openssl 2.0.0.beta.1

data/ext/openssl/ossl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/*
+ * 'OpenSSL for Ruby' project
+ * Copyright (C) 2001-2002  Michal Rokos <m.rokos@sh.cvut.cz>
+ * All rights reserved.
+ */
+/*
+ * This program is licensed under the same licence as Ruby.
+ * (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
+ */
+#if !defined(_OSSL_H_)
+#define _OSSL_H_
+
+#include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+
+#if 0
+  mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+  mX509 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "X509");
+#endif
+
+/*
+* OpenSSL has defined RFILE and Ruby has defined RFILE - so undef it!
+*/
+#if defined(RFILE) /*&& !defined(OSSL_DEBUG)*/
+#  undef RFILE
+#endif
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <ruby/io.h>
+#include <ruby/thread.h>
+
+#include <openssl/opensslv.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ASSERT_H
+#  include <assert.h>
+#else
+#  define assert(condition)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+#  include <openssl/e_os2.h>
+#  if !defined(OPENSSL_SYS_WIN32)
+#    define OPENSSL_SYS_WIN32 1
+#  endif
+#  include <winsock2.h>
+#endif
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <openssl/err.h>
+#include <openssl/asn1.h>
+#include <openssl/x509v3.h>
+#include <openssl/ssl.h>
+#include <openssl/pkcs12.h>
+#include <openssl/pkcs7.h>
+#include <openssl/hmac.h>
+#include <openssl/rand.h>
+#include <openssl/conf.h>
+#include <openssl/conf_api.h>
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+#  include <openssl/crypto.h>
+#endif
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE)
+#  include <openssl/engine.h>
+#endif
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP)
+#  include <openssl/ocsp.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Common Module
+ */
+extern VALUE mOSSL;
+
+/*
+ * Common Error Class
+ */
+extern VALUE eOSSLError;
+
+/*
+ * CheckTypes
+ */
+#define OSSL_Check_Kind(obj, klass) do {\
+  if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of((obj), (klass))) {\
+    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument (%"PRIsVALUE")! (Expected kind of %"PRIsVALUE")",\
+               rb_obj_class(obj), (klass));\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+#define OSSL_Check_Instance(obj, klass) do {\
+  if (!rb_obj_is_instance_of((obj), (klass))) {\
+    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument (%"PRIsVALUE")! (Expected instance of %"PRIsVALUE")",\
+               rb_obj_class(obj), (klass));\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+#define OSSL_Check_Same_Class(obj1, obj2) do {\
+  if (!rb_obj_is_instance_of((obj1), rb_obj_class(obj2))) {\
+    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type");\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+/*
+ * Data Conversion
+ */
+STACK_OF(X509) *ossl_x509_ary2sk0(VALUE);
+STACK_OF(X509) *ossl_x509_ary2sk(VALUE);
+STACK_OF(X509) *ossl_protect_x509_ary2sk(VALUE,int*);
+VALUE ossl_x509_sk2ary(const STACK_OF(X509) *certs);
+VALUE ossl_x509crl_sk2ary(const STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crl);
+VALUE ossl_x509name_sk2ary(const STACK_OF(X509_NAME) *names);
+VALUE ossl_buf2str(char *buf, int len);
+#define ossl_str_adjust(str, p) \
+do{\
+    long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);\
+    long newlen = (long)((p) - (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(str));\
+    assert(newlen <= len);\
+    rb_str_set_len((str), newlen);\
+}while(0)
+/*
+ * Convert binary string to hex string. The caller is responsible for
+ * ensuring out has (2 * len) bytes of capacity.
+ */
+void ossl_bin2hex(unsigned char *in, char *out, size_t len);
+
+/*
+ * Our default PEM callback
+ */
+/* Convert the argument to String and validate the length. Note this may raise. */
+VALUE ossl_pem_passwd_value(VALUE);
+/* Can be casted to pem_password_cb. If a password (String) is passed as the
+ * "arbitrary data" (typically the last parameter of PEM_{read,write}_
+ * functions), uses the value. If not, but a block is given, yields to it.
+ * If not either, fallbacks to PEM_def_callback() which reads from stdin. */
+int ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *, int, int, void *);
+
+/*
+ * Clear BIO* with this in PEM/DER fallback scenarios to avoid decoding
+ * errors piling up in OpenSSL::Errors
+ */
+#define OSSL_BIO_reset(bio) do { \
+    (void)BIO_reset((bio)); \
+    ossl_clear_error(); \
+} while (0)
+
+/*
+ * ERRor messages
+ */
+#define OSSL_ErrMsg() ERR_reason_error_string(ERR_get_error())
+NORETURN(void ossl_raise(VALUE, const char *, ...));
+VALUE ossl_exc_new(VALUE, const char *, ...);
+/* Clear OpenSSL error queue. If dOSSL is set, rb_warn() them. */
+void ossl_clear_error(void);
+
+/*
+ * Verify callback
+ */
+extern int ossl_store_ctx_ex_verify_cb_idx;
+extern int ossl_store_ex_verify_cb_idx;
+
+int ossl_verify_cb_call(VALUE, int, X509_STORE_CTX *);
+
+/*
+ * String to DER String
+ */
+extern ID ossl_s_to_der;
+VALUE ossl_to_der(VALUE);
+VALUE ossl_to_der_if_possible(VALUE);
+
+/*
+ * Debug
+ */
+extern VALUE dOSSL;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
+#define OSSL_Debug(...) do { \
+  if (dOSSL == Qtrue) { \
+    fprintf(stderr, "OSSL_DEBUG: "); \
+    fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__); \
+    fprintf(stderr, " [%s:%d]\n", __FILE__, __LINE__); \
+  } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define OSSL_Warning(fmt, ...) do { \
+  OSSL_Debug((fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+  rb_warning((fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define OSSL_Warn(fmt, ...) do { \
+  OSSL_Debug((fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+  rb_warn((fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+} while (0)
+#else
+void ossl_debug(const char *, ...);
+#define OSSL_Debug ossl_debug
+#define OSSL_Warning rb_warning
+#define OSSL_Warn rb_warn
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Include all parts
+ */
+#include "openssl_missing.h"
+#include "ruby_missing.h"
+#include "ossl_asn1.h"
+#include "ossl_bio.h"
+#include "ossl_bn.h"
+#include "ossl_cipher.h"
+#include "ossl_config.h"
+#include "ossl_digest.h"
+#include "ossl_hmac.h"
+#include "ossl_ns_spki.h"
+#include "ossl_ocsp.h"
+#include "ossl_pkcs12.h"
+#include "ossl_pkcs7.h"
+#include "ossl_pkcs5.h"
+#include "ossl_pkey.h"
+#include "ossl_rand.h"
+#include "ossl_ssl.h"
+#include "ossl_version.h"
+#include "ossl_x509.h"
+#include "ossl_engine.h"
+
+void Init_openssl(void);
+
+#endif /* _OSSL_H_ */

data/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1992 @@
+/*
+ * 'OpenSSL for Ruby' team members
+ * Copyright (C) 2003
+ * All rights reserved.
+ */
+/*
+ * This program is licensed under the same licence as Ruby.
+ * (See the file 'LICENCE'.)
+ */
+#include "ossl.h"
+
+#if defined(HAVE_SYS_TIME_H)
+#  include <sys/time.h>
+#elif !defined(NT) && !defined(_WIN32)
+struct timeval {
+    long tv_sec;	/* seconds */
+    long tv_usec;	/* and microseconds */
+};
+#endif
+
+static VALUE join_der(VALUE enumerable);
+static VALUE ossl_asn1_decode0(unsigned char **pp, long length, long *offset,
+			       int depth, int yield, long *num_read);
+static VALUE ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+static VALUE ossl_asn1eoc_initialize(VALUE self);
+
+/*
+ * DATE conversion
+ */
+VALUE
+asn1time_to_time(const ASN1_TIME *time)
+{
+    struct tm tm;
+    VALUE argv[6];
+    int count;
+
+    if (!time || !time->data) return Qnil;
+    memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(struct tm));
+
+    switch (time->type) {
+    case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:
+	count = sscanf((const char *)time->data, "%2d%2d%2d%2d%2d%2dZ",
+		&tm.tm_year, &tm.tm_mon, &tm.tm_mday, &tm.tm_hour, &tm.tm_min,
+		&tm.tm_sec);
+
+	if (count == 5) {
+	    tm.tm_sec = 0;
+	} else if (count != 6) {
+	    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bad UTCTIME format: \"%s\"",
+		    time->data);
+	}
+	if (tm.tm_year < 69) {
+	    tm.tm_year += 2000;
+	} else {
+	    tm.tm_year += 1900;
+	}
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
+	if (sscanf((const char *)time->data, "%4d%2d%2d%2d%2d%2dZ", &tm.tm_year, &tm.tm_mon,
+    		&tm.tm_mday, &tm.tm_hour, &tm.tm_min, &tm.tm_sec) != 6) {
+	    ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bad GENERALIZEDTIME format" );
+	}
+	break;
+    default:
+	rb_warning("unknown time format");
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    argv[0] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_year);
+    argv[1] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_mon);
+    argv[2] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_mday);
+    argv[3] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_hour);
+    argv[4] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_min);
+    argv[5] = INT2NUM(tm.tm_sec);
+
+    return rb_funcall2(rb_cTime, rb_intern("utc"), 6, argv);
+}
+
+#if defined(HAVE_ASN1_TIME_ADJ)
+void
+ossl_time_split(VALUE time, time_t *sec, int *days)
+{
+    VALUE num = rb_Integer(time);
+
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+	time_t t = FIX2LONG(num);
+	*sec = t % 86400;
+	*days = rb_long2int(t / 86400);
+    }
+    else {
+	*days = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("/"), 1, INT2FIX(86400)));
+	*sec = NUM2TIMET(rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("%"), 1, INT2FIX(86400)));
+    }
+}
+#else
+time_t
+time_to_time_t(VALUE time)
+{
+    return (time_t)NUM2TIMET(rb_Integer(time));
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * STRING conversion
+ */
+VALUE
+asn1str_to_str(const ASN1_STRING *str)
+{
+    return rb_str_new((const char *)str->data, str->length);
+}
+
+/*
+ * ASN1_INTEGER conversions
+ * TODO: Make a decision what's the right way to do this.
+ */
+#define DO_IT_VIA_RUBY 0
+VALUE
+asn1integer_to_num(const ASN1_INTEGER *ai)
+{
+    BIGNUM *bn;
+#if DO_IT_VIA_RUBY
+    char *txt;
+#endif
+    VALUE num;
+
+    if (!ai) {
+	ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "ASN1_INTEGER is NULL!");
+    }
+    if (ai->type == V_ASN1_ENUMERATED)
+	/* const_cast: workaround for old OpenSSL */
+	bn = ASN1_ENUMERATED_to_BN((ASN1_ENUMERATED *)ai, NULL);
+    else
+	bn = ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ai, NULL);
+
+    if (!bn)
+	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
+#if DO_IT_VIA_RUBY
+    if (!(txt = BN_bn2dec(bn))) {
+	BN_free(bn);
+	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
+    }
+    num = rb_cstr_to_inum(txt, 10, Qtrue);
+    OPENSSL_free(txt);
+#else
+    num = ossl_bn_new(bn);
+#endif
+    BN_free(bn);
+
+    return num;
+}
+
+#if DO_IT_VIA_RUBY
+ASN1_INTEGER *
+num_to_asn1integer(VALUE obj, ASN1_INTEGER *ai)
+{
+    BIGNUM *bn = NULL;
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, cBN))) {
+	bn = GetBNPtr(obj);
+    } else {
+	obj = rb_String(obj);
+	if (!BN_dec2bn(&bn, StringValueCStr(obj))) {
+	    ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
+	}
+    }
+    if (!(ai = BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(bn, ai))) {
+	BN_free(bn);
+	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
+    }
+    BN_free(bn);
+    return ai;
+}
+#else
+ASN1_INTEGER *
+num_to_asn1integer(VALUE obj, ASN1_INTEGER *ai)
+{
+    BIGNUM *bn;
+
+    if (NIL_P(obj))
+	ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Can't convert nil into Integer");
+
+    bn = GetBNPtr(obj);
+
+    if (!(ai = BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(bn, ai)))
+	ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
+
+    return ai;
+}
+#endif
+
+/********/
+/*
+ * ASN1 module
+ */
+#define ossl_asn1_get_value(o)           rb_attr_get((o),sivVALUE)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_tag(o)             rb_attr_get((o),sivTAG)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_tagging(o)         rb_attr_get((o),sivTAGGING)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(o)       rb_attr_get((o),sivTAG_CLASS)
+#define ossl_asn1_get_infinite_length(o) rb_attr_get((o),sivINFINITE_LENGTH)
+
+#define ossl_asn1_set_value(o,v)           rb_ivar_set((o),sivVALUE,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_tag(o,v)             rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAG,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_tagging(o,v)         rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAGGING,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(o,v)       rb_ivar_set((o),sivTAG_CLASS,(v))
+#define ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(o,v) rb_ivar_set((o),sivINFINITE_LENGTH,(v))
+
+VALUE mASN1;
+VALUE eASN1Error;
+
+VALUE cASN1Data;
+VALUE cASN1Primitive;
+VALUE cASN1Constructive;
+
+VALUE cASN1EndOfContent;
+VALUE cASN1Boolean;                           /* BOOLEAN           */
+VALUE cASN1Integer, cASN1Enumerated;          /* INTEGER           */
+VALUE cASN1BitString;                         /* BIT STRING        */
+VALUE cASN1OctetString, cASN1UTF8String;      /* STRINGs           */
+VALUE cASN1NumericString, cASN1PrintableString;
+VALUE cASN1T61String, cASN1VideotexString;
+VALUE cASN1IA5String, cASN1GraphicString;
+VALUE cASN1ISO64String, cASN1GeneralString;
+VALUE cASN1UniversalString, cASN1BMPString;
+VALUE cASN1Null;                              /* NULL              */
+VALUE cASN1ObjectId;                          /* OBJECT IDENTIFIER */
+VALUE cASN1UTCTime, cASN1GeneralizedTime;     /* TIME              */
+VALUE cASN1Sequence, cASN1Set;                /* CONSTRUCTIVE      */
+
+static ID sIMPLICIT, sEXPLICIT;
+static ID sUNIVERSAL, sAPPLICATION, sCONTEXT_SPECIFIC, sPRIVATE;
+static ID sivVALUE, sivTAG, sivTAG_CLASS, sivTAGGING, sivINFINITE_LENGTH, sivUNUSED_BITS;
+
+/*
+ * Ruby to ASN1 converters
+ */
+static ASN1_BOOLEAN
+obj_to_asn1bool(VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(obj))
+	ossl_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Can't convert nil into Boolean");
+
+     return RTEST(obj) ? 0xff : 0x0;
+}
+
+static ASN1_INTEGER*
+obj_to_asn1int(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return num_to_asn1integer(obj, NULL);
+}
+
+static ASN1_BIT_STRING*
+obj_to_asn1bstr(VALUE obj, long unused_bits)
+{
+    ASN1_BIT_STRING *bstr;
+
+    if(unused_bits < 0) unused_bits = 0;
+    StringValue(obj);
+    if(!(bstr = ASN1_BIT_STRING_new()))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    ASN1_BIT_STRING_set(bstr, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LENINT(obj));
+    bstr->flags &= ~(ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|0x07); /* clear */
+    bstr->flags |= ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|(unused_bits&0x07);
+
+    return bstr;
+}
+
+static ASN1_STRING*
+obj_to_asn1str(VALUE obj)
+{
+    ASN1_STRING *str;
+
+    StringValue(obj);
+    if(!(str = ASN1_STRING_new()))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    ASN1_STRING_set(str, RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LENINT(obj));
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+static ASN1_NULL*
+obj_to_asn1null(VALUE obj)
+{
+    ASN1_NULL *null;
+
+    if(!NIL_P(obj))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "nil expected");
+    if(!(null = ASN1_NULL_new()))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+
+    return null;
+}
+
+static ASN1_OBJECT*
+obj_to_asn1obj(VALUE obj)
+{
+    ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
+
+    StringValueCStr(obj);
+    a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 0);
+    if(!a1obj) a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 1);
+    if(!a1obj) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid OBJECT ID %"PRIsVALUE, obj);
+
+    return a1obj;
+}
+
+static ASN1_UTCTIME *
+obj_to_asn1utime(VALUE time)
+{
+    time_t sec;
+    ASN1_UTCTIME *t;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_ASN1_TIME_ADJ)
+    int off_days;
+
+    ossl_time_split(time, &sec, &off_days);
+    if (!(t = ASN1_UTCTIME_adj(NULL, sec, off_days, 0)))
+#else
+    sec = time_to_time_t(time);
+    if (!(t = ASN1_UTCTIME_set(NULL, sec)))
+#endif
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+
+    return t;
+}
+
+static ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *
+obj_to_asn1gtime(VALUE time)
+{
+    time_t sec;
+    ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *t;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_ASN1_TIME_ADJ)
+    int off_days;
+
+    ossl_time_split(time, &sec, &off_days);
+    if (!(t = ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_adj(NULL, sec, off_days, 0)))
+#else
+    sec = time_to_time_t(time);
+    if (!(t = ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_set(NULL, sec)))
+#endif
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+
+    return t;
+}
+
+static ASN1_STRING*
+obj_to_asn1derstr(VALUE obj)
+{
+    ASN1_STRING *a1str;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    str = ossl_to_der(obj);
+    if(!(a1str = ASN1_STRING_new()))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    ASN1_STRING_set(a1str, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LENINT(str));
+
+    return a1str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * DER to Ruby converters
+ */
+static VALUE
+decode_bool(unsigned char* der, long length)
+{
+    const unsigned char *p = der;
+
+    assert(length == 3);
+    if (*p++ != 1)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "not a boolean");
+    if (*p++ != 1)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "length is not 1");
+
+    return *p ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+decode_int(unsigned char* der, long length)
+{
+    ASN1_INTEGER *ai;
+    const unsigned char *p;
+    VALUE ret;
+    int status = 0;
+
+    p = der;
+    if(!(ai = d2i_ASN1_INTEGER(NULL, &p, length)))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    ret = rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))asn1integer_to_num,
+		     (VALUE)ai, &status);
+    ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
+    if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+decode_bstr(unsigned char* der, long length, long *unused_bits)
+{
+    ASN1_BIT_STRING *bstr;
+    const unsigned char *p;
+    long len;
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    p = der;
+    if(!(bstr = d2i_ASN1_BIT_STRING(NULL, &p, length)))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    len = bstr->length;
+    *unused_bits = 0;
+    if(bstr->flags & ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT)
+	*unused_bits = bstr->flags & 0x07;
+    ret = rb_str_new((const char *)bstr->data, len);
+    ASN1_BIT_STRING_free(bstr);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+decode_enum(unsigned char* der, long length)
+{
+    ASN1_ENUMERATED *ai;
+    const unsigned char *p;
+    VALUE ret;
+    int status = 0;
+
+    p = der;
+    if(!(ai = d2i_ASN1_ENUMERATED(NULL, &p, length)))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    ret = rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))asn1integer_to_num,
+		     (VALUE)ai, &status);
+    ASN1_ENUMERATED_free(ai);
+    if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+decode_null(unsigned char* der, long length)
+{
+    ASN1_NULL *null;
+    const unsigned char *p;
+
+    p = der;
+    if(!(null = d2i_ASN1_NULL(NULL, &p, length)))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    ASN1_NULL_free(null);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+decode_obj(unsigned char* der, long length)
+{
+    ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
+    const unsigned char *p;
+    VALUE ret;
+    int nid;
+    BIO *bio;
+
+    p = der;
+    if(!(obj = d2i_ASN1_OBJECT(NULL, &p, length)))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    if((nid = OBJ_obj2nid(obj)) != NID_undef){
+	ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+	ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+    }
+    else{
+	if(!(bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))){
+	    ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+	}
+	i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(bio, obj);
+	ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+	ret = ossl_membio2str(bio);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+decode_time(unsigned char* der, long length)
+{
+    ASN1_TIME *time;
+    const unsigned char *p;
+    VALUE ret;
+    int status = 0;
+
+    p = der;
+    if(!(time = d2i_ASN1_TIME(NULL, &p, length)))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    ret = rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))asn1time_to_time,
+		     (VALUE)time, &status);
+    ASN1_TIME_free(time);
+    if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+decode_eoc(unsigned char *der, long length)
+{
+    if (length != 2 || !(der[0] == 0x00 && der[1] == 0x00))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+
+    return rb_str_new("", 0);
+}
+
+/********/
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *name;
+    VALUE *klass;
+} ossl_asn1_info_t;
+
+static const ossl_asn1_info_t ossl_asn1_info[] = {
+    { "EOC",               &cASN1EndOfContent,    },  /*  0 */
+    { "BOOLEAN",           &cASN1Boolean,         },  /*  1 */
+    { "INTEGER",           &cASN1Integer,         },  /*  2 */
+    { "BIT_STRING",        &cASN1BitString,       },  /*  3 */
+    { "OCTET_STRING",      &cASN1OctetString,     },  /*  4 */
+    { "NULL",              &cASN1Null,            },  /*  5 */
+    { "OBJECT",            &cASN1ObjectId,        },  /*  6 */
+    { "OBJECT_DESCRIPTOR", NULL,                  },  /*  7 */
+    { "EXTERNAL",          NULL,                  },  /*  8 */
+    { "REAL",              NULL,                  },  /*  9 */
+    { "ENUMERATED",        &cASN1Enumerated,      },  /* 10 */
+    { "EMBEDDED_PDV",      NULL,                  },  /* 11 */
+    { "UTF8STRING",        &cASN1UTF8String,      },  /* 12 */
+    { "RELATIVE_OID",      NULL,                  },  /* 13 */
+    { "[UNIVERSAL 14]",    NULL,                  },  /* 14 */
+    { "[UNIVERSAL 15]",    NULL,                  },  /* 15 */
+    { "SEQUENCE",          &cASN1Sequence,        },  /* 16 */
+    { "SET",               &cASN1Set,             },  /* 17 */
+    { "NUMERICSTRING",     &cASN1NumericString,   },  /* 18 */
+    { "PRINTABLESTRING",   &cASN1PrintableString, },  /* 19 */
+    { "T61STRING",         &cASN1T61String,       },  /* 20 */
+    { "VIDEOTEXSTRING",    &cASN1VideotexString,  },  /* 21 */
+    { "IA5STRING",         &cASN1IA5String,       },  /* 22 */
+    { "UTCTIME",           &cASN1UTCTime,         },  /* 23 */
+    { "GENERALIZEDTIME",   &cASN1GeneralizedTime, },  /* 24 */
+    { "GRAPHICSTRING",     &cASN1GraphicString,   },  /* 25 */
+    { "ISO64STRING",       &cASN1ISO64String,     },  /* 26 */
+    { "GENERALSTRING",     &cASN1GeneralString,   },  /* 27 */
+    { "UNIVERSALSTRING",   &cASN1UniversalString, },  /* 28 */
+    { "CHARACTER_STRING",  NULL,                  },  /* 29 */
+    { "BMPSTRING",         &cASN1BMPString,       },  /* 30 */
+};
+
+enum {ossl_asn1_info_size = (sizeof(ossl_asn1_info)/sizeof(ossl_asn1_info[0]))};
+
+static VALUE class_tag_map;
+
+static int ossl_asn1_default_tag(VALUE obj);
+
+ASN1_TYPE*
+ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(VALUE obj)
+{
+    ASN1_TYPE *ret;
+    VALUE value, rflag;
+    void *ptr;
+    void (*free_func)();
+    int tag, flag;
+
+    tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(obj);
+    value = ossl_asn1_get_value(obj);
+    switch(tag){
+    case V_ASN1_BOOLEAN:
+	ptr = (void*)(VALUE)obj_to_asn1bool(value);
+	free_func = NULL;
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_INTEGER:         /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_ENUMERATED:
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1int(value);
+	free_func = ASN1_INTEGER_free;
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
+        rflag = rb_attr_get(obj, sivUNUSED_BITS);
+        flag = NIL_P(rflag) ? -1 : NUM2INT(rflag);
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1bstr(value, flag);
+	free_func = ASN1_BIT_STRING_free;
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_NULL:
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1null(value);
+	free_func = ASN1_NULL_free;
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING:    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_UTF8STRING:      /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING: /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_T61STRING:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_VIDEOTEXSTRING:  /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_IA5STRING:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_GRAPHICSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_ISO64STRING:     /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING:   /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING: /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_BMPSTRING:
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1str(value);
+	free_func = ASN1_STRING_free;
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_OBJECT:
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1obj(value);
+	free_func = ASN1_OBJECT_free;
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1utime(value);
+	free_func = ASN1_TIME_free;
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1gtime(value);
+	free_func = ASN1_TIME_free;
+	break;
+    case V_ASN1_SET:             /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case V_ASN1_SEQUENCE:
+	ptr = obj_to_asn1derstr(obj);
+	free_func = ASN1_STRING_free;
+	break;
+    default:
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "unsupported ASN.1 type");
+    }
+    if(!(ret = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(ASN1_TYPE)))){
+	if(free_func) free_func(ptr);
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "ASN1_TYPE alloc failure");
+    }
+    memset(ret, 0, sizeof(ASN1_TYPE));
+    ASN1_TYPE_set(ret, tag, ptr);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int
+ossl_asn1_default_tag(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE tmp_class, tag;
+
+    tmp_class = CLASS_OF(obj);
+    while (tmp_class) {
+	tag = rb_hash_lookup(class_tag_map, tmp_class);
+	if (tag != Qnil) {
+       	    return NUM2INT(tag);
+      	}
+    	tmp_class = rb_class_superclass(tmp_class);
+    }
+    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "universal tag for %"PRIsVALUE" not found",
+	       rb_obj_class(obj));
+
+    return -1; /* dummy */
+}
+
+static int
+ossl_asn1_tag(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE tag;
+
+    tag = ossl_asn1_get_tag(obj);
+    if(NIL_P(tag))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "tag number not specified");
+
+    return NUM2INT(tag);
+}
+
+static int
+ossl_asn1_is_explicit(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE s;
+    int ret = -1;
+
+    s = ossl_asn1_get_tagging(obj);
+    if(NIL_P(s)) return 0;
+    else if(SYMBOL_P(s)){
+	if (SYM2ID(s) == sIMPLICIT)
+	    ret = 0;
+	else if (SYM2ID(s) == sEXPLICIT)
+	    ret = 1;
+    }
+    if(ret < 0){
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag default");
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int
+ossl_asn1_tag_class(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE s;
+    int ret = -1;
+
+    s = ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(obj);
+    if(NIL_P(s)) ret = V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL;
+    else if(SYMBOL_P(s)){
+	if (SYM2ID(s) == sUNIVERSAL)
+	    ret = V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL;
+	else if (SYM2ID(s) == sAPPLICATION)
+	    ret = V_ASN1_APPLICATION;
+	else if (SYM2ID(s) == sCONTEXT_SPECIFIC)
+	    ret = V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
+	else if (SYM2ID(s) == sPRIVATE)
+	    ret = V_ASN1_PRIVATE;
+    }
+    if(ret < 0){
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1_class2sym(int tc)
+{
+    if((tc & V_ASN1_PRIVATE) == V_ASN1_PRIVATE)
+	return ID2SYM(sPRIVATE);
+    else if((tc & V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC) == V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC)
+	return ID2SYM(sCONTEXT_SPECIFIC);
+    else if((tc & V_ASN1_APPLICATION) == V_ASN1_APPLICATION)
+	return ID2SYM(sAPPLICATION);
+    else
+	return ID2SYM(sUNIVERSAL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data.new(value, tag, tag_class) => ASN1Data
+ *
+ * +value+: Please have a look at Constructive and Primitive to see how Ruby
+ * types are mapped to ASN.1 types and vice versa.
+ *
+ * +tag+: A +Number+ indicating the tag number.
+ *
+ * +tag_class+: A +Symbol+ indicating the tag class. Please cf. ASN1 for
+ * possible values.
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   asn1_int = OpenSSL::ASN1Data.new(42, 2, :UNIVERSAL) # => Same as OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42)
+ *   tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1Data.new(42, 0, :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC) # implicitly 0-tagged INTEGER
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1data_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE value, VALUE tag, VALUE tag_class)
+{
+    if(!SYMBOL_P(tag_class))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
+    if((SYM2ID(tag_class) == sUNIVERSAL) && NUM2INT(tag) > 31)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "tag number for Universal too large");
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag(self, tag);
+    ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
+    ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+join_der_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, str))
+{
+    i = ossl_to_der_if_possible(i);
+    StringValue(i);
+    rb_str_append(str, i);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+join_der(VALUE enumerable)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_str_new(0, 0);
+    rb_block_call(enumerable, rb_intern("each"), 0, 0, join_der_i, str);
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    asn1.to_der => DER-encoded String
+ *
+ * Encodes this ASN1Data into a DER-encoded String value. The result is
+ * DER-encoded except for the possibility of infinite length encodings.
+ * Infinite length encodings are not allowed in strict DER, so strictly
+ * speaking the result of such an encoding would be a BER-encoding.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1data_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE value, der, inf_length;
+    int tag, tag_class, is_cons = 0;
+    long length;
+    unsigned char *p;
+
+    value = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
+    if(rb_obj_is_kind_of(value, rb_cArray)){
+	is_cons = 1;
+	value = join_der(value);
+    }
+    StringValue(value);
+
+    tag = ossl_asn1_tag(self);
+    tag_class = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
+    inf_length = ossl_asn1_get_infinite_length(self);
+    if (inf_length == Qtrue) {
+	is_cons = 2;
+    }
+    if((length = ASN1_object_size(is_cons, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tag)) <= 0)
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    der = rb_str_new(0, length);
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(der);
+    ASN1_put_object(&p, is_cons, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tag, tag_class);
+    memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value));
+    p += RSTRING_LEN(value);
+    ossl_str_adjust(der, p);
+
+    return der;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+int_ossl_asn1_decode0_prim(unsigned char **pp, long length, long hlen, int tag,
+			   VALUE tc, long *num_read)
+{
+    VALUE value, asn1data;
+    unsigned char *p;
+    long flag = 0;
+
+    p = *pp;
+
+    if(tc == sUNIVERSAL && tag < ossl_asn1_info_size) {
+	switch(tag){
+	case V_ASN1_EOC:
+	    value = decode_eoc(p, hlen+length);
+	    break;
+	case V_ASN1_BOOLEAN:
+	    value = decode_bool(p, hlen+length);
+	    break;
+	case V_ASN1_INTEGER:
+	    value = decode_int(p, hlen+length);
+	    break;
+	case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
+	    value = decode_bstr(p, hlen+length, &flag);
+	    break;
+	case V_ASN1_NULL:
+	    value = decode_null(p, hlen+length);
+	    break;
+	case V_ASN1_ENUMERATED:
+	    value = decode_enum(p, hlen+length);
+	    break;
+	case V_ASN1_OBJECT:
+	    value = decode_obj(p, hlen+length);
+	    break;
+	case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:           /* FALLTHROUGH */
+	case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
+	    value = decode_time(p, hlen+length);
+	    break;
+	default:
+	    /* use original value */
+	    p += hlen;
+	    value = rb_str_new((const char *)p, length);
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	p += hlen;
+	value = rb_str_new((const char *)p, length);
+    }
+
+    *pp += hlen + length;
+    *num_read = hlen + length;
+
+    if (tc == sUNIVERSAL && tag < ossl_asn1_info_size && ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass) {
+	VALUE klass = *ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass;
+	VALUE args[4];
+	args[0] = value;
+	args[1] = INT2NUM(tag);
+	args[2] = Qnil;
+	args[3] = ID2SYM(tc);
+	asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(klass);
+	ossl_asn1_initialize(4, args, asn1data);
+	if(tag == V_ASN1_BIT_STRING){
+	    rb_ivar_set(asn1data, sivUNUSED_BITS, LONG2NUM(flag));
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(cASN1Data);
+	ossl_asn1data_initialize(asn1data, value, INT2NUM(tag), ID2SYM(tc));
+    }
+
+    return asn1data;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(unsigned char **pp, long max_len, long length,
+			   long *offset, int depth, int yield, int j,
+			   int tag, VALUE tc, long *num_read)
+{
+    VALUE value, asn1data, ary;
+    int infinite;
+    long off = *offset;
+
+    infinite = (j == 0x21);
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+
+    while (length > 0 || infinite) {
+	long inner_read = 0;
+	value = ossl_asn1_decode0(pp, max_len, &off, depth + 1, yield, &inner_read);
+	*num_read += inner_read;
+	max_len -= inner_read;
+	rb_ary_push(ary, value);
+	if (length > 0)
+	    length -= inner_read;
+
+	if (infinite &&
+	    NUM2INT(ossl_asn1_get_tag(value)) == V_ASN1_EOC &&
+	    SYM2ID(ossl_asn1_get_tag_class(value)) == sUNIVERSAL) {
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (tc == sUNIVERSAL) {
+	VALUE args[4];
+	int not_sequence_or_set;
+
+	not_sequence_or_set = tag != V_ASN1_SEQUENCE && tag != V_ASN1_SET;
+
+	if (not_sequence_or_set) {
+	    if (infinite) {
+		asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(cASN1Constructive);
+	    }
+	    else {
+		ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid non-infinite tag");
+		return Qnil;
+	    }
+	}
+	else {
+	    VALUE klass = *ossl_asn1_info[tag].klass;
+	    asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(klass);
+	}
+	args[0] = ary;
+	args[1] = INT2NUM(tag);
+	args[2] = Qnil;
+	args[3] = ID2SYM(tc);
+	ossl_asn1_initialize(4, args, asn1data);
+    }
+    else {
+	asn1data = rb_obj_alloc(cASN1Data);
+	ossl_asn1data_initialize(asn1data, ary, INT2NUM(tag), ID2SYM(tc));
+    }
+
+    if (infinite)
+	ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(asn1data, Qtrue);
+    else
+	ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(asn1data, Qfalse);
+
+    *offset = off;
+    return asn1data;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1_decode0(unsigned char **pp, long length, long *offset, int depth,
+		  int yield, long *num_read)
+{
+    unsigned char *start, *p;
+    const unsigned char *p0;
+    long len = 0, inner_read = 0, off = *offset, hlen;
+    int tag, tc, j;
+    VALUE asn1data, tag_class;
+
+    p = *pp;
+    start = p;
+    p0 = p;
+    j = ASN1_get_object(&p0, &len, &tag, &tc, length);
+    p = (unsigned char *)p0;
+    if(j & 0x80) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+    if(len > length) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "value is too short");
+    if((tc & V_ASN1_PRIVATE) == V_ASN1_PRIVATE)
+	tag_class = sPRIVATE;
+    else if((tc & V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC) == V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC)
+	tag_class = sCONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
+    else if((tc & V_ASN1_APPLICATION) == V_ASN1_APPLICATION)
+	tag_class = sAPPLICATION;
+    else
+	tag_class = sUNIVERSAL;
+
+    hlen = p - start;
+
+    if(yield) {
+	VALUE arg = rb_ary_new();
+	rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(depth));
+	rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(*offset));
+	rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(hlen));
+	rb_ary_push(arg, LONG2NUM(len));
+	rb_ary_push(arg, (j & V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+	rb_ary_push(arg, ossl_asn1_class2sym(tc));
+	rb_ary_push(arg, INT2NUM(tag));
+	rb_yield(arg);
+    }
+
+    if(j & V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED) {
+	*pp += hlen;
+	off += hlen;
+	asn1data = int_ossl_asn1_decode0_cons(pp, length, len, &off, depth, yield, j, tag, tag_class, &inner_read);
+	inner_read += hlen;
+    }
+    else {
+    	if ((j & 0x01) && (len == 0)) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "Infinite length for primitive value");
+	asn1data = int_ossl_asn1_decode0_prim(pp, len, hlen, tag, tag_class, &inner_read);
+	off += hlen + len;
+    }
+    if (num_read)
+	*num_read = inner_read;
+    if (len != 0 && inner_read != hlen + len) {
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error,
+		   "Type mismatch. Bytes read: %ld Bytes available: %ld",
+		   inner_read, hlen + len);
+    }
+
+    *offset = off;
+    return asn1data;
+}
+
+static void
+int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(long len, long read, long offset)
+{
+    if (len != 0 && (read != len || offset != len)) {
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error,
+		   "Type mismatch. Total bytes read: %ld Bytes available: %ld Offset: %ld",
+		   read, len, offset);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1.traverse(asn1) -> nil
+ *
+ * If a block is given, it prints out each of the elements encountered.
+ * Block parameters are (in that order):
+ * * depth: The recursion depth, plus one with each constructed value being encountered (Number)
+ * * offset: Current byte offset (Number)
+ * * header length: Combined length in bytes of the Tag and Length headers. (Number)
+ * * length: The overall remaining length of the entire data (Number)
+ * * constructed: Whether this value is constructed or not (Boolean)
+ * * tag_class: Current tag class (Symbol)
+ * * tag: The current tag (Number)
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   der = File.binread('asn1data.der')
+ *   OpenSSL::ASN1.traverse(der) do | depth, offset, header_len, length, constructed, tag_class, tag|
+ *     puts "Depth: #{depth} Offset: #{offset} Length: #{length}"
+ *     puts "Header length: #{header_len} Tag: #{tag} Tag class: #{tag_class} Constructed: #{constructed}"
+ *   end
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1_traverse(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
+{
+    unsigned char *p;
+    VALUE tmp;
+    long len, read = 0, offset = 0;
+
+    obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
+    tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+    ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, len, &offset, 0, 1, &read);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
+    int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(len, read, offset);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der) -> ASN1Data
+ *
+ * Decodes a BER- or DER-encoded value and creates an ASN1Data instance. +der+
+ * may be a +String+ or any object that features a +#to_der+ method transforming
+ * it into a BER-/DER-encoded +String+.
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   der = File.binread('asn1data')
+ *   asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1_decode(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE ret;
+    unsigned char *p;
+    VALUE tmp;
+    long len, read = 0, offset = 0;
+
+    obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
+    tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+    ret = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, len, &offset, 0, 0, &read);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
+    int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(len, read, offset);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1.decode_all(der) -> Array of ASN1Data
+ *
+ * Similar to +decode+ with the difference that +decode+ expects one
+ * distinct value represented in +der+. +decode_all+ on the contrary
+ * decodes a sequence of sequential BER/DER values lined up in +der+
+ * and returns them as an array.
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   ders = File.binread('asn1data_seq')
+ *   asn1_ary = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode_all(ders)
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1_decode_all(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE ary, val;
+    unsigned char *p;
+    long len, tmp_len = 0, read = 0, offset = 0;
+    VALUE tmp;
+
+    obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
+    tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
+    tmp_len = len;
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    while (tmp_len > 0) {
+	long tmp_read = 0;
+	val = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, tmp_len, &offset, 0, 0, &tmp_read);
+	rb_ary_push(ary, val);
+	read += tmp_read;
+	tmp_len -= tmp_read;
+    }
+    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
+    int_ossl_decode_sanity_check(len, read, offset);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1::Primitive.new( value [, tag, tagging, tag_class ]) => Primitive
+ *
+ * +value+: is mandatory.
+ *
+ * +tag+: optional, may be specified for tagged values. If no +tag+ is
+ * specified, the UNIVERSAL tag corresponding to the Primitive sub-class
+ * is used by default.
+ *
+ * +tagging+: may be used as an encoding hint to encode a value either
+ * explicitly or implicitly, see ASN1 for possible values.
+ *
+ * +tag_class+: if +tag+ and +tagging+ are +nil+ then this is set to
+ * +:UNIVERSAL+ by default. If either +tag+ or +tagging+ are set then
+ * +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+ is used as the default. For possible values please
+ * cf. ASN1.
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42)
+ *   zero_tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42, 0, :IMPLICIT)
+ *   private_explicit_zero_tagged_int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(42, 0, :EXPLICIT, :PRIVATE)
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE value, tag, tagging, tag_class;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &value, &tag, &tagging, &tag_class);
+    if(argc > 1){
+	if(NIL_P(tag))
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "must specify tag number");
+	if(!NIL_P(tagging) && !SYMBOL_P(tagging))
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tagging method");
+	if(NIL_P(tag_class)) {
+	    if (NIL_P(tagging))
+		tag_class = ID2SYM(sUNIVERSAL);
+	    else
+		tag_class = ID2SYM(sCONTEXT_SPECIFIC);
+	}
+	if(!SYMBOL_P(tag_class))
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid tag class");
+	if(!NIL_P(tagging) && SYM2ID(tagging) == sIMPLICIT && NUM2INT(tag) > 31)
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "tag number for Universal too large");
+    }
+    else{
+	tag = INT2NUM(ossl_asn1_default_tag(self));
+	tagging = Qnil;
+	tag_class = ID2SYM(sUNIVERSAL);
+    }
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag(self, tag);
+    ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tagging(self, tagging);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
+    ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1eoc_initialize(VALUE self) {
+    VALUE tag, tagging, tag_class, value;
+    tag = INT2NUM(ossl_asn1_default_tag(self));
+    tagging = Qnil;
+    tag_class = ID2SYM(sUNIVERSAL);
+    value = rb_str_new("", 0);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag(self, tag);
+    ossl_asn1_set_value(self, value);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tagging(self, tagging);
+    ossl_asn1_set_tag_class(self, tag_class);
+    ossl_asn1_set_infinite_length(self, Qfalse);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    asn1.to_der => DER-encoded String
+ *
+ * See ASN1Data#to_der for details. *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1prim_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    ASN1_TYPE *asn1;
+    int tn, tc, explicit;
+    long len, reallen;
+    unsigned char *buf, *p;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    tn = NUM2INT(ossl_asn1_get_tag(self));
+    tc = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
+    explicit = ossl_asn1_is_explicit(self);
+    asn1 = ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(self);
+
+    len = ASN1_object_size(1, i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, NULL), tn);
+    if(!(buf = OPENSSL_malloc(len))){
+	ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "cannot alloc buffer");
+    }
+    p = buf;
+    if (tc == V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL) {
+        i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, &p);
+    } else if (explicit) {
+        ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, NULL), tn, tc);
+        i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, &p);
+    } else {
+        i2d_ASN1_TYPE(asn1, &p);
+        *buf = tc | tn | (*buf & V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED);
+    }
+    ASN1_TYPE_free(asn1);
+    reallen = p - buf;
+    assert(reallen <= len);
+    str = ossl_buf2str((char *)buf, rb_long2int(reallen)); /* buf will be free in ossl_buf2str */
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    asn1.to_der => DER-encoded String
+ *
+ * See ASN1Data#to_der for details.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1cons_to_der(VALUE self)
+{
+    int tag, tn, tc, explicit, constructed = 1;
+    int found_prim = 0, seq_len;
+    long length;
+    unsigned char *p;
+    VALUE value, str, inf_length;
+
+    tn = NUM2INT(ossl_asn1_get_tag(self));
+    tc = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
+    inf_length = ossl_asn1_get_infinite_length(self);
+    if (inf_length == Qtrue) {
+	VALUE ary, example;
+	constructed = 2;
+	if (CLASS_OF(self) == cASN1Sequence ||
+	    CLASS_OF(self) == cASN1Set) {
+	    tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(self);
+	}
+	else { /* must be a constructive encoding of a primitive value */
+	    ary = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
+	    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(ary, rb_cArray))
+		ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "Constructive value must be an Array");
+	    /* Recursively descend until a primitive value is found.
+	    The overall value of the entire constructed encoding
+	    is of the type of the first primitive encoding to be
+	    found. */
+	    while (!found_prim){
+		example = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
+		if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(example, cASN1Primitive)){
+		    found_prim = 1;
+		}
+		else {
+		    /* example is another ASN1Constructive */
+		    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(example, cASN1Constructive)){
+			ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid constructed encoding");
+			return Qnil; /* dummy */
+		    }
+		    ary = ossl_asn1_get_value(example);
+		}
+	    }
+	    tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(example);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	if (CLASS_OF(self) == cASN1Constructive)
+	    ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "Constructive shall only be used with infinite length");
+	tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(self);
+    }
+    explicit = ossl_asn1_is_explicit(self);
+    value = join_der(ossl_asn1_get_value(self));
+
+    seq_len = ASN1_object_size(constructed, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tag);
+    length = ASN1_object_size(constructed, seq_len, tn);
+    str = rb_str_new(0, length);
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    if(tc == V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL)
+	ASN1_put_object(&p, constructed, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tn, tc);
+    else{
+	if(explicit){
+	    ASN1_put_object(&p, constructed, seq_len, tn, tc);
+	    ASN1_put_object(&p, constructed, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tag, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
+	}
+	else{
+	    ASN1_put_object(&p, constructed, RSTRING_LENINT(value), tn, tc);
+	}
+    }
+    memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value));
+    p += RSTRING_LEN(value);
+
+    /* In this case we need an additional EOC (one for the explicit part and
+     * one for the Constructive itself. The EOC for the Constructive is
+     * supplied by the user, but that for the "explicit wrapper" must be
+     * added here.
+     */
+    if (explicit && inf_length == Qtrue) {
+	ASN1_put_eoc(&p);
+    }
+    ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    asn1_ary.each { |asn1| block } => asn1_ary
+ *
+ * Calls <i>block</i> once for each element in +self+, passing that element
+ * as parameter +asn1+. If no block is given, an enumerator is returned
+ * instead.
+ *
+ * == Example
+ *   asn1_ary.each do |asn1|
+ *     puts asn1
+ *   end
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1cons_each(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_ary_each(ossl_asn1_get_value(self));
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId.register(object_id, short_name, long_name)
+ *
+ * This adds a new ObjectId to the internal tables. Where +object_id+ is the
+ * numerical form, +short_name+ is the short name, and +long_name+ is the long
+ * name.
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if successful. Raises an OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Error if it fails.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1obj_s_register(VALUE self, VALUE oid, VALUE sn, VALUE ln)
+{
+    StringValueCStr(oid);
+    StringValueCStr(sn);
+    StringValueCStr(ln);
+
+    if(!OBJ_create(RSTRING_PTR(oid), RSTRING_PTR(sn), RSTRING_PTR(ln)))
+	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#sn
+ *
+ * The short name of the ObjectId, as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
+ */
+/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#short_name
+ *
+ * +short_name+ is an alias to +sn+
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1obj_get_sn(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE val, ret = Qnil;
+    int nid;
+
+    val = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
+    if ((nid = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValueCStr(val))) != NID_undef)
+	ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2sn(nid));
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#ln
+ *
+ * The long name of the ObjectId, as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
+ */
+/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#long_name
+ *
+ * +long_name+ is an alias to +ln+
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1obj_get_ln(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE val, ret = Qnil;
+    int nid;
+
+    val = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
+    if ((nid = OBJ_txt2nid(StringValueCStr(val))) != NID_undef)
+	ret = rb_str_new2(OBJ_nid2ln(nid));
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId#oid
+ *
+ * The object identifier as a +String+, e.g. "1.2.3.4.5"
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_asn1obj_get_oid(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE val;
+    ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
+    char buf[128];
+
+    val = ossl_asn1_get_value(self);
+    a1obj = obj_to_asn1obj(val);
+    OBJ_obj2txt(buf, sizeof(buf), a1obj, 1);
+    ASN1_OBJECT_free(a1obj);
+
+    return rb_str_new2(buf);
+}
+
+#define OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(klass) \
+static VALUE ossl_asn1_##klass(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)\
+{ return rb_funcall3(cASN1##klass, rb_intern("new"), argc, argv); }
+
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(Boolean)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(Integer)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(Enumerated)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(BitString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(OctetString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(UTF8String)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(NumericString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(PrintableString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(T61String)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(VideotexString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(IA5String)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(GraphicString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(ISO64String)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(GeneralString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(UniversalString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(BMPString)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(Null)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(ObjectId)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(UTCTime)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(GeneralizedTime)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(Sequence)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(Set)
+OSSL_ASN1_IMPL_FACTORY_METHOD(EndOfContent)
+
+void
+Init_ossl_asn1(void)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+    int i;
+
+#if 0
+    mOSSL = rb_define_module("OpenSSL");
+    eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
+#endif
+
+    sUNIVERSAL = rb_intern("UNIVERSAL");
+    sCONTEXT_SPECIFIC = rb_intern("CONTEXT_SPECIFIC");
+    sAPPLICATION = rb_intern("APPLICATION");
+    sPRIVATE = rb_intern("PRIVATE");
+    sEXPLICIT = rb_intern("EXPLICIT");
+    sIMPLICIT = rb_intern("IMPLICIT");
+
+    sivVALUE = rb_intern("@value");
+    sivTAG = rb_intern("@tag");
+    sivTAGGING = rb_intern("@tagging");
+    sivTAG_CLASS = rb_intern("@tag_class");
+    sivINFINITE_LENGTH = rb_intern("@infinite_length");
+    sivUNUSED_BITS = rb_intern("@unused_bits");
+
+    /*
+     * Document-module: OpenSSL::ASN1
+     *
+     * Abstract Syntax Notation One (or ASN.1) is a notation syntax to
+     * describe data structures and is defined in ITU-T X.680. ASN.1 itself
+     * does not mandate any encoding or parsing rules, but usually ASN.1 data
+     * structures are encoded using the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) or
+     * less often the Basic Encoding Rules (BER) described in ITU-T X.690. DER
+     * and BER encodings are binary Tag-Length-Value (TLV) encodings that are
+     * quite concise compared to other popular data description formats such
+     * as XML, JSON etc.
+     * ASN.1 data structures are very common in cryptographic applications,
+     * e.g. X.509 public key certificates or certificate revocation lists
+     * (CRLs) are all defined in ASN.1 and DER-encoded. ASN.1, DER and BER are
+     * the building blocks of applied cryptography.
+     * The ASN1 module provides the necessary classes that allow generation
+     * of ASN.1 data structures and the methods to encode them using a DER
+     * encoding. The decode method allows parsing arbitrary BER-/DER-encoded
+     * data to a Ruby object that can then be modified and re-encoded at will.
+     *
+     * == ASN.1 class hierarchy
+     *
+     * The base class representing ASN.1 structures is ASN1Data. ASN1Data offers
+     * attributes to read and set the +tag+, the +tag_class+ and finally the
+     * +value+ of a particular ASN.1 item. Upon parsing, any tagged values
+     * (implicit or explicit) will be represented by ASN1Data instances because
+     * their "real type" can only be determined using out-of-band information
+     * from the ASN.1 type declaration. Since this information is normally
+     * known when encoding a type, all sub-classes of ASN1Data offer an
+     * additional attribute +tagging+ that allows to encode a value implicitly
+     * (+:IMPLICIT+) or explicitly (+:EXPLICIT+).
+     *
+     * === Constructive
+     *
+     * Constructive is, as its name implies, the base class for all
+     * constructed encodings, i.e. those that consist of several values,
+     * opposed to "primitive" encodings with just one single value.
+     * Primitive values that are encoded with "infinite length" are typically
+     * constructed (their values come in multiple chunks) and are therefore
+     * represented by instances of Constructive. The value of an Constructive
+     * is always an Array.
+     *
+     * ==== ASN1::Set and ASN1::Sequence
+     *
+     * The most common constructive encodings are SETs and SEQUENCEs, which is
+     * why there are two sub-classes of Constructive representing each of
+     * them.
+     *
+     * === Primitive
+     *
+     * This is the super class of all primitive values. Primitive
+     * itself is not used when parsing ASN.1 data, all values are either
+     * instances of a corresponding sub-class of Primitive or they are
+     * instances of ASN1Data if the value was tagged implicitly or explicitly.
+     * Please cf. Primitive documentation for details on sub-classes and
+     * their respective mappings of ASN.1 data types to Ruby objects.
+     *
+     * == Possible values for +tagging+
+     *
+     * When constructing an ASN1Data object the ASN.1 type definition may
+     * require certain elements to be either implicitly or explicitly tagged.
+     * This can be achieved by setting the +tagging+ attribute manually for
+     * sub-classes of ASN1Data. Use the symbol +:IMPLICIT+ for implicit
+     * tagging and +:EXPLICIT+ if the element requires explicit tagging.
+     *
+     * == Possible values for +tag_class+
+     *
+     * It is possible to create arbitrary ASN1Data objects that also support
+     * a PRIVATE or APPLICATION tag class. Possible values for the +tag_class+
+     * attribute are:
+     * * +:UNIVERSAL+ (the default for untagged values)
+     * * +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+ (the default for tagged values)
+     * * +:APPLICATION+
+     * * +:PRIVATE+
+     *
+     * == Tag constants
+     *
+     * There is a constant defined for each universal tag:
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::EOC (0)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BOOLEAN (1)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::INTEGER (2)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BIT_STRING (3)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::OCTET_STRING (4)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::NULL (5)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::OBJECT (6)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::ENUMERATED (10)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UTF8STRING (12)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::SEQUENCE (16)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::SET (17)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::NUMERICSTRING (18)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::PRINTABLESTRING (19)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::T61STRING (20)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::VIDEOTEXSTRING (21)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::IA5STRING (22)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UTCTIME (23)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GENERALIZEDTIME (24)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GRAPHICSTRING (25)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::ISO64STRING (26)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GENERALSTRING (27)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UNIVERSALSTRING (28)
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BMPSTRING (30)
+     *
+     * == UNIVERSAL_TAG_NAME constant
+     *
+     * An Array that stores the name of a given tag number. These names are
+     * the same as the name of the tag constant that is additionally defined,
+     * e.g. UNIVERSAL_TAG_NAME[2] = "INTEGER" and OpenSSL::ASN1::INTEGER = 2.
+     *
+     * == Example usage
+     *
+     * === Decoding and viewing a DER-encoded file
+     *   require 'openssl'
+     *   require 'pp'
+     *   der = File.binread('data.der')
+     *   asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
+     *   pp der
+     *
+     * === Creating an ASN.1 structure and DER-encoding it
+     *   require 'openssl'
+     *   version = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(1)
+     *   # Explicitly 0-tagged implies context-specific tag class
+     *   serial = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(12345, 0, :EXPLICIT, :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC)
+     *   name = OpenSSL::ASN1::PrintableString.new('Data 1')
+     *   sequence = OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence.new( [ version, serial, name ] )
+     *   der = sequence.to_der
+     */
+    mASN1 = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "ASN1");
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Error
+     *
+     * Generic error class for all errors raised in ASN1 and any of the
+     * classes defined in it.
+     */
+    eASN1Error = rb_define_class_under(mASN1, "ASN1Error", eOSSLError);
+    rb_define_module_function(mASN1, "traverse", ossl_asn1_traverse, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(mASN1, "decode", ossl_asn1_decode, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(mASN1, "decode_all", ossl_asn1_decode_all, 1);
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+
+    /*
+     * Array storing tag names at the tag's index.
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mASN1, "UNIVERSAL_TAG_NAME", ary);
+    for(i = 0; i < ossl_asn1_info_size; i++){
+	if(ossl_asn1_info[i].name[0] == '[') continue;
+	rb_define_const(mASN1, ossl_asn1_info[i].name, INT2NUM(i));
+	rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_str_new2(ossl_asn1_info[i].name));
+    }
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data
+     *
+     * The top-level class representing any ASN.1 object. When parsed by
+     * ASN1.decode, tagged values are always represented by an instance
+     * of ASN1Data.
+     *
+     * == The role of ASN1Data for parsing tagged values
+     *
+     * When encoding an ASN.1 type it is inherently clear what original
+     * type (e.g. INTEGER, OCTET STRING etc.) this value has, regardless
+     * of its tagging.
+     * But opposed to the time an ASN.1 type is to be encoded, when parsing
+     * them it is not possible to deduce the "real type" of tagged
+     * values. This is why tagged values are generally parsed into ASN1Data
+     * instances, but with a different outcome for implicit and explicit
+     * tagging.
+     *
+     * === Example of a parsed implicitly tagged value
+     *
+     * An implicitly 1-tagged INTEGER value will be parsed as an
+     * ASN1Data with
+     * * +tag+ equal to 1
+     * * +tag_class+ equal to +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+
+     * * +value+ equal to a +String+ that carries the raw encoding
+     *   of the INTEGER.
+     * This implies that a subsequent decoding step is required to
+     * completely decode implicitly tagged values.
+     *
+     * === Example of a parsed explicitly tagged value
+     *
+     * An explicitly 1-tagged INTEGER value will be parsed as an
+     * ASN1Data with
+     * * +tag+ equal to 1
+     * * +tag_class+ equal to +:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC+
+     * * +value+ equal to an +Array+ with one single element, an
+     *   instance of OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer, i.e. the inner element
+     *   is the non-tagged primitive value, and the tagging is represented
+     *   in the outer ASN1Data
+     *
+     * == Example - Decoding an implicitly tagged INTEGER
+     *   int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(1, 0, :IMPLICIT) # implicit 0-tagged
+     *   seq = OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence.new( [int] )
+     *   der = seq.to_der
+     *   asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
+     *   # pp asn1 => #<OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence:0x87326e0
+     *   #              @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #              @tag=16,
+     *   #              @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL,
+     *   #              @tagging=nil,
+     *   #              @value=
+     *   #                [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data:0x87326f4
+     *   #                   @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #                   @tag=0,
+     *   #                   @tag_class=:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
+     *   #                   @value="\x01">]>
+     *   raw_int = asn1.value[0]
+     *   # manually rewrite tag and tag class to make it an UNIVERSAL value
+     *   raw_int.tag = OpenSSL::ASN1::INTEGER
+     *   raw_int.tag_class = :UNIVERSAL
+     *   int2 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(raw_int)
+     *   puts int2.value # => 1
+     *
+     * == Example - Decoding an explicitly tagged INTEGER
+     *   int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(1, 0, :EXPLICIT) # explicit 0-tagged
+     *   seq = OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence.new( [int] )
+     *   der = seq.to_der
+     *   asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
+     *   # pp asn1 => #<OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence:0x87326e0
+     *   #              @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #              @tag=16,
+     *   #              @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL,
+     *   #              @tagging=nil,
+     *   #              @value=
+     *   #                [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data:0x87326f4
+     *   #                   @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #                   @tag=0,
+     *   #                   @tag_class=:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
+     *   #                   @value=
+     *   #                     [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer:0x85bf308
+     *   #                        @infinite_length=false,
+     *   #                        @tag=2,
+     *   #                        @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL
+     *   #                        @tagging=nil,
+     *   #                        @value=1>]>]>
+     *   int2 = asn1.value[0].value[0]
+     *   puts int2.value # => 1
+     */
+    cASN1Data = rb_define_class_under(mASN1, "ASN1Data", rb_cObject);
+    /*
+     * Carries the value of a ASN.1 type.
+     * Please confer Constructive and Primitive for the mappings between
+     * ASN.1 data types and Ruby classes.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("value"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * A +Number+ representing the tag number of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * A +Symbol+ representing the tag class of this ASN1Data. Never +nil+.
+     * See ASN1Data for possible values.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("tag_class"), 1, 1, 0);
+    /*
+     * Never +nil+. A +Boolean+ indicating whether the encoding was infinite
+     * length (in the case of parsing) or whether an infinite length encoding
+     * shall be used (in the encoding case).
+     * In DER, every value has a finite length associated with it. But in
+     * scenarios where large amounts of data need to be transferred it
+     * might be desirable to have some kind of streaming support available.
+     * For example, huge OCTET STRINGs are preferably sent in smaller-sized
+     * chunks, each at a time.
+     * This is possible in BER by setting the length bytes of an encoding
+     * to zero and by this indicating that the following value will be
+     * sent in chunks. Infinite length encodings are always constructed.
+     * The end of such a stream of chunks is indicated by sending a EOC
+     * (End of Content) tag. SETs and SEQUENCEs may use an infinite length
+     * encoding, but also primitive types such as e.g. OCTET STRINGS or
+     * BIT STRINGS may leverage this functionality (cf. ITU-T X.690).
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Data, rb_intern("infinite_length"), 1, 1, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Data, "initialize", ossl_asn1data_initialize, 3);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Data, "to_der", ossl_asn1data_to_der, 0);
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::Primitive
+     *
+     * The parent class for all primitive encodings. Attributes are the same as
+     * for ASN1Data, with the addition of +tagging+.
+     * Primitive values can never be infinite length encodings, thus it is not
+     * possible to set the +infinite_length+ attribute for Primitive and its
+     * sub-classes.
+     *
+     * == Primitive sub-classes and their mapping to Ruby classes
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent    <=> +value+ is always +nil+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Boolean         <=> +value+ is a +Boolean+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer         <=> +value+ is a +Number+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BitString       <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::OctetString     <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Null            <=> +value+ is always +nil+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Object          <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Enumerated      <=> +value+ is a +Number+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UTF8String      <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::NumericString   <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::PrintableString <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::T61String       <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::VideotexString  <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::IA5String       <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UTCTime         <=> +value+ is a +Time+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GeneralizedTime <=> +value+ is a +Time+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GraphicString   <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::ISO64String     <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::GeneralString   <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::UniversalString <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::BMPString       <=> +value+ is a +String+
+     *
+     * == OpenSSL::ASN1::BitString
+     *
+     * === Additional attributes
+     * +unused_bits+: if the underlying BIT STRING's
+     * length is a multiple of 8 then +unused_bits+ is 0. Otherwise
+     * +unused_bits+ indicates the number of bits that are to be ignored in
+     * the final octet of the +BitString+'s +value+.
+     *
+     * == OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId
+     *
+     * NOTE: While OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId.new will allocate a new ObjectId,
+     * it is not typically allocated this way, but rather that are received from
+     * parsed ASN1 encodings.
+     *
+     * === Additional attributes
+     * * +sn+: the short name as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
+     * * +ln+: the long name as defined in <openssl/objects.h>.
+     * * +oid+: the object identifier as a +String+, e.g. "1.2.3.4.5"
+     * * +short_name+: alias for +sn+.
+     * * +long_name+: alias for +ln+.
+     *
+     * == Examples
+     * With the Exception of OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent, each Primitive class
+     * constructor takes at least one parameter, the +value+.
+     *
+     * === Creating EndOfContent
+     *   eoc = OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent.new
+     *
+     * === Creating any other Primitive
+     *   prim = <class>.new(value) # <class> being one of the sub-classes except EndOfContent
+     *   prim_zero_tagged_implicit = <class>.new(value, 0, :IMPLICIT)
+     *   prim_zero_tagged_explicit = <class>.new(value, 0, :EXPLICIT)
+     */
+    cASN1Primitive = rb_define_class_under(mASN1, "Primitive", cASN1Data);
+    /*
+     * May be used as a hint for encoding a value either implicitly or
+     * explicitly by setting it either to +:IMPLICIT+ or to +:EXPLICIT+.
+     * +tagging+ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
+     * OpenSSL::ASN1.decode.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Primitive, rb_intern("tagging"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
+    rb_undef_method(cASN1Primitive, "infinite_length=");
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Primitive, "initialize", ossl_asn1_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Primitive, "to_der", ossl_asn1prim_to_der, 0);
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::Constructive
+     *
+     * The parent class for all constructed encodings. The +value+ attribute
+     * of a Constructive is always an +Array+. Attributes are the same as
+     * for ASN1Data, with the addition of +tagging+.
+     *
+     * == SET and SEQUENCE
+     *
+     * Most constructed encodings come in the form of a SET or a SEQUENCE.
+     * These encodings are represented by one of the two sub-classes of
+     * Constructive:
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Set
+     * * OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence
+     * Please note that tagged sequences and sets are still parsed as
+     * instances of ASN1Data. Find further details on tagged values
+     * there.
+     *
+     * === Example - constructing a SEQUENCE
+     *   int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(1)
+     *   str = OpenSSL::ASN1::PrintableString.new('abc')
+     *   sequence = OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence.new( [ int, str ] )
+     *
+     * === Example - constructing a SET
+     *   int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(1)
+     *   str = OpenSSL::ASN1::PrintableString.new('abc')
+     *   set = OpenSSL::ASN1::Set.new( [ int, str ] )
+     *
+     * == Infinite length primitive values
+     *
+     * The only case where Constructive is used directly is for infinite
+     * length encodings of primitive values. These encodings are always
+     * constructed, with the contents of the +value+ +Array+ being either
+     * UNIVERSAL non-infinite length partial encodings of the actual value
+     * or again constructive encodings with infinite length (i.e. infinite
+     * length primitive encodings may be constructed recursively with another
+     * infinite length value within an already infinite length value). Each
+     * partial encoding must be of the same UNIVERSAL type as the overall
+     * encoding. The value of the overall encoding consists of the
+     * concatenation of each partial encoding taken in sequence. The +value+
+     * array of the outer infinite length value must end with a
+     * OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent instance.
+     *
+     * Please note that it is not possible to encode Constructive without
+     * the +infinite_length+ attribute being set to +true+, use
+     * OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence or OpenSSL::ASN1::Set in these cases instead.
+     *
+     * === Example - Infinite length OCTET STRING
+     *   partial1 = OpenSSL::ASN1::OctetString.new("\x01")
+     *   partial2 = OpenSSL::ASN1::OctetString.new("\x02")
+     *   inf_octets = OpenSSL::ASN1::Constructive.new( [ partial1,
+     *                                                   partial2,
+     *                                                   OpenSSL::ASN1::EndOfContent.new ],
+     *                                                 OpenSSL::ASN1::OCTET_STRING,
+     *                                                 nil,
+     *                                                 :UNIVERSAL )
+     *   # The real value of inf_octets is "\x01\x02", i.e. the concatenation
+     *   # of partial1 and partial2
+     *   inf_octets.infinite_length = true
+     *   der = inf_octets.to_der
+     *   asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
+     *   puts asn1.infinite_length # => true
+     */
+    cASN1Constructive = rb_define_class_under(mASN1,"Constructive", cASN1Data);
+    rb_include_module(cASN1Constructive, rb_mEnumerable);
+    /*
+     * May be used as a hint for encoding a value either implicitly or
+     * explicitly by setting it either to +:IMPLICIT+ or to +:EXPLICIT+.
+     * +tagging+ is not set when a ASN.1 structure is parsed using
+     * OpenSSL::ASN1.decode.
+     */
+    rb_attr(cASN1Constructive, rb_intern("tagging"), 1, 1, Qtrue);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Constructive, "initialize", ossl_asn1_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Constructive, "to_der", ossl_asn1cons_to_der, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1Constructive, "each", ossl_asn1cons_each, 0);
+
+#define OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(name, super) \
+do{\
+    cASN1##name = rb_define_class_under(mASN1, #name, cASN1##super);\
+    rb_define_module_function(mASN1, #name, ossl_asn1_##name, -1);\
+}while(0)
+
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(Boolean, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(Integer, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(Enumerated, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(BitString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(OctetString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(UTF8String, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(NumericString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(PrintableString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(T61String, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(VideotexString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(IA5String, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(GraphicString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(ISO64String, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(GeneralString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(UniversalString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(BMPString, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(Null, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(ObjectId, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(UTCTime, Primitive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(GeneralizedTime, Primitive);
+
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(Sequence, Constructive);
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(Set, Constructive);
+
+    OSSL_ASN1_DEFINE_CLASS(EndOfContent, Data);
+
+
+    /* Document-class: OpenSSL::ASN1::ObjectId
+     *
+     * Represents the primitive object id for OpenSSL::ASN1
+     */
+#if 0
+    cASN1ObjectId = rb_define_class_under(mASN1, "ObjectId", cASN1Primitive);  /* let rdoc know */
+#endif
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cASN1ObjectId, "register", ossl_asn1obj_s_register, 3);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1ObjectId, "sn", ossl_asn1obj_get_sn, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1ObjectId, "ln", ossl_asn1obj_get_ln, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cASN1ObjectId, "oid", ossl_asn1obj_get_oid, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(cASN1ObjectId, "short_name", "sn");
+    rb_define_alias(cASN1ObjectId, "long_name", "ln");
+    rb_attr(cASN1BitString, rb_intern("unused_bits"), 1, 1, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(cASN1EndOfContent, "initialize", ossl_asn1eoc_initialize, 0);
+
+    class_tag_map = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1EndOfContent, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_EOC));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Boolean, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_BOOLEAN));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Integer, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_INTEGER));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1BitString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_BIT_STRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1OctetString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Null, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_NULL));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1ObjectId, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_OBJECT));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Enumerated, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_ENUMERATED));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1UTF8String, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_UTF8STRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Sequence, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_SEQUENCE));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1Set, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_SET));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1NumericString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1PrintableString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1T61String, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_T61STRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1VideotexString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_VIDEOTEXSTRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1IA5String, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_IA5STRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1UTCTime, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_UTCTIME));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1GeneralizedTime, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1GraphicString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_GRAPHICSTRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1ISO64String, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_ISO64STRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1GeneralString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1UniversalString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING));
+    rb_hash_aset(class_tag_map, cASN1BMPString, INT2NUM(V_ASN1_BMPSTRING));
+    rb_global_variable(&class_tag_map);
+}