oj 3.9.1 → 3.16.11

data/ext/oj/dump_compat.c

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-/* dump_object.c
- * Copyright (c) 2012, 2017, Peter Ohler
- * All rights reserved.
- */
+// Copyright (c) 2012, 2017 Peter Ohler. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE file in the project root for license details.
 
 #include "code.h"
 #include "dump.h"
@@ -9,242 +7,220 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 
 // Workaround in case INFINITY is not defined in math.h or if the OS is CentOS
-#define OJ_INFINITY (1.0/0.0)
+#define OJ_INFINITY (1.0 / 0.0)
 
-bool	oj_use_hash_alt = false;
-bool	oj_use_array_alt = false;
+bool oj_use_hash_alt  = false;
+bool oj_use_array_alt = false;
 
-static bool	use_struct_alt = false;
-static bool	use_exception_alt = false;
-static bool	use_bignum_alt = false;
+static bool use_struct_alt    = false;
+static bool use_exception_alt = false;
+static bool use_bignum_alt    = false;
 
-static void
-raise_json_err(const char *msg, const char *err_classname) {
+static void raise_json_err(const char *msg, const char *err_classname) {
     rb_raise(oj_get_json_err_class(err_classname), "%s", msg);
 }
 
-static void
-dump_obj_classname(const char *classname, int depth, Out out) {
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
-    size_t	len = strlen(classname);
-    size_t	sep_len = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
-    size_t	size = d2 * out->indent + 10 + len + out->opts->create_id_len + sep_len;
+static void dump_obj_classname(const char *classname, int depth, Out out) {
+    int    d2      = depth + 1;
+    size_t len     = strlen(classname);
+    size_t sep_len = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
+    size_t size    = d2 * out->indent + 10 + len + out->opts->create_id_len + sep_len;
 
     assure_size(out, size);
     *out->cur++ = '{';
     fill_indent(out, d2);
     *out->cur++ = '"';
-    memcpy(out->cur, out->opts->create_id, out->opts->create_id_len);
-    out->cur += out->opts->create_id_len;
+    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->create_id, out->opts->create_id_len);
     *out->cur++ = '"';
     if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
-	strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep);
-	out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.before_size;
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size);
     }
     *out->cur++ = ':';
     if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
-	strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep);
-	out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.after_size;
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.after_size);
     }
     *out->cur++ = '"';
-    memcpy(out->cur, classname, len);
-    out->cur += len;
+    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, classname, len);
     *out->cur++ = '"';
 }
 
-static void
-dump_values_array(VALUE *values, int depth, Out out) {
-    size_t	size;
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
+static void dump_values_array(VALUE *values, int depth, Out out) {
+    size_t size;
+    int    d2 = depth + 1;
 
     assure_size(out, d2 * out->indent + 3);
     *out->cur++ = '[';
     if (Qundef == *values) {
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
+        *out->cur++ = ']';
     } else {
-	if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-	    size = d2 * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.array_size + 2;
-	    size += out->opts->dump_opts.array_size;
-	    size += out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size;
-	} else {
-	    size = d2 * out->indent + 3;
-	}
-	for (; Qundef != *values; values++) {
-	    assure_size(out, size);
-	    if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-		if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
-		    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl);
-		    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.array_size;
-		}
-		if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
-		    int	i;
-
-		    for (i = d2; 0 < i; i--) {
-			strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str);
-			out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size;
-		    }
-		}
-	    } else {
-		fill_indent(out, d2);
-	    }
-	    oj_dump_compat_val(*values, d2, out, true);
-	    if (Qundef != *(values + 1)) {
-		*out->cur++ = ',';
-	    }
-	}
-	assure_size(out, size);
-	if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
-		strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl);
-		out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.array_size;
-	    }
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
-		int	i;
-
-		for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
-		    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str);
-		    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size;
-		}
-	    }
-	} else {
-	    fill_indent(out, depth);
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
+        if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            size = d2 * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.array_size + 2;
+            size += out->opts->dump_opts.array_size;
+            size += out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size;
+        } else {
+            size = d2 * out->indent + 3;
+        }
+        for (; Qundef != *values; values++) {
+            assure_size(out, size);
+            if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+                if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+                }
+                if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                    int i;
+
+                    for (i = d2; 0 < i; i--) {
+                        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                fill_indent(out, d2);
+            }
+            oj_dump_compat_val(*values, d2, out, true);
+            if (Qundef != *(values + 1)) {
+                *out->cur++ = ',';
+            }
+        }
+        assure_size(out, size);
+        if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+            }
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            fill_indent(out, depth);
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = ']';
     }
 }
 
-static void
-dump_to_json(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    volatile VALUE	rs;
-    const char		*s;
-    int			len;
+static void dump_to_json(VALUE obj, Out out) {
+    volatile VALUE rs;
+    const char    *s;
+    size_t         len;
 
-    if (Yes == out->opts->trace) {
-	oj_trace("to_json", obj, __FILE__, __LINE__, 0, TraceRubyIn);
-    }
+    TRACE(out->opts->trace, "to_json", obj, 0, TraceRubyIn);
     if (0 == rb_obj_method_arity(obj, oj_to_json_id)) {
-	rs = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_json_id, 0);
+        rs = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_json_id, 0);
     } else {
-	rs = rb_funcall2(obj, oj_to_json_id, out->argc, out->argv);
-    }
-    if (Yes == out->opts->trace) {
-	oj_trace("to_json", obj, __FILE__, __LINE__, 0, TraceRubyOut);
+        rs = rb_funcall2(obj, oj_to_json_id, out->argc, out->argv);
     }
+    TRACE(out->opts->trace, "to_json", obj, 0, TraceRubyOut);
 
-    s = rb_string_value_ptr((VALUE*)&rs);
-    len = (int)RSTRING_LEN(rs);
+    StringValue(rs);
+    s   = RSTRING_PTR(rs);
+    len = RSTRING_LEN(rs);
 
     assure_size(out, len + 1);
-    memcpy(out->cur, s, len);
-    out->cur += len;
+    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, s, len);
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static void
-dump_array(VALUE a, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
-    size_t	size;
-    int		i, cnt;
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
-    long	id = oj_check_circular(a, out);
+static void dump_array(VALUE a, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    size_t size;
+    size_t i;
+    size_t cnt;
+    int    d2 = depth + 1;
+    long   id = oj_check_circular(a, out);
 
     if (0 > id) {
-	raise_json_err("Too deeply nested", "NestingError");
-	return;
+        raise_json_err("Too deeply nested", "NestingError");
+        return;
     }
-    if (as_ok && !oj_use_hash_alt && rb_obj_class(a) != rb_cArray && rb_respond_to(a, oj_to_json_id)) {
-	dump_to_json(a, out);
-	return;
+    if (as_ok && !oj_use_array_alt && rb_obj_class(a) != rb_cArray && rb_respond_to(a, oj_to_json_id)) {
+        dump_to_json(a, out);
+        return;
     }
-    cnt = (int)RARRAY_LEN(a);
+    cnt         = RARRAY_LEN(a);
     *out->cur++ = '[';
     assure_size(out, 2);
     if (0 == cnt) {
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
+        *out->cur++ = ']';
     } else {
-	if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-	    size = d2 * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.array_size + 1;
-	} else {
-	    size = d2 * out->indent + 2;
-	}
-	cnt--;
-	for (i = 0; i <= cnt; i++) {
-	    assure_size(out, size);
-	    if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-		if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
-		    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl);
-		    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.array_size;
-		}
-		if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
-		    int	i;
-		    for (i = d2; 0 < i; i--) {
-			strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str);
-			out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size;
-		    }
-		}
-	    } else {
-		fill_indent(out, d2);
-	    }
-	    oj_dump_compat_val(rb_ary_entry(a, i), d2, out, true);
-	    if (i < cnt) {
-		*out->cur++ = ',';
-	    }
-	}
-	if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-	    size = out->opts->dump_opts.array_size + out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size * depth + 1;
-	    assure_size(out, size);
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
-		strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl);
-		out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.array_size;
-	    }
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
-		int	i;
-
-		for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
-		    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str);
-		    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size;
-		}
-	    }
-	} else {
-	    size = depth * out->indent + 1;
-	    assure_size(out, size);
-	    fill_indent(out, depth);
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
+        if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            size = d2 * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.array_size + 1;
+        } else {
+            size = d2 * out->indent + 2;
+        }
+        assure_size(out, size * cnt);
+        cnt--;
+        for (i = 0; i <= cnt; i++) {
+            if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+                if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+                }
+                if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                    int i;
+                    for (i = d2; 0 < i; i--) {
+                        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                fill_indent(out, d2);
+            }
+            oj_dump_compat_val(RARRAY_AREF(a, i), d2, out, true);
+            if (i < cnt) {
+                *out->cur++ = ',';
+            }
+        }
+        if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            size = out->opts->dump_opts.array_size + out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size * depth + 1;
+            assure_size(out, size);
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+            }
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            size = depth * out->indent + 1;
+            assure_size(out, size);
+            fill_indent(out, depth);
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = ']';
     }
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static ID	_dump_id = 0;
+static ID _dump_id = 0;
 
-static void
-bigdecimal_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    struct _attr	attrs[] = {
-	{ "b", 1, Qnil },
-	{ NULL, 0, Qnil },
+static void bigdecimal_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    struct _attr attrs[] = {
+        {"b", 1, Qnil},
+        {NULL, 0, Qnil},
     };
 
     if (0 == _dump_id) {
-	_dump_id = rb_intern("_dump");
+        _dump_id = rb_intern("_dump");
     }
     attrs[0].value = rb_funcall(obj, _dump_id, 0);
 
     oj_code_attrs(obj, attrs, depth, out, true);
 }
 
-static ID	real_id = 0;
-static ID	imag_id = 0;
+static ID real_id = 0;
+static ID imag_id = 0;
 
-static void
-complex_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    struct _attr	attrs[] = {
-	{ "r", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "i", 1, Qnil },
-	{ NULL, 0, Qnil },
+static void complex_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    struct _attr attrs[] = {
+        {"r", 1, Qnil},
+        {"i", 1, Qnil},
+        {NULL, 0, Qnil},
     };
 
     if (0 == real_id) {
-	real_id = rb_intern("real");
-	imag_id = rb_intern("imag");
+        real_id = rb_intern("real");
+        imag_id = rb_intern("imag");
     }
     attrs[0].value = rb_funcall(obj, real_id, 0);
     attrs[1].value = rb_funcall(obj, imag_id, 0);
@@ -252,25 +228,24 @@ complex_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
     oj_code_attrs(obj, attrs, depth, out, true);
 }
 
-static ID	year_id = 0;
-static ID	month_id = 0;
-static ID	day_id = 0;
-static ID	start_id = 0;
-
-static void
-date_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    struct _attr	attrs[] = {
-	{ "y", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "m", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "d", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "sg", 2, Qnil },
-	{ NULL, 0, Qnil },
+static ID year_id  = 0;
+static ID month_id = 0;
+static ID day_id   = 0;
+static ID start_id = 0;
+
+static void date_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    struct _attr attrs[] = {
+        {"y", 1, Qnil},
+        {"m", 1, Qnil},
+        {"d", 1, Qnil},
+        {"sg", 2, Qnil},
+        {NULL, 0, Qnil},
     };
     if (0 == year_id) {
-	year_id = rb_intern("year");
-	month_id = rb_intern("month");
-	day_id = rb_intern("day");
-	start_id = rb_intern("start");
+        year_id  = rb_intern("year");
+        month_id = rb_intern("month");
+        day_id   = rb_intern("day");
+        start_id = rb_intern("start");
     }
     attrs[0].value = rb_funcall(obj, year_id, 0);
     attrs[1].value = rb_funcall(obj, month_id, 0);
@@ -280,33 +255,32 @@ date_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
     oj_code_attrs(obj, attrs, depth, out, true);
 }
 
-static ID	hour_id = 0;
-static ID	min_id = 0;
-static ID	sec_id = 0;
-static ID	offset_id = 0;
-
-static void
-datetime_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    struct _attr	attrs[] = {
-	{ "y", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "m", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "d", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "H", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "M", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "S", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "of", 2, Qnil },
-	{ "sg", 2, Qnil },
-	{ NULL, 0, Qnil },
+static ID hour_id   = 0;
+static ID min_id    = 0;
+static ID sec_id    = 0;
+static ID offset_id = 0;
+
+static void datetime_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    struct _attr attrs[] = {
+        {"y", 1, Qnil},
+        {"m", 1, Qnil},
+        {"d", 1, Qnil},
+        {"H", 1, Qnil},
+        {"M", 1, Qnil},
+        {"S", 1, Qnil},
+        {"of", 2, Qnil},
+        {"sg", 2, Qnil},
+        {NULL, 0, Qnil},
     };
     if (0 == hour_id) {
-	year_id = rb_intern("year");
-	month_id = rb_intern("month");
-	day_id = rb_intern("day");
-	hour_id = rb_intern("hour");
-	min_id = rb_intern("min");
-	sec_id = rb_intern("sec");
-	offset_id = rb_intern("offset");
-	start_id = rb_intern("start");
+        year_id   = rb_intern("year");
+        month_id  = rb_intern("month");
+        day_id    = rb_intern("day");
+        hour_id   = rb_intern("hour");
+        min_id    = rb_intern("min");
+        sec_id    = rb_intern("sec");
+        offset_id = rb_intern("offset");
+        start_id  = rb_intern("start");
     }
     attrs[0].value = rb_funcall(obj, year_id, 0);
     attrs[1].value = rb_funcall(obj, month_id, 0);
@@ -314,103 +288,88 @@ datetime_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
     attrs[3].value = rb_funcall(obj, hour_id, 0);
     attrs[4].value = rb_funcall(obj, min_id, 0);
     attrs[5].value = rb_funcall(obj, sec_id, 0);
-    attrs[6].value = rb_funcall(rb_funcall(obj, offset_id, 0), oj_to_s_id, 0);
+    attrs[6].value = oj_safe_string_convert(rb_funcall(obj, offset_id, 0));
     attrs[7].value = rb_funcall(obj, start_id, 0);
 
     oj_code_attrs(obj, attrs, depth, out, true);
 }
 
-static ID	message_id = 0;
-static ID	backtrace_id = 0;
+static ID message_id   = 0;
+static ID backtrace_id = 0;
 
-static void
-exception_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    int		d3 = depth + 2;
-    size_t	size = d3 * out->indent + 2;
-    size_t	sep_len = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
+static void exception_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    int    d3      = depth + 2;
+    size_t size    = d3 * out->indent + 2;
+    size_t sep_len = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
 
     if (0 == message_id) {
-	message_id = rb_intern("message");
-	backtrace_id = rb_intern("backtrace");
+        message_id   = rb_intern("message");
+        backtrace_id = rb_intern("backtrace");
     }
     dump_obj_classname(rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)), depth, out);
 
     assure_size(out, size + sep_len + 6);
     *out->cur++ = ',';
     fill_indent(out, d3);
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    *out->cur++ = 'm';
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
+    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, "\"m\"", 3);
     if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
-	strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep);
-	out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.before_size;
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size);
     }
     *out->cur++ = ':';
     if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
-	strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep);
-	out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.after_size;
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.after_size);
     }
     oj_dump_str(rb_funcall(obj, message_id, 0), 0, out, false);
     assure_size(out, size + sep_len + 6);
     *out->cur++ = ',';
     fill_indent(out, d3);
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    *out->cur++ = 'b';
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
+    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, "\"b\"", 3);
     if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
-	strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep);
-	out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.before_size;
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size);
     }
     *out->cur++ = ':';
     if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
-	strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep);
-	out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.after_size;
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.after_size);
     }
     dump_array(rb_funcall(obj, backtrace_id, 0), depth, out, false);
     fill_indent(out, depth);
     *out->cur++ = '}';
-    *out->cur = '\0';
+    *out->cur   = '\0';
 }
 
-static ID	table_id = 0;
+static ID table_id = 0;
 
-static void
-openstruct_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    struct _attr	attrs[] = {
-	{ "t", 1, Qnil },
-	{ NULL, 0, Qnil },
+static void openstruct_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    struct _attr attrs[] = {
+        {"t", 1, Qnil},
+        {NULL, 0, Qnil},
     };
     if (0 == table_id) {
-	table_id = rb_intern("table");
+        table_id = rb_intern("table");
     }
     attrs[0].value = rb_funcall(obj, table_id, 0);
 
     oj_code_attrs(obj, attrs, depth, out, true);
 }
 
-static void
-range_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    int		d3 = depth + 2;
-    size_t	size = d3 * out->indent + 2;
-    size_t	sep_len = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
-    VALUE	args[] = { Qundef, Qundef, Qundef, Qundef };
+static void range_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    int    d3      = depth + 2;
+    size_t size    = d3 * out->indent + 2;
+    size_t sep_len = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
+    VALUE  args[]  = {Qundef, Qundef, Qundef, Qundef};
 
     dump_obj_classname(rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)), depth, out);
 
     assure_size(out, size + sep_len + 6);
     *out->cur++ = ',';
     fill_indent(out, d3);
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    *out->cur++ = 'a';
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
+    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, "\"a\"", 3);
     if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
-	strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep);
-	out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.before_size;
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size);
     }
     *out->cur++ = ':';
     if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
-	strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep);
-	out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.after_size;
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.after_size);
     }
     args[0] = rb_funcall(obj, oj_begin_id, 0);
     args[1] = rb_funcall(obj, oj_end_id, 0);
@@ -418,22 +377,21 @@ range_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
     dump_values_array(args, depth, out);
     fill_indent(out, depth);
     *out->cur++ = '}';
-    *out->cur = '\0';
+    *out->cur   = '\0';
 }
 
-static ID	numerator_id = 0;
-static ID	denominator_id = 0;
+static ID numerator_id   = 0;
+static ID denominator_id = 0;
 
-static void
-rational_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    struct _attr	attrs[] = {
-	{ "n", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "d", 1, Qnil },
-	{ NULL, 0, Qnil },
+static void rational_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    struct _attr attrs[] = {
+        {"n", 1, Qnil},
+        {"d", 1, Qnil},
+        {NULL, 0, Qnil},
     };
     if (0 == numerator_id) {
-	numerator_id = rb_intern("numerator");
-	denominator_id = rb_intern("denominator");
+        numerator_id   = rb_intern("numerator");
+        denominator_id = rb_intern("denominator");
     }
     attrs[0].value = rb_funcall(obj, numerator_id, 0);
     attrs[1].value = rb_funcall(obj, denominator_id, 0);
@@ -441,19 +399,18 @@ rational_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
     oj_code_attrs(obj, attrs, depth, out, true);
 }
 
-static ID	options_id = 0;
-static ID	source_id = 0;
+static ID options_id = 0;
+static ID source_id  = 0;
 
-static void
-regexp_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    struct _attr	attrs[] = {
-	{ "o", 1, Qnil },
-	{ "s", 1, Qnil },
-	{ NULL, 0, Qnil },
+static void regexp_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    struct _attr attrs[] = {
+        {"o", 1, Qnil},
+        {"s", 1, Qnil},
+        {NULL, 0, Qnil},
     };
     if (0 == options_id) {
-	options_id = rb_intern("options");
-	source_id = rb_intern("source");
+        options_id = rb_intern("options");
+        source_id  = rb_intern("source");
     }
     attrs[0].value = rb_funcall(obj, options_id, 0);
     attrs[1].value = rb_funcall(obj, source_id, 0);
@@ -461,30 +418,24 @@ regexp_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
     oj_code_attrs(obj, attrs, depth, out, true);
 }
 
-static void
-time_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    struct _attr	attrs[] = {
-	{ "s", 1, Qundef, 0, Qundef },
-	{ "n", 1, Qundef, 0, Qundef },
-	{ NULL, 0, Qnil },
+static void time_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    struct _attr attrs[] = {
+        {"s", 1, Qundef, 0, Qundef},
+        {"n", 1, Qundef, 0, Qundef},
+        {NULL, 0, Qnil},
     };
-    time_t	sec;
-    long long	nsec;
+    time_t    sec;
+    long long nsec;
 
-#ifdef HAVE_RB_TIME_TIMESPEC
     if (16 <= sizeof(struct timespec)) {
-	struct timespec	ts = rb_time_timespec(obj);
+        struct timespec ts = rb_time_timespec(obj);
 
-	sec = (long long)ts.tv_sec;
-	nsec = ts.tv_nsec;
+        sec  = (long long)ts.tv_sec;
+        nsec = ts.tv_nsec;
     } else {
-	sec = rb_num2ll(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
-	nsec = rb_num2ll(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
+        sec  = NUM2LL(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
+        nsec = NUM2LL(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
     }
-#else
-    sec = rb_num2ll(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
-    nsec = rb_num2ll(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
-#endif
 
     attrs[0].num = sec;
     attrs[1].num = nsec;
@@ -492,68 +443,68 @@ time_alt(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
     oj_code_attrs(obj, attrs, depth, out, true);
 }
 
-struct _code	oj_compat_codes[] = {
-    { "BigDecimal", Qnil, bigdecimal_alt, NULL, false },
-    { "Complex", Qnil, complex_alt, NULL, false },
-    { "Date", Qnil, date_alt, false },
-    { "DateTime", Qnil, datetime_alt, NULL, false },
-    { "OpenStruct", Qnil, openstruct_alt, NULL, false },
-    { "Range", Qnil, range_alt, NULL, false },
-    { "Rational", Qnil, rational_alt, NULL, false },
-    { "Regexp", Qnil, regexp_alt, NULL, false },
-    { "Time", Qnil, time_alt, NULL, false },
+struct _code oj_compat_codes[] = {
+    {"BigDecimal", Qnil, bigdecimal_alt, NULL, false},
+    {"Complex", Qnil, complex_alt, NULL, false},
+    {"Date", Qnil, date_alt, false},
+    {"DateTime", Qnil, datetime_alt, NULL, false},
+    {"OpenStruct", Qnil, openstruct_alt, NULL, false},
+    {"Range", Qnil, range_alt, NULL, false},
+    {"Rational", Qnil, rational_alt, NULL, false},
+    {"Regexp", Qnil, regexp_alt, NULL, false},
+    {"Time", Qnil, time_alt, NULL, false},
     // TBD the rest of the library classes
-    { NULL, Qundef, NULL, NULL, false },
+    {NULL, Qundef, NULL, NULL, false},
 };
 
 VALUE
 oj_add_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    Code	a;
+    Code a;
 
     if (0 == argc) {
-	for (a = oj_compat_codes; NULL != a->name; a++) {
-	    if (Qnil == a->clas || Qundef == a->clas) {
-		a->clas = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern(a->name));
-	    }
-	    a->active = true;
-	}
-	use_struct_alt = true;
-	use_exception_alt = true;
-	use_bignum_alt = true;
-	oj_use_hash_alt = true;
-	oj_use_array_alt = true;
+        for (a = oj_compat_codes; NULL != a->name; a++) {
+            if (Qnil == a->clas || Qundef == a->clas) {
+                a->clas = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern(a->name));
+            }
+            a->active = true;
+        }
+        use_struct_alt    = true;
+        use_exception_alt = true;
+        use_bignum_alt    = true;
+        oj_use_hash_alt   = true;
+        oj_use_array_alt  = true;
     } else {
-	for (; 0 < argc; argc--, argv++) {
-	    if (rb_cStruct == *argv) {
-		use_struct_alt = true;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    if (rb_eException == *argv) {
-		use_exception_alt = true;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    if (rb_cInteger == *argv) {
-		use_bignum_alt = true;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    if (rb_cHash == *argv) {
-		oj_use_hash_alt = true;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    if (rb_cArray == *argv) {
-		oj_use_array_alt = true;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    for (a = oj_compat_codes; NULL != a->name; a++) {
-		if (Qnil == a->clas || Qundef == a->clas) {
-		    a->clas = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern(a->name));
-		}
-		if (*argv == a->clas) {
-		    a->active = true;
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+        for (; 0 < argc; argc--, argv++) {
+            if (rb_cStruct == *argv) {
+                use_struct_alt = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_eException == *argv) {
+                use_exception_alt = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_cInteger == *argv) {
+                use_bignum_alt = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_cHash == *argv) {
+                oj_use_hash_alt = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_cArray == *argv) {
+                oj_use_array_alt = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (a = oj_compat_codes; NULL != a->name; a++) {
+                if (Qnil == a->clas || Qundef == a->clas) {
+                    a->clas = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern(a->name));
+                }
+                if (*argv == a->clas) {
+                    a->active = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -561,36 +512,36 @@ oj_add_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
 VALUE
 oj_remove_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
     if (0 == argc) {
-	oj_code_set_active(oj_compat_codes, Qnil, false);
-	use_struct_alt = false;
-	use_exception_alt = false;
-	use_bignum_alt = false;
-	oj_use_hash_alt = false;
-	oj_use_array_alt = false;
+        oj_code_set_active(oj_compat_codes, Qnil, false);
+        use_struct_alt    = false;
+        use_exception_alt = false;
+        use_bignum_alt    = false;
+        oj_use_hash_alt   = false;
+        oj_use_array_alt  = false;
     } else {
-	for (; 0 < argc; argc--, argv++) {
-	    if (rb_cStruct == *argv) {
-		use_struct_alt = false;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    if (rb_eException == *argv) {
-		use_exception_alt = false;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    if (rb_cInteger == *argv) {
-		use_bignum_alt = false;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    if (rb_cHash == *argv) {
-		oj_use_hash_alt = false;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    if (rb_cArray == *argv) {
-		oj_use_array_alt = false;
-		continue;
-	    }
-	    oj_code_set_active(oj_compat_codes, *argv, false);
-	}
+        for (; 0 < argc; argc--, argv++) {
+            if (rb_cStruct == *argv) {
+                use_struct_alt = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_eException == *argv) {
+                use_exception_alt = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_cInteger == *argv) {
+                use_bignum_alt = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_cHash == *argv) {
+                oj_use_hash_alt = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rb_cArray == *argv) {
+                oj_use_array_alt = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            oj_code_set_active(oj_compat_codes, *argv, false);
+        }
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -598,380 +549,349 @@ oj_remove_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
 // The JSON gem is inconsistent with handling of infinity. Using
 // JSON.dump(0.1/0) returns the string Infinity but (0.1/0).to_json raise and
 // exception. Worse, for BigDecimals a quoted "Infinity" is returned.
-static void
-dump_float(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
-    char	buf[64];
-    char	*b;
-    double	d = rb_num2dbl(obj);
-    int		cnt = 0;
+static void dump_float(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    char   buf[64];
+    char  *b;
+    double d   = rb_num2dbl(obj);
+    size_t cnt = 0;
 
     if (0.0 == d) {
-	b = buf;
-	*b++ = '0';
-	*b++ = '.';
-	*b++ = '0';
-	*b++ = '\0';
-	cnt = 3;
+        b    = buf;
+        *b++ = '0';
+        *b++ = '.';
+        *b++ = '0';
+        *b++ = '\0';
+        cnt  = 3;
     } else if (OJ_INFINITY == d) {
-	if (WordNan == out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump) {
-	    strcpy(buf, "Infinity");
-	} else {
-	    raise_json_err("Infinity not allowed in JSON.", "GeneratorError");
-	}
+        if (WordNan == out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump) {
+            strcpy(buf, "Infinity");
+            cnt = 8;
+        } else {
+            raise_json_err("Infinity not allowed in JSON.", "GeneratorError");
+        }
     } else if (-OJ_INFINITY == d) {
-	if (WordNan == out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump) {
-	    strcpy(buf, "-Infinity");
-	} else {
-	    raise_json_err("-Infinity not allowed in JSON.", "GeneratorError");
-	}
+        if (WordNan == out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump) {
+            strcpy(buf, "-Infinity");
+            cnt = 9;
+        } else {
+            raise_json_err("-Infinity not allowed in JSON.", "GeneratorError");
+        }
     } else if (isnan(d)) {
-	if (WordNan == out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump) {
-	    strcpy(buf, "NaN");
-	} else {
-	    raise_json_err("NaN not allowed in JSON.", "GeneratorError");
-	}
+        if (WordNan == out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump) {
+            strcpy(buf, "NaN");
+            cnt = 3;
+        } else {
+            raise_json_err("NaN not allowed in JSON.", "GeneratorError");
+        }
     } else if (d == (double)(long long int)d) {
-	cnt = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.1f", d);
+        cnt = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.1f", d);
     } else if (oj_rails_float_opt) {
-	cnt = oj_dump_float_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), obj, d, "%0.16g");
+        cnt = oj_dump_float_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), obj, d, "%0.16g");
     } else {
-	volatile VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
+        volatile VALUE rstr = oj_safe_string_convert(obj);
 
-	strcpy(buf, rb_string_value_ptr((VALUE*)&rstr));
-	cnt = (int)RSTRING_LEN(rstr);
+        strcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(rstr));
+        cnt = RSTRING_LEN(rstr);
     }
     assure_size(out, cnt);
-    for (b = buf; '\0' != *b; b++) {
-	*out->cur++ = *b;
-    }
+    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, buf, cnt);
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static int
-hash_cb(VALUE key, VALUE value, Out out) {
-    int	depth = out->depth;
+static int hash_cb(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE ov) {
+    Out out   = (Out)ov;
+    int depth = out->depth;
 
     if (out->omit_nil && Qnil == value) {
-	return ST_CONTINUE;
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
     }
     if (!out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-	assure_size(out, depth * out->indent + 1);
-	fill_indent(out, depth);
+        assure_size(out, depth * out->indent + 1);
+        fill_indent(out, depth);
     } else {
-	assure_size(out, depth * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size + 1);
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_nl);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size;
-	}
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
-	    int	i;
-	    for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
-		strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str);
-		out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size;
-	    }
-	}
+        assure_size(out, depth * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size + 1);
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size);
+        }
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+            int i;
+            for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+            }
+        }
     }
     switch (rb_type(key)) {
-    case T_STRING:
-	oj_dump_str(key, 0, out, false);
-	break;
-    case T_SYMBOL:
-	oj_dump_sym(key, 0, out, false);
-	break;
+    case T_STRING: oj_dump_str(key, 0, out, false); break;
+    case T_SYMBOL: oj_dump_sym(key, 0, out, false); break;
     default:
-	/*rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "In :compat mode all Hash keys must be Strings or Symbols, not %s.\n", rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(key)));*/
-	oj_dump_str(rb_funcall(key, oj_to_s_id, 0), 0, out, false);
-	break;
+        /*rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "In :compat mode all Hash keys must be Strings or Symbols, not %s.\n",
+         * rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(key)));*/
+        oj_dump_str(oj_safe_string_convert(key), 0, out, false);
+        break;
     }
     if (!out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
+        *out->cur++ = ':';
     } else {
-	assure_size(out, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2);
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.before_size;
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.after_size;
-	}
+        assure_size(out, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2);
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size);
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = ':';
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.after_size);
+        }
     }
     oj_dump_compat_val(value, depth, out, true);
-    out->depth = depth;
+    out->depth  = depth;
     *out->cur++ = ',';
 
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-static void
-dump_hash(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
-    int		cnt;
-    long	id = oj_check_circular(obj, out);
+static void dump_hash(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    int  cnt;
+    long id = oj_check_circular(obj, out);
 
     if (0 > id) {
-	raise_json_err("Too deeply nested", "NestingError");
-	return;
+        raise_json_err("Too deeply nested", "NestingError");
+        return;
     }
     if (as_ok && !oj_use_hash_alt && rb_obj_class(obj) != rb_cHash && rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_json_id)) {
-	dump_to_json(obj, out);
-	return;
+        dump_to_json(obj, out);
+        return;
     }
     cnt = (int)RHASH_SIZE(obj);
     assure_size(out, 2);
     if (0 == cnt) {
-	*out->cur++ = '{';
-	*out->cur++ = '}';
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, "{}", 2);
     } else {
-	*out->cur++ = '{';
-	out->depth = depth + 1;
-	rb_hash_foreach(obj, hash_cb, (VALUE)out);
-	if (',' == *(out->cur - 1)) {
-	    out->cur--; // backup to overwrite last comma
-	}
-	if (!out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
-	    assure_size(out, depth * out->indent + 2);
-	    fill_indent(out, depth);
-	} else {
-	    assure_size(out, depth * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size + 1);
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size) {
-		strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_nl);
-		out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size;
-	    }
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
-		int	i;
-
-		for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
-		    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str);
-		    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = '}';
+        *out->cur++ = '{';
+        out->depth  = depth + 1;
+        rb_hash_foreach(obj, hash_cb, (VALUE)out);
+        if (',' == *(out->cur - 1)) {
+            out->cur--;  // backup to overwrite last comma
+        }
+        if (!out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            assure_size(out, depth * out->indent + 2);
+            fill_indent(out, depth);
+        } else {
+            assure_size(out, depth * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size + 1);
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size);
+            }
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = '}';
     }
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
 // In compat mode only the first call check for to_json. After that to_s is
 // called.
-static void
-dump_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+static void dump_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
     if (oj_code_dump(oj_compat_codes, obj, depth, out)) {
-	return;
+        return;
     }
     if (use_exception_alt && rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_eException)) {
-	exception_alt(obj, depth, out);
-	return;
+        exception_alt(obj, depth, out);
+        return;
     }
     if (Yes == out->opts->raw_json && rb_respond_to(obj, oj_raw_json_id)) {
-	oj_dump_raw_json(obj, depth, out);
-	return;
+        oj_dump_raw_json(obj, depth, out);
+        return;
     }
     if (as_ok && rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_json_id)) {
-	dump_to_json(obj, out);
-	return;
+        dump_to_json(obj, out);
+        return;
     }
     // Nothing else matched so encode as a JSON object with Ruby obj members
     // as JSON object members.
     oj_dump_obj_to_s(obj, out);
 }
 
-static void
-dump_struct(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
-    VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
+static void dump_struct(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    VALUE clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
 
     if (oj_code_dump(oj_compat_codes, obj, depth, out)) {
-	return;
+        return;
     }
     if (rb_cRange == clas) {
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	oj_dump_compat_val(rb_funcall(obj, oj_begin_id, 0), 0, out, false);
-	assure_size(out, 3);
-	*out->cur++ = '.';
-	*out->cur++ = '.';
-	if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(obj, oj_exclude_end_id, 0)) {
-	    *out->cur++ = '.';
-	}
-	oj_dump_compat_val(rb_funcall(obj, oj_end_id, 0), 0, out, false);
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-
-	return;
+        *out->cur++ = '"';
+        oj_dump_compat_val(rb_funcall(obj, oj_begin_id, 0), 0, out, false);
+        assure_size(out, 3);
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, "..", 2);
+        if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(obj, oj_exclude_end_id, 0)) {
+            *out->cur++ = '.';
+        }
+        oj_dump_compat_val(rb_funcall(obj, oj_end_id, 0), 0, out, false);
+        *out->cur++ = '"';
+
+        return;
     }
     if (as_ok && rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_json_id)) {
-	dump_to_json(obj, out);
+        dump_to_json(obj, out);
 
-	return;
+        return;
     }
     if (use_struct_alt) {
-	int		d3 = depth + 2;
-	size_t		size = d3 * out->indent + 2;
-	size_t		sep_len = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
-	const char	*classname = rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj));
-	VALUE		args[100];
-	int		cnt;
-	int		i;
-
-	if (NULL == classname || '#' == *classname) {
-	    raise_json_err("Only named structs are supported.", "JSONError");
-	}
+        int         d3        = depth + 2;
+        size_t      size      = d3 * out->indent + 2;
+        size_t      sep_len   = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
+        const char *classname = rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj));
+        VALUE       args[100];
+        int         cnt;
+        int         i;
+
+        if (NULL == classname || '#' == *classname) {
+            raise_json_err("Only named structs are supported.", "JSONError");
+        }
 #ifdef RSTRUCT_LEN
 #if RSTRUCT_LEN_RETURNS_INTEGER_OBJECT
-	cnt = (int)NUM2LONG(RSTRUCT_LEN(obj));
-#else // RSTRUCT_LEN_RETURNS_INTEGER_OBJECT
-	cnt = (int)RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
-#endif // RSTRUCT_LEN_RETURNS_INTEGER_OBJECT
+        cnt = (int)NUM2LONG(RSTRUCT_LEN(obj));
+#else   // RSTRUCT_LEN_RETURNS_INTEGER_OBJECT
+        cnt = (int)RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+#endif  // RSTRUCT_LEN_RETURNS_INTEGER_OBJECT
 #else
-	// This is a bit risky as a struct in C ruby is not the same as a Struct
-	// class in interpreted Ruby so length() may not be defined.
-	cnt = FIX2INT(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_length_id, 0, 0));
+        // This is a bit risky as a struct in C ruby is not the same as a Struct
+        // class in interpreted Ruby so length() may not be defined.
+        cnt = FIX2INT(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_length_id, 0, 0));
 #endif
-	if (sizeof(args) / sizeof(*args) <= (size_t)cnt) {
-	    // TBD allocate and try again
-	    cnt = 99;
-	}
-	dump_obj_classname(rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)), depth, out);
-
-	assure_size(out, size + sep_len + 6);
-	*out->cur++ = ',';
-	fill_indent(out, d3);
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = 'v';
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.before_size;
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts.after_size;
-	}
-	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+        if (sizeof(args) / sizeof(*args) <= (size_t)cnt) {
+            // TBD allocate and try again
+            cnt = 99;
+        }
+        dump_obj_classname(rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)), depth, out);
+
+        assure_size(out, size + sep_len + 6);
+        *out->cur++ = ',';
+        fill_indent(out, d3);
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, "\"v\"", 3);
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size);
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = ':';
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.after_size);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
 #ifdef RSTRUCT_LEN
-	    args[i] = RSTRUCT_GET(obj, i);
+            args[i] = RSTRUCT_GET(obj, i);
 #else
-	    args[i] = rb_struct_aref(obj, INT2FIX(i));
+            args[i] = rb_struct_aref(obj, INT2FIX(i));
 #endif
-	}
-	args[cnt] = Qundef;
-	dump_values_array(args, depth, out);
-	fill_indent(out, depth);
-	*out->cur++ = '}';
-	*out->cur = '\0';
+        }
+        args[cnt] = Qundef;
+        dump_values_array(args, depth, out);
+        fill_indent(out, depth);
+        *out->cur++ = '}';
+        *out->cur   = '\0';
     } else {
-	oj_dump_obj_to_s(obj, out);
+        oj_dump_obj_to_s(obj, out);
     }
 }
 
-static void
-dump_bignum(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+static void dump_bignum(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
     // The json gem uses to_s explicitly. to_s can be overridden while
     // rb_big2str can not so unless overridden by using add_to_json(Integer)
     // this must use to_s to pass the json gem unit tests.
-    volatile VALUE	rs;
-    int			cnt;
-	bool		dump_as_string = false;
+    volatile VALUE rs;
+    size_t         cnt;
+    bool           dump_as_string = false;
 
     if (use_bignum_alt) {
-	rs = rb_big2str(obj, 10);
+        rs = rb_big2str(obj, 10);
     } else {
-	rs = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
+        rs = oj_safe_string_convert(obj);
     }
     rb_check_type(rs, T_STRING);
-    cnt = (int)RSTRING_LEN(rs);
-
-	if (out->opts->integer_range_min != 0 || out->opts->integer_range_max != 0) {
-	dump_as_string = true; // Bignum cannot be inside of Fixnum range
-	assure_size(out, cnt + 2);
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	} else {
-	assure_size(out, cnt);
-	}
-
-    memcpy(out->cur, rb_string_value_ptr((VALUE*)&rs), cnt);
-    out->cur += cnt;
-
-	if(dump_as_string) {
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	}
+    cnt = RSTRING_LEN(rs);
 
+    if (out->opts->int_range_min != 0 || out->opts->int_range_max != 0) {
+        dump_as_string = true;  // Bignum cannot be inside of Fixnum range
+        assure_size(out, cnt + 2);
+        *out->cur++ = '"';
+    } else {
+        assure_size(out, cnt);
+    }
+    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, RSTRING_PTR(rs), cnt);
+    if (dump_as_string) {
+        *out->cur++ = '"';
+    }
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static DumpFunc	compat_funcs[] = {
-    NULL,	 	// RUBY_T_NONE   = 0x00,
-    dump_obj,		// RUBY_T_OBJECT = 0x01,
-    oj_dump_class, 	// RUBY_T_CLASS  = 0x02,
-    oj_dump_class,	// RUBY_T_MODULE = 0x03,
-    dump_float, 	// RUBY_T_FLOAT  = 0x04,
-    oj_dump_str, 	// RUBY_T_STRING = 0x05,
-    dump_obj,		// RUBY_T_REGEXP = 0x06,
-    dump_array,		// RUBY_T_ARRAY  = 0x07,
-    dump_hash,	 	// RUBY_T_HASH   = 0x08,
-    dump_struct,	// RUBY_T_STRUCT = 0x09,
-    dump_bignum,	// RUBY_T_BIGNUM = 0x0a,
-    NULL, 		// RUBY_T_FILE   = 0x0b,
-    dump_obj,		// RUBY_T_DATA   = 0x0c,
-    NULL, 		// RUBY_T_MATCH  = 0x0d,
-    dump_obj, 		// RUBY_T_COMPLEX  = 0x0e,
-    dump_obj,	 	// RUBY_T_RATIONAL = 0x0f,
-    NULL, 		// 0x10
-    oj_dump_nil, 	// RUBY_T_NIL    = 0x11,
-    oj_dump_true, 	// RUBY_T_TRUE   = 0x12,
-    oj_dump_false,	// RUBY_T_FALSE  = 0x13,
-    oj_dump_sym,	// RUBY_T_SYMBOL = 0x14,
-    oj_dump_fixnum,	// RUBY_T_FIXNUM = 0x15,
+static DumpFunc compat_funcs[] = {
+    NULL,            // RUBY_T_NONE   = 0x00,
+    dump_obj,        // RUBY_T_OBJECT = 0x01,
+    oj_dump_class,   // RUBY_T_CLASS  = 0x02,
+    oj_dump_class,   // RUBY_T_MODULE = 0x03,
+    dump_float,      // RUBY_T_FLOAT  = 0x04,
+    oj_dump_str,     // RUBY_T_STRING = 0x05,
+    dump_obj,        // RUBY_T_REGEXP = 0x06,
+    dump_array,      // RUBY_T_ARRAY  = 0x07,
+    dump_hash,       // RUBY_T_HASH   = 0x08,
+    dump_struct,     // RUBY_T_STRUCT = 0x09,
+    dump_bignum,     // RUBY_T_BIGNUM = 0x0a,
+    NULL,            // RUBY_T_FILE   = 0x0b,
+    dump_obj,        // RUBY_T_DATA   = 0x0c,
+    NULL,            // RUBY_T_MATCH  = 0x0d,
+    dump_obj,        // RUBY_T_COMPLEX  = 0x0e,
+    dump_obj,        // RUBY_T_RATIONAL = 0x0f,
+    NULL,            // 0x10
+    oj_dump_nil,     // RUBY_T_NIL    = 0x11,
+    oj_dump_true,    // RUBY_T_TRUE   = 0x12,
+    oj_dump_false,   // RUBY_T_FALSE  = 0x13,
+    oj_dump_sym,     // RUBY_T_SYMBOL = 0x14,
+    oj_dump_fixnum,  // RUBY_T_FIXNUM = 0x15,
 };
 
-static void
-set_state_depth(VALUE state, int depth) {
-    VALUE	json_module = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("JSON"));
-    VALUE	ext = rb_const_get(json_module, rb_intern("Ext"));
-    VALUE	generator = rb_const_get(ext, rb_intern("Generator"));
-    VALUE	state_class = rb_const_get(generator, rb_intern("State"));
+static void set_state_depth(VALUE state, int depth) {
+    if (0 == rb_const_defined(rb_cObject, rb_intern("JSON"))) {
+        rb_require("oj/json");
+    }
+    {
+        VALUE json_module = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("JSON"));
+        VALUE ext         = rb_const_get(json_module, rb_intern("Ext"));
+        VALUE generator   = rb_const_get(ext, rb_intern("Generator"));
+        VALUE state_class = rb_const_get(generator, rb_intern("State"));
 
-    if (state_class == rb_obj_class(state)) {
-	rb_funcall(state, rb_intern("depth="), 1, INT2NUM(depth));
+        if (state_class == rb_obj_class(state)) {
+            rb_funcall(state, rb_intern("depth="), 1, INT2NUM(depth));
+        }
     }
 }
 
-void
-oj_dump_compat_val(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
-    int	type = rb_type(obj);
+void oj_dump_compat_val(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    int type = rb_type(obj);
 
-    if (Yes == out->opts->trace) {
-	oj_trace("dump", obj, __FILE__, __LINE__, depth, TraceIn);
-    }
+    TRACE(out->opts->trace, "dump", obj, depth, TraceIn);
+    // The max_nesting logic is that an empty Array or Hash is assumed to have
+    // content so the max_nesting should fail but a non-collection value is
+    // okay. That means a check for a collectable value is needed before
+    // raising.
     if (out->opts->dump_opts.max_depth <= depth) {
-	// When JSON.dump is called then an ArgumentError is expected and the
-	// limit is the depth inclusive. If JSON.generate is called then a
-	// NestingError is expected and the limit is inclusive. Worse than
-	// that there are unit tests for both.
-	if (CALLER_DUMP == out->caller) {
-	    if (0 < out->argc) {
-		set_state_depth(*out->argv, depth);
-	    }
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Too deeply nested.");
-	} else if (out->opts->dump_opts.max_depth < depth) {
-	    if (0 < out->argc) {
-		set_state_depth(*out->argv, depth - 1);
-	    }
-	    raise_json_err("Too deeply nested", "NestingError");
-	}
+        if (RUBY_T_ARRAY == type || RUBY_T_HASH == type) {
+            if (0 < out->argc) {
+                set_state_depth(*out->argv, depth);
+            }
+            raise_json_err("Too deeply nested", "NestingError");
+        }
     }
     if (0 < type && type <= RUBY_T_FIXNUM) {
-	DumpFunc	f = compat_funcs[type];
+        DumpFunc f = compat_funcs[type];
 
-	if (NULL != f) {
-	    f(obj, depth, out, as_ok);
-	    if (Yes == out->opts->trace) {
-		oj_trace("dump", obj, __FILE__, __LINE__, depth, TraceOut);
-	    }
-	    return;
-	}
+        if (NULL != f) {
+            f(obj, depth, out, as_ok);
+            TRACE(out->opts->trace, "dump", obj, depth, TraceOut);
+            return;
+        }
     }
     oj_dump_nil(Qnil, depth, out, false);
-    if (Yes == out->opts->trace) {
-	oj_trace("dump", Qnil, __FILE__, __LINE__, depth, TraceOut);
-    }
+    TRACE(out->opts->trace, "dump", Qnil, depth, TraceOut);
 }