nysol-take 3.0.0

data/ext/lcmrun/src/stdlib2.h

@@ -0,0 +1,823 @@
+/* library for standard macros and functions 
+ by Takeaki Uno 2/22/2002   e-mail: uno@nii.jp
+    homepage:   http://research.nii.ac.jp/~uno/index.html  */
+/* This program is available for only academic use, basically.
+   Anyone can modify this program, but he/she has to write down 
+    the change of the modification on the top of the source code.
+   Neither contact nor appointment to Takeaki Uno is needed.
+   If one wants to re-distribute this code, please 
+    refer the newest code, and show the link to homepage of 
+    Takeaki Uno, to notify the news about the codes for the users. */
+
+#ifndef _stdlib2_h_
+#define _stdlib2_h_
+
+#include<stdlib.h>
+#include<stdio.h>
+#include<string.h>
+#include<math.h>
+#include<time.h>
+#include<stdarg.h>
+
+#ifdef USE_SIMD
+#include<emmintrin.h>   // use MMX-SSE2;
+#endif
+
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && defined(__GNUC__)
+ #define _cplusplus_
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MULTI_CORE
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#endif
+#define CORE_MAX 16
+
+/* comment out the following line if no error check is needed */
+//#define ERROR_CHECK
+/* comment out the following if exit is not needed after each error routine */
+//#define ERROR_RET
+
+#ifdef ERROR_RET   // definition of the process for errors
+  #define EXIT return
+  #define EXIT0 return(0)
+#else 
+  #define EXIT exit(1)
+  #define EXIT0 exit(1)
+#endif
+
+// for dealing with files more than 2GB
+#define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
+#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
+
+#ifndef NULL
+  #define NULL 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MTWISTER
+ #define RANDOM ((long)(dsfmt_gv_genrand_close_open()*2147483648LL))
+ #define RAND1 dsfmt_gv_genrand_close_open()
+ #define RAND_INIT dsfmt_gv_init_gen_rand(514346237)
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+ #define RANDOM xor128()
+ #define RAND1 ((double)xor128())/4294967296.0
+ #define RAND_INIT xor128()
+#else
+ #define RANDOM rand()
+ #define RAND1 ((double)rand())/2147483648.0
+ #define RAND_INIT srand(0)
+#endif
+
+
+// 64bit integer
+#ifdef LONG_32
+ #define LONG int
+ #define LONGHUGE INTHUGE
+ #define LONGF "%d"
+#elif !defined(LONG)
+ #define LONG long long
+ #define LONGHUGE 9000000000000000000LL
+ #define LONGF "%lld"
+#endif
+
+// actual int (most proper sized integer, for the processor)
+#ifdef INT_64
+ #define INT LONG
+ #define INTF LONGF
+#else
+ #define INT int
+ #define INTF "%d"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FILE_LONG 
+ #define FILE_LONG LONG
+ #define FILE_LONGHUGE LONGHUGE
+ #define FILE_LONGF LONGF
+#endif
+
+#define UINTHUGE 4000000000U
+#define INTHUGE 2000000000
+#define USHORTHUGE 32767
+#define SHORTHUGE 65535
+#define DOUBLEHUGE 999999999999999999999999999999.9
+#define ISEQUAL_VALUE   0.0000001
+#define ISEQUAL_VALUE2  0.00001
+#define PI 3.1415926535897932384647950288
+#define PI_INT 31416
+#define NPE 2.718281828459045235360287471352
+#define NPE_INT 27183
+
+#ifndef WEIGHT
+ #ifdef WEIGHT_DOUBLE
+  #define WEIGHT double
+  #define WEIGHTHUGE DOUBLEHUGE
+  #define WEIGHTF "%f"
+ #else   //  define WEIGHT by int if it's undefined
+  #define WEIGHT int
+  #define WEIGHTHUGE INTHUGE
+  #define WEIGHTF "%d"
+ #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PERM
+ #ifdef PERM_LONG
+  #define PERM LONG
+  #define PERMHUGE LONGHUGE
+  #define PERMF LONGF
+ #else
+  #define PERM int
+  #define PERMHUGE INTHUGE
+  #define PERMF "%d"
+ #endif
+#endif
+
+
+extern size_t common_size_t;
+extern INT common_INT, common_INT2;
+extern char  *common_pnt, *common_charp;
+extern FILE *common_FILE;
+extern WEIGHT common_WEIGHT, *common_WEIGHTp;
+extern char *ERROR_MES;
+extern int print_time_flag;
+extern char common_comm[], common_comm2[], *common_argv[];
+typedef struct {
+  int i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9;
+  LONG l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7, l8, l9;
+  double d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7, d8, d9;
+  char *s1, *s2, *s3, *s4, *s5, *s6, *s7, *s8, *s9;
+  void *p1, *p2, *p3, *p4, *p5, *p6, *p7, *p8, *p9;
+} PARAMS;
+extern PARAMS internal_params;
+
+/* lock&unlock for multi-core mode */
+#ifdef MULTI_CORE
+  extern int SPIN_LOCK_dummy;
+  #define SPIN_LOCK(b,a)    (SPIN_LOCK_dummy=(((b)>1)&&pthread_spin_lock(&(a))))
+  #define SPIN_UNLOCK(b,a)    (SPIN_LOCK_dummy=(((b)>1)&&pthread_spin_unlock(&(a))))
+#else
+  #define SPIN_LOCK(b,a)
+  #define SPIN_UNLOCK(b,a)
+#endif
+
+#define TYPE_VEC 1
+#define TYPE_MAT 2
+#define TYPE_SVEC 3
+#define TYPE_SMAT 4
+#define TYPE_QUEUE 5
+#define TYPE_SETFAMILY 6
+#define TYPE_TRSACT 7
+#define TYPE_ALIST 8
+#define TYPE_MALIST 9
+#define TYPE_AGRAPH 10
+#define TYPE_SGRAPH 11
+#define TYPE_AHEAP 12
+#define TYPE_BASE 13
+#define TYPE_FSTAR 14
+#define TYPE_SEQ 15
+#define TYPE_BARRAY 16
+
+#define TYPE_FILE2 32
+
+#define ADDR_FLOOR16(x)  do{common_charp=((char *)x)+15;x=(typeof(x))(common_charp-(((size_t)common_charp)&15));}while(0)
+double SQRT(double x);
+
+/*  random  */
+#define rnd(a)    (random()%(a))
+#define prob(a)   ((random()%65536)<(int)((a)*65536.0))
+
+#define MARK      1
+#define UNMARK    0
+#define TRUE      1
+#define FALSE     0
+
+/*  equal/inequal with allowing numerical error for double  */
+#define ISEQUAL(a,b)	((a)-(b)<ISEQUAL_VALUE&&(b)-(a)<ISEQUAL_VALUE)
+#define ISGREAT(a,b)    ((a)-(b)>ISEQUAL_VALUE)
+#define ISLESS(a,b) 	((b)-(a)>ISEQUAL_VALUE)
+#define RANGE(a,b,c)  (((a)<=(b))&&((b)<=(c)))
+#define BITRM(a,b)    ((a)-=((a)&(b)));
+
+/*  macro for getting maximum/minimum of two values  */
+#define MAX(a,b)      (((a)>(b))?(a):(b))
+#define ENMAX(a,b)      ((a)=(((a)>(b))?(a):(b)))
+#define MIN(a,b)      (((a)<(b))?(a):(b))
+#define ENMIN(a,b)      ((a)=(((a)<(b))?(a):(b)))
+
+/*  error routine  */
+#define error(mes,x)        do{ERROR_MES=mes;fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",mes);x;}while(0)
+#define error_num(mes,n,x)  do{ERROR_MES=mes;fprintf(stderr,"%s: %g\n",mes,(double)(n));x;}while(0)
+#define error_range(f,x,y,mes)  do{if(!RANGE((x),(f),(y))){ERROR_MES=mes;fprintf(stderr,"%s: %g\n",mes,(double)(f));EXIT;}}while(0)
+#define error_str(mes,s,x)  do{ERROR_MES=mes;fprintf(stderr,"%s: %s\n",mes,s);x;}while(0)
+#define print_err(...)      fprintf(stderr,__VA_ARGS__)
+#define print_mes(S,...)  do{if(((S)->flag)&1)fprintf(stderr,__VA_ARGS__);}while(0)
+//#define print_fname(s,fname,...)  do{if(fname)fprintf(stderr,s,fname,__VA_ARGS__);}while(0)
+#define print_fname(s,fname,...)  do{if(fname)fprintf(stderr,s,fname);}while(0)
+#define mfree(...)          mfree_(NULL, __VA_ARGS__, (void *)1)
+#define mfree2(...)          mfree2_(NULL, __VA_ARGS__, (void *)1)
+
+  
+/* basic array operations and loops */
+#define   ARY_FILL(f,start,end,c) do{for(common_size_t=(size_t)(start);common_size_t<(size_t)(end);common_size_t++)(f)[common_size_t]=(c);}while(0)
+//#define   ARY_FLOOP(V,i,x)  for( (i)=0,x=(V).v[0] ; (i)<(V).t ; (i)++,x=(V).v[i])
+//#define   ARY_BLOOP(V,i,x)  for( (i)=(V).t-1,x=i>0?(V).v[i]:0 ; (i)>=0 ; (i)--,(x)=(i)>0?(V).v[i]:0)
+#define   FLOOP(i,x,y)  for ((i)=(x) ; (i)<(y) ; (i)++)
+#define   BLOOP(i,x,y)  for ((i)=(x) ; ((i)--)>(y) ; )
+#define   MLOOP(z,x,M)  for ((z)=(x) ; *(z)<(M) ; (z)++)
+/* binary search: return maximum index no larger than c */
+#define BIN_SRCH(x,a,s,t,c) \
+ do {\
+  x=s; common_size_t=t; while ( x<common_size_t-1 ){\
+   if ( a[(x+common_size_t)/2] <= c ) x = (x+common_size_t)/2; else common_size_t = (x+common_size_t)/2;\
+ } while (0)\
+
+/* allocate memory, and exit with error message if fault */
+#ifdef _cplusplus_
+#define   malloc2(f,b,x)     do{if(!((f)=(typeof(f))malloc(((size_t)sizeof((f)[0]))*(b)))){fprintf(stderr,"memory allocation error: line %d" #f " (" LONGF " byte)\n",__LINE__,(LONG)((LONG)sizeof((f)[0])*(b)));ERROR_MES="out of memory";x;}}while(0)
+#define   calloc2(f,b,x)     do{if(!((f)=(typeof(f))calloc(sizeof((f)[0]),b))){fprintf(stderr,"memory allocation error: line %d" #f " (" LONGF " byte)\n",__LINE__,(LONG)((LONG)sizeof((f)[0])*(b)));ERROR_MES="out of memory";x;}}while(0)
+#define   realloc2(f,b,x)    do{if(!(f=(typeof(f))realloc(f,((size_t)sizeof((f)[0]))*(b)))){fprintf(stderr,"memory allocation error: line %d" #f " (" LONGF " byte)\n",__LINE__,(LONG)((LONG)sizeof((f)[0])*(b)));ERROR_MES="out of memory";x;}}while(0)
+#else
+#define   malloc2(f,b,x)     do{if(!((f)=malloc(((size_t)sizeof((f)[0]))*(b)))){fprintf(stderr,"memory allocation error: line %d" #f " (" LONGF " byte)\n",__LINE__,(LONG)((LONG)sizeof((f)[0])*(b)));ERROR_MES="out of memory";x;}}while(0)
+#define   calloc2(f,b,x)     do{if(!((f)=calloc(sizeof((f)[0]),b))){fprintf(stderr,"memory allocation error: line %d: " #f " (" LONGF " byte)\n",__LINE__,(LONG)((LONG)sizeof((f)[0])*(b)));ERROR_MES="out of memory";x;}}while(0)
+#define   realloc2(f,b,x)    do{if(!(f=realloc(f,((size_t)sizeof((f)[0]))*(b)))){fprintf(stderr,"memory allocation error: line %d: " #f " (" LONGF " byte)\n",__LINE__, (LONG)((LONG)sizeof((f)[0])*(b)));ERROR_MES="out of memory";x;}}while(0)
+#endif
+
+#define   malloc2d(f,b,d,x)  do{malloc2(f,b,x);malloc2((f)[0],(b)*(d)+2,{free2(f);x;});FLOOP(common_size_t,0,(size_t)b)(f)[common_size_t]=&((f)[0][common_size_t*(d)]);}while(0)
+#define   calloc2d(f,b,d,x)  do{malloc2(f,b,x);calloc2((f)[0],((size_t)(b))*((size_t)(d))+2,{free2(f);x;});FLOOP(common_size_t,0,(size_t)b)(f)[common_size_t]=&((f)[0][common_size_t*(d)]);}while(0)
+
+/* reallocate memory and expand the memory size */
+#define   reallocx_(f,end,end2,e,x)  do{realloc2(f,end2,x);FLOOP(common_size_t,(size_t)end,(size_t)end2)(f)[common_size_t]=(e);}while(0)
+#define   reallocx(f,end,i,e,x)  do{if((size_t)(i)>=(size_t)(end)){reallocx_(f,end,MAX((end)*2+16,(i)+1),e,x);end=MAX((end)*2,(i)+1);}}while(0)
+#define   reallocz(f,end,i,x)  do{if((size_t)(i)>=(size_t)(end)){end=MAX((end)*2,(i)+1);realloc2(f,end,x);}}while(0)
+#define   realloci(f,i,x)  do{if(!((i)&((i)-1)))realloc2(f,(i)*2+1,x);}while(0)
+
+/* basic array operations */
+#define   ARY_REALLOCX(f,i,e,x)  reallocz((f).v,(f).end,i,e,x)
+#define   ARY_REALLOCZ(f,i,x)  reallocz((f).v,(f).end,i,x)
+#define   ARY_DUP(f,p,end,x)  do{malloc2(f,end,x);memcpy(f,p,sizeof(*(f))*(end));}while(0)
+#define   ARY_MAX(m,i,f,x,y)   do{(m)=(f)[x];(i)=(x);FLOOP(common_INT,(x)+1,(y))if((m)<(f)[common_INT]){(i)=common_INT;(m)=(f)[i];}}while(0)
+#define   ARY_MIN(m,i,f,x,y)   do{(m)=(f)[x];(i)=(x);FLOOP(common_INT,(x)+1,y)if((m)>(f)[common_INT]){(i)=common_INT;(m)=(f)[i];}}while(0)
+#define   ARY_SUM(f,v,x,y)       do{(f)=0;FLOOP(common_INT,x,y)(f)+=(v)[common_INT];}while(0)
+#define   ARY_NORM(f,v,b)      do{(f)=0;FLOOP(common_INT,0,b)(f)+=(v)[common_INT]*(v)[common_INT];(f)=sqrt(f);}while(0)
+#define   ARY_NORMALIZE(v,b)   do{ARY_NORM(common_double,v,b);FLOOP(common_INT,0,b)(v)[common_INT]/=common_double;}while(0)
+#define   ARY_INPRO(f,u,v,b)   do{(f)=0;for (common_INT=0 ; common_INT<(b)-3 ; common_INT+=4) (f)+=(u)[common_INT]*(v)[common_INT] + (u)[common_INT+1]*(v)[common_INT+1] + (u)[common_INT+2]*(v)[common_INT+2] + (u)[common_INT+3]*(v)[common_INT+3]; if (common_INT+1<(b)){(f)+=(u)[common_INT]*v[common_INT]+(u)[common_INT+1]*(v)[common_INT+1]; if (common_INT+2<(b)) (f)+=(u)[common_INT+2]*(v)[common_INT+2];} else if (common_INT<(b)) (f)+=(u)[common_INT]*(v)[common_INT];}while(0)
+#define   ARY_DIST(f,u,v,b)   do{(f)=0;for (common_INT=0 ; common_INT<(b) ; common_INT++) (f)+=((u)[common_INT]-(v)[common_INT])*((u)[common_INT]-(v)[common_INT]); (f)=sqrt(f);}while(0)
+
+
+/* macros for permutation arrays */
+#define   ARY_INIT_PERM(f,end)   do{FLOOP(common_INT,0,(INT)end)(f)[common_INT]=common_INT;}while(0)
+#define   ARY_INV_PERM_(f,p,end)      do{ARY_FILL(f,0,end,-1);FLOOP(common_INT,0,end)if((p)[common_INT]>=0&&(p)[common_INT]<(end))(f)[(p)[common_INT]]=common_INT;}while(0)
+#define   ARY_INV_PERM(f,p,end,x) do{malloc2(f,end,x);ARY_INV_PERM_(f,p,end);}while(0)
+#define   ARY_RND_PERM_(f,end)        do{(f)[0]=0;FLOOP(common_INT,1,end){common_INT2=rnd(common_INT+1);(f)[common_INT]=(f)[common_INT2];(f)[common_INT2]=common_INT;}}while(0)
+#define   ARY_RND_PERM(f,end,x)   do{malloc2(f,end,x);ARY_RND_PERM_(f,end);}while(0)
+  /* permute f so that f[i]=f[p[i]] (inverse perm). p will be destroyed (filled by end) */
+#define   ARY_INVPERMUTE_(f,p,s,end)  do{ FLOOP(common_INT,0,end){ if ( (p)[common_INT]<(end) ){ (s)=(f)[common_INT]; do { common_INT2=common_INT; common_INT=(p)[common_INT]; (f)[common_INT2]=(f)[common_INT]; (p)[common_INT2]=end; }while ( (p)[common_INT]<(end) ); (f)[common_INT2] = (s);}}}while(0)
+  /* permute f so that f[i]=f[p[i]] (inverse perm). not destroy p by allocating tmp memory */
+#define   ARY_INVPERMUTE(f,p,s,end,x) do{ calloc2(common_pnt,end,x);FLOOP(common_INT,0,end){ if ( common_pnt[common_INT]==0 ){ (s)=(f)[common_INT]; do{ common_INT2=common_INT; common_INT=(p)[common_INT]; (f)[common_INT2]=(f)[common_INT]; common_pnt[common_INT2]=1; }while( common_pnt[common_INT]==0 ); (f)[common_INT2] = (s);}} free(common_pnt); }while(0)
+//#define   ARY_PERM(f,p,s,mark,end)         do{FLOOP(common_size_t,0,end){  }}while(0)
+
+/* macros for printing (writing to file) arrays */
+#define   ARY_PRINT(f,x,y,a) do{FLOOP(common_size_t,x,y)printf(a,(f)[common_size_t]);printf("\n");}while(0)
+#define   ARY_FPRINT(fp,f,x,y,a) do{FLOOP(common_size_t,(size_t)x,(size_t)y)fprintf((FILE *)fp,a,(f)[common_size_t]);fputc('\n',(FILE *)fp);}while(0)
+
+#define   ST_MAX(m,i,S,a,x,y)   do{(m)=(S)[x].a;(i)=(x);FLOOP(common_INT,(x)+1,y)if((m)<(S)[common_INT].a){(i)=common_INT;(m)=(S)[i].a;}}while(0)
+#define   ST_MIN(m,i,S,a,x,y)   do{(m)=(S)[x].a;(i)=(x);FLOOP(common_INT,(x)+1,y)if((m)>(S)[common_INT].a){(i)=common_INT;(m)=(S)[i].a;}}while(0)
+#define   ST_SUM(k,S,a,x,y)       do{(k)=0;FLOOP(common_INT,x,y)(k)+=(S)[common_INT].a;}while(0)
+#define   ST_FILL(S,a,start,end,c) do{for(common_INT=(start);common_INT<(end);common_INT++)(S)[common_INT].a = (c);}while(0)
+#define   ST_PRINT(S,a,x,y,f) do{FLOOP(common_size_t,x,y)printf(f,(S)[common_size_t].a );printf("\n");}while(0)
+
+
+/* macros for QUE type structure (have .s, .t, .v) */
+#define   QUE_EXP(f,a,x)   do{reallocx((f).v,a,(f).end,(f).t,e,x);}while(0)
+#define   QUE_INS(f,b)   do{(f).v[(f).t++]=(b);}while(0)
+#define   QUE_INSZ(f,a,x)    do{reallocz((f).v,(f).end,(f).t+1,x);ARY_INS(f,a);}while(0)
+#define   QUE_INIT_PERM(f,end)   do{ARY_INIT_PERM((f).v,(end));(f).t=(end);(f).s=0;}while(0)
+
+/* a macro for open files with exiting if an error occurs */
+#ifdef _MSC_
+ #define   fopen2(f,a,b,x)     do{fopen_s(&f,a,b);if(!f){ERROR_MES="file open error";fprintf(stderr,"file open error: file name %s, open mode %s\n",a,b);x;}}while(0)
+#else
+ #define   fopen2(f,a,b,x)     do{if(!((f)=fopen(a,b))){ERROR_MES="file open error";fprintf(stderr,"file open error: file name %s, open mode %s\n",a,b);x;}}while(0)
+#endif
+#define   FILE2_open(f,a,b,x) do{if(a)fopen2((f).fp,a,b,x);else(f).fp=NULL;malloc2((f).buf_org,FILE2_BUFSIZ+1,x);(f).buf=(f).buf_org;(f).buf_end=(f).buf_org-1;(f).bit=0;*(f).buf=0;}while(0)
+#define   FILE2_open_(f,a,x)  do{(f).fp=a;malloc2((f).buf_org,FILE2_BUFSIZ+1,x);(f).buf=(f).buf_org;(f).buf_end=(f).buf_org-1;(f).bit=0;*(f).buf=0;}while(0)
+
+/* macros for allocating memory with exiting if an error occurs */
+#define free2(a)   do{if(a){free(a);(a)=NULL;}}while(0)
+#define free2d(a)  do{if(a){free2((a)[0]);free(a);(a)=NULL;}}while(0)
+#define fclose2(a) do{if(a){fclose(a);(a)=NULL;}}while(0)
+
+/* macros for reading integers from file, d=0 read one-line, d=1 read all file */
+//#define   ARY_SCAN(k,a,fp,d)  do{(k)=0;do{do{FILE2_read_##a(&(fp));}while((FILE_err&6)==8-(d)*4);if(FILE_err&(4-2*(d)))break;(k)++;}while((FILE_err&(3-(d)))==0);}while(0)
+#define   ARY_SCAN(num,type,fp,d)  do{(num)=0;do{do{FILE2_read_##type(&(fp));}while((FILE_err&((d)*5))==5);if(RANGE(5+(int)(d),FILE_err,6))break;(num)++;}while((FILE_err&(3-(int)(d)))==0);}while(0)
+#define   ARY_READ_LINE(f,type,num,fp)  do{(num)=0;do{(f)[num]=FILE2_read_##type(&(fp));(num)+=(FILE_err&4)?0:1;}while((FILE_err&3)==0);}while(0)
+#define   ARY_READ(f,type,num,fp)  do{FLOOP(common_size_t,0,(size_t)num){do{(f)[common_size_t]=FILE2_read_##type(&(fp));}while((FILE_err&6)==4);if(FILE_err&2)break;}}while(0)
+#define   ARY_LOAD(f,type,num,fname,d,x)  do{FILE2_open(common_FILE2,fname,"r",x);ARY_SCAN(num,type,common_FILE2,d);malloc2(f,(num)+1,x);FILE2_reset(&common_FILE2);ARY_READ(f,type,num,common_FILE2);FILE2_close(&common_FILE2);}while(0)
+#define   ARY_WRITE(n,f,num,q,x)  do{fopen2(common_FILE,n,"w",x);ARY_FPRINT(common_FILE,f,0,num,q);fclose(common_FILE);}while(0)
+
+#ifndef MQUE_ONEMORE
+ #define MQUE_ONEMORE 1
+#endif
+
+/* macros for generalized queue; end mark is necessary for INTSEC */
+#define   MQUE_FLOOP(V,z)    for((z)=(V).v;(z)<(V).v+(V).t ; (z)++)
+#define   MQUE_FLOOP2(V,z,zz)    for((z)=(V).v,(zz)=(z)+(V).t;(z)<(zz) ; (z)++)
+#define   MQUE_BLOOP(V,z)    for((z)=(V).v+(V).t-1;(z)>=(V).v ; (z)--)
+#define   MQUE_SLOOP(V,z)    for((z)=(V).v+(V).s;(z)<(V).v+(V).t ; (z)++)
+#define   MQUE_SLOOP2(V,z,zz)    for((z)=(V).v+(V).s,(zz)=(z)+(V).t;(z)<(zz) ; (z)++)
+#define   MQUE_SBLOOP(V,z)    for((z)=(V).v+(V).t-1;(z)>=(V).v+(V).s ; (z)--)
+
+#ifdef _cplusplus_
+ #define   MQUE_FLOOP_(V,z,s)    for((z)=(V).v ; (char *)(z)<((char *)(V).v)+(V).t*(s) ; (z)=(typeof(z))(((char *)(z))+(s)))
+#else
+ #define   MQUE_FLOOP_(V,z,s)    for((z)=(V).v ; (char *)(z)<((char *)(V).v)+(V).t*(s) ; (z)=(void *)(((char *)(z))+(s)))
+#endif
+
+#define   MQUE_MLOOP(V,z,M)  for((z)=(V).v; *((QUEUE_INT *)z)<(M) ; (z)++)
+
+///  !!! errr MQUE_INTSEC !!!!!
+#define   MQUE_INTSEC(f,U,V)  do{\
+common_INT=0;(f)=0;\
+FLOOP(common_INT2,0,(U).t){\
+ while(*((QUEUE_INT *)(&((V).v[common_INT])))<*((QUEUE_INT *)(&((U).v[common_INT2])))&&common_INT<(V).t){ \
+  if (++common_INT >= (V).t) break;\
+ }if(*((QUEUE_INT *)(&((V).v[common_INT])))==*((QUEUE_INT *)(&((U).v[common_INT2]))))(f)++;\
+}}while(0)
+#define   MQUE_UNION(f,U,V)   do{MQUE_INTSEC(f,U,V);(f)=(U).t+(V).t-(f);}while(0)
+#define   MQUE_DIF(f,U,V)     do{MQUE_INTSEC(f,U,V);(f)=(U).t+(V).t-(f)-(f);}while(0)
+#define   MQUE_RM_DUP(V)      do{\
+if((V).t>1){\
+ common_INT=1;\
+ FLOOP(common_INT2,1,(V).t){\
+  if ( *((QUEUE_INT *)(&((V).v[common_INT2-1]))) != *((QUEUE_INT *)(&((V).v[common_INT2]))) ) (V).v[common_INT++]=(V).v[common_INT2];\
+  } (V).t=common_INT;\
+ }\
+}while(0)
+
+#define   MQUE_UNIFY(V,a)      do{\
+if((V).t>1){\
+ common_INT=0;\
+ FLOOP(common_INT2,1,(V).t){\
+  if ( *((QUEUE_INT *)(&((V).v[common_INT2-1]))) != *((QUEUE_INT *)(&((V).v[common_INT2]))) ) (V).v[++common_INT]=(V).v[common_INT2];\
+  else *((a*)(((QUEUE_INT *)(&((V).v[common_INT2])))+1)) += *((a*)(((QUEUE_INT *)(&((V).v[common_INT2])))+1));\
+ } (V).t=common_INT+1;\
+}}while(0)
+
+
+
+
+#ifndef VEC_VAL
+ #ifdef VEC_VAL_CHAR
+  #define VEC_VAL char
+  #define VEC_VAL2 LONG
+  #define VEC_VAL_END 128
+  #define VEC_VAL2_END LONGHUGE
+  #define VEC_VALF "%hhd"
+ #elif defined(VEC_VAL_UCHAR)
+  #define VEC_VAL unsigned char
+  #define VEC_VAL2 LONG
+  #define VEC_VAL_END 256
+  #define VEC_VAL2_END LONGHUGE
+  #define VEC_VALF "%hhu"
+ #elif defined(VEC_VAL_INT)
+  #define VEC_VAL int
+  #define VEC_VAL2 LONG
+  #define VEC_VAL_END INTHUGE
+  #define VEC_VAL2_END LONGHUGE
+  #define VEC_VALF "%d"
+ #else
+  #define VEC_VAL double
+  #define VEC_VAL2 double
+  #define VEC_VAL_END DOUBLEHUGE
+  #define VEC_VAL2_END DOUBLEHUGE
+  #define VEC_VALF "%f"
+ #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef VEC_ID
+ #ifdef VEC_ID_LONG
+  #define VEC_ID LONG
+  #define VEC_ID_END LONGHUGE
+  #define VEC_IDF LONGF
+ #else
+  #define VEC_ID int
+  #define VEC_ID_END INTHUGE
+  #define VEC_IDF "%d"
+ #endif
+#endif
+
+/* vector */
+typedef struct {
+  unsigned char type;  // mark to identify type of the structure
+  VEC_VAL *v;
+  VEC_ID end;
+  VEC_ID t;
+} VEC;
+
+extern VEC INIT_VEC;
+extern PERM common_PERM, *common_PERMp;
+extern VEC_VAL common_VEC_VAL, *common_VEC_VALp;
+extern VEC_ID common_VEC_ID;
+
+/* tranpose the matrix ; counting/transpose/memory_allocate */
+#define MQUE_DELIVERY_CNT(c,jump,f,y,M) do{ \
+FLOOP(common_VEC_ID, 0, (f).t){ \
+ MQUE_MLOOP( (f).v[common_VEC_ID], y, M){ \
+  if( (c)[*((QUEUE_INT *)y)] == 0 ) ARY_INS(jump, *((QUEUE_INT *)y)); \
+  (c)[*((QUEUE_INT *)y)]++; \
+ } \
+}}while(0)
+#define MQUE_DELIVERY(occ,jump,f,y,M)  do{ \
+FLOOP (common_VEC_ID, 0, (f).t){ \
+ MQUE_MLOOP ((f).v[common_VEC_ID], y, M){ \
+  if( (occ)[*((QUEUE_INT *)y)].t == 0 ) ARY_INS( jump, *((QUEUE_INT *)y)); \
+  ARY_INS( (occ)[*((QUEUE_INT *)y)], common_VEC_ID); \
+ } \
+}}while(0)
+
+  // allocate QUEUE of QUEUE, according to rows (cells of "ext" will be add to each row)
+#ifdef _cplusplus_
+#define MQUE_ALLOC(Q,rows,rowt,unit,ext,x)   do{ \
+common_size_t=0; \
+FLOOP (common_VEC_ID, 0, rows) common_size_t += rowt[common_VEC_ID]; \
+calloc2 (Q, (rows)+1, x); \
+malloc2 (common_pnt, (common_size_t+(rows)*(ext)+2)*((unit)<sizeof(QUEUE_INT)?sizeof(QUEUE_INT):(unit)), {free(Q);x;}); \
+FLOOP (common_VEC_ID, 0, rows){ \
+ (Q)[common_VEC_ID].end = rowt[common_VEC_ID]; \
+ (Q)[common_VEC_ID].v = (typeof((Q)[common_VEC_ID].v))common_pnt; \
+ common_pnt += ((unit)<sizeof(QUEUE_INT)?sizeof(QUEUE_INT):(unit))*(rowt[common_VEC_ID]+(ext));\
+}}while(0)
+#else
+#define MQUE_ALLOC(Q,rows,rowt,unit,ext,x)   do{ \
+common_size_t=0; \
+FLOOP (common_VEC_ID, 0, rows) common_size_t += rowt[common_VEC_ID]; \
+calloc2 (Q, (rows)+1, x); \
+malloc2 (common_pnt, (common_size_t+(rows)*(ext)+2)*((unit)<sizeof(QUEUE_INT)?sizeof(QUEUE_INT):(unit)), {free(Q);x;}); \
+FLOOP (common_VEC_ID, 0, rows){ \
+ (Q)[common_VEC_ID].end = rowt[common_VEC_ID]; \
+ (Q)[common_VEC_ID].v = (void *)common_pnt; \
+ common_pnt += ((unit)<sizeof(QUEUE_INT)?sizeof(QUEUE_INT):(unit))*(rowt[common_VEC_ID]+(ext));\
+}}while(0)
+#endif
+
+/**********************************************************/
+/* macro for execute the programs as subroutine           */
+/* do not nest the macro; <= variable will be used doubly */
+/**********************************************************/
+    // execute the main routine of the program as a subroutine
+#define EXECSUB(func,flag,err,fmt,...) do{\
+ sprintf (common_comm, fmt, __VA_ARGS__);\
+ if ( flag&SHOW_MESSAGE ) print_err ("%s\n", common_comm);\
+ common_INT = string_decompose (common_argv, common_comm, ' ', 100);\
+ if ( func (common_INT, common_argv) ) err;\
+}while(0)
+    // remove a file on the specified directory
+#define REMOV(dir,fn) do{ sprintf(common_comm,"%s%s",dir,fn); remove (common_comm); }while(0)
+#define RENAM(dir,fn,fn2) do{ sprintf(common_comm,"%s%s",dir,fn); sprintf(common_comm2,"%s%s",dir,fn2); rename (common_comm, common_comm2); }while(0)
+#define MREMOV(dir,...) mremove_(dir, __VA_ARGS__, NULL, NULL)
+
+
+/*********************************************************/
+
+
+#define SHOW_MESSAGE 1   // not print messages
+#define SHOW_PROGRESS 2  // show progress of the computation
+#define APPEND_OUTPUT 4  // append the output to existing file
+#define NO_REMOVE 8      // do not remove the temporal files
+#define LOAD_PERM 64      // permute the nodes/items by something
+#define LOAD_RM_DUP 128   // duplicate items in each row, for loading data
+#define LOAD_INCSORT 256  // sort rows in increasing order, for loading data
+#define LOAD_DECSORT 512  // sort rows in decreasing order, for loading data
+#define LOAD_ELE 1024     // load tuple-list file 
+#define LOAD_TPOSE 2048     // transpose the file when load 
+#define LOAD_DBLBUF 4096     // transpose the file when load 
+#define LOAD_WSORT 8192     // sort rows by their weights 
+#define LOAD_SIZSORT 16384     // sort rows by their sizes 
+#define LOAD_DECROWSORT 32768   // sort rows in decreasing order
+#define LOAD_NUM 65536   // read #columns, #rows and #elements from the 1st line of the file
+
+#define LOAD_EDGEW 131072     // read edge weight
+#define LOAD_ARCW 262144     // read arc weight
+#define LOAD_NODEW 524288     // read node weight
+#define LOAD_BIPARTITE 1048576     // read bipartite graph
+#define LOAD_EDGE 2097152     // read edge 
+#define LOAD_ARC 4194304     // read arc 
+#define LOAD_GRAPHNUM 8388608   // read #vertices and #edges from the 1st line of the file
+#define LOAD_ID1 16777216       // node ID begins from 1
+#define LOAD_COMP 33554432   // read as a complement  
+
+#define FILE_COUNT_ROWT 32   // count size of each row
+#define FILE_COUNT_CLMT 64   // count size of each column
+#define FILE_COUNT_NUM LOAD_NUM   // read #columns, #rows and #elements
+#define FILE_COUNT_GRAPHNUM LOAD_GRAPHNUM   // read #vertices and #edges
+
+#define FILE2_BUFSIZ 16384
+typedef struct {   // structure for fast file reader routines
+  unsigned char type;  // type definition
+  FILE *fp;
+  char *buf_org, *buf, *buf_end;   // head/current/tail of buffer
+  char bit;
+} FILE2;
+extern FILE2 INIT_FILE2, common_FILE2;
+
+void FILE2_flush (FILE2 *fp);
+void FILE2_close (FILE2 *fp);
+void FILE2_closew (FILE2 *fp);
+void FILE2_reset (FILE2 *fp);
+
+int FILE2_getc (FILE2 *fp);
+void FILE2_puts (FILE2 *fp, char *s);
+void FILE2_putc (FILE2 *fp, char c);
+int FILE2_getbit (FILE2 *fp);
+void FILE2_putbit (FILE2 *fp, int a);
+
+/* message output */
+//void print_mes (int flag, char *mes, ...);
+//void print_err (char *mes, ...);
+
+/* free many pointers*/
+void mfree_(void *x, ...);
+void mfree2_(void *x, ...);
+
+/* remove many files */
+void mremove_ (char *x, ...);
+
+/* compute the minimum prime no less than n */
+LONG min_prime (LONG n);
+
+/* decompose the string by separator, and set v[i] to each resulted string.
+  consecutive separators are regarded as one separator. */
+int string_decompose (char **v, char *s, char sep, int max);
+
+/* make two random numbers under normal distribution N(0,1) */
+void rand_mk_2normal (double *a, double *b);
+/* make a random point on a supersphere of d-dim., and set to double array already allocated */
+void rand_d_gaussian (double *p, int d);
+void rand_sphere (double *p, int d);
+
+
+
+/* Read an integer from the file and return it,
+    with read through the non-numeric letters.
+   If it reaches to the end-of-file, then set FILE_err=2, if it reads a 
+   newline, then set FILE_err=1.
+   If read either the end-of-file or newline before reading an integer,
+   return -1 */
+FILE_LONG FILE2_read_int (FILE2 *fp);
+double FILE2_read_double (FILE2 *fp);
+WEIGHT FILE2_read_WEIGHT (FILE2 *fp);
+LONG FILE2_read_mpint (FILE2 *fp, int max, int skip);  // multi-precise
+LONG FILE2_read_intbit (FILE2 *fp, int k);  // read k bits as integer
+
+
+/* fast file routine, print number, c is the char to be printed preceding to the number
+   if c==0, nothing will be printed preceding the number
+   if len<0 then the #digits following '.' does not change (filed by '0')  */
+void FILE2_print_int (FILE2 *fp, LONG n, char c);
+void FILE2_print_real (FILE2 *fp, double n, int len, char c);
+void FILE2_print_WEIGHT (FILE2 *fp, WEIGHT w, int len, char c);
+void FILE2_printf (FILE2 *fp, char *mes, ...);
+void FILE2_print_mpint (FILE2 *fp, LONG a, int max, int skip);  // multi-precise
+void FILE2_print_intbit (FILE2 *fp, LONG a, int k);  // print lowest k-bits
+
+/* print a real number in a good style */
+void fprint_real (FILE *fp, double f);
+void print_real (double f);
+void fprint_WEIGHT (FILE *fp, WEIGHT f);
+void print_WEIGHT (WEIGHT f);
+
+#define FILE_COUNT_INT VEC_ID
+#define FILE_COUNT_INTF VEC_IDF
+typedef struct {
+  int flag;
+  FILE_COUNT_INT clms, rows, eles, clm_end, row_end, row_btm, clm_btm; // #rows, #column, #elements, minimum elements
+  FILE_COUNT_INT row_min, row_max, clm_min, clm_max;  // maximum/minimum size of column
+  FILE_COUNT_INT *rowt, *clmt;   // size of each row/clmn
+  WEIGHT total_rw, total_cw, *rw, *cw;  // WEIGHTs for rows/columns ... reserved.
+  FILE_COUNT_INT rw_end, cw_end;
+  PERM *rperm, *cperm;   // permutation (original->internal) of rows and columns
+} FILE_COUNT;
+
+extern FILE_COUNT INIT_FILE_COUNT;
+
+/* count the clms, rows, items, each row size, each column size  */
+/* file types can be, array list and element list*/
+/* support transpose */
+FILE_COUNT FILE2_count (FILE2 *fp, int flag, int skip_rows, int int_rows, int skip_clms, int int_clms, FILE_COUNT_INT row_limit);
+
+/******************* integer array routines **************************/
+
+/******************************* permutation routines ****************/
+/* permutation is given by an integer array  */
+
+/* sort an array of size "siz", composed of a structure of size "unit" byte
+ in the order of perm */
+/* use temporary memory of siz*unit byte */
+//void perm_struct (void *a, int unit, int *perm, size_t siz);
+
+/* SLIST:very simple one-sided list */
+void SLIST_init (int *l, int num, int siz);
+void SLIST_end (int *l);
+#define SLIST_INS(l,m,e) (l[e]=l[m],l[m]=e);
+
+#define QQSORT_ELE(a,x) ((a *)(&(common_pnt[(*((PERM *)(x)))*common_int])))
+#define QQSORT_ELEt(a,x) (((a *)&(common_pnt[(*((PERM *)(x)))*common_int]))->t)
+/* quick sort macros */
+#define QSORT_TYPE(a,b) \
+b common_##a; \
+int qsort_cmp_##a (const void *x, const void *y){ \
+ if ( *((b *)x) < *((b *)y) ) return (-1); else return ( *((b *)x) > *((b *)y) ); \
+} \
+int qsort_cmp__##a (const void *x, const void *y){ \
+ if ( *((b *)x) > *((b *)y) ) return (-1); else return ( *((b *)x) < *((b *)y) ); \
+} \
+int qqsort_cmp_##a (const void *x, const void *y){ \
+ b *xx=QQSORT_ELE(b,x), *yy=QQSORT_ELE(b,y); \
+ if ( *xx < *yy ) return (-1); \
+  else return ( *xx > *yy ); \
+} \
+int qqsort_cmp__##a (const void *x, const void *y){ \
+ b *xx=QQSORT_ELE(b,x), *yy=QQSORT_ELE(b,y); \
+ if ( *xx > *yy ) return (-1); \
+ else return ( *xx < *yy ); \
+} \
+void qsort_##a (b *v, size_t siz, int unit){ \
+ if ( unit == 1 || unit==-1 ) unit *= sizeof (b); \
+ if (unit<0) qsort (v, siz, -unit, qsort_cmp__##a); else qsort (v, siz, unit, qsort_cmp_##a); \
+} \
+void qsort_perm__##a (b *v, size_t siz, PERM *perm, int unit){ \
+ ARY_INIT_PERM(perm,(INT)siz); \
+ if ( unit == 1 || unit==-1 ) unit *= sizeof (b); \
+ common_int=MAX(unit,-unit); common_pnt=(char *)v; \
+ if (unit<0) qsort (perm, siz, sizeof(PERM), qqsort_cmp__##a); \
+ else qsort (perm, siz, sizeof(PERM), qqsort_cmp_##a); \
+} \
+PERM *qsort_perm_##a (b *v, size_t siz, int unit){ \
+ PERM *perm; malloc2(perm, siz, EXIT0); \
+ qsort_perm__##a (v, siz, perm, unit); return(perm); \
+} \
+size_t bin_search_##a (b *v, b u, size_t siz, int unit){ \
+ size_t s=0, t; \
+ b n; \
+ if ( unit == 1 ) unit *= sizeof (b); \
+ while (1){ \
+   if ( siz-s <= 2 ){ \
+     if ( u <= *((b *)(((char *)v)+unit*s)) ) return (s);\
+     if ( siz == s+1 || u <= *((b *)(((char *)v)+unit*(s+1))) ) return (s+1);\
+     return (s+2);\
+   }\
+   t = (s+siz) /2; \
+   n = *((b *)(((char *)v)+unit*t));\
+   if ( u < n ) siz = t; else s = t;\
+ }\
+}
+// bin search returns the position that is equal to u, or the smallest in larger's
+
+#define QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(a,b) \
+extern b common_##a; \
+int qsort_cmp_##a (const void *x, const void *y); \
+int qsort_cmp__##a (const void *x, const void *y); \
+int qqsort_cmp_##a (const void *x, const void *y); \
+int qqsort_cmp__##a (const void *x, const void *y); \
+void qsort_##a(b *v, size_t siz, int unit); \
+void qsort_perm__##a (b *v, size_t siz, PERM *perm, int unit); \
+PERM *qsort_perm_##a (b *v, size_t siz, int unit); \
+size_t bin_search_##a (b *v, b u, size_t siz, int unit);
+
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(int, int)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(uint, unsigned int)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(double, double)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(char, char)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(uchar, unsigned char)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(short, short)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(ushort, unsigned short)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(WEIGHT, WEIGHT)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(LONG, LONG)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(VEC_ID, VEC_ID)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(VEC_VAL, VEC_VAL)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(VEC_VAL2, VEC_VAL2)
+QSORT_TYPE_HEADER(FILE_COUNT_INT, FILE_COUNT_INT)
+
+int qsort_cmp_VECt (const void *x, const void *y);
+int qsort_cmp__VECt (const void *x, const void *y);
+void qsort_VECt (VEC *v, size_t siz, int unit);
+int qqsort_cmp_VECt (const void *x, const void *y);
+int qqsort_cmp__VECt (const void *x, const void *y);
+void qsort_perm__VECt (VEC *v, size_t siz, PERM *perm, int unit);
+PERM *qsort_perm_VECt (VEC *v, size_t siz, int unit);
+
+/* swap macro for integer, double, char, and pointer */
+#define SWAP_INT(a,b)  (common_LONG=a,a=b,b=common_LONG)
+#define SWAP_DOUBLE(a,b)  (common_double=a,a=b,b=common_double)
+#define SWAP_size_t(a,b)  (common_size_t=a,a=b,b=common_size_t)
+#ifdef _cplusplus_
+ #define SWAP_PNT(a,b)  (common_pnt=(typeof(common_pnt))a,a=(typeof(a))b,b=(typeof(b))common_pnt)
+#else
+ #define SWAP_PNT(a,b)  (common_pnt=(void *)a,a=(void *)b,b=(void *)common_pnt)
+#endif
+
+#define SWAP_VEC_ID(a,b)  (common_VEC_ID=a,a=b,b=common_VEC_ID)
+#define SWAP_FILE_COUNT_INT(a,b)  (common_FILE_COUNT_INT=a,a=b,b=common_FILE_COUNT_INT)
+
+/* sort index(int)/WEIGHT array and return the indices of the result */
+/* perm[i*2] := rank of ith cell */
+/* perm[i*2+1] := index of ith smallest cell */
+/*  flag!=NULL  => opposite direction sort  */
+
+//int *int_index_sort (int *w, size_t siz, int flag);
+//int *WEIGHT_index_sort (WEIGHT *w, size_t siz, int flag);
+
+/* radix sort for array of structures, by their integer members 
+  ranging from mm to m */
+/* sort array "perm" according to (int/void*) array "a".
+   if perm==NULL, allocate memory and for perm */
+/* return the permutation array of the result of the sorting
+   in the decreasing order if unit<0 (unimplemented!!!) */
+int *radix_sort (void *a, size_t siz, int unit, int mm, int m, int *perm);
+
+/* permutate structure array *tt of unit size unit of size num, according to perm array *pp */
+/* num has to be <INTHUGE/2 */
+/* unit<0 means decreasing order (un-implemented!!!) */
+void structure_permute (void *tt, int unit, int num, void *pp, int weight_siz);
+
+#ifdef STDLIB2_RADIX_SORT     // radix sort with 1M byte static memory
+void intarray_sort_iter (unsigned int *a, size_t siz, int unit);
+void intarray_sort_iter_ (unsigned int *a, size_t siz, int unit);
+void intarray_sort (unsigned *a, size_t siz, int unit);
+#endif
+
+  /* bitmasks, used for bit operations */
+extern int BITMASK_UPPER1[32];
+extern int BITMASK_UPPER1_[32];
+extern int BITMASK_LOWER1[32];
+extern int BITMASK_LOWER1_[32];
+extern int BITMASK_1[32];
+extern int BITMASK_31[32];
+extern int BITMASK_16[8];
+extern int BITMASK_UPPER16[8];
+extern int BITMASK_LOWER16[8];
+extern int BITMASK_FACT16[8];
+
+/* bit operations */
+#define BIT_SET(v,x)  (v[x/32]|=BITMASK_1[x%32])
+#define BIT_DEL(v,x)  (v[x/32]&=BITMASK_31[x%32])
+#define ISBIT(v,x)    (v[x/32]&BITMASK_1[x%32])
+
+#endif
+
+
+/******************************************/
+/*  ==== terminology for comments  ====
+  range check: to check the input parameter is valid, or in the valid range.
+  If a function does not have this, its comment has "no range check"
+  */
+   
+/*  ====  rules for the name of functions and routines  ====
+  init: initialization for an object, structure, etc. memory is allocated 
+   if needed.
+  end: compared to init, termination of structures, etc.
+   free allocated memory if it exists, but not free itself.
+   different from ordinary new, create, del, free.
+
+  cpy: copy an object without allocating memory
+  dup: make a duplication of an object with allocating new memory
+
+  new: new. allocate memory for new object. also used for re-allocation from 
+   the list of deleted objects
+  del: delete. free memory, or insert it to the list of deleted objects
+
+  ins : insert. insert an element (active, not deleted) to an object, possible
+     at the given position.
+  out : extract. extract an element, possibly specified, from an object.
+        it will be not deleted.
+  rm  : extract, and delete
+  rmall: delete all (specified) elements of an object
+  mk  : make. new+ins�B
+  mv  : move. move the elements from an object to another,
+         or change the position.
+
+  update : update an object, possibly of specified position, to the exact,
+           or to the current one.
+  chg    : change the status of an object to the specified one.
+  
+  prv: point the previous element
+  nxt: point the next element
+  end: the maximum size (allocated size) of an array, etc.
+  num: the (current) number of elements in an array, etc.
+  kth: for the use of "first k object"
+  tkth: for the use of "first k object from the end". to kth.
+  rnd: random
+  print: print structure and etc.
+  find: search or find an specified element from the set of structures, etc.
+*/
+
+/*  ==== rules for the name of variables ====
+  - use i or j for the counter in loops
+  - use e for elements
+  - use k for the specified rank
+  - use f or flag for flagment
+  - use m for maximum value or minimum value
+  - use c for counters
+*/
+
+