously the most promising
+targets but incendiary sabotage need not be confined to them alone.
+
+(1) Whenever possible, arrange to have the fire start after you have
+gone away. Use a candle and paper, combination, setting it as close as
+possible to the inflammable material you want to burn: From a sheet of
+paper, tear a strip three or four centimeters wide and wrap it around
+the base of the candle two or three times. Twist more sheets of paper
+into loose ropes and place them around the base of the candle. When the
+candle flame reaches the encircling strip, it will be ignited and in
+turn will ignite the surrounding paper. The size, heat, and duration of
+the resulting flame will depend on how much paper you use and how much
+of it you can cramp in a small space.
+
+(2) With a flame of this kind, do not attempt to ignite any but rather
+inflammable materials, such as cotton sacking. To light more resistant
+materials, use a candle plus tightly rolled or twisted paper which has
+been soaked in gasoline. To create a briefer but even hotter flame, put
+celluloid such as you might find in an old comb, into a nest of plain
+or saturated paper which is to be fired by a candle.
+
+(3) To make another type of simple fuse, soak one end of a piece of
+string in grease. Rub a generous pinch of gunpowder over the inch of
+string where greasy string meets clean string. Then ignite the clean
+end of the string. It will burn slowly without a flame (in much the
+same way that a cigarette burns) until it reaches the grease and
+gunpowder; it will then flare up suddenly. The grease-treated string
+will then burn with a flame. The same effect may be achieved by using
+matches instead of the grease and gunpowder. Run the string over the
+match heads, taking care that the string is not pressed or knotted.
+They too will produce a sudden flame. The advantage of this type of
+fuse is that string burns at a set speed. You can time your fire by the
+length and thickness of the string you chose.
+
+(4) Use a fuse such as; the ones suggested above to start a fire in an
+office after hours. The destruction of records and other types of
+documents would be a serious handicap to the enemy.
+
+(5) In basements where waste is kept, janitors should accumulate oily
+and greasy waste. Such waste sometimes ignites spontaneously, but it
+can easily be lit with a cigarette or match. If you are a janitor on
+night duty, you can be the first to report the fire, but don’t report
+it too soon.
+
+(6) A clean factory is not susceptible to fire, but a dirty one is.
+Workers should be careless with refuse and janitors should be
+inefficient in cleaning. If enough dirt and trash can be accumulated an
+otherwise fireproof building will become inflammable.
+
+(7) Where illuminating gas is used in a room which is vacant at night,
+shut the windows tightly, turn on the gas, and leave a candle burning
+in the room, closing the door tightly behind you. After a time, the gas
+will explode, and a fire may or may not follow.
+
+(1) Ruin warehouse stock by setting the automatic sprinkler system to
+work. You can do this by tapping the sprinkler heads sharply with a
+hammer or by holding a match under them.
+
+(2) Forget to provide paper in toilets; put tightly rolled paper, hair,
+and other obstructions in the W. C. Saturate a sponge with a thick
+starch or sugar solution. Squeeze it tightly into a ball, wrap it with
+string, and dry. Remove the string when fully dried. The sponge will be
+in the form of a tight hard ball. Flush down a
+
+W. C. or otherwise introduce into a sewer line. The sponge will
+gradually expand to its normal size and plug the sewage system.
+
+(3) Put a coin beneath a bulb in a public building during the daytime,
+so that fuses will blow out when lights are turned on at night. The
+fuses themselves may be rendered ineffective by putting a coin behind
+them or loading them with heavy wire. Then a short-circuit may either
+start a fire, damage transformers, or blow out a central fuse which
+will interrupt distribution of electricity to a large area.
+
+(4) Jam paper, bits of wood, hairpins, and anything else that will fit,
+into the locks of all unguarded entrances to public buildings.
+
+(1) Let cutting tools grow dull. They will be inefficient, will slow
+down production, and may damage the materials and parts you use them
+on.
+
+(2) Leave saws slightly twisted when you are not using them. After a
+while, they will break when used.
+
+(3) Using a very rapid stroke will wear out a file before its time. So
+will dragging a file in slow strokes under heavy pressure. Exert
+pressure on the backward stroke as well as the forward stroke.
+
+(4) Clean files by knocking them against the vise or the workpiece;
+they are easily broken this way.
+
+(5) Bits and drills will snap under heavy pressure.
+
+(6) You can put a press punch out of order by putting in it more
+material than it is adjusted for—two blanks instead of one, for
+example.
+
+(7) Power-driven tools like pneumatic drills, riveters, and so on, are
+never efficient when dirty. Lubrication points and electric contacts
+can easily be fouled by normal accumulations of dirt or the insertion
+of foreign matter.
+
+(b) Oil and lubrication systems are not only vulnerable to easy
+sabotage, but are critical in every machine with moving parts. Sabotage
+of oil and lubrication will slow production or stop work entirely at
+strategic points in industrial processes.
+
+(1) Put metal dust or filings, fine sand, ground glass, emery dust (get
+it by pounding up an emery knife sharpener) and similar hard, gritty
+substances directly into lubrication systems. They will scour smooth
+surfaces, ruining pistons, cylinder walls, shafts, and bearings. They
+will overheat and stop motors which will need overhauling, new parts,
+and extensive repairs. Such materials, if they are used, should be
+introduced into lubrication systems past any filters which otherwise
+would strain them out.
+
+(2) You can cause wear on any machine by uncovering a filter system,
+poking a pencil or any other sharp object through the filter mesh, then
+covering it up again. Or, if you can dispose of it quickly, simply
+remove the filter.
+
+(3) If you cannot get at the lubrication system or filter directly, you
+may be able to lessen the effectiveness of oil by diluting it in
+storage. In this case, almost any liquid will do which will thin the
+oil. A small amount of sulphuric acid, varnish, water-glass, or linseed
+oil will be especially effective.
+
+(4) Using a thin oil where a heavy oil is prescribed will break down a
+machine or heat up a moving shaft so that it will “freeze” and stop.
+
+(5) Put any clogging substance into lubrication systems or, if it will
+float, into stored oil. Twisted combings of human hair, pieces of
+string, dead insects, and many other common objects will be effective
+in stopping or hindering the flow of oil through feed lines and
+filters.
+
+(6) Under some circumstances, you may be able to destroy oil outright
+rather than interfere with its effectiveness, by removing stop-plugs
+from lubricating systems or by puncturing the drums and cans in which
+it is stored.
+
+(c) Cooling Systems (1.) A water cooling system can be put out of
+commission in a fairly short time, with considerable damage to an
+engine or motor, if you put into it several pinches of hard grain, such
+as rice or wheat. They will swell up and choke the circulation of
+water, and the cooling system will have to be torn down to remove the
+obstruction. Sawdust or hair may also be used to clog a water cooling
+system.
+
+(2) If very cold water is quickly introduced into the cooling system of
+an overheated motor, contraction and considerable strain on the engine
+housing will result. If you can repeat the treatment a few times,
+cracking and serious damage will result.
+
+(3) You can ruin the effectiveness of an air cooling system by plugging
+dirt and waste into intake or exhaust valves. If a belt-run fan is used
+in the system, make a jagged cut at least half way through the belt; it
+will slip and finally part under strain and the motor will overheat.
+
+(d) Gasoline and Oil Fuel Tanks and fueling engines usually are
+accessible and easy to open. They afford a very vulnerable target for
+simple sabotage activities. (1.) Put several pinches of sawdust or hard
+grain, such as rice or wheat, into the fuel tank of a gasoline engine.
+The particles will choke a feed line so that the engine will stop. Some
+time will be required to discover the source of the trouble. Although
+they will be hard to get, crumbs of natural rubber, such as you might
+find in old rubber bands and pencil erasers, are also effective.
+
+(2) If you can accumulate sugar, put it in the fuel tank of a gasoline
+engine. As it burns together with the gasoline, it will turn into a
+sticky mess which will completely mire the engine and necessitate
+extensive cleaning and repair. Honey and molasses are as good as sugar.
+Try to use about 75–100 grams for each 10 gallons of gasoline.
+
+(3) Other impurities which you can introduce into gasoline will cause
+rapid engine wear and eventual breakdown. Fine particles of pumice,
+sand, ground glass, and metal dust can easily be introduced into a
+gasoline tank. Be sure that the particles are very fine, so that they
+will be able to pass through the carburetor jet.
+
+(4) Water, urine, wine, or any other simple liquid you can get in
+reasonably large quantities will dilute gasoline fuel to a point where
+no combustion will occur in the cylinder and the engine will not move.
+One pint to 20 gallons of gasoline is sufficient. If salt water is
+used, it will cause corrosion and permanent motor damage.
+
+(5) In the case of Diesel engines, put low flashpoint oil into the fuel
+tank; the engine will not move. If there already is proper oil in the
+tank when the wrong kind is added, the engine will only limp and
+sputter along.
+
+(6) Fuel lines to gasoline and oil engines frequently pass over the
+exhaust pipe. When the machine is at rest, you can stab a small hole in
+the fuel line and plug the hole with wax. As the engine runs and the
+exhaust tube becomes hot, the wax will be melted; fuel will drip onto
+the exhaust and a blaze will start.
+
+(7) If you have access to a room where gasoline is stored, remember
+that gas vapor accumulating in a closed room will explode after a time
+if you leave a candle burning in the room. A good deal of evaporation,
+however, must occur from the gasoline tins into the air of the room. If
+removal of the tops of the tins does not expose enough gasoline to the
+air to ensure copious evaporation, you can open lightly constructed
+tins further with a knife, ice pick or sharpened nail file. Or puncture
+a tiny hole in the tank which will permit gasoline to leak out on the
+floor. This will greatly increase the rate of evaporation. Before you
+light your candle, be sure that windows are closed and the room is as
+air-tight as you can make it. If you can see that windows in a
+neighboring room are opened wide, you have a chance of setting a large
+fire which will not only destroy the gasoline but anything else nearby;
+when the gasoline explodes, the doors of the storage room will be blown
+open, a draft to the neighboring windows will be created which will
+whip up a fine conflagration.
+
+(e) Electric Motors Electric motors (including dynamos) are more
+restricted than the targets so far discussed. They cannot be sabotaged
+easily or without risk of injury by unskilled persons who may otherwise
+have good opportunities for destruction.
+
+(1) Set the rheostat to a high point of resistance in all types of
+electric motors. They will overheat and catch fire.
+
+(2) Adjust the overload relay to a very high value beyond the capacity
+of the motor. Then overload the motor to a point where it will overheat
+and break down.
+
+(3) Remember that dust, dirt, and moisture are enemies of electrical
+equipment. Spill dust and dirt onto the points where the wires in
+electric motors connect with terminals, and onto insulating parts.
+Inefficient transmission of current and, in some cases, short circuits
+will result. Wet generator motors to produce short circuits.
+
+(4) “Accidentally” bruise the insulation on wire, loosen nuts on
+connections, make faulty splices and faulty connections in wiring, to
+waste electric current and reduce the power of electric motors, the
+power output or cause short circuiting in direct-current motors: Loosen
+or remove commutator holding rings. Sprinkle carbon, graphite, or metal
+dust on commutators. Put a little grease or oil at the contact points
+of commutators. Where commutator bars are close together bridge the
+gaps between them with metal dust, or sawtooth their edges with a
+chisel so that the teeth on adjoining bars meet or nearly meet and
+current can pass from one to the other.
+
+(6) Put a piece of finely grained emery paper half the size of a
+postage stamp in a place where it will wear away rotating brushes. The
+emery paper and the motor will be destroyed in the resulting fire.
+
+(7) Sprinkle carbon, graphite or metal dust on slip-rings so that the
+current will leak or short circuits will occur. When a motor is idle,
+nick the slip-rings with a chisel.
+
+(8) Cause motor stoppage or inefficiency by applying dust mixed with
+grease to the face of the armature so that it will not make proper
+contact.
+
+(9) To overheat electric motors, mix sand with heavy grease and smear
+it between the stator and rotor, or wedge thin metal pieces between
+them. To prevent the efficient generation of current, put floor
+sweepings, oil, tar, or paint between them.
+
+(10) In motors using three-phase current, deeply nick one of the
+lead-in wires with a knife or file when the machine is at rest, or
+replace one of the three fuses with a blown-out fuse. In the first
+case, the motor will stop after running awhile, and in the second, it
+will not start.
+
+(1) Transformers of the oil-filled type can be put out of commission if
+you pour water, salt water, machine-tool coolant, or kerosene into the
+oil tank.
+
+(2) In air-cooled transformers, block the ventilation by piling debris
+around the transformer.
+
+(3) In all types of transformers, throw carbon, graphite or metal dust
+over the outside bushings and other exposed electrical parts.
+
+(g) Turbines for the most part are heavily built, stoutly housed, and
+difficult of access. Their vulnerability to simple sabotage is very
+low.
+
+(1) After inspecting or repairing a hydro turbine, fasten the cover
+insecurely so that it will blow off and flood the plant with water. A
+loose cover on a steam turbine will cause it to leak and slow down.
+
+(2) In water turbines, insert a large piece of scrap iron in the head
+of the penstock, just beyond the screening, so that water will carry
+the damaging material down to the plant equipment.
+
+(3) When the steam line to a turbine is opened for repair, put pieces
+of scrap iron into it, to be blasted into the turbine machinery when
+steam is up again.
+
+(4) Create a leak in the line feeding oil to the turbine, so that oil
+will fall on the hot steam pipe and cause a fire.
+
+(1) Reduce the efficiency of steam boilers any way you can. Put too
+much water in them to make them slow-starting, or keep the fire under
+them low to keep them inefficient. Let them dry and turn the fire up;
+they will crack and be ruined. An especially good trick is to keep
+putting limestone or water containing lime in the boiler; it will
+deposit lime on the bottom and sides. This deposit will provide very
+good insulation against heat; after enough of it has collected, the
+boiler will be completely worthless.
+
+(1) Keep blast furnaces in a condition where they must be frequently
+shut down for repair. In making fire-proof bricks for the inner lining
+of blast furnaces, put in an extra proportion of tar so that they will
+wear out quickly and necessitate constant re-lining.
+
+(2) Make cores for casting so that they are filled with air bubbles and
+an imperfect cast results.
+
+(3) See that the core in a mold is not properly supported, so that the
+core gives way or the casting is spoiled because of the incorrect
+position of the core.
+
+(4) In tempering steel or iron, apply too much heat, so that the
+resulting bars and ingots are of poor quality.
+
+(1) A slight blow against your Davy oil lamp will extinguish it, and to
+light it again you will have to find a place where there is no fire
+damp. Take a long time looking for the place.
+
+(2) Blacksmiths who make pneumatic picks should not harden them
+properly, so that they will quickly grow dull.
+
+(3) You can easily put your pneumatic pick out of order. Pour a small
+amount of water through the oil lever and your pick will stop working.
+Coal dust and improper lubrication will also put it out of order.
+
+(4) Weaken the chain that pulls the bucket conveyers carrying coal. A
+deep dent in the chain made with blows of a pick or shovel will cause
+it to part under normal strain. Once a chain breaks, normally or
+otherwise take your time about reporting the damage; be slow about
+taking the chain up for repairs and bringing it back down after
+repairs.
+
+(5) Derail mine cars by putting obstructions on the rails and in switch
+points. If possible, pick a gallery where coal cars have to pass each
+other, so that traffic will be snarled up.
+
+(6) Send up quantities of rock and other useless material with the
+coal.
+
+(b) Crops and livestock probably will be destroyed only in areas where
+there are large food surpluses or where the enemy (regime) is known to
+be requisitioning food.
+
+(1.) Feed crops to livestock. Let crops harvest too early or too late.
+Spoil stores of grain, fruit and vegetables by soaking them in water so
+that they will rot. Spoil fruit and vegetables by leaving them in the
+sun.
+
+(1.) Make train travel as inconvenient as possible for enemy personnel.
+Make mistakes in issuing train tickets, leaving portions of the journey
+uncovered by the ticket book; issue two tickets for the same seat in
+the train, so that an interesting argument will result; near train
+time, instead of issuing printed tickets write them out slowly by hand,
+prolonging the process until the train is nearly ready to leave or has
+left the station. On station bulletin boards announcing train arrivals
+and departures, see that false and misleading information is given
+about trains bound for enemy destinations.
+
+(2) In trains bound for enemy destinations, attendants should make life
+as uncomfortable as possible for passengers. See that the food is
+especially bad, take up tickets after midnight, call all station stops
+very loudly during the night, handle baggage as noisily as possible
+during the night, and so on.
+
+(3) See that the luggage of enemy personnel is mislaid or unloaded at
+the wrong stations.
+
+Switch address labels on enemy baggage.
+
+(4) Engineers should see that trains run slow or make unscheduled stops
+for plausible reasons.
+
+(1) Exchange wires in switchboards containing signals and switches, so
+that they connect to the wrong terminals.
+
+(2) Loosen push-rods so that signal arms do not work; break signal
+lights; exchange the colored lenses on red and green lights.
+
+(3) Spread and spike switch points in the track so that they will not
+move, or place rocks or close-packed dirt between the switch points.
+
+(4) Sprinkle rock salt or ordinary salt profusely over the electrical
+connections of switch points and on the ground nearby. When it rains,
+the switch will be short-circuited.
+
+(5) See that cars are put on the wrong trains. Remove the labels from
+cars needing repair and put them on cars in good order. Leave couplings
+between cars as loose as possible.
+
+(1) On a curve, take the bolts out of the tie-plates connecting to
+sections of the outside rail, and scoop away the gravel, cinders, or
+dirt for a few feet on each side of the connecting joint.
+
+(2) If by disconnecting the tie-plate at a joint and loosening sleeper
+nails on each side of the joint, it becomes possible to move a sections
+of rail, spread two sections of rail and drive a spike vertically
+between them.
+
+(2) Squeeze lubricating pipes with pincers or dent them with hammers,
+so that the flow of oil is obstructed.
+
+(2) After inspection put heavy oil or tar in the engines’ boilers, or
+put half a kilogram of soft soap into the water in the tender.
+
+(1) Engines should run at high speeds and use brakes excessively at
+curves and on downhill grades.
+
+(2) Punch holes in air-brake valves or water supply pipes.
+
+(3) In the last car of a passenger train or or a front car of a
+freight, remove the wadding from a journal box and replace it with oily
+rags.
+
+(a) Roads. Damage to roads [(3) below] is slow, and therefore
+impractical as a D-day or near D-day activity.
+
+(1) Change sign posts at intersections and forks; the enemy will go the
+wrong way and it may be miles before he discovers his mistakes.
+
+In areas where traffic is composed primarily of enemy autos, trucks,
+and motor convoys of various kinds remove danger signals from curves
+and intersections.
+
+(2) When the enemy asks for directions, give him wrong information.
+Especially when enemy convoys are in the neighborhood, truck drivers
+can spread rumors and give false information about bridges being out,
+ferries closed, and detours lying ahead.
+
+(3) If you can start damage to a heavily traveled road, passing traffic
+and the elements will do the rest. Construction gangs can see that too
+much sand or water is put in concrete or that the road foundation has
+soft spots. Anyone can scoop ruts in asphalt and macadam roads which
+turn soft in hot weather; passing trucks will accentuate the ruts to a
+point where substantial repair will be needed. Dirt roads also can be
+scooped out. If you are a road laborer, it will be only a few minutes
+work to divert a small stream from a sluice so that it runs over and
+eats away the road.
+
+(4) Distribute broken glass, nails, and sharp rocks on roads to
+puncture tires.
+
+(1) Bus-driver can go past the stop where the enemy wants to get off.
+Taxi drivers can waste the enemy’s time and make extra money by driving
+the longest possible route to his destination.
+
+(2) Disconnect the oil pump; this will burn out the main bearings in
+less than 50 miles of normal driving.
+
+(1) Jam bits of wood into the ignition lock; loosen or exchange
+connections behind the switchboard; put dirt in spark plugs; damage
+distributor points.
+
+(2) Turn on the lights in parked cars so that the battery will run
+down.
+
+(3) Mechanics can ruin batteries in a number of undetectable ways: Take
+the valve cap off a cell, and drive a screw driver slantwise into the
+exposed water vent, shattering the plates of the cell; no damage will
+show when you put the cap back on. Iron or copper filings put into the
+cells i.e., dropped into the acid, will greatly shorten its life.
+Copper coins or a few pieces of iron will accomplish the same and more
+slowly.
+
+One hundred to 150 cubic centimeters of vinegar in each cell greatly
+reduces the life of the battery, but the odor of the vinegar may reveal
+what has happened.
+
+(1) Remove the lubricant from or put too light a lubricant in the
+transmission and other gears.
+
+(2) In trucks, tractors, and other machines with heavy gears, fix the
+gear case insecurely, putting bolts in only half the bolt holes. The
+gears will be badly jolted in use and will soon need repairs.
+
+(1) Slash or puncture tires of unguarded vehicles. Put a nail inside a
+match box or other small box, and set it vertically in front of the
+back tire of a stationary car; when the car starts off, the nail will
+go neatly through the tire.
+
+(2) It is easy to damage a tire in a tire repair shop: In fixing flats,
+spill glass, benzine, caustic soda, or other material inside the casing
+which will puncture or corrode the tube. If you put a gummy substance
+inside the tube, the next flat will stick the tube to the casing and
+make it unusable. Or, when you fix a flat tire, you can simply leave
+between the tube and the casing the object which caused the flat in the
+first place.
+
+(3) In assembling a tire after repair, pump the tube up as fast as you
+can. Instead of filling out smoothly, it may crease, in which case it
+will wear out quickly. Or, as you put a tire together, see if you can
+pinch the tube between the rim of the tire and the rim of the wheel, so
+that a blow-out will result.
+
+(4) In putting air into tires, see that they are kept below normal
+pressure, so that more than an ordinary amount of wear will result. In
+filling tires on double wheels, inflate the inner tire to a much higher
+pressure than the outer one; both will wear out more quickly this way.
+Badly aligned wheels also wear tires out quickly; you can leave wheels
+out of alignment when they come in for adjustment, or you can spring
+them out of true with a strong kick, or by driving the car slowly and
+diagonally into a curb.
+
+(5) If you have access to stocks of tires, you can rot them by spilling
+oil, gasoline, caustic acid, or benzine on them. Synthetic rubber,
+however, is less susceptible to these chemicals.
+
+(1) Barge and river boat personnel should spread false rumors about the
+navigability and conditions of the waterways they travel. Tell other
+barge and boat captains to follow channels that will take extra time,
+or cause them to make canal detours.
+
+(2) Barge and river boat captains should navigate with exceeding
+caution near locks and bridges, to waste their time and to waste the
+time of other craft which may have to wait on them. If you don’t pump
+the bilges of ships and barges often enough, they will be slower and
+harder to navigate. Barges “accidentally” run aground are an efficient
+time waster too.
+
+(3) Attendants on swing, draw, or bascule bridges can delay traffic
+over the bridge or in the waterway underneath by being slow. Boat
+captains can leave unattended draw bridges open in order to hold up
+road traffic.
+
+(4) Add or subtract compensating magnets to the compass on cargo ships.
+Demagnetize the compass or maladjust it by concealing a large bar of
+steel or iron near to it.
+
+(1) While loading or unloading, handle cargo carelessly in order to
+cause damage. Arrange the cargo so that the weakest and lightest crates
+and boxes will be at the bottom of the hold, while the heaviest ones
+are on top of them.
+
+Put hatch covers and tarpaulins on sloppily, so that rain and deck wash
+will injure the cargo.
+
+Tie float valves open so that storage tanks will overflow on perishable
+goods.
+
+(1) At office, hotel and exchange switch boards delay putting enemy
+calls through, give them wrong numbers, cut them off “accidentally,” or
+forget to disconnect them so that the line cannot be used again.
+
+(2) Hamper official and especially military business by making at least
+one telephone call a day to an enemy headquarters; when you get them,
+tell them you have the wrong number.
+
+Call military or police offices and make anonymous false reports of
+fires, air raids, bombs.
+
+(3) In offices and buildings used by the enemy, unscrew the earphone of
+telephone receivers and remove the diaphragm. Electricians and
+telephone repair men can make poor connections and damage insulation so
+that cross talk and other kinds of electrical interference will make
+conversations hard or impossible to understand.
+
+(4) Put the batteries under automatic switchboards out of commission by
+dropping nails, metal filings, or coins into the cells. If you can
+treat half the batteries in this way, the switchboard will stop
+working. A whole telephone system can be disrupted if you can put 10
+percent of the cells in half the batteries of the central battery room
+out of order.
+
+(1) Delay the transmission and delivery of telegrams to enemy
+destinations.
+
+(2) Garble telegrams to enemy destinations so that another telegram
+will have to be sent or a long distance call will have to be made.
+Sometimes it will be possible to do this by changing a single letter in
+a word—for example, changing “minimum” to “miximum,” so that the person
+receiving the telegram will not know whether “minimum” or “maximum” is
+meant.
+
+(1) Cut telephone and telegraph transmission lines. Damage insulation
+on power lines to cause interference.
+
+(1) Post office employees can see to it that enemy mail is always
+delayed by one day or more, that it is put in wrong sacks, and so on.
+
+(1) Projector operators can ruin newsreels and other enemy propaganda
+films by bad focusing, speeding up or slowing down the film and by
+causing frequent breakage in the film.
+
+(2) Audiences can ruin enemy propaganda films by applauding to drown
+the words of the speaker, by coughing loudly, and by talking.
+
+(3) Anyone can break up a showing of an enemy propaganda film by
+putting two or three dozen large moths in a paper bag. Take the bag to
+the movies with you, put it on the floor in an empty section of the
+theater as you go in and leave it open. The moths will fly out and
+climb into the projector beam, so that the film will be obscured by
+fluttering shadows.
+
+(1) Station engineers will find it quite easy to overmodulate
+transmissions of talks by persons giving enemy propaganda or
+instructions, so that they will sound as if they were talking through a
+heavy cotton blanket with a mouth full of marbles.
+
+(2) In your own apartment building, you can interfere with radio
+reception at times when the enemy wants everybody to listen. Take an
+electric light plug off the end of an electric light cord; take some
+wire out of the cord and tie it across two terminals of a two-prong
+plug or three terminals of a four-prong plug. Then take it around and
+put it into as many wall and floor outlets as you can find. Each time
+you insert the plug into a new circuit, you will blow out a fuse and
+silence all radios running on power from that circuit until a new fuse
+is put in.
+
+(3) Damaging insulation on any electrical equipment tends to create
+radio interference in the immediate neighborhood, particularly on large
+generators, neon signs, fluorescent lighting, X-ray machines, and power
+lines. If workmen can damage insulation on a high tension line near an
+enemy airfield, they will make ground-to-plane radio communications
+difficult and perhaps impossible during long periods of the day.
+
+(1.) Linesmen can loosen and dirty insulators to cause power leakage.
+It will be quite easy, too, for them to tie a piece of very heavy
+string several times back and forth between two parallel transmission
+lines, winding it several turns around the wire each time. Beforehand,
+the string should be heavily saturated with salt and then dried. When
+it rains, the string becomes a conductor, and a short-circuit will
+result.
+
+(a) Organizations and Conferences (1) Insist on doing everything
+through “channels.” Never permit short-cuts to be taken in order to
+expedite decisions.
+
+(2) Make “speeches.” Talk as frequently as possible and at great
+length. Illustrate your “points” by long anecdotes and accounts of
+personal experiences. Never hesitate to make a few appropriate
+“patriotic” comments.
+
+(3) When possible, refer all matters to committees, for “further study
+and consideration.” Attempt to make the committees as large as
+possible—never less than five.
+
+(4) Bring up irrelevant issues as frequently as possible.
+
+(5) Haggle over precise wordings of communications, minutes,
+resolutions.
+
+(6) Refer back to matters decided upon at the last meeting and attempt
+to re-open the question of the advisability of that decision.
+
+(7) Advocate “caution.” Be “reasonable” and urge your fellow-conferees
+to be “reasonable” and avoid haste which might result in embarrassments
+or difficulties later on.
+
+(8) Be worried about the propriety of any decision—raise the question
+of whether such action as is contemplated lies within the jurisdiction
+of the group or whether it might conflict with the policy of some
+higher echelon.
+
+(2) “Misunderstand” orders. Ask endless questions or engage in long
+correspondence about such orders. Quibble over them when you can.
+
+(3) Do everything possible to delay the delivery of orders. Even though
+parts of an order may be ready beforehand, don’t deliver it until it is
+completely ready.
+
+(4) Don’t order new working materials until your current stocks have
+been virtually exhausted, so that the slightest delay in filling your
+order will mean a shutdown.
+
+(5) Order high-quality materials which are hard to get. If you don’t
+get them argue about it. Warn that inferior materials will mean
+inferior work.
+
+(6) In making work assignments, always sign out the unimportant jobs
+first. See that the important jobs are assigned to inefficient workers
+of poor machines.
+
+(7) Insist on perfect work in relatively unimportant products; send
+back for refinishing those which have the least flaw. Approve other
+defective parts whose flaws are not visible to the naked eye.
+
+(8) Make mistakes in routing so that parts and materials will be sent
+to the wrong place in the plant.
+
+(9) When training new workers, give incomplete or misleading
+instructions.
+
+(10) To lower morale and with it, production, be pleasant to
+inefficient workers; give them undeserved promotions. Discriminate
+against efficient workers; complain unjustly about their work.
+
+(11) Hold conferences when there is more critical work to be done.
+
+(12) Multiply paper work in plausible ways.
+
+Start duplicate files.
+
+(13) Multiply the procedures and clearances involved in issuing
+instructions, pay checks, and so on. See that three people have to
+approve everything where one would do.
+
+(14) Apply all regulations to the last letter.
+
+(1) Make mistakes in quantities of material when you are copying
+orders. Confuse similar names. Use wrong addresses.
+
+(2) Prolong correspondence with government bureaus.
+
+(3) Misfile essential documents.
+
+(4) In making carbon copies, make one too few, so that an extra copying
+job will have to be done.
+
+(5) Tell important callers the boss is busy or talking on another
+telephone.
+
+(6) Hold up mail until the next collection.
+
+(7) Spread disturbing rumors that sound like inside dope.
+
+(1) _Work slowly_. Think out ways to increase the number of movements
+necessary on your job: use a light hammer instead of a heavy one, try
+to make a small wrench do when a big one is necessary, use little force
+where considerable force is needed, and so on.
+
+(2) Contrive as many interruptions to your work as you can: when
+changing the material on which you are working, as you would on a lathe
+or punch, take needless time to do it. If you are cutting, shaping or
+doing other measured work, measure dimensions twice as often as you
+need to. When you go to the lavatory, spend a longer time there than is
+necessary.
+
+Forget tools so that you will have to go back after them.
+
+ (3) Even if you understand the language, pretend not to understand
+ instructions in a foreign tongue.
+
+(4) Pretend that instructions are hard to understand, and ask to have
+them repeated more than once. Or pretend that you are particularly
+anxious to do your work, and pester the foreman with unnecessary
+questions.
+
+(5) Do your work poorly and blame it on bad tools, machinery, or
+equipment. Complain that these things are preventing you from doing
+your job right.
+
+(6) Never pass on your skill and experience to a new or less skillful
+worker.
+
+(7) Snarl up administration in every possible way. Fill out forms
+illegibly so that they will have to be done over; make mistakes or omit
+requested information in forms.
+
+(8) If possible, join or help organize a group for presenting employee
+problems to the management. See that the procedures adopted are as
+inconvenient as possible for the management, involving the presence of
+a large number of employees at each presentation, entailing more than
+one meeting for each grievance, bringing up problems which are largely
+imaginary, and so on.
+
+(9) Misroute materials.
+
+(10) Mix good parts with unusable scrap and rejected parts.
+
+(12) _General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion_
+
+(a) Give lengthy and incomprehensible explanations when questioned.
+
+(b) Report imaginary spies or danger to the Gestapo or police.
+
+(c) Act stupid.
+
+(d) Be as irritable and quarrelsome as possible without getting
+yourself into trouble.
+
+(e) Misunderstand all sorts of regulations concerning such matters as
+rationing, transportation, traffic regulations.
+
+(f) Complain against ersatz materials.
+
+(g) In public treat axis nationals or quislings coldly.
+
+(h) Stop all conversation when axis nationals or quislings enter a
+cafe.
+
+(i) Cry and sob hysterically at every occasion, especially when
+confronted by government clerks.
+
+(j) Boycott all movies, entertainments, concerts, newspapers which are
+in any way connected with the quisling authorities.
+
+(k) Do not cooperate in salvage schemes.