nysol-take 3.0.0

data/ext/lcmseqrun/src/stdlib2.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1350 @@
+/* library for standard macros and functions */
+/* by Takeaki Uno 2/22/2002, e-mail: uno@nii.jp
+    homepage:   http://research.nii.ac.jp/~uno/index.html  */
+/* This program is available for only academic use, basically.
+   Anyone can modify this program, but he/she has to write down 
+    the change of the modification on the top of the source code.
+   Neither contact nor appointment to Takeaki Uno is needed.
+   If one wants to re-distribute this code, please
+    refer the newest code, and show the link to homepage of 
+    Takeaki Uno, to notify the news about the codes for the users. */
+
+#ifndef _stdlib2_c_
+#define _stdlib2_c_
+
+#include"stdlib2.h"
+#ifdef MTWISTER
+#include"dSFMT.c"
+#endif
+
+size_t common_size_t;
+INT common_INT, common_INT2;
+char *common_charp, *common_pnt;
+FILE *common_FILE;
+FILE2 common_FILE2;
+PERM common_PERM;
+char common_comm[1024], common_comm2[1024], *common_argv[100];  // max. command length = 2048, max. #params = 100
+
+char *ERROR_MES = NULL;
+int print_time_flag=0;
+PARAMS internal_params;
+#ifdef MULTI_CORE
+int SPIN_LOCK_dummy;
+#endif
+FILE2 INIT_FILE2 = {TYPE_FILE2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,0};
+VEC INIT_VEC = {TYPE_VEC,NULL,0,0};
+FILE_COUNT INIT_FILE_COUNT = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NULL,NULL,0,0,NULL,NULL,0,0,NULL,NULL};
+short FILE2_POW[5] = {1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000};
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+void *__load_from_memory__=NULL, *__load_from_memory_org__=NULL, *__load_from_memory_org2__=NULL;
+char *__write_to_memory__=NULL, *__write_to_memory_org__=NULL, *__write_to_memory_next__=NULL;
+#endif
+
+QSORT_TYPE (int, int)
+QSORT_TYPE (uint, unsigned int)
+QSORT_TYPE (double, double)
+QSORT_TYPE (char, char)
+QSORT_TYPE (uchar, unsigned char)
+QSORT_TYPE (short, short)
+QSORT_TYPE (ushort, unsigned short)
+QSORT_TYPE (WEIGHT, WEIGHT)
+QSORT_TYPE (LONG, LONG)
+QSORT_TYPE (VEC_ID, VEC_ID)
+QSORT_TYPE (VEC_VAL, VEC_VAL)
+QSORT_TYPE (VEC_VAL2, VEC_VAL2)
+QSORT_TYPE (FILE_COUNT_INT, FILE_COUNT_INT)
+
+  /* bitmasks, used for bit operations */
+int BITMASK_UPPER1[32] = { 0xffffffff, 0xfffffffe, 0xfffffffc, 0xfffffff8,
+                           0xfffffff0, 0xffffffe0, 0xffffffc0, 0xffffff80,
+                           0xffffff00, 0xfffffe00, 0xfffffc00, 0xfffff800,
+                           0xfffff000, 0xffffe000, 0xffffc000, 0xffff8000,
+                           0xffff0000, 0xfffe0000, 0xfffc0000, 0xfff80000,
+                           0xfff00000, 0xffe00000, 0xffc00000, 0xff800000,
+                           0xff000000, 0xfe000000, 0xfc000000, 0xf8000000,
+                           0xf0000000, 0xe0000000, 0xc0000000, 0x80000000 };
+int BITMASK_UPPER1_[32] = { 0xfffffffe, 0xfffffffc, 0xfffffff8, 0xfffffff0,
+                            0xffffffe0, 0xffffffc0, 0xffffff80, 0xffffff00,
+                            0xfffffe00, 0xfffffc00, 0xfffff800, 0xfffff000,
+                            0xffffe000, 0xffffc000, 0xffff8000, 0xffff0000,
+                            0xfffe0000, 0xfffc0000, 0xfff80000, 0xfff00000,
+                            0xffe00000, 0xffc00000, 0xff800000, 0xff000000,
+                            0xfe000000, 0xfc000000, 0xf8000000, 0xf0000000,
+                            0xe0000000, 0xc0000000, 0x80000000, 0x00000000 };
+
+int BITMASK_LOWER1[32] = { 0x00000000, 0x00000001, 0x00000003, 0x00000007,
+                           0x0000000f, 0x0000001f, 0x0000003f, 0x0000007f,
+                           0x000000ff, 0x000001ff, 0x000003ff, 0x000007ff,
+                           0x00000fff, 0x00001fff, 0x00003fff, 0x00007fff,
+                           0x0000ffff, 0x0001ffff, 0x0003ffff, 0x0007ffff,
+                           0x000fffff, 0x001fffff, 0x003fffff, 0x007fffff,
+                           0x00ffffff, 0x01ffffff, 0x03ffffff, 0x07ffffff,
+                           0x0fffffff, 0x1fffffff, 0x3fffffff, 0x7fffffff };
+int BITMASK_LOWER1_[32] = { 0x00000001, 0x00000003, 0x00000007, 0x0000000f,
+                            0x0000001f, 0x0000003f, 0x0000007f, 0x000000ff,
+                            0x000001ff, 0x000003ff, 0x000007ff, 0x00000fff,
+                            0x00001fff, 0x00003fff, 0x00007fff, 0x0000ffff,
+                            0x0001ffff, 0x0003ffff, 0x0007ffff, 0x000fffff,
+                            0x001fffff, 0x003fffff, 0x007fffff, 0x00ffffff,
+                            0x01ffffff, 0x03ffffff, 0x07ffffff, 0x0fffffff,
+                            0x1fffffff, 0x3fffffff, 0x7fffffff, 0xffffffff };
+
+int BITMASK_1[32] = { 0x00000001, 0x00000002, 0x00000004, 0x00000008,
+                      0x00000010, 0x00000020, 0x00000040, 0x00000080,
+                      0x00000100, 0x00000200, 0x00000400, 0x00000800,
+                      0x00001000, 0x00002000, 0x00004000, 0x00008000,
+                      0x00010000, 0x00020000, 0x00040000, 0x00080000,
+                      0x00100000, 0x00200000, 0x00400000, 0x00800000,
+                      0x01000000, 0x02000000, 0x04000000, 0x08000000,
+                      0x10000000, 0x20000000, 0x40000000, 0x80000000 };
+int BITMASK_31[32] = { 0xfffffffe, 0xfffffffd, 0xfffffffb, 0xfffffff7,
+                       0xffffffef, 0xffffffdf, 0xffffffbf, 0xffffff7f,
+                       0xfffffeff, 0xfffffdff, 0xfffffbff, 0xfffff7ff,
+                       0xffffefff, 0xffffdfff, 0xffffbfff, 0xffff7fff,
+                       0xfffeffff, 0xfffdffff, 0xfffbffff, 0xfff7ffff,
+                       0xffefffff, 0xffdfffff, 0xffbfffff, 0xff7fffff,
+                       0xfeffffff, 0xfdffffff, 0xfbffffff, 0xf7ffffff,
+                       0xefffffff, 0xdfffffff, 0xbfffffff, 0x7fffffff };
+
+int BITMASK_16[8] = { 0x0000000f, 0x000000f0, 0x00000f00, 0x0000f000,
+                      0x000f0000, 0x00f00000, 0x0f000000, 0xf0000000 };
+int BITMASK_UPPER16[8] = { 0xffffffff, 0xfffffff0, 0xffffff00, 0xfffff000,
+                           0xffff0000, 0xfff00000, 0xff000000, 0xf0000000 };
+int BITMASK_LOWER16[8] = { 0x0000000f, 0x000000ff, 0x00000fff, 0x0000ffff,
+                           0x000fffff, 0x00ffffff, 0x0fffffff, 0xffffffff };
+int BITMASK_FACT16[8] = { 0x1, 0x10, 0x100, 0x1000,
+                          0x10000, 0x100000, 0x1000000,0x10000000 };
+
+
+/* free many pointers */
+void mfree_(void *x, ...){
+  va_list argp;
+  void *a;
+  va_start (argp, x);
+  while((a = va_arg(argp, void *)) != (void*)1){ free2 (a); }
+  va_end (argp);
+}
+/* free many pointers */
+void mfree2_(void *x, ...){
+  va_list argp;
+  void *a;
+  va_start (argp, x);
+  while((a = va_arg(argp, void *)) != (void*)1){ free2 (*((char **)a)); }
+  va_end (argp);
+}
+/* remove many files */
+void mremove_ (char *x, ...){
+  va_list argp;
+  char *a;
+  va_start (argp, x);
+  while((a = va_arg(argp, char *))){
+    sprintf (common_comm, "%s%s", x, a);
+    remove (common_comm);
+  }
+  va_end (argp);
+}
+
+/* compute the minimum prime no less than n */
+#define MINPRIME_END 6000
+LONG min_prime (LONG n){
+  LONG i, j=30, k;
+  char f[MINPRIME_END];
+  while(1) {
+    FLOOP (i, 0, j) f[i]=0;
+    for ( i=3 ; i*i < n+j ; i+=2 )
+        for ( k=((n+i-1)/i)*i ; k<i+j ; k+=i ) f[(k-n)/2] = 1;
+    FLOOP (i, 0, j) if ( f[i] == 0 ) return (n+ i*2+1);
+    j *= 2;
+  }
+}
+
+/* decompose the string by separator, and set v[i] to each resulted string.
+  consecutive separators are regarded as one separator. */
+/* string s has to have end mark 0 at the end */
+/* original string s will be written, so that each separator will be end mark 0 */
+/* at most [num] strings will be generated */
+int string_decompose ( char **v, char *s, char sep, int max){
+  int i=0, dq;
+  char *ss = s;
+  do {
+    dq = 0;
+    while (*ss == sep) ss++;
+    if ( *ss == 0 ) break;
+    if ( *ss == '\"' ){ dq = 1; v[i++] = ++ss; }
+    else v[i++] = ss;
+    while (*ss != sep || dq){
+      if ( dq==0 && *ss == 0 ) break;
+      if ( dq && *ss == '\"' ) break;
+      ss++;
+    }
+    if ( *ss == 0 ) break;
+    *(ss++) = 0;
+  } while ( i<max);
+  return (i);
+}
+
+unsigned long xor128(){ 
+    static unsigned long x=123456789,y=362436069,z=521288629,w=88675123; 
+    unsigned long t; 
+    t=(x^(x<<11));x=y;y=z;z=w; return( w=(w^(w>>19))^(t^(t>>8)) ); 
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************/
+/***********************************************************************/
+#ifdef USE_MATH
+#define NORMAL_RAND_BASE 2147483648LL
+
+double SQRT(double x){
+#ifdef USE_SIMD
+  __m128d a;
+  a = _mm_load1_pd (&x);
+  _mm_sqrt_pd (a);
+  _mm_storel_pd (&x, a);
+#else
+  x = sqrt (x);
+#endif
+  return (x);
+}
+/* make two random numbers under normal distribution N(0,1) */
+void rand_mk_2normal (double *a, double *b){
+  double r1, r2;
+  do {
+    r1 = RAND1;
+  } while (r1==0);
+  r2 = RAND1;
+  r1 = sqrt(-log(r1)*2);
+  r2 *=  2*PI;
+  *a  = r1*sin(r2);
+  *b  = r1*cos(r2);
+}
+
+/* make a random point on a supersphere of d-dim., and set to double array already allocated */
+void rand_d_gaussian (double *p, int d){
+  int i;
+  double a, b;
+  for (i=0 ; i<d ; i+=2){
+    rand_mk_2normal ( &a, &b);
+    p[i] = a;
+    if ( i+1 < d ) p[i+1] = b;
+  }
+}
+void rand_sphere (double *p, int d){
+  rand_d_gaussian (p, d);
+  ARY_NORMALIZE (p, d);
+}
+
+/* compute the integral of cosin x with exponent n */
+double int_cos_n (double x, int n){
+  if ( n == 1 ) return (sin(x));
+  if ( n == 2 ) return (x/2+sin(2*x)/4);
+  return ( int_cos_n (x, n-2) *(n-1)/n - pow(cos(x), n-1)*sin(x) /n );
+}
+double int_sin_n (double x, int n){
+  if ( n == 1 ) return (-cos(x));
+  if ( n == 2 ) return (x/2-sin(2*x)/4);
+  return ( int_sin_n (x, n-2) *(n-1)/n - pow(sin(x), n-1)*cos(x) /n );
+}
+
+
+double sphere_prob_even (int d, double t) {
+	int i;
+	double q, r, ss;
+	double y = acos(t);
+	double s = sin(y);
+
+	/*
+	 *   sum_{k=0}^{d/2-2}sin^{d-2k-1}(y) (d-2k-2)!!/(d-2k-1)!!
+	 * = sum_{k=1}^{d/2-1}sin^{2k+1}(y) (2k)!!/(2k+1)!!
+	 */
+	q = 0.0;
+	ss = s * s;
+	r = s;
+	for (i = 3; i < d; i += 2) {
+		r *= ss * (i - 1) / i;
+		q += r;
+	}
+	return (y - sin(2*y)/2 - t*q) / M_PI;
+}
+
+double sphere_prob_odd (int d, double t) {
+	int i;
+	double q, r, ss;
+	double s = sin(acos(t));
+
+	/* 
+	 *   sum_{k=0}^{d/2-2}s^{d-2k-1} (d-2k-2)!!/(d-2k-1)!!
+	 * = sum_{k=1}^{d/2-1}s^{2k} (2k-1)!!/(2k)!!
+	 */
+	q = r = 1.0; ss = s * s;
+	for (i = 2; i < d; i += 2) {
+		r *= ss * (i - 1) / i;
+		q += r;
+	}
+	return (1 - t*q) / 2;
+}
+
+double sphere_prob (int d, double t){
+  if ( d % 2 ) return (sphere_prob_odd (d, t));
+  return (sphere_prob_even (d, t));
+}
+
+double sphere_prob_inv (int d, double m){
+  double s=0, t=1;
+  while ( t-s > 0.000001 ){
+    if ( sphere_prob (d, (t+s)/2) > m ) s = (t+s)/2;
+    else t = (t+s)/2;
+  }
+  return (s);
+}
+
+
+#endif
+
+/********************  file I/O routines  ********************************/
+
+int FILE_err;  /*  signals  0: for normal termination
+                   1: read a number, then encountered a newline,
+                   2: read a number, then encountered the end-of-file
+                   5: read no number, and encountered a newline
+                   6: read no number, and encountered the end-of-file */
+
+
+void FILE2_flush (FILE2 *fp){
+#ifndef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  if ( fp->buf > fp->buf_org+FILE2_BUFSIZ/2 ){
+    fwrite (fp->buf_org, fp->buf-fp->buf_org, 1, fp->fp);
+    *fp->buf_org = *fp->buf;
+    fp->buf = fp->buf_org;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+void FILE2_flush_last (FILE2 *fp){
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  FILE2_WRITE_MEMORY (FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_ENDTYPE, FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_END-1);
+#else
+  if ( fp->bit > 0 ) fp->buf++;
+  if ( fp->buf > fp->buf_org ){
+    fwrite ( fp->buf_org, fp->buf-fp->buf_org, 1, fp->fp);
+    fp->buf = fp->buf_org;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+void FILE2_close (FILE2 *fp){
+  fclose2 (fp->fp);
+  free2 (fp->buf_org);
+  fp->buf = fp->buf_end = 0;
+}
+void FILE2_closew (FILE2 *fp){
+  FILE2_flush_last (fp);
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  FILE2_WRITE_MEMORY (FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_ENDTYPE, FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_END-1);
+#endif
+  fclose2 (fp->fp);
+  free2 (fp->buf_org);
+  fp->buf = fp->buf_end = 0;
+}
+void FILE2_reset (FILE2 *fp){
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  __load_from_memory__=__load_from_memory_org__;
+#else
+  fp->buf = fp->buf_org;
+  fp->buf_end = fp->buf_org-1;
+  fseek (fp->fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
+#endif
+}
+void FILE2_copy (char *f1, char *f2){   // copy file f1 to f2, f2 will be cleared or created
+  FILE *fp, *fp2;
+  char buf[16384];
+  int s;
+
+  fopen2 (fp, f1, "r", EXIT);
+  fopen2 (fp2, f2, "w", EXIT);
+  do {
+    s = fread (buf, 1, 16384, fp);
+    fwrite (buf, 1, s, fp2);
+  } while (s);
+  fclose (fp);
+  fclose (fp2);
+}
+
+/* fast file routine, getc, putc, puts, */
+int FILE2_getc (FILE2 *fp){
+  int c;
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+
+#else
+  if ( fp->buf >= fp->buf_end ){
+    if ( (fp->buf_end < fp->buf_org+FILE2_BUFSIZ) && (fp->buf_end>=fp->buf_org) ){ FILE_err=2; return (-1); }
+    fp->buf = fp->buf_org;
+    fp->buf_end = fp->buf_org + fread (fp->buf, 1, FILE2_BUFSIZ, fp->fp);
+    return (FILE2_getc (fp));
+  }
+  c = (unsigned char)(*(fp->buf));
+  fp->buf++;
+#endif
+  return (c);
+}
+void FILE2_puts (FILE2 *fp, char *s){
+#ifndef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  while ( *s != 0 ){
+    *(fp->buf) = *s;
+    s++;
+    fp->buf++;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+void FILE2_putc (FILE2 *fp, char c){
+#ifndef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  *(fp->buf) = c;
+  fp->buf++;
+#endif
+}
+int FILE2_getbit (FILE2 *fp){
+  int a;
+  unsigned char *p;
+  if ( fp->buf >= fp->buf_end ){
+    if ( (fp->buf_end < fp->buf_org+FILE2_BUFSIZ) && (fp->buf_end>=fp->buf_org) ){ FILE_err=2; return (-1); }
+    fp->buf = fp->buf_org;
+    fp->buf_end = fp->buf_org + fread (fp->buf, 1, FILE2_BUFSIZ, fp->fp);
+  }
+  p = (unsigned char *)fp->buf; a = (*p) %2; (*p) /=2;
+  if ( (++fp->bit) == 8 ){ fp->bit = 0; fp->buf++; }
+  return (a);
+}
+void FILE2_putbit (FILE2 *fp, int a){   // a is non-zero => 1
+  if ( a ){
+    a = 1 << fp->bit;
+    *fp->buf |= a;
+  }
+  if ( (++fp->bit) == 8 ){
+    fp->bit = 0;
+    fp->buf++;
+    FILE2_flush (fp);
+    *fp->buf = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/* fast file routine, print number, c is the char to be printed preceding to the number
+   if c==0, nothing will be printed preceding the number
+   if len<0 then the #digits following '.' does not change (filed by '0')  */
+void STR_print_int (char **s, LONG n, char c){
+  LONG nn = n;
+  char *ss;
+  if ( c ){ **s = c; (*s)++; }
+  if ( n == 0 ){ **s = '0'; (*s)++; return; }
+  if ( n < 0 ){ **s = '-'; (*s)++; n = -n; }
+  while ( nn>99999 ){ nn /= 1000000; (*s)+=6; }
+  while ( nn>99 ){ nn /= 1000; (*s)+=3; }
+  while ( nn>0 ){ nn /= 10; (*s)++; }
+  ss = (*s)-1;
+  **s = 0;
+  while ( n>0 ){ *ss = '0'+(char)(n%10); ss--; n/=10; }
+}
+void STR_print_int_ (char **s, LONG n, int len, char c){
+  char *ss;
+  if ( c ){ **s = c; (*s)++; }
+  if ( n == 0 ){ **s = '0'; (*s)++; return; }
+  if ( n < 0 ){ **s = '-'; (*s)++; n = -n; }
+  (*s)+=len;
+  ss = (*s)-1;
+  **s = 0;
+  while ( len>0 ){ *ss = '0'+(char)(n%10); ss--; n/=10; len--; }
+}
+void FILE2_print_int (FILE2 *fp, LONG n, char c){
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  FILE2_WRITE_MEMORY (int, n);
+#else
+  STR_print_int (&(fp->buf), n, c);
+#endif
+}
+/* print a real number to string pointed by *s,
+    (print_reale prints in format "x.xxxxxe+10e"
+   [len] is #decimal digits to be printed
+   for speeding up, give 10^{len} as [len], when len >1 */
+void STR_print_reale (char **s, double n, int len, char c){
+  int flag=0, d=0, dd;
+  LONG nn;
+
+  if ( len >= 100 ) nn = len;
+  else {
+    nn = 1;
+    while ( len >= 9 ){ nn *= 1000000000; len -= 9; }
+    while ( len >= 3 ){ nn *= 1000; len -= 3; }
+    while ( len >= 1 ){ nn *= 10; len --; }
+  }
+  
+  if ( c ){ **s = c; (*s)++; }
+  if ( n<0 ){ **s = c; (*s)++; n = -n; }
+  if ( n<1 ){
+    flag = 1;
+    while ( n < 0.00000001 ){ d+=9; n *= 1000000000;}
+    while ( n < 0.01 ){ d+=3; n *= 1000;}
+    while ( n < 1 ){ d++; n *= 10;}
+  } else {
+    while ( n >= 1000000000 ){ d+=9; n /= 1000000000;}
+    while ( n >= 1000 ){ d+=3; n /= 1000;}
+    while ( n >= 10 ){ d++; n /= 10;}
+  }
+  
+  dd = n; **s = '0' + dd; (*s)++; n -= dd;
+  **s = '.'; (*s)++;
+  nn = n*nn; STR_print_int (s, nn, 0);
+  while ( *(*s -1) == '0' ) (*s)--;
+  if ( *(*s -1) == '.' ) (*s)--;
+  **s = 'e'; (*s)++; **s = flag? '-': '+'; (*s)++;
+  STR_print_int (s, d, 0);
+  **s = 0;
+}
+void FILE2_print_reale (FILE2 *fp, double n, int len, char c){
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  FILE2_WRITE_MEMORY (double, n);
+#else
+  STR_print_reale (&(fp->buf), n, len, c);
+#endif
+}
+/* print a real number to string pointed by *s */
+void STR_print_real (char **s, double n, int len, char c){
+  int flag=1, d=0, dd, ll = len;
+  LONG nn;
+
+  if ( c ){ **s = c; (*s)++; }
+  if ( n<0 ){ **s = '-'; (*s)++; n = -n; }
+  if ( n<1 ){ **s = '0'; (*s)++; } 
+  else {
+    while ( n > (1LL<<60) ){ d++; n /= (1000000000000000000LL);}
+    nn = n; STR_print_int (s, nn, 0);
+    BLOOP (d, d, 0) FLOOP (dd, 0, 18){ **s = '0'; (*s)++; }
+    n -= nn;
+  }
+  if ( len == 0 ) return;  // no decimal digits
+  **s = '.'; (*s)++;
+  if ( len<0 ){ len = -len; flag = 0; }
+  nn = 1;
+  if ( len >= 100 ) nn = len;
+  else {
+    while ( len >= 6 ){ nn *= 1000000; len -= 6; }
+    while ( len >= 3 ){ nn *= 1000; len -= 3; }
+    while ( len >= 1 ){ nn *= 10; len --; }
+  }
+  nn = n*nn;
+  STR_print_int_ (s, nn, ll, 0);
+  if ( flag ){
+    while ( *(*s -1) == '0' ) (*s)--;
+    if ( *(*s -1) == '.' ) (*s)--;
+  }
+  **s = 0;
+}
+void FILE2_print_real (FILE2 *fp, double n, int len, char c){
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  FILE2_WRITE_MEMORY (double, n);
+#else
+  STR_print_real (&(fp->buf), n, len, c);
+#endif
+}
+void FILE2_print_real__ (FILE2 *fp, double n, int len, char c){
+  int i=0, flag=1, d=0, dd=0;
+  char *back;
+  LONG nn;
+
+  if ( c ) FILE2_putc (fp, c);
+  if ( n<0 ){ FILE2_putc (fp, '-'); n *= -1; }
+  if ( n<1 ){ *(fp->buf) = '0'; fp->buf++; } 
+  else {
+    while ( n > (1LL<<60) ){ d++; n /= (1000000000000000000LL);}
+    nn = n; FILE2_print_int (fp, nn, 0);
+    BLOOP (d, d, 0) FLOOP (dd, 0, 18) FILE2_putc (fp, '0');
+    n -= nn;
+  }
+  if ( len == 0 ) return;  // no digits smaller than 1
+  *(fp->buf) = '.'; back = fp->buf;
+  fp->buf++;
+  if ( len<0 ){ len = -len; flag = 0; }
+  for (d=0 ; len>0 ; len--){
+    if ( d==0 ){
+      d = 4;
+      n *= 10000.0;
+      dd = n;
+      n -= dd;
+    }
+    if ( --d > 0 ){
+      i = dd/FILE2_POW[d];
+      dd -= i*FILE2_POW[d];
+    }
+    *(fp->buf) = '0'+i;
+    fp->buf++;
+    if ( i>0 ) back = fp->buf;
+  }
+  if ( flag ) fp->buf = back;
+}
+void FILE2_print_real_ (FILE2 *fp, double n, int len, char c){
+  int i=0, flag=1;
+  double j=1;
+  char *back;
+
+  if ( c ) FILE2_putc (fp, c);
+  if ( n<0 ){ FILE2_putc (fp, '-'); n *= -1; }
+  while ( n >= j ) j*=10;
+  if ( j==1 ){ *(fp->buf) = '0'; fp->buf++; }
+  else while ( j>1 ){
+    j /= 10;
+    i = (int)(n/j);
+    *(fp->buf) = '0'+i;
+    n -= j*i;
+    fp->buf++;
+  }
+  *(fp->buf) = '.'; back = fp->buf;
+  fp->buf++;
+  if ( len<0 ){ len = -len; flag = 0; }
+  for ( ; len>0 ; len--){
+    n *= 10.0;
+    i = (int)n;
+    *(fp->buf) = '0'+i;
+    n -= i;
+    fp->buf++;
+    if ( i>0 ) back = fp->buf;
+  }
+  if ( flag ) fp->buf = back;
+}
+/******/
+void FILE2_print_WEIGHT (FILE2 *fp, WEIGHT w, int len, char c){
+#ifdef WEIGHT_DOUBLE
+  FILE2_print_real(fp, w, len, c);
+#else
+  FILE2_print_int(fp, w, c);
+#endif
+}
+
+// print integer to file in a bit string manner
+// first bit 0 -> 0to127
+// 10 -> 128 to 16384+127
+// 110 -> 16384+128 to 32*65536+16384+127
+// 1110 -> ... to 16*
+// max: limit of the bit length 
+void FILE2_print_mpint (FILE2 *fp, LONG a, int max, int skip){
+  int i=0, bb;
+  LONG b, x=0;
+  bb = 1<<skip; b = bb;
+  while ( a-x >= b ){ x += b; b *= bb; i++; if ( (i+1)*skip >= max ) break; }
+  a -= x;
+  FLOOP (x, 0, i) FILE2_putbit (fp, 1); // length of the integer
+  if ( (i+1)*skip < max ) FILE2_putbit (fp, 0);  // end mark
+  else for ( ; max < (i+1)*skip ; max++, b/=2);
+  for (b/=2 ; b>0 ; b/=2) FILE2_putbit (fp, (a&b)>0);
+}
+
+LONG FILE2_read_mpint (FILE2 *fp, int max, int skip){
+  LONG a, b, x=0;
+  int i=0, j, bb;
+  for (b=bb=1<<skip; (j=FILE2_getbit (fp)) ; i++){
+    if ( j<0 ){ FILE_err = 2; return (0); }
+    x += b; b *= bb;
+    if ( (i+2)*skip >= max ){ 
+      for ( ; max < (i+2)*skip ; max++, b/=2);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  for (a=0 ; b>1 ; b/=2) a = a*2 + FILE2_getbit(fp);
+  return (a+x);
+}
+/* print lowest k bits to file */
+void FILE2_print_intbit (FILE2 *fp, LONG a, int k){
+  LONG b= 1LL << (k-1);
+  while (b>0){ FILE2_putbit (fp, (a&b)>0); b /= 2; }
+}
+/* read k bits from file as integer */
+LONG FILE2_read_intbit (FILE2 *fp, int k){
+  LONG a=0;
+  while (k-->0){ a = a*2 + FILE2_getbit (fp); }
+  return (a);
+}
+
+#define FILE2_READ_CH(v) \
+
+//#define FILE2_READ_(v)
+
+/* Read an integer/a double from the file and return it,
+    with read through the non-numeric letters.
+   If it reaches to the end-of-file just after reading a number, then set FILE_err=2,
+   if it reads a newline just after reading a number, then set FILE_err=1.
+   If read either the end-of-file or newline before reading an integer,
+   return 5, and 6 */
+FILE_LONG FILE2_read_int (FILE2 *fp){
+  FILE_LONG item;
+  int sign=1, ch;
+  FILE_err = 0;
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  ch = *((int *)__load_from_memory__);
+  __load_from_memory__ = ((int *)__load_from_memory__) + 1;
+  if ( ch == FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_END ){ FILE_err = 5; return (-INTHUGE); }
+  if ( ch == FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_END-1 ){ FILE_err = 6; return (-INTHUGE); }
+  return (ch);
+#else
+  while (1){
+    ch = FILE2_getc(fp);
+    if ( ch>='0' && ch<='9' ) break;
+    if ( ch == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 5; return (-INTHUGE); }
+    if ( ch < 0 ){ FILE_err = 6; return (-INTHUGE); }
+    if ( ch=='-' ) sign = -1;
+  }
+  for (item=ch-'0' ; 1 ; item=item*10 +ch-'0'){
+    ch = FILE2_getc(fp);
+    if ( ch<'0' || ch>'9' ){
+      if ( ch == '\n' ) FILE_err = 1;
+      if ( ch < 0 ) FILE_err = 2;
+      return (item*sign);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+}
+double FILE2_read_double (FILE2 *fp){
+  double item, geta=1;
+  int sign=1, ch, n=0, d, flag=0;
+  FILE_err = 0;
+#ifdef _FILE2_LOAD_FROM_MEMORY_
+  ch = *((double *)__load_from_memory__);
+  __load_from_memory__ = ((double *)__load_from_memory__) + 1;
+  if ( ch == DOUBLEHUGE ){ FILE_err = 5; return (-DOUBLEHUGE); }
+  if ( ch == DOUBLEHUGE-1 ){ FILE_err = 6; return (-DOUBLEHUGE); }
+#else
+  while (1){
+    ch = FILE2_getc(fp);
+    if ( ch<'0' || ch>'9' ){
+      if ( ch == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 5; return (-DOUBLEHUGE); }
+      if ( ch < 0 ){ FILE_err = 6; return (-DOUBLEHUGE); }
+      if ( ch=='-' ) sign = -1;
+      else if ( ch=='.' ){ flag = 1; geta = 0.1; }
+      else { sign = 1; geta = 1; flag = 0; }
+    } else break;
+  }
+  item = 0; d = 0; item = ch-'0'; if ( flag ) item /= 10;
+
+  while (1){
+    ch = FILE2_getc(fp);
+    if ( ch < '0' || ch > '9' ){
+      if ( ch == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 1; break; }
+      else if ( ch < 0 ){ FILE_err = 2; break; }
+      else if ( ch == '.' ){  // decimal
+        if ( flag ) break;   // second decimal; illigal syntax
+        if ( d ) item = item * FILE2_POW[d] + n;
+        flag = 1; n = 0; d = 0;
+      } else if ( (ch & 0xdf) == 'E' ){  // power
+        if ( d ){
+          if ( flag ) item += geta * n / FILE2_POW[d];
+          else item = item * FILE2_POW[d] + n;
+        }
+        flag = n = 0;
+        ch = FILE2_getc(fp);
+        if ( ch == '-' ){ flag = 1; ch = FILE2_getc(fp); } // power is minus
+        else if ( ch == '+' ) ch = FILE2_getc(fp); // power is plus
+        else if ( ch < '0' || ch > '9') break;
+        for ( n=ch-'0' ; 1 ; n=n*10 + ch-'0' ){
+          ch = FILE2_getc(fp);
+          if ( ch<'0' || ch>'9' ){
+            if ( ch == '\n' ) FILE_err = 1;
+            if ( ch < 0 ) FILE_err = 2;
+            if ( flag ){
+              while ( n>=9 ){ item /= 1000000000.0; n -= 9; }
+              while ( n>=3 ){ item /= 1000.0; n -= 3; }
+              while ( n>=1 ){ item /= 10.0; n --; }
+            } else {
+              while ( n>=9 ){ item *= 1000000000.0; n -= 9; }
+              while ( n>=3 ){ item *= 1000.0; n -= 3; }
+              while ( n>=1 ){ item *= 10.0; n --; }
+            }
+            return (item*sign);
+          }
+        }
+      } else break;
+    } else {
+      if ( n>0 ) n *= 10;
+      n += ch - '0';
+      if ( ++d == 5 ){
+        if ( flag ){
+          geta /= 100000.0;
+          item += geta * n;
+        } else item = item * 100000.0 + n;
+        n = d = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if ( d ){
+    if ( flag ) item += geta * n / FILE2_POW[d];
+    else item = item * FILE2_POW[d] + n;
+  }
+  return (item*sign);
+#endif
+}
+double FILE2_read_double_ (FILE2 *fp){
+  double item, geta=1;
+  int sign=1, ch;
+  FILE_err = 0;
+  while (1){
+    ch = FILE2_getc(fp);
+    if ( ch < 0 ){ FILE_err = 6; return (-DOUBLEHUGE); }
+    if ( ch == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 5; return (-DOUBLEHUGE); }
+    if ( ch=='-' ) sign *= -1;
+    else if ( ch=='.' ) geta = 0.1;
+    else if ( ch>='0' && ch<='9' ) break;
+    else { sign = 1; geta = 1; }
+  }
+
+  item = geta * (ch-'0');
+  if ( geta < 1.0 ) geta *= .1;
+  while (1){
+    ch = FILE2_getc(fp);
+    if ( ch == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 1; return (item*sign); }
+    if ( ch<0 ){ FILE_err = 2; return (item*sign); }
+    if ( ch == '.' ) geta = .1;
+    else if ( (ch < '0') || (ch > '9')) return (item*sign);
+    else if ( geta < 1.0 ){
+      item += geta*(ch-'0');
+      geta *= 0.1;
+    } else item = item*10 + (ch-'0');
+  }
+}
+
+/* string has to have non-numeric alphabet until its end */
+FILE_LONG STR_read_int (char **s){
+  FILE_LONG item;
+  int flag =1;
+  FILE_err = 0;
+  while (1) {
+    if ( **s == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 5; return (-INTHUGE); }
+    if ( **s=='-' ) flag = -1;
+    if ( **s >= '0' && **s <= '9' ) break;
+    (*s)++;
+  }
+  for ( item=(int)((**s)-'0') ; 1 ; item=item*10 +(int)((**s)-'0') ){
+    (*s)++;
+    if ( ((**s) < '0') || ((**s) > '9')){
+      if ( (**s) == '\n' ) FILE_err = 1;
+      return (flag*item);
+    }
+  }
+}
+double STR_read_double (char **s){
+  double item, geta=1;
+  int sign=1;
+  FILE_err = 0;
+  while (1){
+    if ( **s == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 5; return (-DOUBLEHUGE); }
+    if ( **s == '-' ) sign *= -1;
+    else if ( **s == '.' ) geta = 0.1;
+    else if ( **s >= '0' && **s <= '9' ) break;
+    else { sign = 1; geta = 1; }
+    (*s)++;
+  }
+
+  item = geta * (**s-'0');
+  if ( geta < 1.0 ) geta *= .1;
+  while (1){
+    if ( **s == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 1; return (item*sign); }
+    if ( **s == '.' ) geta = .1;
+    else if ( (**s < '0') || (**s > '9')) return (item*sign);
+    else if ( geta < 1.0 ){
+      item += geta*(**s - '0');
+      geta *= 0.1;
+    } else item = item*10 + (**s-'0');
+    (*s)++;
+  }
+}
+
+/* read a WEIGHT from file */
+WEIGHT FILE2_read_WEIGHT (FILE2 *fp){
+#ifdef WEIGHT_DOUBLE
+  return (FILE2_read_double(fp));
+#else
+  return ((WEIGHT)FILE2_read_int(fp));
+#endif
+}
+
+/* read through the file until newline or EOF */
+void FILE2_read_until_newline (FILE2 *fp){
+  int ch;
+  if (FILE_err & 3) return;
+  while (1){
+    ch = FILE2_getc (fp);
+    if ( ch == '\n' ){ FILE_err = 5; return; }
+    if ( ch < 0 ){ FILE_err = 6; return; }
+  }
+}
+
+void STR_copy_until_newline (char **s, size_t *x, size_t *end, FILE2 *fp){
+  int ch;
+  char *start = fp->buf;
+  while (1){
+    if ( FILE_err & 3 ) return;
+    ch = FILE2_getc (fp);
+    if ( ch == '\n' ) FILE_err = 5;
+    else if ( ch < 0 ){ FILE_err = 6; if ( fp->buf == start ) return; } // 
+    else if ( fp->buf < fp->buf_end ) continue;
+
+    if ( start == fp->buf_end ) start = fp->buf_org;
+    if ( (*x) + fp->buf - start >= *end ){
+      *end = MAX((*x) + fp->buf - start+64, (*end)*2);
+      realloc2 (*s, *end, EXIT);
+    }
+    memcpy (&(*s)[*x], start, fp->buf-start);
+    (*x) += fp->buf - start;
+    if ( FILE_err & 3 ) return;
+    start = fp->buf;
+  }
+}
+
+void FILE2_printf (FILE2 *fp, char *mes, ...){
+  va_list argp;
+  va_start (argp, mes);
+  sprintf (fp->buf, mes, argp);
+  va_end (argp);
+}
+
+/* print a real number in a good style */
+void fprint_real (FILE *fp, double f){
+  char s[200];
+  size_t i;
+  i = sprintf (s, "%f", f);
+  while ( s[i-1] == '0' ) i--;
+  if ( s[i-1] == '.' ) i--;
+  s[i] = 0;
+  fprintf (fp, s);
+}
+void print_real (double f){
+  fprint_real (stdout, f);
+}
+
+void fprint_WEIGHT (FILE *fp, WEIGHT f){
+#ifdef WEIGHT_DOUBLE
+  fprint_real (fp, f);
+#else
+  fprintf (fp, "%d", f);
+#endif
+}
+void print_WEIGHT (WEIGHT f){
+  fprint_WEIGHT (stdout, f);
+}
+
+/* count the clms, rows, items, each row size, each column size  */
+/* file types can be, array list and element list*/
+/* support transpose */
+FILE_COUNT FILE2_count (FILE2 *fp, int flag, int skip_rows, int int_rows, int skip_clms, int int_clms, FILE_COUNT_INT row_limit){
+  FILE_COUNT_INT k=0, j, x, y, t=0;
+  int fr = flag&FILE_COUNT_ROWT, fc = flag&FILE_COUNT_CLMT;
+  int fe = flag&LOAD_ELE, ft = flag&LOAD_TPOSE;
+  FILE_COUNT C = INIT_FILE_COUNT;
+  C.flag = flag;
+
+  FLOOP (j, 0, skip_rows) FILE2_read_until_newline (fp);
+  if ( flag & (FILE_COUNT_NUM+FILE_COUNT_GRAPHNUM) ){
+    C.clms = (FILE_COUNT_INT)FILE2_read_int (fp);
+    C.rows = (flag & FILE_COUNT_NUM)? (FILE_COUNT_INT)FILE2_read_int (fp): C.clms;
+    C.eles = (FILE_COUNT_INT)FILE2_read_int (fp);
+    if ( !(flag & (FILE_COUNT_ROWT + FILE_COUNT_CLMT)) ) return (C);
+    FILE2_read_until_newline (fp);
+  }
+  do {
+    if ( fe ){
+      FLOOP (j, 0, skip_clms){ FILE2_read_double (fp); if ( FILE_err&3 ) goto ROW_END; }
+      x = (FILE_COUNT_INT)FILE2_read_int (fp); //printf ("%d\n", FILE_err);
+if ( FILE_err&3 ) goto ROW_END;
+      y = (FILE_COUNT_INT)FILE2_read_int (fp); if ( FILE_err&4 ) goto ROW_END;
+      FILE2_read_until_newline (fp);
+    } else {
+      if ( k==0 ) FLOOP (j, 0, skip_clms){ FILE2_read_double (fp); if (FILE_err&3) goto ROW_END; }
+      x = t;
+      y = (FILE_COUNT_INT)FILE2_read_int (fp); if (FILE_err&4 ) goto ROW_END;
+      FLOOP (j, 0, int_clms){ FILE2_read_double (fp); if (FILE_err&3 ) break; }
+      k++;
+    }
+
+    if ( ft ) SWAP_FILE_COUNT_INT (x, y);
+    if ( y >= C.clms ){
+      C.clms = y+1;
+      if ( fc ) reallocx (C.clmt, C.clm_end, C.clms, 0, goto END);
+    }
+    if ( x >= C.rows ){
+      C.rows = x+1;
+      if ( fr ) reallocx (C.rowt, C.row_end, C.rows, 0, goto END);
+    }
+    if ( x < C.clm_btm || C.eles == 0 ) C.clm_btm = x;
+    if ( y < C.row_btm || C.eles == 0 ) C.row_btm = y;
+    if ( fc ) C.clmt[y]++;
+    if ( fr ) C.rowt[x]++;
+    C.eles++;
+
+    ROW_END:;
+    if ( !fe && (FILE_err&1) ){
+      t++; if ( ft ) C.clms = t; else C.rows = t;
+      ENMAX (C.clm_max, k);
+      ENMAX (C.clm_min, k);
+      FLOOP (j, 0, int_rows) FILE2_read_until_newline (fp);
+      if ( row_limit>0 && t>=row_limit ) break;
+    } else if ( row_limit>0 && C.eles>=row_limit ) break;
+
+  } while ( (FILE_err&2)==0 );
+  END:;
+  if ( fr ){
+    reallocx (C.rowt, C.row_end, C.rows, 0, goto END);
+    ARY_MAX (C.row_max, k, C.rowt, 0, C.rows);
+    ARY_MIN (C.row_min, k, C.rowt, 0, C.rows);
+  }
+  if ( fe && C.clmt ){
+    if ( fc ) reallocx (C.clmt, C.clm_end, C.clms, 0, goto END);
+    ARY_MAX (C.clm_max, k, C.clmt, 0, C.clms);
+    ARY_MIN (C.clm_min, k, C.clmt, 0, C.clms);
+  }
+  if ( ERROR_MES ) mfree (C.rowt, C.clmt);
+  return (C);
+}
+
+
+/* SLIST:very simple one-sided list */
+void SLIST_init (int *l, int num, int siz){
+  malloc2 (l, num+siz, EXIT);
+  ARY_FILL (l, num, num+siz, -1);
+}
+void SLIST_end (int *l){ free (l); }
+#define SLIST_INS(l,m,e) (l[e]=l[m],l[m]=e);
+
+/* qsort according to "->t" */
+int qsort_cmp_VECt (const void *x, const void *y){
+  if ( ((VEC *)x)->t < ((VEC *)y)->t ) return (-1);
+  else return ( ((VEC *)x)->t > ((VEC *)y)->t);
+}
+int qsort_cmp__VECt (const void *x, const void *y){
+  if ( ((VEC *)x)->t > ((VEC *)y)->t ) return (-1);
+  else return ( ((VEC *)x)->t < ((VEC *)y)->t);
+}
+void qsort_VECt (VEC *v, size_t siz, int unit){
+  if ( unit == 1 || unit==-1 ) unit *= sizeof (VEC);
+  if ( unit < 0 ) qsort (v, siz, -unit, qsort_cmp__VECt);
+  else qsort (v, siz, unit, qsort_cmp_VECt);
+} 
+
+int qqsort_cmp_VECt (const void *x, const void *y){
+  if ( QQSORT_ELEt(VEC,x) < QQSORT_ELEt(VEC,y) ) return (-1);
+  else return ( QQSORT_ELEt(VEC,x) > QQSORT_ELEt(VEC,y) );
+}
+int qqsort_cmp__VECt (const void *x, const void *y){
+  if ( QQSORT_ELEt(VEC,x) > QQSORT_ELEt(VEC,y) ) return (-1);
+  else return ( QQSORT_ELEt(VEC,x) < QQSORT_ELEt(VEC,y) );
+}
+void qsort_perm__VECt (VEC *v, size_t siz, PERM *perm, int unit){
+  if ( unit == 1 || unit==-1 ) unit *= sizeof(PERM);
+  common_int=MAX(unit,-unit); common_pnt=(char *)v;
+  if (unit<0) qsort (perm, siz, sizeof(PERM), qqsort_cmp__VECt);
+  else qsort (perm, siz, sizeof(PERM), qqsort_cmp_VECt);
+}
+
+PERM *qsort_perm_VECt (VEC *v, size_t siz, int unit){
+  PERM *perm;
+  malloc2 (perm, siz, EXIT0);
+  ARY_INIT_PERM (perm, siz);
+  qsort_perm__VECt (v, siz, perm, unit);
+  return(perm);
+}
+
+#ifdef STDLIB2_RADIX_SORT     // radix sort with 1M byte static memory
+
+#define RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ 2048
+/* sort of integer array with combination of radix sort and quick sort */
+/* flag&1: sort in decreasing order */
+
+// sort by lower bits
+void intarray_sort_iter (unsigned int *a, size_t siz, int unit){ 
+  static size_t cnt[RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ], cnt2[RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ], init_flag = 1;
+  size_t k, x;
+  int i, ii, j, flag=1;
+  static char bbuf[1000], bbuf2[1000];
+  char *aa, *aaa, *aa_end, *buf, *buf2;
+  
+  if ( siz<1000 ){ qsort_uint ( a, siz, unit); return; }
+  if ( unit <0 ){ unit = -unit; flag = -1; }
+  if ( unit == 1 ) unit = sizeof (int);
+  buf = bbuf; buf2 = bbuf2;
+  if ( init_flag == 1 ){
+    init_flag = 0;
+    ARY_FILL (cnt, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ, 0);
+  }
+    // count elements of each number
+  for ( aa=(char*)a,aa_end=aa+siz*unit ; aa<aa_end ; aa+=unit )
+      cnt[(*((unsigned int *)aa)) & (RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-1)]++;   // difference!!
+
+    // sum up the numbers in increasing order
+  k=0; FLOOP (i, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ){
+    ii = flag==1? i: RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-i-1;
+    cnt2[ii] = k;
+    k += cnt[ii];
+    cnt[ii] = k;
+  }
+
+  FLOOP (i, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ){
+    ii = flag==1? i: RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-i-1;
+    FLOOP (x, cnt2[ii], cnt[ii]){
+      aa = ((char*)a) + x*unit;
+      memcpy ( buf, aa, unit);
+      while (1){
+        j = *((unsigned int *)buf) & (RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-1);   // difference!!
+        if ( j == ii ) break;
+        aaa = ((char*)a) + cnt2[j]*unit;
+//        printf ("pos[xx]=%d, cnt %d, cnt+1 %d\n", pos[xx], S->let_cnt[dep][cc], S->let_cnt[dep+1][cc]);
+        memcpy ( buf2, aaa, unit);
+        memcpy ( aaa, buf, unit);
+        SWAP_PNT ( buf, buf2);
+        cnt2[j]++;
+      }
+      memcpy ( aa, buf, unit);
+    }
+    cnt[i]=0;   // difference!!
+  }
+}
+// sort by middle bits
+void intarray_sort_iter_ ( unsigned int *a, size_t siz, int unit){ 
+  static size_t cnt[RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ], cnt2[RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ], init_flag = 1;
+  int i, ii, j, flag=1;
+  size_t k, x;
+  static char bbuf[1000], bbuf2[1000];
+  char *aa, *aaa, *aa_end, *buf, *buf2;
+  
+  if ( siz<1000 ){ qsort_uint ( a, siz, unit); return; }
+  buf = bbuf; buf2 = bbuf2;
+  if ( unit <0 ){ unit = -unit; flag = -1; }
+  if ( unit == 1 ) unit = sizeof (int);
+  if ( init_flag == 1 ){
+    init_flag = 0;
+    ARY_FILL ( cnt, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ, 0);
+  }
+    // count elements of each number
+  for ( aa=(char*)a,aa_end=aa+siz*unit ; aa<aa_end ; aa+=unit )
+      cnt[((*((unsigned int *)aa))/RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ) & (RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-1)]++;   // difference!!
+
+    // sum up the numbers in increasing order
+  k=0; FLOOP (i, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ){
+    ii = flag==1? i: RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-i-1;
+    cnt2[ii] = k;
+    k += cnt[ii];
+    cnt[ii] = k;
+  }
+
+  FLOOP (i, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ){
+    ii = flag==1? i: RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-i-1;
+    FLOOP(x, cnt2[ii], cnt[ii]){
+      aa = ((char*)a) + x*unit;
+      memcpy ( buf, aa, unit);
+      while (1){
+        j = (*((unsigned int *)buf)/RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ) & (RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-1);   // difference!!
+        if ( j == ii ) break;
+        aaa = ((char*)a) + cnt2[j]*unit;
+//        printf ("pos[xx]=%d, cnt %d, cnt+1 %d\n", pos[xx], S->let_cnt[dep][cc], S->let_cnt[dep+1][cc]);
+        memcpy (buf2, aaa, unit);
+        memcpy (aaa, buf, unit);
+        SWAP_PNT (buf, buf2);
+        cnt2[j]++;
+      }
+      memcpy (aa, buf, unit);
+    }
+  }
+  k=0; FLOOP (i, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ){
+    ii = flag==1? i: RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-i-1;
+    intarray_sort_iter ( (unsigned int*)(((char*)a)+unit*k), cnt[ii]-k, unit*flag);
+    k = cnt[ii];
+    cnt[i]=0;
+  }
+}
+
+// sort by upper bits
+void intarray_sort ( unsigned int *a, size_t siz, int unit){ 
+  static size_t cnt[RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ], cnt2[RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ], init_flag = 1;
+  int i, ii, j, flag=1;
+  size_t k, x;
+  static char bbuf[1000], bbuf2[1000];
+  char *aa, *aaa, *aa_end, *buf, *buf2;
+  
+  if ( siz<1000 ){ qsort_uint ( a, siz, unit); return; }
+  if ( unit <0 ){ unit = -unit; flag = -1; }
+  if ( unit == 1 ) unit = sizeof (int);
+  buf = bbuf; buf2 = bbuf2;
+  if ( init_flag == 1){
+    init_flag = 0;
+    ARY_FILL (cnt, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ, 0);
+  }
+    // count elements of each number
+  for ( aa=(char*)a,aa_end=aa+siz*unit ; aa<aa_end ; aa+=unit )
+      cnt[(*((unsigned int *)aa)) / RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ / RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ]++;   // difference!!
+
+    // sum up the numbers in increasing order
+  k=0; FLOOP (i, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ){
+    ii = flag==1? i: RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-i-1;
+    cnt2[ii] = k;
+    k += cnt[ii];
+    cnt[ii] = k;
+  }
+
+  FLOOP (i, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ){
+    ii = flag==1? i: RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-i-1;
+    FLOOP (x, cnt2[ii], cnt[ii]){
+      aa = ((char*)a) + x*unit;
+      memcpy ( buf, aa, unit);
+      while (1){
+        j = *((unsigned int *)buf) / RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ / RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ;   // difference!!
+        if ( j == ii ) break;
+        aaa = ((char*)a) + cnt2[j]*unit;
+//        printf ("pos[xx]=%d, cnt %d, cnt+1 %d\n", pos[xx], S->let_cnt[dep][cc], S->let_cnt[dep+1][cc]);
+        memcpy (buf2, aaa, unit);
+        memcpy (aaa, buf, unit);
+        SWAP_PNT (buf, buf2);
+        cnt2[j]++;
+      }
+      memcpy ( aa, buf, unit);
+    }
+  }
+  k=0; FLOOP (i, 0, RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ){
+    ii = flag==1? i: RADIX_SORT_BUCKET_SIZ-i-1;
+    intarray_sort_iter_ ( (unsigned int*)(((char*)a)+unit*k), cnt[ii]-k, unit*flag);
+    k = cnt[ii];
+    cnt[i]=0;
+  }
+
+/*
+  for ( i=0 ; i<siz ; i++){
+    k = *((int *)(((char*)a) + i*unit));
+    printf ("%d    %d,%d\n", k, k/65536, k&65535);
+  }
+*/
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* radix sort for array of structures, by their integer members 
+  ranging from mm to m */
+/* sort array "perm" according to (int/void*) array "a".
+   if perm==NULL, allocate memory and for perm */
+/* return the permutation array of the result of the sorting
+   in the decreasing order if unit<0 (unimplemented!!!) */
+int *radix_sort ( void *a, size_t siz, int unit, int mm, int m, int *perm){ 
+  int *ll, *l, k, i, t;
+  malloc2 (l, m-mm, EXIT0);
+  ARY_FILL (l, 0, m-mm, -1);
+  malloc2 (ll, siz, {free2(l);EXIT0;});
+  if ( unit <0 ) unit = -unit;
+  FLOOP (i, 0, (int)siz){
+    k = (*((int *)(((char *)a) + unit*i ))) - mm;
+    ll[i] = l[k];
+    l[k] = i;
+  }
+  if ( perm ){
+    i=0; FLOOP (k, 0, m-mm){
+      while ( l[k] >= 0 ){
+        t = l[k];
+        l[k] = ll[t];
+        ll[t] = perm[i];
+        i++;
+      }
+    }
+    memcpy (perm, ll, sizeof(int)*siz);
+    free ( ll);
+    free ( l);
+    return ( perm);
+  } else {
+    i=0; FLOOP (k, 0, m-mm){
+      while ( l[k] >= 0 ){
+        t = l[k];
+        l[k] = ll[t];
+        ll[t] = i;
+        i++;
+      }
+    }
+    free (l);
+    return (ll);
+  }
+}
+
+/* permutate structure array *tt of unit size unit of size num, according to perm array *pp */
+/* num has to be <INTHUGE/2 */
+/* unit<0 means decreasing order (un-implemented!!!) */
+void structure_permute (void *tt, int unit, int num, void *pp, int weight_siz){
+  int i, ii, *ip;
+  char *tmp, *t=(char *)tt, *p=(char *)pp;
+  if ( unit <0 ) unit = -unit; 
+  malloc2 (tmp, unit, EXIT);
+  FLOOP (i, 0, num){
+    ip = (int *)(p + (sizeof(int)+weight_siz)*i + weight_siz); 
+    if ( *ip< num && *ip != i ){
+      ii = i;
+      memcpy ( tmp, t + unit*i, unit);
+      while (1) {
+        if ( *ip == i ){
+          memcpy ( t+unit*ii, tmp, unit);
+          *ip += num;
+          break;
+        }
+        memcpy ( t+unit*ii, t+unit*(*ip), unit);
+        ii = *ip;
+        *ip += num;
+        ip = (int *)(p + (sizeof(int)+weight_siz)*ii + weight_siz); 
+      }
+    } else *ip += num;
+  }
+  FLOOP (i, 0, num) *(int *)(p + (sizeof(int)+weight_siz)*i + weight_siz ) -= num; 
+  free (tmp);
+}
+
+
+
+#endif
+
+
+/******************************************/
+/*  ==== terminology for comments  ====
+  range check: to check the input parameter is valid, or in the valid range.
+  If a function does not have this, its comment has "no range check"
+  */
+   
+/*  ====  rules for the name of functions and routines  ====
+  init: initialization for an object, structure, etc. memory is allocated 
+   if needed.
+  end: compared to init, termination of structures, etc.
+   free allocated memory if it exists, but not free itself.
+   different from ordinary new, create, del, free.
+
+  cpy: copy an object without allocating memory
+  dup: make a duplication of an object with allocating new memory
+
+  new: new. allocate memory for new object. also used for re-allocation from 
+   the list of deleted objects
+  del: delete. free memory, or insert it to the list of deleted objects
+
+  ins : insert. insert an element (active, not deleted) to an object, possible
+     at the given position.
+  out : extract. extract an element, possibly specified, from an object.
+        it will be not deleted.
+  rm  : extract, and delete
+  rmall: delete all (specified) elements of an object
+  mk  : make. new+ins�B
+  mv  : move. move the elements from an object to another,
+         or change the position.
+
+  update : update an object, possibly of specified position, to the exact,
+           or to the current one.
+  chg    : change the status of an object to the specified one.
+  
+  prv: point the previous element
+  nxt: point the next element
+  end: the maximum size (allocated size) of an array, etc.
+  num: the (current) number of elements in an array, etc.
+  kth: for the use of "first k object"
+  tkth: for the use of "first k object from the end". to kth.
+  rnd: random
+  print: print structure and etc.
+  find: search or find an specified element from the set of structures, etc.
+*/
+
+/*  ==== rules for the name of variables ====
+  - use i or j for the counter in loops
+  - use e for elements
+  - use k for the specified rank
+  - use f or flag for flagment
+  - use m for maximum value or minimum value
+  - use c for counters
+*/
+
+