oj 2.18.5 → 3.16.11

data/ext/oj/rails.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1478 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 Peter Ohler. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE file in the project root for license details.
+
+#include "rails.h"
+
+#include "code.h"
+#include "encode.h"
+#include "mem.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define OJ_INFINITY (1.0 / 0.0)
+
+// TBD keep static array of strings and functions to help with rails optimization
+typedef struct _encoder {
+    struct _rOptTable ropts;
+    struct _options   opts;
+    VALUE             arg;
+} *Encoder;
+
+bool oj_rails_hash_opt  = false;
+bool oj_rails_array_opt = false;
+bool oj_rails_float_opt = false;
+
+extern void oj_mimic_json_methods(VALUE json);
+
+static void dump_rails_val(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok);
+
+extern VALUE Oj;
+
+static struct _rOptTable ropts = {0, 0, NULL};
+
+static VALUE encoder_class = Qnil;
+static bool  escape_html   = true;
+static bool  xml_time      = true;
+
+static ROpt create_opt(ROptTable rot, VALUE clas);
+
+ROpt oj_rails_get_opt(ROptTable rot, VALUE clas) {
+    if (NULL == rot) {
+        rot = &ropts;
+    }
+    if (0 < rot->len) {
+        int   lo = 0;
+        int   hi = rot->len - 1;
+        int   mid;
+        VALUE v;
+
+        if (clas < rot->table->clas || rot->table[hi].clas < clas) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        if (rot->table[lo].clas == clas) {
+            return rot->table;
+        }
+        if (rot->table[hi].clas == clas) {
+            return &rot->table[hi];
+        }
+        while (2 <= hi - lo) {
+            mid = (hi + lo) / 2;
+            v   = rot->table[mid].clas;
+            if (v == clas) {
+                return &rot->table[mid];
+            }
+            if (v < clas) {
+                lo = mid;
+            } else {
+                hi = mid;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static ROptTable copy_opts(ROptTable src, ROptTable dest) {
+    dest->len  = src->len;
+    dest->alen = src->alen;
+    if (NULL == src->table) {
+        dest->table = NULL;
+    } else {
+        dest->table = OJ_R_ALLOC_N(struct _rOpt, dest->alen);
+        memcpy(dest->table, src->table, sizeof(struct _rOpt) * dest->alen);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int dump_attr_cb(ID key, VALUE value, VALUE ov) {
+    Out         out   = (Out)ov;
+    int         depth = out->depth;
+    size_t      size  = depth * out->indent + 1;
+    const char *attr  = rb_id2name(key);
+
+    // Some exceptions such as NoMethodError have an invisible attribute where
+    // the key name is NULL. Not an empty string but NULL.
+    if (NULL == attr) {
+        attr = "";
+    }
+    if (0 == strcmp("bt", attr) || 0 == strcmp("mesg", attr)) {
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+    assure_size(out, size);
+    fill_indent(out, depth);
+    if ('@' == *attr) {
+        attr++;
+        oj_dump_cstr(attr, strlen(attr), 0, 0, out);
+    } else {
+        char buf[32];
+
+        *buf = '~';
+        strncpy(buf + 1, attr, sizeof(buf) - 2);
+        buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = '\0';
+        oj_dump_cstr(buf, strlen(buf), 0, 0, out);
+    }
+    *out->cur++ = ':';
+    dump_rails_val(value, depth, out, true);
+    out->depth  = depth;
+    *out->cur++ = ',';
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void dump_obj_attrs(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    assure_size(out, 2);
+    *out->cur++ = '{';
+    out->depth  = depth + 1;
+    rb_ivar_foreach(obj, dump_attr_cb, (VALUE)out);
+    if (',' == *(out->cur - 1)) {
+        out->cur--;  // backup to overwrite last comma
+    }
+    out->depth = depth;
+    fill_indent(out, depth);
+    *out->cur++ = '}';
+    *out->cur   = '\0';
+}
+
+static void dump_struct(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    int            d3      = depth + 2;
+    size_t         size    = d3 * out->indent + 2;
+    size_t         sep_len = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
+    volatile VALUE ma;
+    volatile VALUE v;
+    int            cnt;
+    int            i;
+    size_t         len;
+    const char    *name;
+
+#ifdef RSTRUCT_LEN
+#if RSTRUCT_LEN_RETURNS_INTEGER_OBJECT
+    cnt = (int)NUM2LONG(RSTRUCT_LEN(obj));
+#else   // RSTRUCT_LEN_RETURNS_INTEGER_OBJECT
+    cnt = (int)RSTRUCT_LEN(obj);
+#endif  // RSTRUCT_LEN_RETURNS_INTEGER_OBJECT
+#else
+    // This is a bit risky as a struct in C ruby is not the same as a Struct
+    // class in interpreted Ruby so length() may not be defined.
+    cnt = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(obj, oj_length_id, 0));
+#endif
+    ma = rb_struct_s_members(rb_obj_class(obj));
+    assure_size(out, 2);
+    *out->cur++ = '{';
+    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+        volatile VALUE s = rb_sym2str(RARRAY_AREF(ma, i));
+
+        name = RSTRING_PTR(s);
+        len  = RSTRING_LEN(s);
+        assure_size(out, size + sep_len + 6);
+        if (0 < i) {
+            *out->cur++ = ',';
+        }
+        fill_indent(out, d3);
+        *out->cur++ = '"';
+        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, name, len);
+        *out->cur++ = '"';
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size);
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = ':';
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.after_size);
+        }
+#ifdef RSTRUCT_LEN
+        v = RSTRUCT_GET(obj, i);
+#else
+        v = rb_struct_aref(obj, INT2FIX(i));
+#endif
+        dump_rails_val(v, d3, out, true);
+    }
+    fill_indent(out, depth);
+    *out->cur++ = '}';
+    *out->cur   = '\0';
+}
+
+static ID to_a_id = 0;
+
+static void dump_enumerable(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    if (0 == to_a_id) {
+        to_a_id = rb_intern("to_a");
+    }
+    dump_rails_val(rb_funcall(obj, to_a_id, 0), depth, out, false);
+}
+
+static void dump_bigdecimal(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    volatile VALUE rstr = oj_safe_string_convert(obj);
+    const char    *str  = RSTRING_PTR(rstr);
+
+    if ('I' == *str || 'N' == *str || ('-' == *str && 'I' == str[1])) {
+        oj_dump_nil(Qnil, depth, out, false);
+    } else if (out->opts->int_range_max != 0 || out->opts->int_range_min != 0) {
+        oj_dump_cstr(str, RSTRING_LEN(rstr), 0, 0, out);
+    } else if (Yes == out->opts->bigdec_as_num) {
+        oj_dump_raw(str, RSTRING_LEN(rstr), out);
+    } else {
+        oj_dump_cstr(str, RSTRING_LEN(rstr), 0, 0, out);
+    }
+}
+
+static void dump_sec_nano(VALUE obj, int64_t sec, long nsec, Out out) {
+    char             buf[64];
+    struct _timeInfo ti;
+    long             one    = 1000000000;
+    long             tzsecs = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utc_offset_id, 0, 0));
+    int              tzhour, tzmin;
+    char             tzsign = '+';
+    int              len;
+
+    if (out->end - out->cur <= 36) {
+        assure_size(out, 36);
+    }
+    if (9 > out->opts->sec_prec) {
+        int i;
+
+        // Rails does not round when reducing precision but instead floors,
+        for (i = 9 - out->opts->sec_prec; 0 < i; i--) {
+            nsec = nsec / 10;
+            one /= 10;
+        }
+        if (one <= nsec) {
+            nsec -= one;
+            sec++;
+        }
+    }
+    // 2012-01-05T23:58:07.123456000+09:00 or 2012/01/05 23:58:07 +0900
+    sec += tzsecs;
+    sec_as_time(sec, &ti);
+    if (0 > tzsecs) {
+        tzsign = '-';
+        tzhour = (int)(tzsecs / -3600);
+        tzmin  = (int)(tzsecs / -60) - (tzhour * 60);
+    } else {
+        tzhour = (int)(tzsecs / 3600);
+        tzmin  = (int)(tzsecs / 60) - (tzhour * 60);
+    }
+    if (!xml_time) {
+        len = sprintf(buf,
+                      "%04d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %c%02d%02d",
+                      ti.year,
+                      ti.mon,
+                      ti.day,
+                      ti.hour,
+                      ti.min,
+                      ti.sec,
+                      tzsign,
+                      tzhour,
+                      tzmin);
+    } else if (0 == out->opts->sec_prec) {
+        if (0 == tzsecs && rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utcq_id, 0, 0)) {
+            len = sprintf(buf, "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02dZ", ti.year, ti.mon, ti.day, ti.hour, ti.min, ti.sec);
+        } else {
+            len = sprintf(buf,
+                          "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d%c%02d:%02d",
+                          ti.year,
+                          ti.mon,
+                          ti.day,
+                          ti.hour,
+                          ti.min,
+                          ti.sec,
+                          tzsign,
+                          tzhour,
+                          tzmin);
+        }
+    } else if (0 == tzsecs && rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utcq_id, 0, 0)) {
+        char format[64] = "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%09ldZ";
+
+        len = 30;
+        if (9 > out->opts->sec_prec) {
+            format[32] = '0' + out->opts->sec_prec;
+            len -= 9 - out->opts->sec_prec;
+        }
+        len = sprintf(buf, format, ti.year, ti.mon, ti.day, ti.hour, ti.min, ti.sec, nsec);
+    } else {
+        char format[64] = "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%09ld%c%02d:%02d";
+
+        len = 35;
+        if (9 > out->opts->sec_prec) {
+            format[32] = '0' + out->opts->sec_prec;
+            len -= 9 - out->opts->sec_prec;
+        }
+        len = sprintf(buf, format, ti.year, ti.mon, ti.day, ti.hour, ti.min, ti.sec, nsec, tzsign, tzhour, tzmin);
+    }
+    oj_dump_cstr(buf, len, 0, 0, out);
+}
+
+static void dump_time(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    long long sec;
+    long long nsec;
+
+    if (16 <= sizeof(struct timespec)) {
+        struct timespec ts = rb_time_timespec(obj);
+
+        sec  = (long long)ts.tv_sec;
+        nsec = ts.tv_nsec;
+    } else {
+        sec  = NUM2LL(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
+        nsec = NUM2LL(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
+    }
+    dump_sec_nano(obj, sec, nsec, out);
+}
+
+static void dump_timewithzone(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    int64_t   sec  = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
+    long long nsec = 0;
+
+    if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id)) {
+        nsec = NUM2LL(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
+    } else if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_tv_usec_id)) {
+        nsec = NUM2LL(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_usec_id, 0, 0)) * 1000;
+    }
+    dump_sec_nano(obj, sec, nsec, out);
+}
+
+static void dump_to_s(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    volatile VALUE rstr = oj_safe_string_convert(obj);
+
+    oj_dump_cstr(RSTRING_PTR(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), 0, 0, out);
+}
+
+static ID parameters_id = 0;
+
+typedef struct _strLen {
+    const char *str;
+    size_t      len;
+} *StrLen;
+
+static void dump_actioncontroller_parameters(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    if (0 == parameters_id) {
+        parameters_id = rb_intern("@parameters");
+    }
+    out->argc = 0;
+    dump_rails_val(rb_ivar_get(obj, parameters_id), depth, out, true);
+}
+
+static StrLen columns_array(VALUE rcols, int *ccnt) {
+    volatile VALUE v;
+    StrLen         cp;
+    StrLen         cols;
+    size_t         i;
+    size_t         cnt = RARRAY_LEN(rcols);
+
+    *ccnt = (int)cnt;
+    cols  = OJ_R_ALLOC_N(struct _strLen, cnt);
+    for (i = 0, cp = cols; i < cnt; i++, cp++) {
+        v = RARRAY_AREF(rcols, i);
+        if (T_STRING != rb_type(v)) {
+            v = oj_safe_string_convert(v);
+        }
+        cp->str = StringValuePtr(v);
+        cp->len = RSTRING_LEN(v);
+    }
+    return cols;
+}
+
+static void dump_row(VALUE row, StrLen cols, int ccnt, int depth, Out out) {
+    size_t size;
+    int    d2 = depth + 1;
+    int    i;
+
+    assure_size(out, 2);
+    *out->cur++ = '{';
+    size        = depth * out->indent + 3;
+    for (i = 0; i < ccnt; i++, cols++) {
+        assure_size(out, size);
+        if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+            }
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                int i;
+                for (i = d2; 0 < i; i--) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            fill_indent(out, d2);
+        }
+        oj_dump_cstr(cols->str, cols->len, 0, 0, out);
+        *out->cur++ = ':';
+        dump_rails_val(RARRAY_AREF(row, i), depth, out, true);
+        if (i < ccnt - 1) {
+            *out->cur++ = ',';
+        }
+    }
+    size = depth * out->indent + 1;
+    assure_size(out, size);
+    if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+        }
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+            int i;
+
+            for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        fill_indent(out, depth);
+    }
+    *out->cur++ = '}';
+}
+
+static ID rows_id    = 0;
+static ID columns_id = 0;
+
+static void dump_activerecord_result(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    volatile VALUE rows;
+    StrLen         cols;
+    int            ccnt = 0;
+    size_t         i;
+    size_t         rcnt;
+    size_t         size;
+    int            d2 = depth + 1;
+
+    if (0 == rows_id) {
+        rows_id    = rb_intern("@rows");
+        columns_id = rb_intern("@columns");
+    }
+    out->argc = 0;
+    cols      = columns_array(rb_ivar_get(obj, columns_id), &ccnt);
+    rows      = rb_ivar_get(obj, rows_id);
+    rcnt      = RARRAY_LEN(rows);
+    assure_size(out, 2);
+    *out->cur++ = '[';
+    if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+        size = d2 * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.array_size + 1;
+    } else {
+        size = d2 * out->indent + 2;
+    }
+    assure_size(out, 2);
+    for (i = 0; i < rcnt; i++) {
+        assure_size(out, size);
+        if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+            }
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                int i;
+                for (i = d2; 0 < i; i--) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            fill_indent(out, d2);
+        }
+        dump_row(RARRAY_AREF(rows, i), cols, ccnt, d2, out);
+        if (i < rcnt - 1) {
+            *out->cur++ = ',';
+        }
+    }
+    OJ_R_FREE(cols);
+    size = depth * out->indent + 1;
+    assure_size(out, size);
+    if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+        }
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+            int i;
+
+            for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        fill_indent(out, depth);
+    }
+    *out->cur++ = ']';
+}
+
+typedef struct _namedFunc {
+    const char *name;
+    DumpFunc    func;
+} *NamedFunc;
+
+static void dump_as_string(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    if (oj_code_dump(oj_compat_codes, obj, depth, out)) {
+        out->argc = 0;
+        return;
+    }
+    oj_dump_obj_to_s(obj, out);
+}
+
+static void dump_as_json(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    volatile VALUE ja;
+
+    TRACE(out->opts->trace, "as_json", obj, depth + 1, TraceRubyIn);
+    // Some classes elect to not take an options argument so check the arity
+    // of as_json.
+    if (0 == rb_obj_method_arity(obj, oj_as_json_id)) {
+        ja = rb_funcall(obj, oj_as_json_id, 0);
+    } else {
+        ja = rb_funcall2(obj, oj_as_json_id, out->argc, out->argv);
+    }
+    TRACE(out->opts->trace, "as_json", obj, depth + 1, TraceRubyOut);
+
+    out->argc = 0;
+    if (ja == obj || !as_ok) {
+        // Once as_json is called it should never be called again on the same
+        // object with as_ok.
+        dump_rails_val(ja, depth, out, false);
+    } else {
+        int type = rb_type(ja);
+
+        if (T_HASH == type || T_ARRAY == type) {
+            dump_rails_val(ja, depth, out, true);
+        } else {
+            dump_rails_val(ja, depth, out, true);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void dump_regexp(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    if (as_ok && rb_respond_to(obj, oj_as_json_id)) {
+        dump_as_json(obj, depth, out, false);
+        return;
+    }
+    dump_as_string(obj, depth, out, as_ok);
+}
+
+static struct _namedFunc dump_map[] = {
+    {"ActionController::Parameters", dump_actioncontroller_parameters},
+    {"ActiveRecord::Result", dump_activerecord_result},
+    {"ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone", dump_timewithzone},
+    {"BigDecimal", dump_bigdecimal},
+    {"Range", dump_to_s},
+    {"Regexp", dump_regexp},
+    //{ "Regexp", dump_to_s },
+    {"Time", dump_time},
+    {NULL, NULL},
+};
+
+static VALUE activerecord_base = Qundef;
+static ID    attributes_id     = 0;
+
+static void dump_activerecord(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    if (0 == attributes_id) {
+        attributes_id = rb_intern("@attributes");
+    }
+    out->argc = 0;
+    dump_rails_val(rb_ivar_get(obj, attributes_id), depth, out, true);
+}
+
+static ROpt create_opt(ROptTable rot, VALUE clas) {
+    ROpt        ro;
+    NamedFunc   nf;
+    const char *classname = rb_class2name(clas);
+    int         olen      = rot->len;
+
+    rot->len++;
+    if (NULL == rot->table) {
+        rot->alen  = 256;
+        rot->table = OJ_R_ALLOC_N(struct _rOpt, rot->alen);
+        memset(rot->table, 0, sizeof(struct _rOpt) * rot->alen);
+    } else if (rot->alen <= rot->len) {
+        rot->alen *= 2;
+        OJ_R_REALLOC_N(rot->table, struct _rOpt, rot->alen);
+        memset(rot->table + olen, 0, sizeof(struct _rOpt) * olen);
+    }
+    if (0 == olen) {
+        ro = rot->table;
+    } else if (rot->table[olen - 1].clas < clas) {
+        ro = &rot->table[olen];
+    } else {
+        int i;
+
+        for (i = 0, ro = rot->table; i < olen; i++, ro++) {
+            if (clas < ro->clas) {
+                memmove(ro + 1, ro, sizeof(struct _rOpt) * (olen - i));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ro->clas = clas;
+    ro->on   = true;
+    ro->dump = dump_obj_attrs;
+    for (nf = dump_map; NULL != nf->name; nf++) {
+        if (0 == strcmp(nf->name, classname)) {
+            ro->dump = nf->func;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (ro->dump == dump_obj_attrs) {
+        if (Qundef == activerecord_base) {
+            // If not defined let an exception be raised.
+            VALUE ar = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("ActiveRecord"));
+
+            if (Qundef != ar) {
+                activerecord_base = rb_const_get_at(ar, rb_intern("Base"));
+            }
+        }
+        if (Qundef != activerecord_base && Qtrue == rb_class_inherited_p(clas, activerecord_base)) {
+            ro->dump = dump_activerecord;
+        } else if (Qtrue == rb_class_inherited_p(clas, rb_cStruct)) {  // check before enumerable
+            ro->dump = dump_struct;
+        } else if (Qtrue == rb_class_inherited_p(clas, rb_mEnumerable)) {
+            ro->dump = dump_enumerable;
+        } else if (Qtrue == rb_class_inherited_p(clas, rb_eException)) {
+            ro->dump = dump_to_s;
+        }
+    }
+    return ro;
+}
+
+static void encoder_free(void *ptr) {
+    if (NULL != ptr) {
+        Encoder e = (Encoder)ptr;
+
+        if (NULL != e->ropts.table) {
+            OJ_R_FREE(e->ropts.table);
+        }
+        OJ_R_FREE(ptr);
+    }
+}
+
+static void encoder_mark(void *ptr) {
+    if (NULL != ptr) {
+        Encoder e = (Encoder)ptr;
+
+        if (Qnil != e->arg) {
+            rb_gc_mark(e->arg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t oj_encoder_type = {
+    "Oj/encoder",
+    {
+        encoder_mark,
+        encoder_free,
+        NULL,
+    },
+    0,
+    0,
+};
+
+/* Document-method: new
+ *	call-seq: new(options=nil)
+ *
+ * Creates a new Encoder.
+ * - *options* [_Hash_] formatting options
+ */
+static VALUE encoder_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    Encoder e = OJ_R_ALLOC(struct _encoder);
+
+    e->opts = oj_default_options;
+    e->arg  = Qnil;
+    copy_opts(&ropts, &e->ropts);
+
+    if (1 <= argc && Qnil != *argv) {
+        oj_parse_options(*argv, &e->opts);
+        e->arg = *argv;
+    }
+    return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(encoder_class, &oj_encoder_type, e);
+}
+
+static VALUE resolve_classpath(const char *name) {
+    char        class_name[1024];
+    VALUE       clas;
+    char       *end = class_name + sizeof(class_name) - 1;
+    char       *s;
+    const char *n = name;
+    ID          cid;
+
+    clas = rb_cObject;
+    for (s = class_name; '\0' != *n; n++) {
+        if (':' == *n) {
+            *s = '\0';
+            n++;
+            if (':' != *n) {
+                return Qnil;
+            }
+            cid = rb_intern(class_name);
+            if (!rb_const_defined_at(clas, cid)) {
+                return Qnil;
+            }
+            clas = rb_const_get_at(clas, cid);
+            s    = class_name;
+        } else if (end <= s) {
+            return Qnil;
+        } else {
+            *s++ = *n;
+        }
+    }
+    *s  = '\0';
+    cid = rb_intern(class_name);
+    if (!rb_const_defined_at(clas, cid)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    clas = rb_const_get_at(clas, cid);
+
+    return clas;
+}
+
+static void optimize(int argc, VALUE *argv, ROptTable rot, bool on) {
+    ROpt ro;
+
+    if (0 == argc) {
+        int       i;
+        NamedFunc nf;
+        VALUE     clas;
+
+        oj_rails_hash_opt  = on;
+        oj_rails_array_opt = on;
+        oj_rails_float_opt = on;
+
+        for (nf = dump_map; NULL != nf->name; nf++) {
+            if (Qnil != (clas = resolve_classpath(nf->name))) {
+                if (NULL == oj_rails_get_opt(rot, clas)) {
+                    create_opt(rot, clas);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < rot->len; i++) {
+            rot->table[i].on = on;
+        }
+    }
+    for (; 0 < argc; argc--, argv++) {
+        if (rb_cHash == *argv) {
+            oj_rails_hash_opt = on;
+        } else if (rb_cArray == *argv) {
+            oj_rails_array_opt = on;
+        } else if (rb_cFloat == *argv) {
+            oj_rails_float_opt = on;
+        } else if (oj_string_writer_class == *argv) {
+            string_writer_optimized = on;
+        } else if (NULL != (ro = oj_rails_get_opt(rot, *argv)) || NULL != (ro = create_opt(rot, *argv))) {
+            ro->on = on;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* Document-method optimize
+ *	call-seq: optimize(*classes)
+ *
+ * Use Oj rails optimized routines to encode the specified classes. This
+ * ignores the as_json() method on the class and uses an internal encoding
+ * instead. Passing in no classes indicates all should use the optimized
+ * version of encoding for all previously optimized classes. Passing in the
+ * Object class set a global switch that will then use the optimized behavior
+ * for all classes.
+ *
+ * - *classes* [_Class_] a list of classes to optimize
+ */
+static VALUE encoder_optimize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    Encoder e;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct _encoder, &oj_encoder_type, e);
+
+    optimize(argc, argv, &e->ropts, true);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: optimize
+ *	call-seq: optimize(*classes)
+ *
+ * Use Oj rails optimized routines to encode the specified classes. This
+ * ignores the as_json() method on the class and uses an internal encoding
+ * instead. Passing in no classes indicates all should use the optimized
+ * version of encoding for all previously optimized classes. Passing in the
+ * Object class set a global switch that will then use the optimized behavior
+ * for all classes.
+ *
+ * - *classes* [_Class_] a list of classes to optimize
+ */
+static VALUE rails_optimize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    optimize(argc, argv, &ropts, true);
+    string_writer_optimized = true;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Document-module: mimic_JSON
+ *	call-seq: mimic_JSON()
+ *
+ * Sets the JSON method to use Oj similar to Oj.mimic_JSON except with the
+ * ActiveSupport monkey patches instead of the json gem monkey patches.
+ */
+VALUE
+rails_mimic_json(VALUE self) {
+    VALUE json;
+
+    if (rb_const_defined_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("JSON"))) {
+        json = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("JSON"));
+    } else {
+        json = rb_define_module("JSON");
+    }
+    oj_mimic_json_methods(json);
+    // Setting the default mode breaks the prmoise in the docs not to.
+    // oj_default_options.mode = RailsMode;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: deoptimize
+ *	call-seq: deoptimize(*classes)
+ *
+ * Turn off Oj rails optimization on the specified classes.
+ *
+ * - *classes* [_Class_] a list of classes to deoptimize
+ */
+static VALUE encoder_deoptimize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    Encoder e;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct _encoder, &oj_encoder_type, e);
+
+    optimize(argc, argv, &e->ropts, false);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: deoptimize
+ *	call-seq: deoptimize(*classes)
+ *
+ * Turn off Oj rails optimization on the specified classes.
+ *
+ * - *classes* [_Class_] a list of classes to deoptimize
+ */
+static VALUE rails_deoptimize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    optimize(argc, argv, &ropts, false);
+    string_writer_optimized = false;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Document-method:optimized?
+ *	call-seq: optimized?(clas)
+ *
+ * - *clas* [_Class_] Class to check
+ *
+ * @return true if the class is being optimized for rails and false otherwise
+ */
+static VALUE encoder_optimized(VALUE self, VALUE clas) {
+    Encoder e;
+    ROpt    ro;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct _encoder, &oj_encoder_type, e);
+    ro = oj_rails_get_opt(&e->ropts, clas);
+
+    if (NULL == ro) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+    return (ro->on) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: optimized?
+ *	call-seq: optimized?(clas)
+ *
+ * Returns true if the specified Class is being optimized.
+ */
+static VALUE rails_optimized(VALUE self, VALUE clas) {
+    ROpt ro = oj_rails_get_opt(&ropts, clas);
+
+    if (NULL == ro) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+    return (ro->on) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+typedef struct _oo {
+    Out   out;
+    VALUE obj;
+} *OO;
+
+static VALUE protect_dump(VALUE ov) {
+    OO oo = (OO)ov;
+
+    dump_rails_val(oo->obj, 0, oo->out, true);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE encode(VALUE obj, ROptTable ropts, Options opts, int argc, VALUE *argv) {
+    struct _out     out;
+    struct _options copts = *opts;
+    volatile VALUE  rstr  = Qnil;
+    struct _oo      oo;
+    int             line = 0;
+
+    oo.out            = &out;
+    oo.obj            = obj;
+    copts.str_rx.head = NULL;
+    copts.str_rx.tail = NULL;
+    copts.mode        = RailsMode;
+    if (escape_html) {
+        copts.escape_mode = RailsXEsc;
+    } else {
+        copts.escape_mode = RailsEsc;
+    }
+
+    oj_out_init(&out);
+
+    out.omit_nil = copts.dump_opts.omit_nil;
+    out.cur      = out.buf;
+    out.circ_cnt = 0;
+    out.opts     = &copts;
+    out.hash_cnt = 0;
+    out.indent   = copts.indent;
+    out.argc     = argc;
+    out.argv     = argv;
+    out.ropts    = ropts;
+    if (Yes == copts.circular) {
+        oj_cache8_new(&out.circ_cache);
+    }
+    // dump_rails_val(*argv, 0, &out, true);
+    rb_protect(protect_dump, (VALUE)&oo, &line);
+
+    if (0 == line) {
+        if (0 < out.indent) {
+            switch (*(out.cur - 1)) {
+            case ']':
+            case '}': assure_size(&out, 2); *out.cur++ = '\n';
+            default: break;
+            }
+        }
+        *out.cur = '\0';
+
+        if (0 == out.buf) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "Not enough memory.");
+        }
+        rstr = rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(out.buf);
+    }
+    if (Yes == copts.circular) {
+        oj_cache8_delete(out.circ_cache);
+    }
+
+    oj_out_free(&out);
+
+    if (0 != line) {
+        rb_jump_tag(line);
+    }
+    return rstr;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: encode
+ *	call-seq: encode(obj)
+ *
+ * - *obj* [_Object_] object to encode
+ *
+ * Returns encoded object as a JSON string.
+ */
+static VALUE encoder_encode(VALUE self, VALUE obj) {
+    Encoder e;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct _encoder, &oj_encoder_type, e);
+
+    if (Qnil != e->arg) {
+        VALUE argv[1] = {e->arg};
+
+        return encode(obj, &e->ropts, &e->opts, 1, argv);
+    }
+    return encode(obj, &e->ropts, &e->opts, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+/* Document-method: encode
+ *	call-seq: encode(obj, opts=nil)
+ *
+ * Encode obj as a JSON String.
+ *
+ * - *obj* [_Object_|Hash|Array] object to convert to a JSON String
+ * - *opts* [_Hash_] options
+ *
+ * Returns [_String_]
+ */
+static VALUE rails_encode(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    if (1 > argc) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (0 for 1).");
+    }
+    if (1 == argc) {
+        return encode(*argv, NULL, &oj_default_options, 0, NULL);
+    } else {
+        return encode(*argv, NULL, &oj_default_options, argc - 1, argv + 1);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE rails_use_standard_json_time_format(VALUE self, VALUE state) {
+    if (Qtrue == state || Qfalse == state) {
+        // no change needed
+    } else if (Qnil == state) {
+        state = Qfalse;
+    } else {
+        state = Qtrue;
+    }
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@use_standard_json_time_format", state);
+    xml_time = Qtrue == state;
+
+    return state;
+}
+
+static VALUE rails_use_standard_json_time_format_get(VALUE self) {
+    return xml_time ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE rails_escape_html_entities_in_json(VALUE self, VALUE state) {
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@escape_html_entities_in_json", state);
+    escape_html = Qtrue == state;
+
+    return state;
+}
+
+static VALUE rails_escape_html_entities_in_json_get(VALUE self) {
+    return escape_html ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE rails_time_precision(VALUE self, VALUE prec) {
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@time_precision", prec);
+    oj_default_options.sec_prec     = NUM2INT(prec);
+    oj_default_options.sec_prec_set = true;
+
+    return prec;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: set_encoder
+ *	call-seq: set_encoder()
+ *
+ * Sets the ActiveSupport.encoder to Oj::Rails::Encoder and wraps some of the
+ * formatting globals used by ActiveSupport to allow the use of those globals
+ * in the Oj::Rails optimizations.
+ */
+static VALUE rails_set_encoder(VALUE self) {
+    VALUE active;
+    VALUE json;
+    VALUE encoding;
+    VALUE pv;
+    VALUE verbose;
+    VALUE enc = resolve_classpath("ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding");
+
+    if (Qnil != enc) {
+        escape_html = Qtrue == rb_iv_get(self, "@escape_html_entities_in_json");
+        xml_time    = Qtrue == rb_iv_get(enc, "@use_standard_json_time_format");
+    }
+    if (rb_const_defined_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("ActiveSupport"))) {
+        active = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("ActiveSupport"));
+    } else {
+        rb_raise(rb_eStandardError, "ActiveSupport not loaded.");
+    }
+    rb_funcall(active, rb_intern("json_encoder="), 1, encoder_class);
+
+    json     = rb_const_get_at(active, rb_intern("JSON"));
+    encoding = rb_const_get_at(json, rb_intern("Encoding"));
+
+    // rb_undef_method doesn't work for modules or maybe sometimes
+    // doesn't. Anyway setting verbose should hide the warning.
+    verbose = rb_gv_get("$VERBOSE");
+    rb_gv_set("$VERBOSE", Qfalse);
+    rb_undef_method(encoding, "use_standard_json_time_format=");
+    rb_define_module_function(encoding, "use_standard_json_time_format=", rails_use_standard_json_time_format, 1);
+    rb_undef_method(encoding, "use_standard_json_time_format");
+    rb_define_module_function(encoding, "use_standard_json_time_format", rails_use_standard_json_time_format_get, 0);
+
+    pv          = rb_iv_get(encoding, "@escape_html_entities_in_json");
+    escape_html = Qtrue == pv;
+    rb_undef_method(encoding, "escape_html_entities_in_json=");
+    rb_define_module_function(encoding, "escape_html_entities_in_json=", rails_escape_html_entities_in_json, 1);
+    rb_undef_method(encoding, "escape_html_entities_in_json");
+    rb_define_module_function(encoding, "escape_html_entities_in_json", rails_escape_html_entities_in_json_get, 0);
+
+    pv                              = rb_iv_get(encoding, "@time_precision");
+    oj_default_options.sec_prec     = NUM2INT(pv);
+    oj_default_options.sec_prec_set = true;
+    rb_undef_method(encoding, "time_precision=");
+    rb_define_module_function(encoding, "time_precision=", rails_time_precision, 1);
+    rb_gv_set("$VERBOSE", verbose);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Document-method: set_decoder
+ *	call-seq: set_decoder()
+ *
+ * Sets the JSON.parse function to be the Oj::parse function which is json gem
+ * compatible.
+ */
+static VALUE rails_set_decoder(VALUE self) {
+    VALUE json;
+    VALUE json_error;
+    VALUE verbose;
+
+    if (rb_const_defined_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("JSON"))) {
+        json = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("JSON"));
+    } else {
+        json = rb_define_module("JSON");
+    }
+    if (rb_const_defined_at(json, rb_intern("JSONError"))) {
+        json_error = rb_const_get(json, rb_intern("JSONError"));
+    } else {
+        json_error = rb_define_class_under(json, "JSONError", rb_eStandardError);
+    }
+
+    rb_global_variable(&oj_json_parser_error_class);
+    if (rb_const_defined_at(json, rb_intern("ParserError"))) {
+        oj_json_parser_error_class = rb_const_get(json, rb_intern("ParserError"));
+    } else {
+        oj_json_parser_error_class = rb_define_class_under(json, "ParserError", json_error);
+    }
+    // rb_undef_method doesn't work for modules or maybe sometimes
+    // doesn't. Anyway setting verbose should hide the warning.
+    verbose = rb_gv_get("$VERBOSE");
+    rb_gv_set("$VERBOSE", Qfalse);
+    rb_undef_method(json, "parse");
+    rb_define_module_function(json, "parse", oj_mimic_parse, -1);
+    rb_gv_set("$VERBOSE", verbose);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Document-module: Oj.optimize_rails()
+ *
+ * Sets the Oj as the Rails encoder and decoder. Oj::Rails.optimize is also
+ * called.
+ */
+VALUE
+oj_optimize_rails(VALUE self) {
+    rails_set_encoder(self);
+    rails_set_decoder(self);
+    rails_optimize(0, NULL, self);
+    rails_mimic_json(self);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Document-module: Oj::Rails
+ *
+ * Module that provides rails and active support compatibility.
+ */
+/* Document-class: Oj::Rails::Encoder
+ *
+ * The Oj ActiveSupport compliant encoder.
+ */
+void oj_mimic_rails_init(void) {
+    VALUE rails = rb_define_module_under(Oj, "Rails");
+
+    rb_define_module_function(rails, "encode", rails_encode, -1);
+
+    encoder_class = rb_define_class_under(rails, "Encoder", rb_cObject);
+    rb_gc_register_address(&encoder_class);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(encoder_class);
+
+    rb_define_module_function(encoder_class, "new", encoder_new, -1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rails, "optimize", rails_optimize, -1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rails, "deoptimize", rails_deoptimize, -1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rails, "optimized?", rails_optimized, 1);
+    rb_define_module_function(rails, "mimic_JSON", rails_mimic_json, 0);
+
+    rb_define_module_function(rails, "set_encoder", rails_set_encoder, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(rails, "set_decoder", rails_set_decoder, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(encoder_class, "encode", encoder_encode, 1);
+    rb_define_method(encoder_class, "optimize", encoder_optimize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(encoder_class, "deoptimize", encoder_deoptimize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(encoder_class, "optimized?", encoder_optimized, 1);
+}
+
+static void dump_to_hash(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    dump_rails_val(rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_hash_id, 0), depth, out, true);
+}
+
+static void dump_float(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    char   buf[64];
+    char  *b;
+    double d   = rb_num2dbl(obj);
+    size_t cnt = 0;
+
+    if (0.0 == d) {
+        b    = buf;
+        *b++ = '0';
+        *b++ = '.';
+        *b++ = '0';
+        *b++ = '\0';
+        cnt  = 3;
+    } else {
+        if (isnan(d) || OJ_INFINITY == d || -OJ_INFINITY == d) {
+            strcpy(buf, "null");
+            cnt = 4;
+        } else if (d == (double)(long long int)d) {
+            cnt = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.1f", d);
+        } else if (oj_rails_float_opt) {
+            cnt = oj_dump_float_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), obj, d, "%0.16g");
+        } else {
+            volatile VALUE rstr = oj_safe_string_convert(obj);
+
+            strcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(rstr));
+            cnt = RSTRING_LEN(rstr);
+        }
+    }
+    assure_size(out, cnt);
+    for (b = buf; '\0' != *b; b++) {
+        *out->cur++ = *b;
+    }
+    *out->cur = '\0';
+}
+
+static void dump_array(VALUE a, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    size_t size;
+    size_t i;
+    size_t cnt;
+    int    d2 = depth + 1;
+
+    if (Yes == out->opts->circular) {
+        if (0 > oj_check_circular(a, out)) {
+            oj_dump_nil(Qnil, 0, out, false);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    // if (!oj_rails_array_opt && as_ok && 0 < out->argc && rb_respond_to(a, oj_as_json_id)) {
+    if (as_ok && 0 < out->argc && rb_respond_to(a, oj_as_json_id)) {
+        dump_as_json(a, depth, out, false);
+        return;
+    }
+    cnt         = RARRAY_LEN(a);
+    *out->cur++ = '[';
+    size        = 2;
+    assure_size(out, size);
+    if (0 == cnt) {
+        *out->cur++ = ']';
+    } else {
+        if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            size = d2 * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.array_size + 1;
+        } else {
+            size = d2 * out->indent + 2;
+        }
+        assure_size(out, size * cnt);
+        cnt--;
+        for (i = 0; i <= cnt; i++) {
+            if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+                if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+                }
+                if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                    int i;
+                    for (i = d2; 0 < i; i--) {
+                        APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                fill_indent(out, d2);
+            }
+            dump_rails_val(RARRAY_AREF(a, i), d2, out, true);
+            if (i < cnt) {
+                *out->cur++ = ',';
+            }
+        }
+        size = depth * out->indent + 1;
+        assure_size(out, size);
+        if (out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.array_size) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.array_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.array_size);
+            }
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            fill_indent(out, depth);
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = ']';
+    }
+    *out->cur = '\0';
+}
+
+static int hash_cb(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE ov) {
+    Out  out   = (Out)ov;
+    int  depth = out->depth;
+    long size;
+    int  rtype = rb_type(key);
+
+    if (out->omit_nil && Qnil == value) {
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+    if (rtype != T_STRING && rtype != T_SYMBOL) {
+        key   = oj_safe_string_convert(key);
+        rtype = rb_type(key);
+    }
+    if (!out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+        size = depth * out->indent + 1;
+        assure_size(out, size);
+        fill_indent(out, depth);
+        if (rtype == T_STRING) {
+            oj_dump_str(key, 0, out, false);
+        } else {
+            oj_dump_sym(key, 0, out, false);
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = ':';
+    } else {
+        size = depth * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size + 1;
+        assure_size(out, size);
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size);
+        }
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+            int i;
+            for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+            }
+        }
+        if (rtype == T_STRING) {
+            oj_dump_str(key, 0, out, false);
+        } else {
+            oj_dump_sym(key, 0, out, false);
+        }
+        size = out->opts->dump_opts.before_size + out->opts->dump_opts.after_size + 2;
+        assure_size(out, size);
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.before_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.before_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.before_size);
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = ':';
+        if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.after_size) {
+            APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.after_sep, out->opts->dump_opts.after_size);
+        }
+    }
+    dump_rails_val(value, depth, out, true);
+    out->depth  = depth;
+    *out->cur++ = ',';
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void dump_hash(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    int    cnt;
+    size_t size;
+
+    if (Yes == out->opts->circular) {
+        if (0 > oj_check_circular(obj, out)) {
+            oj_dump_nil(Qnil, 0, out, false);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    if ((!oj_rails_hash_opt || 0 < out->argc) && as_ok && rb_respond_to(obj, oj_as_json_id)) {
+        dump_as_json(obj, depth, out, false);
+        return;
+    }
+    cnt  = (int)RHASH_SIZE(obj);
+    size = depth * out->indent + 2;
+    assure_size(out, 2);
+    *out->cur++ = '{';
+    if (0 == cnt) {
+        *out->cur++ = '}';
+    } else {
+        out->depth = depth + 1;
+        rb_hash_foreach(obj, hash_cb, (VALUE)out);
+        if (',' == *(out->cur - 1)) {
+            out->cur--;  // backup to overwrite last comma
+        }
+        if (!out->opts->dump_opts.use) {
+            assure_size(out, size);
+            fill_indent(out, depth);
+        } else {
+            size = depth * out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size + 1;
+            assure_size(out, size);
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size) {
+                APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_nl, out->opts->dump_opts.hash_size);
+            }
+            if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size) {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
+                    APPEND_CHARS(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_str, out->opts->dump_opts.indent_size);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        *out->cur++ = '}';
+    }
+    *out->cur = '\0';
+}
+
+static void dump_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    VALUE clas;
+
+    if (oj_code_dump(oj_compat_codes, obj, depth, out)) {
+        out->argc = 0;
+        return;
+    }
+    clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
+    if (as_ok) {
+        ROpt ro;
+
+        if (NULL != (ro = oj_rails_get_opt(out->ropts, clas)) && ro->on) {
+            ro->dump(obj, depth, out, as_ok);
+        } else if (Yes == out->opts->raw_json && rb_respond_to(obj, oj_raw_json_id)) {
+            oj_dump_raw_json(obj, depth, out);
+        } else if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_as_json_id)) {
+            dump_as_json(obj, depth, out, true);
+        } else if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_hash_id)) {
+            dump_to_hash(obj, depth, out);
+        } else if (oj_bigdecimal_class == clas) {
+            dump_bigdecimal(obj, depth, out, false);
+        } else {
+            oj_dump_obj_to_s(obj, out);
+        }
+    } else if (Yes == out->opts->raw_json && rb_respond_to(obj, oj_raw_json_id)) {
+        oj_dump_raw_json(obj, depth, out);
+    } else if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_hash_id)) {
+        // Always attempt to_hash.
+        dump_to_hash(obj, depth, out);
+    } else if (oj_bigdecimal_class == clas) {
+        dump_bigdecimal(obj, depth, out, false);
+    } else {
+        oj_dump_obj_to_s(obj, out);
+    }
+}
+
+static DumpFunc rails_funcs[] = {
+    NULL,           // RUBY_T_NONE     = 0x00,
+    dump_obj,       // RUBY_T_OBJECT   = 0x01,
+    oj_dump_class,  // RUBY_T_CLASS    = 0x02,
+    oj_dump_class,  // RUBY_T_MODULE   = 0x03,
+    dump_float,     // RUBY_T_FLOAT    = 0x04,
+    oj_dump_str,    // RUBY_T_STRING   = 0x05,
+    dump_regexp,    // RUBY_T_REGEXP   = 0x06,
+    // dump_as_string,	// RUBY_T_REGEXP   = 0x06,
+    dump_array,      // RUBY_T_ARRAY    = 0x07,
+    dump_hash,       // RUBY_T_HASH     = 0x08,
+    dump_obj,        // RUBY_T_STRUCT   = 0x09,
+    oj_dump_bignum,  // RUBY_T_BIGNUM   = 0x0a,
+    dump_as_string,  // RUBY_T_FILE     = 0x0b,
+    dump_obj,        // RUBY_T_DATA     = 0x0c,
+    NULL,            // RUBY_T_MATCH    = 0x0d,
+    // Rails raises a stack error on Complex and Rational. It also corrupts
+    // something which causes a segfault on the next call. Oj will not mimic
+    // that behavior.
+    dump_as_string,  // RUBY_T_COMPLEX  = 0x0e,
+    dump_as_string,  // RUBY_T_RATIONAL = 0x0f,
+    NULL,            // 0x10
+    oj_dump_nil,     // RUBY_T_NIL      = 0x11,
+    oj_dump_true,    // RUBY_T_TRUE     = 0x12,
+    oj_dump_false,   // RUBY_T_FALSE    = 0x13,
+    oj_dump_sym,     // RUBY_T_SYMBOL   = 0x14,
+    oj_dump_fixnum,  // RUBY_T_FIXNUM   = 0x15,
+};
+
+static void dump_rails_val(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    int type = rb_type(obj);
+
+    TRACE(out->opts->trace, "dump", obj, depth, TraceIn);
+    if (MAX_DEPTH < depth) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "Too deeply nested.\n");
+    }
+    if (0 < type && type <= RUBY_T_FIXNUM) {
+        DumpFunc f = rails_funcs[type];
+
+        if (NULL != f) {
+            f(obj, depth, out, as_ok);
+            TRACE(out->opts->trace, "dump", obj, depth, TraceOut);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    oj_dump_nil(Qnil, depth, out, false);
+    TRACE(out->opts->trace, "dump", Qnil, depth, TraceOut);
+}
+
+void oj_dump_rails_val(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
+    out->opts->str_rx.head = NULL;
+    out->opts->str_rx.tail = NULL;
+    if (escape_html) {
+        out->opts->escape_mode = RailsXEsc;
+    } else {
+        out->opts->escape_mode = RailsEsc;
+    }
+    dump_rails_val(obj, depth, out, true);
+}