numo-liblinear 0.2.0 → 1.1.0

data/ext/numo/liblinear/liblinear/blas/daxpy.c

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include "blas.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+int daxpy_(int *n, double *sa, double *sx, int *incx, double *sy,
+           int *incy)
+{
+  long int i, m, ix, iy, nn, iincx, iincy;
+  register double ssa;
+
+  /* constant times a vector plus a vector.
+     uses unrolled loop for increments equal to one.
+     jack dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+     modified 12/3/93, array(1) declarations changed to array(*) */
+
+  /* Dereference inputs */
+  nn = *n;
+  ssa = *sa;
+  iincx = *incx;
+  iincy = *incy;
+
+  if( nn > 0 && ssa != 0.0 )
+  {
+    if (iincx == 1 && iincy == 1) /* code for both increments equal to 1 */
+    {
+      m = nn-3;
+      for (i = 0; i < m; i += 4)
+      {
+        sy[i] += ssa * sx[i];
+        sy[i+1] += ssa * sx[i+1];
+        sy[i+2] += ssa * sx[i+2];
+        sy[i+3] += ssa * sx[i+3];
+      }
+      for ( ; i < nn; ++i) /* clean-up loop */
+        sy[i] += ssa * sx[i];
+    }
+    else /* code for unequal increments or equal increments not equal to 1 */
+    {
+      ix = iincx >= 0 ? 0 : (1 - nn) * iincx;
+      iy = iincy >= 0 ? 0 : (1 - nn) * iincy;
+      for (i = 0; i < nn; i++)
+      {
+        sy[iy] += ssa * sx[ix];
+        ix += iincx;
+        iy += iincy;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+} /* daxpy_ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

data/ext/numo/liblinear/liblinear/blas/ddot.c

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#include "blas.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+double ddot_(int *n, double *sx, int *incx, double *sy, int *incy)
+{
+  long int i, m, nn, iincx, iincy;
+  double stemp;
+  long int ix, iy;
+
+  /* forms the dot product of two vectors.
+     uses unrolled loops for increments equal to one.
+     jack dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+     modified 12/3/93, array(1) declarations changed to array(*) */
+
+  /* Dereference inputs */
+  nn = *n;
+  iincx = *incx;
+  iincy = *incy;
+
+  stemp = 0.0;
+  if (nn > 0)
+  {
+    if (iincx == 1 && iincy == 1) /* code for both increments equal to 1 */
+    {
+      m = nn-4;
+      for (i = 0; i < m; i += 5)
+        stemp += sx[i] * sy[i] + sx[i+1] * sy[i+1] + sx[i+2] * sy[i+2] +
+                 sx[i+3] * sy[i+3] + sx[i+4] * sy[i+4];
+
+      for ( ; i < nn; i++)        /* clean-up loop */
+        stemp += sx[i] * sy[i];
+    }
+    else /* code for unequal increments or equal increments not equal to 1 */
+    {
+      ix = 0;
+      iy = 0;
+      if (iincx < 0)
+        ix = (1 - nn) * iincx;
+      if (iincy < 0)
+        iy = (1 - nn) * iincy;
+      for (i = 0; i < nn; i++)
+      {
+        stemp += sx[ix] * sy[iy];
+        ix += iincx;
+        iy += iincy;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return stemp;
+} /* ddot_ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

data/ext/numo/liblinear/liblinear/blas/dnrm2.c

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#include <math.h>  /* Needed for fabs() and sqrt() */
+#include "blas.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+double dnrm2_(int *n, double *x, int *incx)
+{
+  long int ix, nn, iincx;
+  double norm, scale, absxi, ssq, temp;
+
+/*  DNRM2 returns the euclidean norm of a vector via the function
+    name, so that
+
+       DNRM2 := sqrt( x'*x )
+
+    -- This version written on 25-October-1982.
+       Modified on 14-October-1993 to inline the call to SLASSQ.
+       Sven Hammarling, Nag Ltd.   */
+
+  /* Dereference inputs */
+  nn = *n;
+  iincx = *incx;
+
+  if( nn > 0 && iincx > 0 )
+  {
+    if (nn == 1)
+    {
+      norm = fabs(x[0]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      scale = 0.0;
+      ssq = 1.0;
+
+      /* The following loop is equivalent to this call to the LAPACK
+         auxiliary routine:   CALL SLASSQ( N, X, INCX, SCALE, SSQ ) */
+
+      for (ix=(nn-1)*iincx; ix>=0; ix-=iincx)
+      {
+        if (x[ix] != 0.0)
+        {
+          absxi = fabs(x[ix]);
+          if (scale < absxi)
+          {
+            temp = scale / absxi;
+            ssq = ssq * (temp * temp) + 1.0;
+            scale = absxi;
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            temp = absxi / scale;
+            ssq += temp * temp;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      norm = scale * sqrt(ssq);
+    }
+  }
+  else
+    norm = 0.0;
+
+  return norm;
+
+} /* dnrm2_ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

data/ext/numo/liblinear/liblinear/blas/dscal.c

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include "blas.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+int dscal_(int *n, double *sa, double *sx, int *incx)
+{
+  long int i, m, nincx, nn, iincx;
+  double ssa;
+
+  /* scales a vector by a constant.
+     uses unrolled loops for increment equal to 1.
+     jack dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+     modified 3/93 to return if incx .le. 0.
+     modified 12/3/93, array(1) declarations changed to array(*) */
+
+  /* Dereference inputs */
+  nn = *n;
+  iincx = *incx;
+  ssa = *sa;
+
+  if (nn > 0 && iincx > 0)
+  {
+    if (iincx == 1) /* code for increment equal to 1 */
+    {
+      m = nn-4;
+      for (i = 0; i < m; i += 5)
+      {
+        sx[i] = ssa * sx[i];
+        sx[i+1] = ssa * sx[i+1];
+        sx[i+2] = ssa * sx[i+2];
+        sx[i+3] = ssa * sx[i+3];
+        sx[i+4] = ssa * sx[i+4];
+      }
+      for ( ; i < nn; ++i) /* clean-up loop */
+        sx[i] = ssa * sx[i];
+    }
+    else /* code for increment not equal to 1 */
+    {
+      nincx = nn * iincx;
+      for (i = 0; i < nincx; i += iincx)
+        sx[i] = ssa * sx[i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+} /* dscal_ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

data/ext/numo/liblinear/liblinear/linear.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,3725 @@
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include "linear.h"
+#include "newton.h"
+int liblinear_version = LIBLINEAR_VERSION;
+typedef signed char schar;
+template <class T> static inline void swap(T& x, T& y) { T t=x; x=y; y=t; }
+#ifndef min
+template <class T> static inline T min(T x,T y) { return (x<y)?x:y; }
+#endif
+#ifndef max
+template <class T> static inline T max(T x,T y) { return (x>y)?x:y; }
+#endif
+template <class S, class T> static inline void clone(T*& dst, S* src, int n)
+{
+	dst = new T[n];
+	memcpy((void *)dst,(void *)src,sizeof(T)*n);
+}
+#define INF HUGE_VAL
+#define Malloc(type,n) (type *)malloc((n)*sizeof(type))
+
+static void print_string_stdout(const char *s)
+{
+	fputs(s,stdout);
+	fflush(stdout);
+}
+static void print_null(const char *s) {}
+
+static void (*liblinear_print_string) (const char *) = &print_string_stdout;
+
+#if 1
+static void info(const char *fmt,...)
+{
+	char buf[BUFSIZ];
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap,fmt);
+	vsprintf(buf,fmt,ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	(*liblinear_print_string)(buf);
+}
+#else
+static void info(const char *fmt,...) {}
+#endif
+class sparse_operator
+{
+public:
+	static double nrm2_sq(const feature_node *x)
+	{
+		double ret = 0;
+		while(x->index != -1)
+		{
+			ret += x->value*x->value;
+			x++;
+		}
+		return (ret);
+	}
+
+	static double dot(const double *s, const feature_node *x)
+	{
+		double ret = 0;
+		while(x->index != -1)
+		{
+			ret += s[x->index-1]*x->value;
+			x++;
+		}
+		return (ret);
+	}
+
+	static double sparse_dot(const feature_node *x1, const feature_node *x2)
+	{
+		double ret = 0;
+		while(x1->index != -1 && x2->index != -1)
+		{
+			if(x1->index == x2->index)
+			{
+				ret += x1->value * x2->value;
+				++x1;
+				++x2;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if(x1->index > x2->index)
+					++x2;
+				else
+					++x1;
+			}
+		}
+		return (ret);
+	}
+
+	static void axpy(const double a, const feature_node *x, double *y)
+	{
+		while(x->index != -1)
+		{
+			y[x->index-1] += a*x->value;
+			x++;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+// L2-regularized empirical risk minimization
+// min_w w^Tw/2 + \sum C_i \xi(w^Tx_i), where \xi() is the loss
+
+class l2r_erm_fun: public function
+{
+public:
+	l2r_erm_fun(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *C);
+	~l2r_erm_fun();
+
+	double fun(double *w);
+	double linesearch_and_update(double *w, double *d, double *f, double *g, double alpha);
+	int get_nr_variable(void);
+
+protected:
+	virtual double C_times_loss(int i, double wx_i) = 0;
+	void Xv(double *v, double *Xv);
+	void XTv(double *v, double *XTv);
+
+	double *C;
+	const problem *prob;
+	double *wx;
+	double *tmp; // a working array
+	double wTw;
+	int regularize_bias;
+};
+
+l2r_erm_fun::l2r_erm_fun(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *C)
+{
+	int l=prob->l;
+
+	this->prob = prob;
+
+	wx = new double[l];
+	tmp = new double[l];
+	this->C = C;
+	this->regularize_bias = param->regularize_bias;
+}
+
+l2r_erm_fun::~l2r_erm_fun()
+{
+	delete[] wx;
+	delete[] tmp;
+}
+
+double l2r_erm_fun::fun(double *w)
+{
+	int i;
+	double f=0;
+	int l=prob->l;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+
+	wTw = 0;
+	Xv(w, wx);
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		wTw += w[i]*w[i];
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+		wTw -= w[w_size-1]*w[w_size-1];
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+		f += C_times_loss(i, wx[i]);
+	f = f + 0.5 * wTw;
+
+	return(f);
+}
+
+int l2r_erm_fun::get_nr_variable(void)
+{
+	return prob->n;
+}
+
+// On entry *f must be the function value of w
+// On exit w is updated and *f is the new function value
+double l2r_erm_fun::linesearch_and_update(double *w, double *s, double *f, double *g, double alpha)
+{
+	int i;
+	int l = prob->l;
+	double sTs = 0;
+	double wTs = 0;
+	double gTs = 0;
+	double eta = 0.01;
+	int w_size = get_nr_variable();
+	int max_num_linesearch = 20;
+	double fold = *f;
+	Xv(s, tmp);
+
+	for (i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+	{
+		sTs += s[i] * s[i];
+		wTs += s[i] * w[i];
+		gTs += s[i] * g[i];
+	}
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+	{
+		// bias not used in calculating (w + \alpha s)^T (w + \alpha s)
+		sTs -= s[w_size-1] * s[w_size-1];
+		wTs -= s[w_size-1] * w[w_size-1];
+	}
+
+	int num_linesearch = 0;
+	for(num_linesearch=0; num_linesearch < max_num_linesearch; num_linesearch++)
+	{
+		double loss = 0;
+		for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+		{
+			double inner_product = tmp[i] * alpha + wx[i];
+			loss += C_times_loss(i, inner_product);
+		}
+		*f = loss + (alpha * alpha * sTs + wTw) / 2.0 + alpha * wTs;
+		if (*f - fold <= eta * alpha * gTs)
+		{
+			for (i=0;i<l;i++)
+				wx[i] += alpha * tmp[i];
+			break;
+		}
+		else
+			alpha *= 0.5;
+	}
+
+	if (num_linesearch >= max_num_linesearch)
+	{
+		*f = fold;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	else
+		for (i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+			w[i] += alpha * s[i];
+
+	wTw += alpha * alpha * sTs + 2* alpha * wTs;
+	return alpha;
+}
+
+void l2r_erm_fun::Xv(double *v, double *Xv)
+{
+	int i;
+	int l=prob->l;
+	feature_node **x=prob->x;
+
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+		Xv[i]=sparse_operator::dot(v, x[i]);
+}
+
+void l2r_erm_fun::XTv(double *v, double *XTv)
+{
+	int i;
+	int l=prob->l;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+	feature_node **x=prob->x;
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		XTv[i]=0;
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+		sparse_operator::axpy(v[i], x[i], XTv);
+}
+
+class l2r_lr_fun: public l2r_erm_fun
+{
+public:
+	l2r_lr_fun(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *C);
+	~l2r_lr_fun();
+
+	void grad(double *w, double *g);
+	void Hv(double *s, double *Hs);
+
+	void get_diag_preconditioner(double *M);
+
+private:
+	double *D;
+	double C_times_loss(int i, double wx_i);
+};
+
+l2r_lr_fun::l2r_lr_fun(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *C):
+	l2r_erm_fun(prob, param, C)
+{
+	int l=prob->l;
+	D = new double[l];
+}
+
+l2r_lr_fun::~l2r_lr_fun()
+{
+	delete[] D;
+}
+
+double l2r_lr_fun::C_times_loss(int i, double wx_i)
+{
+	double ywx_i = wx_i * prob->y[i];
+	if (ywx_i >= 0)
+		return C[i]*log(1 + exp(-ywx_i));
+	else
+		return C[i]*(-ywx_i + log(1 + exp(ywx_i)));
+}
+
+void l2r_lr_fun::grad(double *w, double *g)
+{
+	int i;
+	double *y=prob->y;
+	int l=prob->l;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		tmp[i] = 1/(1 + exp(-y[i]*wx[i]));
+		D[i] = tmp[i]*(1-tmp[i]);
+		tmp[i] = C[i]*(tmp[i]-1)*y[i];
+	}
+	XTv(tmp, g);
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		g[i] = w[i] + g[i];
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+		g[w_size-1] -= w[w_size-1];
+}
+
+void l2r_lr_fun::get_diag_preconditioner(double *M)
+{
+	int i;
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+	feature_node **x = prob->x;
+
+	for (i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		M[i] = 1;
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+		M[w_size-1] = 0;
+
+	for (i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		feature_node *xi = x[i];
+		while (xi->index!=-1)
+		{
+			M[xi->index-1] += xi->value*xi->value*C[i]*D[i];
+			xi++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void l2r_lr_fun::Hv(double *s, double *Hs)
+{
+	int i;
+	int l=prob->l;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+	feature_node **x=prob->x;
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		Hs[i] = 0;
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		feature_node * const xi=x[i];
+		double xTs = sparse_operator::dot(s, xi);
+
+		xTs = C[i]*D[i]*xTs;
+
+		sparse_operator::axpy(xTs, xi, Hs);
+	}
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		Hs[i] = s[i] + Hs[i];
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+		Hs[w_size-1] -= s[w_size-1];
+}
+
+class l2r_l2_svc_fun: public l2r_erm_fun
+{
+public:
+	l2r_l2_svc_fun(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *C);
+	~l2r_l2_svc_fun();
+
+	void grad(double *w, double *g);
+	void Hv(double *s, double *Hs);
+
+	void get_diag_preconditioner(double *M);
+
+protected:
+	void subXTv(double *v, double *XTv);
+
+	int *I;
+	int sizeI;
+
+private:
+	double C_times_loss(int i, double wx_i);
+};
+
+l2r_l2_svc_fun::l2r_l2_svc_fun(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *C):
+	l2r_erm_fun(prob, param, C)
+{
+	I = new int[prob->l];
+}
+
+l2r_l2_svc_fun::~l2r_l2_svc_fun()
+{
+	delete[] I;
+}
+
+double l2r_l2_svc_fun::C_times_loss(int i, double wx_i)
+{
+	double d = 1 - prob->y[i] * wx_i;
+	if (d > 0)
+		return C[i] * d * d;
+	else
+		return 0;
+}
+
+void l2r_l2_svc_fun::grad(double *w, double *g)
+{
+	int i;
+	double *y=prob->y;
+	int l=prob->l;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+
+	sizeI = 0;
+	for (i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		tmp[i] = wx[i] * y[i];
+		if (tmp[i] < 1)
+		{
+			tmp[sizeI] = C[i]*y[i]*(tmp[i]-1);
+			I[sizeI] = i;
+			sizeI++;
+		}
+	}
+	subXTv(tmp, g);
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		g[i] = w[i] + 2*g[i];
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+		g[w_size-1] -= w[w_size-1];
+}
+
+void l2r_l2_svc_fun::get_diag_preconditioner(double *M)
+{
+	int i;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+	feature_node **x = prob->x;
+
+	for (i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		M[i] = 1;
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+		M[w_size-1] = 0;
+
+	for (i=0; i<sizeI; i++)
+	{
+		int idx = I[i];
+		feature_node *xi = x[idx];
+		while (xi->index!=-1)
+		{
+			M[xi->index-1] += xi->value*xi->value*C[idx]*2;
+			xi++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void l2r_l2_svc_fun::Hv(double *s, double *Hs)
+{
+	int i;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+	feature_node **x=prob->x;
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		Hs[i]=0;
+	for(i=0;i<sizeI;i++)
+	{
+		feature_node * const xi=x[I[i]];
+		double xTs = sparse_operator::dot(s, xi);
+
+		xTs = C[I[i]]*xTs;
+
+		sparse_operator::axpy(xTs, xi, Hs);
+	}
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		Hs[i] = s[i] + 2*Hs[i];
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+		Hs[w_size-1] -= s[w_size-1];
+}
+
+void l2r_l2_svc_fun::subXTv(double *v, double *XTv)
+{
+	int i;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+	feature_node **x=prob->x;
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		XTv[i]=0;
+	for(i=0;i<sizeI;i++)
+		sparse_operator::axpy(v[i], x[I[i]], XTv);
+}
+
+class l2r_l2_svr_fun: public l2r_l2_svc_fun
+{
+public:
+	l2r_l2_svr_fun(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *C);
+
+	void grad(double *w, double *g);
+
+private:
+	double C_times_loss(int i, double wx_i);
+	double p;
+};
+
+l2r_l2_svr_fun::l2r_l2_svr_fun(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *C):
+	l2r_l2_svc_fun(prob, param, C)
+{
+	this->p = param->p;
+	this->regularize_bias = param->regularize_bias;
+}
+
+double l2r_l2_svr_fun::C_times_loss(int i, double wx_i)
+{
+	double d = wx_i - prob->y[i];
+	if(d < -p)
+		return C[i]*(d+p)*(d+p);
+	else if(d > p)
+		return C[i]*(d-p)*(d-p);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void l2r_l2_svr_fun::grad(double *w, double *g)
+{
+	int i;
+	double *y=prob->y;
+	int l=prob->l;
+	int w_size=get_nr_variable();
+	double d;
+
+	sizeI = 0;
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		d = wx[i] - y[i];
+
+		// generate index set I
+		if(d < -p)
+		{
+			tmp[sizeI] = C[i]*(d+p);
+			I[sizeI] = i;
+			sizeI++;
+		}
+		else if(d > p)
+		{
+			tmp[sizeI] = C[i]*(d-p);
+			I[sizeI] = i;
+			sizeI++;
+		}
+
+	}
+	subXTv(tmp, g);
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+		g[i] = w[i] + 2*g[i];
+	if(regularize_bias == 0)
+		g[w_size-1] -= w[w_size-1];
+}
+
+// A coordinate descent algorithm for
+// multi-class support vector machines by Crammer and Singer
+//
+//  min_{\alpha}  0.5 \sum_m ||w_m(\alpha)||^2 + \sum_i \sum_m e^m_i alpha^m_i
+//    s.t.     \alpha^m_i <= C^m_i \forall m,i , \sum_m \alpha^m_i=0 \forall i
+//
+//  where e^m_i = 0 if y_i  = m,
+//        e^m_i = 1 if y_i != m,
+//  C^m_i = C if m  = y_i,
+//  C^m_i = 0 if m != y_i,
+//  and w_m(\alpha) = \sum_i \alpha^m_i x_i
+//
+// Given:
+// x, y, C
+// eps is the stopping tolerance
+//
+// solution will be put in w
+//
+// See Appendix of LIBLINEAR paper, Fan et al. (2008)
+
+#define GETI(i) ((int) prob->y[i])
+// To support weights for instances, use GETI(i) (i)
+
+class Solver_MCSVM_CS
+{
+	public:
+		Solver_MCSVM_CS(const problem *prob, int nr_class, double *C, double eps=0.1, int max_iter=100000);
+		~Solver_MCSVM_CS();
+		void Solve(double *w);
+	private:
+		void solve_sub_problem(double A_i, int yi, double C_yi, int active_i, double *alpha_new);
+		bool be_shrunk(int i, int m, int yi, double alpha_i, double minG);
+		double *B, *C, *G;
+		int w_size, l;
+		int nr_class;
+		int max_iter;
+		double eps;
+		const problem *prob;
+};
+
+Solver_MCSVM_CS::Solver_MCSVM_CS(const problem *prob, int nr_class, double *weighted_C, double eps, int max_iter)
+{
+	this->w_size = prob->n;
+	this->l = prob->l;
+	this->nr_class = nr_class;
+	this->eps = eps;
+	this->max_iter = max_iter;
+	this->prob = prob;
+	this->B = new double[nr_class];
+	this->G = new double[nr_class];
+	this->C = weighted_C;
+}
+
+Solver_MCSVM_CS::~Solver_MCSVM_CS()
+{
+	delete[] B;
+	delete[] G;
+}
+
+int compare_double(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	if(*(double *)a > *(double *)b)
+		return -1;
+	if(*(double *)a < *(double *)b)
+		return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void Solver_MCSVM_CS::solve_sub_problem(double A_i, int yi, double C_yi, int active_i, double *alpha_new)
+{
+	int r;
+	double *D;
+
+	clone(D, B, active_i);
+	if(yi < active_i)
+		D[yi] += A_i*C_yi;
+	qsort(D, active_i, sizeof(double), compare_double);
+
+	double beta = D[0] - A_i*C_yi;
+	for(r=1;r<active_i && beta<r*D[r];r++)
+		beta += D[r];
+	beta /= r;
+
+	for(r=0;r<active_i;r++)
+	{
+		if(r == yi)
+			alpha_new[r] = min(C_yi, (beta-B[r])/A_i);
+		else
+			alpha_new[r] = min((double)0, (beta - B[r])/A_i);
+	}
+	delete[] D;
+}
+
+bool Solver_MCSVM_CS::be_shrunk(int i, int m, int yi, double alpha_i, double minG)
+{
+	double bound = 0;
+	if(m == yi)
+		bound = C[GETI(i)];
+	if(alpha_i == bound && G[m] < minG)
+		return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+void Solver_MCSVM_CS::Solve(double *w)
+{
+	int i, m, s;
+	int iter = 0;
+	double *alpha =  new double[l*nr_class];
+	double *alpha_new = new double[nr_class];
+	int *index = new int[l];
+	double *QD = new double[l];
+	int *d_ind = new int[nr_class];
+	double *d_val = new double[nr_class];
+	int *alpha_index = new int[nr_class*l];
+	int *y_index = new int[l];
+	int active_size = l;
+	int *active_size_i = new int[l];
+	double eps_shrink = max(10.0*eps, 1.0); // stopping tolerance for shrinking
+	bool start_from_all = true;
+
+	// Initial alpha can be set here. Note that
+	// sum_m alpha[i*nr_class+m] = 0, for all i=1,...,l-1
+	// alpha[i*nr_class+m] <= C[GETI(i)] if prob->y[i] == m
+	// alpha[i*nr_class+m] <= 0 if prob->y[i] != m
+	// If initial alpha isn't zero, uncomment the for loop below to initialize w
+	for(i=0;i<l*nr_class;i++)
+		alpha[i] = 0;
+
+	for(i=0;i<w_size*nr_class;i++)
+		w[i] = 0;
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		for(m=0;m<nr_class;m++)
+			alpha_index[i*nr_class+m] = m;
+		feature_node *xi = prob->x[i];
+		QD[i] = 0;
+		while(xi->index != -1)
+		{
+			double val = xi->value;
+			QD[i] += val*val;
+
+			// Uncomment the for loop if initial alpha isn't zero
+			// for(m=0; m<nr_class; m++)
+			//	w[(xi->index-1)*nr_class+m] += alpha[i*nr_class+m]*val;
+			xi++;
+		}
+		active_size_i[i] = nr_class;
+		y_index[i] = (int)prob->y[i];
+		index[i] = i;
+	}
+
+	while(iter < max_iter)
+	{
+		double stopping = -INF;
+		for(i=0;i<active_size;i++)
+		{
+			int j = i+rand()%(active_size-i);
+			swap(index[i], index[j]);
+		}
+		for(s=0;s<active_size;s++)
+		{
+			i = index[s];
+			double Ai = QD[i];
+			double *alpha_i = &alpha[i*nr_class];
+			int *alpha_index_i = &alpha_index[i*nr_class];
+
+			if(Ai > 0)
+			{
+				for(m=0;m<active_size_i[i];m++)
+					G[m] = 1;
+				if(y_index[i] < active_size_i[i])
+					G[y_index[i]] = 0;
+
+				feature_node *xi = prob->x[i];
+				while(xi->index!= -1)
+				{
+					double *w_i = &w[(xi->index-1)*nr_class];
+					for(m=0;m<active_size_i[i];m++)
+						G[m] += w_i[alpha_index_i[m]]*(xi->value);
+					xi++;
+				}
+
+				double minG = INF;
+				double maxG = -INF;
+				for(m=0;m<active_size_i[i];m++)
+				{
+					if(alpha_i[alpha_index_i[m]] < 0 && G[m] < minG)
+						minG = G[m];
+					if(G[m] > maxG)
+						maxG = G[m];
+				}
+				if(y_index[i] < active_size_i[i])
+					if(alpha_i[(int) prob->y[i]] < C[GETI(i)] && G[y_index[i]] < minG)
+						minG = G[y_index[i]];
+
+				for(m=0;m<active_size_i[i];m++)
+				{
+					if(be_shrunk(i, m, y_index[i], alpha_i[alpha_index_i[m]], minG))
+					{
+						active_size_i[i]--;
+						while(active_size_i[i]>m)
+						{
+							if(!be_shrunk(i, active_size_i[i], y_index[i],
+											alpha_i[alpha_index_i[active_size_i[i]]], minG))
+							{
+								swap(alpha_index_i[m], alpha_index_i[active_size_i[i]]);
+								swap(G[m], G[active_size_i[i]]);
+								if(y_index[i] == active_size_i[i])
+									y_index[i] = m;
+								else if(y_index[i] == m)
+									y_index[i] = active_size_i[i];
+								break;
+							}
+							active_size_i[i]--;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if(active_size_i[i] <= 1)
+				{
+					active_size--;
+					swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+					s--;
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if(maxG-minG <= 1e-12)
+					continue;
+				else
+					stopping = max(maxG - minG, stopping);
+
+				for(m=0;m<active_size_i[i];m++)
+					B[m] = G[m] - Ai*alpha_i[alpha_index_i[m]] ;
+
+				solve_sub_problem(Ai, y_index[i], C[GETI(i)], active_size_i[i], alpha_new);
+				int nz_d = 0;
+				for(m=0;m<active_size_i[i];m++)
+				{
+					double d = alpha_new[m] - alpha_i[alpha_index_i[m]];
+					alpha_i[alpha_index_i[m]] = alpha_new[m];
+					if(fabs(d) >= 1e-12)
+					{
+						d_ind[nz_d] = alpha_index_i[m];
+						d_val[nz_d] = d;
+						nz_d++;
+					}
+				}
+
+				xi = prob->x[i];
+				while(xi->index != -1)
+				{
+					double *w_i = &w[(xi->index-1)*nr_class];
+					for(m=0;m<nz_d;m++)
+						w_i[d_ind[m]] += d_val[m]*xi->value;
+					xi++;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		iter++;
+		if(iter % 10 == 0)
+		{
+			info(".");
+		}
+
+		if(stopping < eps_shrink)
+		{
+			if(stopping < eps && start_from_all == true)
+				break;
+			else
+			{
+				active_size = l;
+				for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+					active_size_i[i] = nr_class;
+				info("*");
+				eps_shrink = max(eps_shrink/2, eps);
+				start_from_all = true;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+			start_from_all = false;
+	}
+
+	info("\noptimization finished, #iter = %d\n",iter);
+	if (iter >= max_iter)
+		info("\nWARNING: reaching max number of iterations\n");
+
+	// calculate objective value
+	double v = 0;
+	int nSV = 0;
+	for(i=0;i<w_size*nr_class;i++)
+		v += w[i]*w[i];
+	v = 0.5*v;
+	for(i=0;i<l*nr_class;i++)
+	{
+		v += alpha[i];
+		if(fabs(alpha[i]) > 0)
+			nSV++;
+	}
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+		v -= alpha[i*nr_class+(int)prob->y[i]];
+	info("Objective value = %lf\n",v);
+	info("nSV = %d\n",nSV);
+
+	delete [] alpha;
+	delete [] alpha_new;
+	delete [] index;
+	delete [] QD;
+	delete [] d_ind;
+	delete [] d_val;
+	delete [] alpha_index;
+	delete [] y_index;
+	delete [] active_size_i;
+}
+
+// A coordinate descent algorithm for
+// L1-loss and L2-loss SVM dual problems
+//
+//  min_\alpha  0.5(\alpha^T (Q + D)\alpha) - e^T \alpha,
+//    s.t.      0 <= \alpha_i <= upper_bound_i,
+//
+//  where Qij = yi yj xi^T xj and
+//  D is a diagonal matrix
+//
+// In L1-SVM case:
+// 		upper_bound_i = Cp if y_i = 1
+// 		upper_bound_i = Cn if y_i = -1
+// 		D_ii = 0
+// In L2-SVM case:
+// 		upper_bound_i = INF
+// 		D_ii = 1/(2*Cp)	if y_i = 1
+// 		D_ii = 1/(2*Cn)	if y_i = -1
+//
+// Given:
+// x, y, Cp, Cn
+// eps is the stopping tolerance
+//
+// solution will be put in w
+//
+// See Algorithm 3 of Hsieh et al., ICML 2008
+
+#undef GETI
+#define GETI(i) (y[i]+1)
+// To support weights for instances, use GETI(i) (i)
+
+static void solve_l2r_l1l2_svc(
+	const problem *prob, double *w, double eps,
+	double Cp, double Cn, int solver_type)
+{
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int w_size = prob->n;
+	int i, s, iter = 0;
+	double C, d, G;
+	double *QD = new double[l];
+	int max_iter = 1000;
+	int *index = new int[l];
+	double *alpha = new double[l];
+	schar *y = new schar[l];
+	int active_size = l;
+
+	// PG: projected gradient, for shrinking and stopping
+	double PG;
+	double PGmax_old = INF;
+	double PGmin_old = -INF;
+	double PGmax_new, PGmin_new;
+
+	// default solver_type: L2R_L2LOSS_SVC_DUAL
+	double diag[3] = {0.5/Cn, 0, 0.5/Cp};
+	double upper_bound[3] = {INF, 0, INF};
+	if(solver_type == L2R_L1LOSS_SVC_DUAL)
+	{
+		diag[0] = 0;
+		diag[2] = 0;
+		upper_bound[0] = Cn;
+		upper_bound[2] = Cp;
+	}
+
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		if(prob->y[i] > 0)
+		{
+			y[i] = +1;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			y[i] = -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Initial alpha can be set here. Note that
+	// 0 <= alpha[i] <= upper_bound[GETI(i)]
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+		alpha[i] = 0;
+
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		w[i] = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		QD[i] = diag[GETI(i)];
+
+		feature_node * const xi = prob->x[i];
+		QD[i] += sparse_operator::nrm2_sq(xi);
+		sparse_operator::axpy(y[i]*alpha[i], xi, w);
+
+		index[i] = i;
+	}
+
+	while (iter < max_iter)
+	{
+		PGmax_new = -INF;
+		PGmin_new = INF;
+
+		for (i=0; i<active_size; i++)
+		{
+			int j = i+rand()%(active_size-i);
+			swap(index[i], index[j]);
+		}
+
+		for (s=0; s<active_size; s++)
+		{
+			i = index[s];
+			const schar yi = y[i];
+			feature_node * const xi = prob->x[i];
+
+			G = yi*sparse_operator::dot(w, xi)-1;
+
+			C = upper_bound[GETI(i)];
+			G += alpha[i]*diag[GETI(i)];
+
+			PG = 0;
+			if (alpha[i] == 0)
+			{
+				if (G > PGmax_old)
+				{
+					active_size--;
+					swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+					s--;
+					continue;
+				}
+				else if (G < 0)
+					PG = G;
+			}
+			else if (alpha[i] == C)
+			{
+				if (G < PGmin_old)
+				{
+					active_size--;
+					swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+					s--;
+					continue;
+				}
+				else if (G > 0)
+					PG = G;
+			}
+			else
+				PG = G;
+
+			PGmax_new = max(PGmax_new, PG);
+			PGmin_new = min(PGmin_new, PG);
+
+			if(fabs(PG) > 1.0e-12)
+			{
+				double alpha_old = alpha[i];
+				alpha[i] = min(max(alpha[i] - G/QD[i], 0.0), C);
+				d = (alpha[i] - alpha_old)*yi;
+				sparse_operator::axpy(d, xi, w);
+			}
+		}
+
+		iter++;
+		if(iter % 10 == 0)
+			info(".");
+
+		if(PGmax_new - PGmin_new <= eps)
+		{
+			if(active_size == l)
+				break;
+			else
+			{
+				active_size = l;
+				info("*");
+				PGmax_old = INF;
+				PGmin_old = -INF;
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+		PGmax_old = PGmax_new;
+		PGmin_old = PGmin_new;
+		if (PGmax_old <= 0)
+			PGmax_old = INF;
+		if (PGmin_old >= 0)
+			PGmin_old = -INF;
+	}
+
+	info("\noptimization finished, #iter = %d\n",iter);
+	if (iter >= max_iter)
+		info("\nWARNING: reaching max number of iterations\nUsing -s 2 may be faster (also see FAQ)\n\n");
+
+	// calculate objective value
+
+	double v = 0;
+	int nSV = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		v += w[i]*w[i];
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		v += alpha[i]*(alpha[i]*diag[GETI(i)] - 2);
+		if(alpha[i] > 0)
+			++nSV;
+	}
+	info("Objective value = %lf\n",v/2);
+	info("nSV = %d\n",nSV);
+
+	delete [] QD;
+	delete [] alpha;
+	delete [] y;
+	delete [] index;
+}
+
+
+// A coordinate descent algorithm for
+// L1-loss and L2-loss epsilon-SVR dual problem
+//
+//  min_\beta  0.5\beta^T (Q + diag(lambda)) \beta - p \sum_{i=1}^l|\beta_i| + \sum_{i=1}^l yi\beta_i,
+//    s.t.      -upper_bound_i <= \beta_i <= upper_bound_i,
+//
+//  where Qij = xi^T xj and
+//  D is a diagonal matrix
+//
+// In L1-SVM case:
+// 		upper_bound_i = C
+// 		lambda_i = 0
+// In L2-SVM case:
+// 		upper_bound_i = INF
+// 		lambda_i = 1/(2*C)
+//
+// Given:
+// x, y, p, C
+// eps is the stopping tolerance
+//
+// solution will be put in w
+//
+// See Algorithm 4 of Ho and Lin, 2012
+
+#undef GETI
+#define GETI(i) (0)
+// To support weights for instances, use GETI(i) (i)
+
+static void solve_l2r_l1l2_svr(
+	const problem *prob, double *w, const parameter *param,
+	int solver_type)
+{
+	int l = prob->l;
+	double C = param->C;
+	double p = param->p;
+	int w_size = prob->n;
+	double eps = param->eps;
+	int i, s, iter = 0;
+	int max_iter = 1000;
+	int active_size = l;
+	int *index = new int[l];
+
+	double d, G, H;
+	double Gmax_old = INF;
+	double Gmax_new, Gnorm1_new;
+	double Gnorm1_init = -1.0; // Gnorm1_init is initialized at the first iteration
+	double *beta = new double[l];
+	double *QD = new double[l];
+	double *y = prob->y;
+
+	// L2R_L2LOSS_SVR_DUAL
+	double lambda[1], upper_bound[1];
+	lambda[0] = 0.5/C;
+	upper_bound[0] = INF;
+
+	if(solver_type == L2R_L1LOSS_SVR_DUAL)
+	{
+		lambda[0] = 0;
+		upper_bound[0] = C;
+	}
+
+	// Initial beta can be set here. Note that
+	// -upper_bound <= beta[i] <= upper_bound
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+		beta[i] = 0;
+
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		w[i] = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		feature_node * const xi = prob->x[i];
+		QD[i] = sparse_operator::nrm2_sq(xi);
+		sparse_operator::axpy(beta[i], xi, w);
+
+		index[i] = i;
+	}
+
+
+	while(iter < max_iter)
+	{
+		Gmax_new = 0;
+		Gnorm1_new = 0;
+
+		for(i=0; i<active_size; i++)
+		{
+			int j = i+rand()%(active_size-i);
+			swap(index[i], index[j]);
+		}
+
+		for(s=0; s<active_size; s++)
+		{
+			i = index[s];
+			G = -y[i] + lambda[GETI(i)]*beta[i];
+			H = QD[i] + lambda[GETI(i)];
+
+			feature_node * const xi = prob->x[i];
+			G += sparse_operator::dot(w, xi);
+
+			double Gp = G+p;
+			double Gn = G-p;
+			double violation = 0;
+			if(beta[i] == 0)
+			{
+				if(Gp < 0)
+					violation = -Gp;
+				else if(Gn > 0)
+					violation = Gn;
+				else if(Gp>Gmax_old && Gn<-Gmax_old)
+				{
+					active_size--;
+					swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+					s--;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			else if(beta[i] >= upper_bound[GETI(i)])
+			{
+				if(Gp > 0)
+					violation = Gp;
+				else if(Gp < -Gmax_old)
+				{
+					active_size--;
+					swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+					s--;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			else if(beta[i] <= -upper_bound[GETI(i)])
+			{
+				if(Gn < 0)
+					violation = -Gn;
+				else if(Gn > Gmax_old)
+				{
+					active_size--;
+					swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+					s--;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			else if(beta[i] > 0)
+				violation = fabs(Gp);
+			else
+				violation = fabs(Gn);
+
+			Gmax_new = max(Gmax_new, violation);
+			Gnorm1_new += violation;
+
+			// obtain Newton direction d
+			if(Gp < H*beta[i])
+				d = -Gp/H;
+			else if(Gn > H*beta[i])
+				d = -Gn/H;
+			else
+				d = -beta[i];
+
+			if(fabs(d) < 1.0e-12)
+				continue;
+
+			double beta_old = beta[i];
+			beta[i] = min(max(beta[i]+d, -upper_bound[GETI(i)]), upper_bound[GETI(i)]);
+			d = beta[i]-beta_old;
+
+			if(d != 0)
+				sparse_operator::axpy(d, xi, w);
+		}
+
+		if(iter == 0)
+			Gnorm1_init = Gnorm1_new;
+		iter++;
+		if(iter % 10 == 0)
+			info(".");
+
+		if(Gnorm1_new <= eps*Gnorm1_init)
+		{
+			if(active_size == l)
+				break;
+			else
+			{
+				active_size = l;
+				info("*");
+				Gmax_old = INF;
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+
+		Gmax_old = Gmax_new;
+	}
+
+	info("\noptimization finished, #iter = %d\n", iter);
+	if(iter >= max_iter)
+		info("\nWARNING: reaching max number of iterations\nUsing -s 11 may be faster\n\n");
+
+	// calculate objective value
+	double v = 0;
+	int nSV = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		v += w[i]*w[i];
+	v = 0.5*v;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		v += p*fabs(beta[i]) - y[i]*beta[i] + 0.5*lambda[GETI(i)]*beta[i]*beta[i];
+		if(beta[i] != 0)
+			nSV++;
+	}
+
+	info("Objective value = %lf\n", v);
+	info("nSV = %d\n",nSV);
+
+	delete [] beta;
+	delete [] QD;
+	delete [] index;
+}
+
+
+// A coordinate descent algorithm for
+// the dual of L2-regularized logistic regression problems
+//
+//  min_\alpha  0.5(\alpha^T Q \alpha) + \sum \alpha_i log (\alpha_i) + (upper_bound_i - \alpha_i) log (upper_bound_i - \alpha_i),
+//    s.t.      0 <= \alpha_i <= upper_bound_i,
+//
+//  where Qij = yi yj xi^T xj and
+//  upper_bound_i = Cp if y_i = 1
+//  upper_bound_i = Cn if y_i = -1
+//
+// Given:
+// x, y, Cp, Cn
+// eps is the stopping tolerance
+//
+// solution will be put in w
+//
+// See Algorithm 5 of Yu et al., MLJ 2010
+
+#undef GETI
+#define GETI(i) (y[i]+1)
+// To support weights for instances, use GETI(i) (i)
+
+void solve_l2r_lr_dual(const problem *prob, double *w, double eps, double Cp, double Cn)
+{
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int w_size = prob->n;
+	int i, s, iter = 0;
+	double *xTx = new double[l];
+	int max_iter = 1000;
+	int *index = new int[l];
+	double *alpha = new double[2*l]; // store alpha and C - alpha
+	schar *y = new schar[l];
+	int max_inner_iter = 100; // for inner Newton
+	double innereps = 1e-2;
+	double innereps_min = min(1e-8, eps);
+	double upper_bound[3] = {Cn, 0, Cp};
+
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		if(prob->y[i] > 0)
+		{
+			y[i] = +1;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			y[i] = -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Initial alpha can be set here. Note that
+	// 0 < alpha[i] < upper_bound[GETI(i)]
+	// alpha[2*i] + alpha[2*i+1] = upper_bound[GETI(i)]
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		alpha[2*i] = min(0.001*upper_bound[GETI(i)], 1e-8);
+		alpha[2*i+1] = upper_bound[GETI(i)] - alpha[2*i];
+	}
+
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		w[i] = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		feature_node * const xi = prob->x[i];
+		xTx[i] = sparse_operator::nrm2_sq(xi);
+		sparse_operator::axpy(y[i]*alpha[2*i], xi, w);
+		index[i] = i;
+	}
+
+	while (iter < max_iter)
+	{
+		for (i=0; i<l; i++)
+		{
+			int j = i+rand()%(l-i);
+			swap(index[i], index[j]);
+		}
+		int newton_iter = 0;
+		double Gmax = 0;
+		for (s=0; s<l; s++)
+		{
+			i = index[s];
+			const schar yi = y[i];
+			double C = upper_bound[GETI(i)];
+			double ywTx = 0, xisq = xTx[i];
+			feature_node * const xi = prob->x[i];
+			ywTx = yi*sparse_operator::dot(w, xi);
+			double a = xisq, b = ywTx;
+
+			// Decide to minimize g_1(z) or g_2(z)
+			int ind1 = 2*i, ind2 = 2*i+1, sign = 1;
+			if(0.5*a*(alpha[ind2]-alpha[ind1])+b < 0)
+			{
+				ind1 = 2*i+1;
+				ind2 = 2*i;
+				sign = -1;
+			}
+
+			//  g_t(z) = z*log(z) + (C-z)*log(C-z) + 0.5a(z-alpha_old)^2 + sign*b(z-alpha_old)
+			double alpha_old = alpha[ind1];
+			double z = alpha_old;
+			if(C - z < 0.5 * C)
+				z = 0.1*z;
+			double gp = a*(z-alpha_old)+sign*b+log(z/(C-z));
+			Gmax = max(Gmax, fabs(gp));
+
+			// Newton method on the sub-problem
+			const double eta = 0.1; // xi in the paper
+			int inner_iter = 0;
+			while (inner_iter <= max_inner_iter)
+			{
+				if(fabs(gp) < innereps)
+					break;
+				double gpp = a + C/(C-z)/z;
+				double tmpz = z - gp/gpp;
+				if(tmpz <= 0)
+					z *= eta;
+				else // tmpz in (0, C)
+					z = tmpz;
+				gp = a*(z-alpha_old)+sign*b+log(z/(C-z));
+				newton_iter++;
+				inner_iter++;
+			}
+
+			if(inner_iter > 0) // update w
+			{
+				alpha[ind1] = z;
+				alpha[ind2] = C-z;
+				sparse_operator::axpy(sign*(z-alpha_old)*yi, xi, w);
+			}
+		}
+
+		iter++;
+		if(iter % 10 == 0)
+			info(".");
+
+		if(Gmax < eps)
+			break;
+
+		if(newton_iter <= l/10)
+			innereps = max(innereps_min, 0.1*innereps);
+
+	}
+
+	info("\noptimization finished, #iter = %d\n",iter);
+	if (iter >= max_iter)
+		info("\nWARNING: reaching max number of iterations\nUsing -s 0 may be faster (also see FAQ)\n\n");
+
+	// calculate objective value
+
+	double v = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		v += w[i] * w[i];
+	v *= 0.5;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+		v += alpha[2*i] * log(alpha[2*i]) + alpha[2*i+1] * log(alpha[2*i+1])
+			- upper_bound[GETI(i)] * log(upper_bound[GETI(i)]);
+	info("Objective value = %lf\n", v);
+
+	delete [] xTx;
+	delete [] alpha;
+	delete [] y;
+	delete [] index;
+}
+
+// A coordinate descent algorithm for
+// L1-regularized L2-loss support vector classification
+//
+//  min_w \sum |wj| + C \sum max(0, 1-yi w^T xi)^2,
+//
+// Given:
+// x, y, Cp, Cn
+// eps is the stopping tolerance
+//
+// solution will be put in w
+//
+// See Yuan et al. (2010) and appendix of LIBLINEAR paper, Fan et al. (2008)
+//
+// To not regularize the bias (i.e., regularize_bias = 0), a constant feature = 1
+// must have been added to the original data. (see -B and -R option)
+
+#undef GETI
+#define GETI(i) (y[i]+1)
+// To support weights for instances, use GETI(i) (i)
+
+static void solve_l1r_l2_svc(
+	problem *prob_col, double *w, double eps,
+	double Cp, double Cn, int regularize_bias)
+{
+	int l = prob_col->l;
+	int w_size = prob_col->n;
+	int j, s, iter = 0;
+	int max_iter = 1000;
+	int active_size = w_size;
+	int max_num_linesearch = 20;
+
+	double sigma = 0.01;
+	double d, G_loss, G, H;
+	double Gmax_old = INF;
+	double Gmax_new, Gnorm1_new;
+	double Gnorm1_init = -1.0; // Gnorm1_init is initialized at the first iteration
+	double d_old, d_diff;
+	double loss_old = 0, loss_new;
+	double appxcond, cond;
+
+	int *index = new int[w_size];
+	schar *y = new schar[l];
+	double *b = new double[l]; // b = 1-ywTx
+	double *xj_sq = new double[w_size];
+	feature_node *x;
+
+	double C[3] = {Cn,0,Cp};
+
+	// Initial w can be set here.
+	for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+		w[j] = 0;
+
+	for(j=0; j<l; j++)
+	{
+		b[j] = 1;
+		if(prob_col->y[j] > 0)
+			y[j] = 1;
+		else
+			y[j] = -1;
+	}
+	for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+	{
+		index[j] = j;
+		xj_sq[j] = 0;
+		x = prob_col->x[j];
+		while(x->index != -1)
+		{
+			int ind = x->index-1;
+			x->value *= y[ind]; // x->value stores yi*xij
+			double val = x->value;
+			b[ind] -= w[j]*val;
+			xj_sq[j] += C[GETI(ind)]*val*val;
+			x++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	while(iter < max_iter)
+	{
+		Gmax_new = 0;
+		Gnorm1_new = 0;
+
+		for(j=0; j<active_size; j++)
+		{
+			int i = j+rand()%(active_size-j);
+			swap(index[i], index[j]);
+		}
+
+		for(s=0; s<active_size; s++)
+		{
+			j = index[s];
+			G_loss = 0;
+			H = 0;
+
+			x = prob_col->x[j];
+			while(x->index != -1)
+			{
+				int ind = x->index-1;
+				if(b[ind] > 0)
+				{
+					double val = x->value;
+					double tmp = C[GETI(ind)]*val;
+					G_loss -= tmp*b[ind];
+					H += tmp*val;
+				}
+				x++;
+			}
+			G_loss *= 2;
+
+			G = G_loss;
+			H *= 2;
+			H = max(H, 1e-12);
+
+			double violation = 0;
+			double Gp = 0, Gn = 0;
+			if(j == w_size-1 && regularize_bias == 0)
+				violation = fabs(G);
+			else
+			{
+				Gp = G+1;
+				Gn = G-1;
+				if(w[j] == 0)
+				{
+					if(Gp < 0)
+						violation = -Gp;
+					else if(Gn > 0)
+						violation = Gn;
+					else if(Gp>Gmax_old/l && Gn<-Gmax_old/l)
+					{
+						active_size--;
+						swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+						s--;
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+				else if(w[j] > 0)
+					violation = fabs(Gp);
+				else
+					violation = fabs(Gn);
+			}
+			Gmax_new = max(Gmax_new, violation);
+			Gnorm1_new += violation;
+
+			// obtain Newton direction d
+			if(j == w_size-1 && regularize_bias == 0)
+				d = -G/H;
+			else
+			{
+				if(Gp < H*w[j])
+					d = -Gp/H;
+				else if(Gn > H*w[j])
+					d = -Gn/H;
+				else
+					d = -w[j];
+			}
+
+			if(fabs(d) < 1.0e-12)
+				continue;
+
+			double delta;
+			if(j == w_size-1 && regularize_bias == 0)
+				delta = G*d;
+			else
+				delta = fabs(w[j]+d)-fabs(w[j]) + G*d;
+			d_old = 0;
+			int num_linesearch;
+			for(num_linesearch=0; num_linesearch < max_num_linesearch; num_linesearch++)
+			{
+				d_diff = d_old - d;
+				if(j == w_size-1 && regularize_bias == 0)
+					cond = -sigma*delta;
+				else
+					cond = fabs(w[j]+d)-fabs(w[j]) - sigma*delta;
+
+				appxcond = xj_sq[j]*d*d + G_loss*d + cond;
+				if(appxcond <= 0)
+				{
+					x = prob_col->x[j];
+					sparse_operator::axpy(d_diff, x, b);
+					break;
+				}
+
+				if(num_linesearch == 0)
+				{
+					loss_old = 0;
+					loss_new = 0;
+					x = prob_col->x[j];
+					while(x->index != -1)
+					{
+						int ind = x->index-1;
+						if(b[ind] > 0)
+							loss_old += C[GETI(ind)]*b[ind]*b[ind];
+						double b_new = b[ind] + d_diff*x->value;
+						b[ind] = b_new;
+						if(b_new > 0)
+							loss_new += C[GETI(ind)]*b_new*b_new;
+						x++;
+					}
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					loss_new = 0;
+					x = prob_col->x[j];
+					while(x->index != -1)
+					{
+						int ind = x->index-1;
+						double b_new = b[ind] + d_diff*x->value;
+						b[ind] = b_new;
+						if(b_new > 0)
+							loss_new += C[GETI(ind)]*b_new*b_new;
+						x++;
+					}
+				}
+
+				cond = cond + loss_new - loss_old;
+				if(cond <= 0)
+					break;
+				else
+				{
+					d_old = d;
+					d *= 0.5;
+					delta *= 0.5;
+				}
+			}
+
+			w[j] += d;
+
+			// recompute b[] if line search takes too many steps
+			if(num_linesearch >= max_num_linesearch)
+			{
+				info("#");
+				for(int i=0; i<l; i++)
+					b[i] = 1;
+
+				for(int i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+				{
+					if(w[i]==0) continue;
+					x = prob_col->x[i];
+					sparse_operator::axpy(-w[i], x, b);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if(iter == 0)
+			Gnorm1_init = Gnorm1_new;
+		iter++;
+		if(iter % 10 == 0)
+			info(".");
+
+		if(Gnorm1_new <= eps*Gnorm1_init)
+		{
+			if(active_size == w_size)
+				break;
+			else
+			{
+				active_size = w_size;
+				info("*");
+				Gmax_old = INF;
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+
+		Gmax_old = Gmax_new;
+	}
+
+	info("\noptimization finished, #iter = %d\n", iter);
+	if(iter >= max_iter)
+		info("\nWARNING: reaching max number of iterations\n");
+
+	// calculate objective value
+
+	double v = 0;
+	int nnz = 0;
+	for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+	{
+		x = prob_col->x[j];
+		while(x->index != -1)
+		{
+			x->value *= prob_col->y[x->index-1]; // restore x->value
+			x++;
+		}
+		if(w[j] != 0)
+		{
+			v += fabs(w[j]);
+			nnz++;
+		}
+	}
+	if (regularize_bias == 0)
+		v -= fabs(w[w_size-1]);
+	for(j=0; j<l; j++)
+		if(b[j] > 0)
+			v += C[GETI(j)]*b[j]*b[j];
+
+	info("Objective value = %lf\n", v);
+	info("#nonzeros/#features = %d/%d\n", nnz, w_size);
+
+	delete [] index;
+	delete [] y;
+	delete [] b;
+	delete [] xj_sq;
+}
+
+// A coordinate descent algorithm for
+// L1-regularized logistic regression problems
+//
+//  min_w \sum |wj| + C \sum log(1+exp(-yi w^T xi)),
+//
+// Given:
+// x, y, Cp, Cn
+// eps is the stopping tolerance
+//
+// solution will be put in w
+//
+// See Yuan et al. (2011) and appendix of LIBLINEAR paper, Fan et al. (2008)
+//
+// To not regularize the bias (i.e., regularize_bias = 0), a constant feature = 1
+// must have been added to the original data. (see -B and -R option)
+
+#undef GETI
+#define GETI(i) (y[i]+1)
+// To support weights for instances, use GETI(i) (i)
+
+static void solve_l1r_lr(
+	const problem *prob_col, double *w, double eps,
+	double Cp, double Cn, int regularize_bias)
+{
+	int l = prob_col->l;
+	int w_size = prob_col->n;
+	int j, s, newton_iter=0, iter=0;
+	int max_newton_iter = 100;
+	int max_iter = 1000;
+	int max_num_linesearch = 20;
+	int active_size;
+	int QP_active_size;
+
+	double nu = 1e-12;
+	double inner_eps = 1;
+	double sigma = 0.01;
+	double w_norm, w_norm_new;
+	double z, G, H;
+	double Gnorm1_init = -1.0; // Gnorm1_init is initialized at the first iteration
+	double Gmax_old = INF;
+	double Gmax_new, Gnorm1_new;
+	double QP_Gmax_old = INF;
+	double QP_Gmax_new, QP_Gnorm1_new;
+	double delta, negsum_xTd, cond;
+
+	int *index = new int[w_size];
+	schar *y = new schar[l];
+	double *Hdiag = new double[w_size];
+	double *Grad = new double[w_size];
+	double *wpd = new double[w_size];
+	double *xjneg_sum = new double[w_size];
+	double *xTd = new double[l];
+	double *exp_wTx = new double[l];
+	double *exp_wTx_new = new double[l];
+	double *tau = new double[l];
+	double *D = new double[l];
+	feature_node *x;
+
+	double C[3] = {Cn,0,Cp};
+
+	// Initial w can be set here.
+	for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+		w[j] = 0;
+
+	for(j=0; j<l; j++)
+	{
+		if(prob_col->y[j] > 0)
+			y[j] = 1;
+		else
+			y[j] = -1;
+
+		exp_wTx[j] = 0;
+	}
+
+	w_norm = 0;
+	for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+	{
+		w_norm += fabs(w[j]);
+		wpd[j] = w[j];
+		index[j] = j;
+		xjneg_sum[j] = 0;
+		x = prob_col->x[j];
+		while(x->index != -1)
+		{
+			int ind = x->index-1;
+			double val = x->value;
+			exp_wTx[ind] += w[j]*val;
+			if(y[ind] == -1)
+				xjneg_sum[j] += C[GETI(ind)]*val;
+			x++;
+		}
+	}
+	if (regularize_bias == 0)
+		w_norm -= fabs(w[w_size-1]);
+
+	for(j=0; j<l; j++)
+	{
+		exp_wTx[j] = exp(exp_wTx[j]);
+		double tau_tmp = 1/(1+exp_wTx[j]);
+		tau[j] = C[GETI(j)]*tau_tmp;
+		D[j] = C[GETI(j)]*exp_wTx[j]*tau_tmp*tau_tmp;
+	}
+
+	while(newton_iter < max_newton_iter)
+	{
+		Gmax_new = 0;
+		Gnorm1_new = 0;
+		active_size = w_size;
+
+		for(s=0; s<active_size; s++)
+		{
+			j = index[s];
+			Hdiag[j] = nu;
+			Grad[j] = 0;
+
+			double tmp = 0;
+			x = prob_col->x[j];
+			while(x->index != -1)
+			{
+				int ind = x->index-1;
+				Hdiag[j] += x->value*x->value*D[ind];
+				tmp += x->value*tau[ind];
+				x++;
+			}
+			Grad[j] = -tmp + xjneg_sum[j];
+
+			double violation = 0;
+			if (j == w_size-1 && regularize_bias == 0)
+				violation = fabs(Grad[j]);
+			else
+			{
+				double Gp = Grad[j]+1;
+				double Gn = Grad[j]-1;
+				if(w[j] == 0)
+				{
+					if(Gp < 0)
+						violation = -Gp;
+					else if(Gn > 0)
+						violation = Gn;
+					//outer-level shrinking
+					else if(Gp>Gmax_old/l && Gn<-Gmax_old/l)
+					{
+						active_size--;
+						swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+						s--;
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+				else if(w[j] > 0)
+					violation = fabs(Gp);
+				else
+					violation = fabs(Gn);
+			}
+			Gmax_new = max(Gmax_new, violation);
+			Gnorm1_new += violation;
+		}
+
+		if(newton_iter == 0)
+			Gnorm1_init = Gnorm1_new;
+
+		if(Gnorm1_new <= eps*Gnorm1_init)
+			break;
+
+		iter = 0;
+		QP_Gmax_old = INF;
+		QP_active_size = active_size;
+
+		for(int i=0; i<l; i++)
+			xTd[i] = 0;
+
+		// optimize QP over wpd
+		while(iter < max_iter)
+		{
+			QP_Gmax_new = 0;
+			QP_Gnorm1_new = 0;
+
+			for(j=0; j<QP_active_size; j++)
+			{
+				int i = j+rand()%(QP_active_size-j);
+				swap(index[i], index[j]);
+			}
+
+			for(s=0; s<QP_active_size; s++)
+			{
+				j = index[s];
+				H = Hdiag[j];
+
+				x = prob_col->x[j];
+				G = Grad[j] + (wpd[j]-w[j])*nu;
+				while(x->index != -1)
+				{
+					int ind = x->index-1;
+					G += x->value*D[ind]*xTd[ind];
+					x++;
+				}
+
+				double violation = 0;
+				if (j == w_size-1 && regularize_bias == 0)
+				{
+					// bias term not shrunken
+					violation = fabs(G);
+					z = -G/H;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					double Gp = G+1;
+					double Gn = G-1;
+					if(wpd[j] == 0)
+					{
+						if(Gp < 0)
+							violation = -Gp;
+						else if(Gn > 0)
+							violation = Gn;
+						//inner-level shrinking
+						else if(Gp>QP_Gmax_old/l && Gn<-QP_Gmax_old/l)
+						{
+							QP_active_size--;
+							swap(index[s], index[QP_active_size]);
+							s--;
+							continue;
+						}
+					}
+					else if(wpd[j] > 0)
+						violation = fabs(Gp);
+					else
+						violation = fabs(Gn);
+
+					// obtain solution of one-variable problem
+					if(Gp < H*wpd[j])
+						z = -Gp/H;
+					else if(Gn > H*wpd[j])
+						z = -Gn/H;
+					else
+						z = -wpd[j];
+				}
+				QP_Gmax_new = max(QP_Gmax_new, violation);
+				QP_Gnorm1_new += violation;
+
+				if(fabs(z) < 1.0e-12)
+					continue;
+				z = min(max(z,-10.0),10.0);
+
+				wpd[j] += z;
+
+				x = prob_col->x[j];
+				sparse_operator::axpy(z, x, xTd);
+			}
+
+			iter++;
+
+			if(QP_Gnorm1_new <= inner_eps*Gnorm1_init)
+			{
+				//inner stopping
+				if(QP_active_size == active_size)
+					break;
+				//active set reactivation
+				else
+				{
+					QP_active_size = active_size;
+					QP_Gmax_old = INF;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			QP_Gmax_old = QP_Gmax_new;
+		}
+
+		if(iter >= max_iter)
+			info("WARNING: reaching max number of inner iterations\n");
+
+		delta = 0;
+		w_norm_new = 0;
+		for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+		{
+			delta += Grad[j]*(wpd[j]-w[j]);
+			if(wpd[j] != 0)
+				w_norm_new += fabs(wpd[j]);
+		}
+		if (regularize_bias == 0)
+			w_norm_new -= fabs(wpd[w_size-1]);
+		delta += (w_norm_new-w_norm);
+
+		negsum_xTd = 0;
+		for(int i=0; i<l; i++)
+			if(y[i] == -1)
+				negsum_xTd += C[GETI(i)]*xTd[i];
+
+		int num_linesearch;
+		for(num_linesearch=0; num_linesearch < max_num_linesearch; num_linesearch++)
+		{
+			cond = w_norm_new - w_norm + negsum_xTd - sigma*delta;
+
+			for(int i=0; i<l; i++)
+			{
+				double exp_xTd = exp(xTd[i]);
+				exp_wTx_new[i] = exp_wTx[i]*exp_xTd;
+				cond += C[GETI(i)]*log((1+exp_wTx_new[i])/(exp_xTd+exp_wTx_new[i]));
+			}
+
+			if(cond <= 0)
+			{
+				w_norm = w_norm_new;
+				for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+					w[j] = wpd[j];
+				for(int i=0; i<l; i++)
+				{
+					exp_wTx[i] = exp_wTx_new[i];
+					double tau_tmp = 1/(1+exp_wTx[i]);
+					tau[i] = C[GETI(i)]*tau_tmp;
+					D[i] = C[GETI(i)]*exp_wTx[i]*tau_tmp*tau_tmp;
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				w_norm_new = 0;
+				for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+				{
+					wpd[j] = (w[j]+wpd[j])*0.5;
+					if(wpd[j] != 0)
+						w_norm_new += fabs(wpd[j]);
+				}
+				if (regularize_bias == 0)
+					w_norm_new -= fabs(wpd[w_size-1]);
+				delta *= 0.5;
+				negsum_xTd *= 0.5;
+				for(int i=0; i<l; i++)
+					xTd[i] *= 0.5;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Recompute some info due to too many line search steps
+		if(num_linesearch >= max_num_linesearch)
+		{
+			for(int i=0; i<l; i++)
+				exp_wTx[i] = 0;
+
+			for(int i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+			{
+				if(w[i]==0) continue;
+				x = prob_col->x[i];
+				sparse_operator::axpy(w[i], x, exp_wTx);
+			}
+
+			for(int i=0; i<l; i++)
+				exp_wTx[i] = exp(exp_wTx[i]);
+		}
+
+		if(iter == 1)
+			inner_eps *= 0.25;
+
+		newton_iter++;
+		Gmax_old = Gmax_new;
+
+		info("iter %3d  #CD cycles %d\n", newton_iter, iter);
+	}
+
+	info("=========================\n");
+	info("optimization finished, #iter = %d\n", newton_iter);
+	if(newton_iter >= max_newton_iter)
+		info("WARNING: reaching max number of iterations\n");
+
+	// calculate objective value
+
+	double v = 0;
+	int nnz = 0;
+	for(j=0; j<w_size; j++)
+		if(w[j] != 0)
+		{
+			v += fabs(w[j]);
+			nnz++;
+		}
+	if (regularize_bias == 0)
+		v -= fabs(w[w_size-1]);
+	for(j=0; j<l; j++)
+		if(y[j] == 1)
+			v += C[GETI(j)]*log(1+1/exp_wTx[j]);
+		else
+			v += C[GETI(j)]*log(1+exp_wTx[j]);
+
+	info("Objective value = %lf\n", v);
+	info("#nonzeros/#features = %d/%d\n", nnz, w_size);
+
+	delete [] index;
+	delete [] y;
+	delete [] Hdiag;
+	delete [] Grad;
+	delete [] wpd;
+	delete [] xjneg_sum;
+	delete [] xTd;
+	delete [] exp_wTx;
+	delete [] exp_wTx_new;
+	delete [] tau;
+	delete [] D;
+}
+
+struct heap {
+	enum HEAP_TYPE { MIN, MAX };
+	int _size;
+	HEAP_TYPE _type;
+	feature_node* a;
+
+	heap(int max_size, HEAP_TYPE type)
+	{
+		_size = 0;
+		a = new feature_node[max_size];
+		_type = type;
+	}
+	~heap()
+	{
+		delete [] a;
+	}
+	bool cmp(const feature_node& left, const feature_node& right)
+	{
+		if(_type == MIN)
+			return left.value > right.value;
+		else
+			return left.value < right.value;
+	}
+	int size()
+	{
+		return _size;
+	}
+	void push(feature_node node)
+	{
+		a[_size] = node;
+		_size++;
+		int i = _size-1;
+		while(i)
+		{
+			int p = (i-1)/2;
+			if(cmp(a[p], a[i]))
+			{
+				swap(a[i], a[p]);
+				i = p;
+			}
+			else
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	void pop()
+	{
+		_size--;
+		a[0] = a[_size];
+		int i = 0;
+		while(i*2+1 < _size)
+		{
+			int l = i*2+1;
+			int r = i*2+2;
+			if(r < _size && cmp(a[l], a[r]))
+				l = r;
+			if(cmp(a[i], a[l]))
+			{
+				swap(a[i], a[l]);
+				i = l;
+			}
+			else
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	feature_node top()
+	{
+		return a[0];
+	}
+};
+
+// A two-level coordinate descent algorithm for
+// a scaled one-class SVM dual problem
+//
+//  min_\alpha  0.5(\alpha^T Q \alpha),
+//    s.t.      0 <= \alpha_i <= 1 and
+//              e^T \alpha = \nu l
+//
+//  where Qij = xi^T xj
+//
+// Given:
+// x, nu
+// eps is the stopping tolerance
+//
+// solution will be put in w and rho
+//
+// See Algorithm 7 in supplementary materials of Chou et al., SDM 2020.
+
+static void solve_oneclass_svm(const problem *prob, double *w, double *rho, double eps, double nu)
+{
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int w_size = prob->n;
+	int i, j, s, iter = 0;
+	double Gi, Gj;
+	double Qij, quad_coef, delta, sum;
+	double old_alpha_i;
+	double *QD = new double[l];
+	double *G = new double[l];
+	int *index = new int[l];
+	double *alpha = new double[l];
+	int max_inner_iter;
+	int max_iter = 1000;
+	int active_size = l;
+
+	double negGmax;			// max { -grad(f)_i | alpha_i < 1 }
+	double negGmin;			// min { -grad(f)_i | alpha_i > 0 }
+
+	int *most_violating_i = new int[l];
+	int *most_violating_j = new int[l];
+
+	int n = (int)(nu*l);		// # of alpha's at upper bound
+	for(i=0; i<n; i++)
+		alpha[i] = 1;
+	if (n<l)
+		alpha[i] = nu*l-n;
+	for(i=n+1; i<l; i++)
+		alpha[i] = 0;
+
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		w[i] = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		feature_node * const xi = prob->x[i];
+		QD[i] = sparse_operator::nrm2_sq(xi);
+		sparse_operator::axpy(alpha[i], xi, w);
+
+		index[i] = i;
+	}
+
+	while (iter < max_iter)
+	{
+		negGmax = -INF;
+		negGmin = INF;
+
+		for (s=0; s<active_size; s++)
+		{
+			i = index[s];
+			feature_node * const xi = prob->x[i];
+			G[i] = sparse_operator::dot(w, xi);
+			if (alpha[i] < 1)
+				negGmax = max(negGmax, -G[i]);
+			if (alpha[i] > 0)
+				negGmin = min(negGmin, -G[i]);
+		}
+
+		if (negGmax - negGmin < eps)
+		{
+			if (active_size == l)
+				break;
+			else
+			{
+				active_size = l;
+				info("*");
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+
+		for(s=0; s<active_size; s++)
+		{
+			i = index[s];
+			if ((alpha[i] == 1 && -G[i] > negGmax) ||
+			    (alpha[i] == 0 && -G[i] < negGmin))
+			{
+				active_size--;
+				swap(index[s], index[active_size]);
+				s--;
+			}
+		}
+
+		max_inner_iter = max(active_size/10, 1);
+		struct heap min_heap = heap(max_inner_iter, heap::MIN);
+		struct heap max_heap = heap(max_inner_iter, heap::MAX);
+		struct feature_node node;
+		for(s=0; s<active_size; s++)
+		{
+			i = index[s];
+			node.index = i;
+			node.value = -G[i];
+
+			if (alpha[i] < 1)
+			{
+				if (min_heap.size() < max_inner_iter)
+					min_heap.push(node);
+				else if (min_heap.top().value < node.value)
+				{
+					min_heap.pop();
+					min_heap.push(node);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (alpha[i] > 0)
+			{
+				if (max_heap.size() < max_inner_iter)
+					max_heap.push(node);
+				else if (max_heap.top().value > node.value)
+				{
+					max_heap.pop();
+					max_heap.push(node);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		max_inner_iter = min(min_heap.size(), max_heap.size());
+		while (max_heap.size() > max_inner_iter)
+			max_heap.pop();
+		while (min_heap.size() > max_inner_iter)
+			min_heap.pop();
+
+		for (s=max_inner_iter-1; s>=0; s--)
+		{
+			most_violating_i[s] = min_heap.top().index;
+			most_violating_j[s] = max_heap.top().index;
+			min_heap.pop();
+			max_heap.pop();
+		}
+
+		for (s=0; s<max_inner_iter; s++)
+		{
+			i = most_violating_i[s];
+			j = most_violating_j[s];
+
+			if ((alpha[i] == 0 && alpha[j] == 0) ||
+			    (alpha[i] == 1 && alpha[j] == 1))
+				continue;
+
+			feature_node const * xi = prob->x[i];
+			feature_node const * xj = prob->x[j];
+
+			Gi = sparse_operator::dot(w, xi);
+			Gj = sparse_operator::dot(w, xj);
+
+			int violating_pair = 0;
+			if (alpha[i] < 1 && alpha[j] > 0 && -Gj + 1e-12 < -Gi)
+				violating_pair = 1;
+			else
+				if (alpha[i] > 0 && alpha[j] < 1 && -Gi + 1e-12 < -Gj)
+					violating_pair = 1;
+			if (violating_pair == 0)
+				continue;
+
+			Qij = sparse_operator::sparse_dot(xi, xj);
+			quad_coef = QD[i] + QD[j] - 2*Qij;
+			if(quad_coef <= 0)
+				quad_coef = 1e-12;
+			delta = (Gi - Gj) / quad_coef;
+			old_alpha_i = alpha[i];
+			sum = alpha[i] + alpha[j];
+			alpha[i] = alpha[i] - delta;
+			alpha[j] = alpha[j] + delta;
+			if (sum > 1)
+			{
+				if (alpha[i] > 1)
+				{
+					alpha[i] = 1;
+					alpha[j] = sum - 1;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (alpha[j] < 0)
+				{
+					alpha[j] = 0;
+					alpha[i] = sum;
+				}
+			}
+			if (sum > 1)
+			{
+				if (alpha[j] > 1)
+				{
+					alpha[j] = 1;
+					alpha[i] = sum - 1;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (alpha[i] < 0)
+				{
+					alpha[i] = 0;
+					alpha[j] = sum;
+				}
+			}
+			delta = alpha[i] - old_alpha_i;
+			sparse_operator::axpy(delta, xi, w);
+			sparse_operator::axpy(-delta, xj, w);
+		}
+		iter++;
+		if (iter % 10 == 0)
+			info(".");
+	}
+	info("\noptimization finished, #iter = %d\n",iter);
+	if (iter >= max_iter)
+		info("\nWARNING: reaching max number of iterations\n\n");
+
+	// calculate object value
+	double v = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+		v += w[i]*w[i];
+	int nSV = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		if (alpha[i] > 0)
+			++nSV;
+	}
+	info("Objective value = %lf\n", v/2);
+	info("nSV = %d\n", nSV);
+
+	// calculate rho
+	double nr_free = 0;
+	double ub = INF, lb = -INF, sum_free = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		double G = sparse_operator::dot(w, prob->x[i]);
+		if (alpha[i] == 1)
+			lb = max(lb, G);
+		else if (alpha[i] == 0)
+			ub = min(ub, G);
+		else
+		{
+			++nr_free;
+			sum_free += G;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (nr_free > 0)
+		*rho = sum_free/nr_free;
+	else
+		*rho = (ub + lb)/2;
+
+	info("rho = %lf\n", *rho);
+
+	delete [] QD;
+	delete [] G;
+	delete [] index;
+	delete [] alpha;
+	delete [] most_violating_i;
+	delete [] most_violating_j;
+}
+
+// transpose matrix X from row format to column format
+static void transpose(const problem *prob, feature_node **x_space_ret, problem *prob_col)
+{
+	int i;
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int n = prob->n;
+	size_t nnz = 0;
+	size_t *col_ptr = new size_t [n+1];
+	feature_node *x_space;
+	prob_col->l = l;
+	prob_col->n = n;
+	prob_col->y = new double[l];
+	prob_col->x = new feature_node*[n];
+
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+		prob_col->y[i] = prob->y[i];
+
+	for(i=0; i<n+1; i++)
+		col_ptr[i] = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		feature_node *x = prob->x[i];
+		while(x->index != -1)
+		{
+			nnz++;
+			col_ptr[x->index]++;
+			x++;
+		}
+	}
+	for(i=1; i<n+1; i++)
+		col_ptr[i] += col_ptr[i-1] + 1;
+
+	x_space = new feature_node[nnz+n];
+	for(i=0; i<n; i++)
+		prob_col->x[i] = &x_space[col_ptr[i]];
+
+	for(i=0; i<l; i++)
+	{
+		feature_node *x = prob->x[i];
+		while(x->index != -1)
+		{
+			int ind = x->index-1;
+			x_space[col_ptr[ind]].index = i+1; // starts from 1
+			x_space[col_ptr[ind]].value = x->value;
+			col_ptr[ind]++;
+			x++;
+		}
+	}
+	for(i=0; i<n; i++)
+		x_space[col_ptr[i]].index = -1;
+
+	*x_space_ret = x_space;
+
+	delete [] col_ptr;
+}
+
+// label: label name, start: begin of each class, count: #data of classes, perm: indices to the original data
+// perm, length l, must be allocated before calling this subroutine
+static void group_classes(const problem *prob, int *nr_class_ret, int **label_ret, int **start_ret, int **count_ret, int *perm)
+{
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int max_nr_class = 16;
+	int nr_class = 0;
+	int *label = Malloc(int,max_nr_class);
+	int *count = Malloc(int,max_nr_class);
+	int *data_label = Malloc(int,l);
+	int i;
+
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		int this_label = (int)prob->y[i];
+		int j;
+		for(j=0;j<nr_class;j++)
+		{
+			if(this_label == label[j])
+			{
+				++count[j];
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		data_label[i] = j;
+		if(j == nr_class)
+		{
+			if(nr_class == max_nr_class)
+			{
+				max_nr_class *= 2;
+				label = (int *)realloc(label,max_nr_class*sizeof(int));
+				count = (int *)realloc(count,max_nr_class*sizeof(int));
+			}
+			label[nr_class] = this_label;
+			count[nr_class] = 1;
+			++nr_class;
+		}
+	}
+
+	//
+	// Labels are ordered by their first occurrence in the training set.
+	// However, for two-class sets with -1/+1 labels and -1 appears first,
+	// we swap labels to ensure that internally the binary SVM has positive data corresponding to the +1 instances.
+	//
+	if (nr_class == 2 && label[0] == -1 && label[1] == 1)
+	{
+		swap(label[0],label[1]);
+		swap(count[0],count[1]);
+		for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+		{
+			if(data_label[i] == 0)
+				data_label[i] = 1;
+			else
+				data_label[i] = 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	int *start = Malloc(int,nr_class);
+	start[0] = 0;
+	for(i=1;i<nr_class;i++)
+		start[i] = start[i-1]+count[i-1];
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		perm[start[data_label[i]]] = i;
+		++start[data_label[i]];
+	}
+	start[0] = 0;
+	for(i=1;i<nr_class;i++)
+		start[i] = start[i-1]+count[i-1];
+
+	*nr_class_ret = nr_class;
+	*label_ret = label;
+	*start_ret = start;
+	*count_ret = count;
+	free(data_label);
+}
+
+static void train_one(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, double *w, double Cp, double Cn)
+{
+	double eps = param->eps;
+
+	int pos = 0;
+	int neg = 0;
+	for(int i=0;i<prob->l;i++)
+		if(prob->y[i] > 0)
+			pos++;
+	neg = prob->l - pos;
+	double primal_solver_tol = eps*max(min(pos,neg), 1)/prob->l;
+
+	function *fun_obj=NULL;
+	switch(param->solver_type)
+	{
+		case L2R_LR:
+		{
+			double *C = new double[prob->l];
+			for(int i = 0; i < prob->l; i++)
+			{
+				if(prob->y[i] > 0)
+					C[i] = Cp;
+				else
+					C[i] = Cn;
+			}
+			fun_obj=new l2r_lr_fun(prob, param, C);
+			NEWTON newton_obj(fun_obj, primal_solver_tol);
+			newton_obj.set_print_string(liblinear_print_string);
+			newton_obj.newton(w);
+			delete fun_obj;
+			delete[] C;
+			break;
+		}
+		case L2R_L2LOSS_SVC:
+		{
+			double *C = new double[prob->l];
+			for(int i = 0; i < prob->l; i++)
+			{
+				if(prob->y[i] > 0)
+					C[i] = Cp;
+				else
+					C[i] = Cn;
+			}
+			fun_obj=new l2r_l2_svc_fun(prob, param, C);
+			NEWTON newton_obj(fun_obj, primal_solver_tol);
+			newton_obj.set_print_string(liblinear_print_string);
+			newton_obj.newton(w);
+			delete fun_obj;
+			delete[] C;
+			break;
+		}
+		case L2R_L2LOSS_SVC_DUAL:
+			solve_l2r_l1l2_svc(prob, w, eps, Cp, Cn, L2R_L2LOSS_SVC_DUAL);
+			break;
+		case L2R_L1LOSS_SVC_DUAL:
+			solve_l2r_l1l2_svc(prob, w, eps, Cp, Cn, L2R_L1LOSS_SVC_DUAL);
+			break;
+		case L1R_L2LOSS_SVC:
+		{
+			problem prob_col;
+			feature_node *x_space = NULL;
+			transpose(prob, &x_space ,&prob_col);
+			solve_l1r_l2_svc(&prob_col, w, primal_solver_tol, Cp, Cn, param->regularize_bias);
+			delete [] prob_col.y;
+			delete [] prob_col.x;
+			delete [] x_space;
+			break;
+		}
+		case L1R_LR:
+		{
+			problem prob_col;
+			feature_node *x_space = NULL;
+			transpose(prob, &x_space ,&prob_col);
+			solve_l1r_lr(&prob_col, w, primal_solver_tol, Cp, Cn, param->regularize_bias);
+			delete [] prob_col.y;
+			delete [] prob_col.x;
+			delete [] x_space;
+			break;
+		}
+		case L2R_LR_DUAL:
+			solve_l2r_lr_dual(prob, w, eps, Cp, Cn);
+			break;
+		case L2R_L2LOSS_SVR:
+		{
+			double *C = new double[prob->l];
+			for(int i = 0; i < prob->l; i++)
+				C[i] = param->C;
+
+			fun_obj=new l2r_l2_svr_fun(prob, param, C);
+			NEWTON newton_obj(fun_obj, param->eps);
+			newton_obj.set_print_string(liblinear_print_string);
+			newton_obj.newton(w);
+			delete fun_obj;
+			delete[] C;
+			break;
+
+		}
+		case L2R_L1LOSS_SVR_DUAL:
+			solve_l2r_l1l2_svr(prob, w, param, L2R_L1LOSS_SVR_DUAL);
+			break;
+		case L2R_L2LOSS_SVR_DUAL:
+			solve_l2r_l1l2_svr(prob, w, param, L2R_L2LOSS_SVR_DUAL);
+			break;
+		default:
+			fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: unknown solver_type\n");
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+// Calculate the initial C for parameter selection
+static double calc_start_C(const problem *prob, const parameter *param)
+{
+	int i;
+	double xTx, max_xTx;
+	max_xTx = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<prob->l; i++)
+	{
+		xTx = 0;
+		feature_node *xi=prob->x[i];
+		while(xi->index != -1)
+		{
+			double val = xi->value;
+			xTx += val*val;
+			xi++;
+		}
+		if(xTx > max_xTx)
+			max_xTx = xTx;
+	}
+
+	double min_C = 1.0;
+	if(param->solver_type == L2R_LR)
+		min_C = 1.0 / (prob->l * max_xTx);
+	else if(param->solver_type == L2R_L2LOSS_SVC)
+		min_C = 1.0 / (2 * prob->l * max_xTx);
+	else if(param->solver_type == L2R_L2LOSS_SVR)
+	{
+		double sum_y, loss, y_abs;
+		double delta2 = 0.1;
+		sum_y = 0, loss = 0;
+		for(i=0; i<prob->l; i++)
+		{
+			y_abs = fabs(prob->y[i]);
+			sum_y += y_abs;
+			loss += max(y_abs - param->p, 0.0) * max(y_abs - param->p, 0.0);
+		}
+		if(loss > 0)
+			min_C = delta2 * delta2 * loss / (8 * sum_y * sum_y * max_xTx);
+		else
+			min_C = INF;
+	}
+
+	return pow( 2, floor(log(min_C) / log(2.0)) );
+}
+
+static double calc_max_p(const problem *prob, const parameter *param)
+{
+	int i;
+	double max_p = 0.0;
+	for(i = 0; i < prob->l; i++)
+		max_p = max(max_p, fabs(prob->y[i]));
+
+	return max_p;
+}
+
+static void find_parameter_C(const problem *prob, parameter *param_tmp, double start_C, double max_C, double *best_C, double *best_score, const int *fold_start, const int *perm, const problem *subprob, int nr_fold)
+{
+	// variables for CV
+	int i;
+	double *target = Malloc(double, prob->l);
+
+	// variables for warm start
+	double ratio = 2;
+	double **prev_w = Malloc(double*, nr_fold);
+	for(i = 0; i < nr_fold; i++)
+		prev_w[i] = NULL;
+	int num_unchanged_w = 0;
+	void (*default_print_string) (const char *) = liblinear_print_string;
+
+	if(param_tmp->solver_type == L2R_LR || param_tmp->solver_type == L2R_L2LOSS_SVC)
+		*best_score = 0.0;
+	else if(param_tmp->solver_type == L2R_L2LOSS_SVR)
+		*best_score = INF;
+	*best_C = start_C;
+
+	param_tmp->C = start_C;
+	while(param_tmp->C <= max_C)
+	{
+		//Output disabled for running CV at a particular C
+		set_print_string_function(&print_null);
+
+		for(i=0; i<nr_fold; i++)
+		{
+			int j;
+			int begin = fold_start[i];
+			int end = fold_start[i+1];
+
+			param_tmp->init_sol = prev_w[i];
+			struct model *submodel = train(&subprob[i],param_tmp);
+
+			int total_w_size;
+			if(submodel->nr_class == 2)
+				total_w_size = subprob[i].n;
+			else
+				total_w_size = subprob[i].n * submodel->nr_class;
+
+			if(prev_w[i] == NULL)
+			{
+				prev_w[i] = Malloc(double, total_w_size);
+				for(j=0; j<total_w_size; j++)
+					prev_w[i][j] = submodel->w[j];
+			}
+			else if(num_unchanged_w >= 0)
+			{
+				double norm_w_diff = 0;
+				for(j=0; j<total_w_size; j++)
+				{
+					norm_w_diff += (submodel->w[j] - prev_w[i][j])*(submodel->w[j] - prev_w[i][j]);
+					prev_w[i][j] = submodel->w[j];
+				}
+				norm_w_diff = sqrt(norm_w_diff);
+
+				if(norm_w_diff > 1e-15)
+					num_unchanged_w = -1;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				for(j=0; j<total_w_size; j++)
+					prev_w[i][j] = submodel->w[j];
+			}
+
+			for(j=begin; j<end; j++)
+				target[perm[j]] = predict(submodel,prob->x[perm[j]]);
+
+			free_and_destroy_model(&submodel);
+		}
+		set_print_string_function(default_print_string);
+
+		if(param_tmp->solver_type == L2R_LR || param_tmp->solver_type == L2R_L2LOSS_SVC)
+		{
+			int total_correct = 0;
+			for(i=0; i<prob->l; i++)
+				if(target[i] == prob->y[i])
+					++total_correct;
+			double current_rate = (double)total_correct/prob->l;
+			if(current_rate > *best_score)
+			{
+				*best_C = param_tmp->C;
+				*best_score = current_rate;
+			}
+
+			info("log2c=%7.2f\trate=%g\n",log(param_tmp->C)/log(2.0),100.0*current_rate);
+		}
+		else if(param_tmp->solver_type == L2R_L2LOSS_SVR)
+		{
+			double total_error = 0.0;
+			for(i=0; i<prob->l; i++)
+			{
+				double y = prob->y[i];
+				double v = target[i];
+				total_error += (v-y)*(v-y);
+			}
+			double current_error = total_error/prob->l;
+			if(current_error < *best_score)
+			{
+				*best_C = param_tmp->C;
+				*best_score = current_error;
+			}
+
+			info("log2c=%7.2f\tp=%7.2f\tMean squared error=%g\n",log(param_tmp->C)/log(2.0),param_tmp->p,current_error);
+		}
+
+		num_unchanged_w++;
+		if(num_unchanged_w == 5)
+			break;
+		param_tmp->C = param_tmp->C*ratio;
+	}
+
+	if(param_tmp->C > max_C)
+		info("WARNING: maximum C reached.\n");
+	free(target);
+	for(i=0; i<nr_fold; i++)
+		free(prev_w[i]);
+	free(prev_w);
+}
+
+
+//
+// Interface functions
+//
+model* train(const problem *prob, const parameter *param)
+{
+	int i,j;
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int n = prob->n;
+	int w_size = prob->n;
+	model *model_ = Malloc(model,1);
+
+	if(prob->bias>=0)
+		model_->nr_feature=n-1;
+	else
+		model_->nr_feature=n;
+	model_->param = *param;
+	model_->bias = prob->bias;
+
+	if(check_regression_model(model_))
+	{
+		model_->w = Malloc(double, w_size);
+
+		if(param->init_sol != NULL)
+			for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+				model_->w[i] = param->init_sol[i];
+		else
+			for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+				model_->w[i] = 0;
+
+		model_->nr_class = 2;
+		model_->label = NULL;
+		train_one(prob, param, model_->w, 0, 0);
+	}
+	else if(check_oneclass_model(model_))
+	{
+		model_->w = Malloc(double, w_size);
+		model_->nr_class = 2;
+		model_->label = NULL;
+		solve_oneclass_svm(prob, model_->w, &(model_->rho), param->eps, param->nu);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		int nr_class;
+		int *label = NULL;
+		int *start = NULL;
+		int *count = NULL;
+		int *perm = Malloc(int,l);
+
+		// group training data of the same class
+		group_classes(prob,&nr_class,&label,&start,&count,perm);
+
+		model_->nr_class=nr_class;
+		model_->label = Malloc(int,nr_class);
+		for(i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
+			model_->label[i] = label[i];
+
+		// calculate weighted C
+		double *weighted_C = Malloc(double, nr_class);
+		for(i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
+			weighted_C[i] = param->C;
+		for(i=0;i<param->nr_weight;i++)
+		{
+			for(j=0;j<nr_class;j++)
+				if(param->weight_label[i] == label[j])
+					break;
+			if(j == nr_class)
+				fprintf(stderr,"WARNING: class label %d specified in weight is not found\n", param->weight_label[i]);
+			else
+				weighted_C[j] *= param->weight[i];
+		}
+
+		// constructing the subproblem
+		feature_node **x = Malloc(feature_node *,l);
+		for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+			x[i] = prob->x[perm[i]];
+
+		int k;
+		problem sub_prob;
+		sub_prob.l = l;
+		sub_prob.n = n;
+		sub_prob.x = Malloc(feature_node *,sub_prob.l);
+		sub_prob.y = Malloc(double,sub_prob.l);
+
+		for(k=0; k<sub_prob.l; k++)
+			sub_prob.x[k] = x[k];
+
+		// multi-class svm by Crammer and Singer
+		if(param->solver_type == MCSVM_CS)
+		{
+			model_->w=Malloc(double, n*nr_class);
+			for(i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
+				for(j=start[i];j<start[i]+count[i];j++)
+					sub_prob.y[j] = i;
+			Solver_MCSVM_CS Solver(&sub_prob, nr_class, weighted_C, param->eps);
+			Solver.Solve(model_->w);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if(nr_class == 2)
+			{
+				model_->w=Malloc(double, w_size);
+
+				int e0 = start[0]+count[0];
+				k=0;
+				for(; k<e0; k++)
+					sub_prob.y[k] = +1;
+				for(; k<sub_prob.l; k++)
+					sub_prob.y[k] = -1;
+
+				if(param->init_sol != NULL)
+					for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+						model_->w[i] = param->init_sol[i];
+				else
+					for(i=0;i<w_size;i++)
+						model_->w[i] = 0;
+
+				train_one(&sub_prob, param, model_->w, weighted_C[0], weighted_C[1]);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				model_->w=Malloc(double, w_size*nr_class);
+				double *w=Malloc(double, w_size);
+				for(i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
+				{
+					int si = start[i];
+					int ei = si+count[i];
+
+					k=0;
+					for(; k<si; k++)
+						sub_prob.y[k] = -1;
+					for(; k<ei; k++)
+						sub_prob.y[k] = +1;
+					for(; k<sub_prob.l; k++)
+						sub_prob.y[k] = -1;
+
+					if(param->init_sol != NULL)
+						for(j=0;j<w_size;j++)
+							w[j] = param->init_sol[j*nr_class+i];
+					else
+						for(j=0;j<w_size;j++)
+							w[j] = 0;
+
+					train_one(&sub_prob, param, w, weighted_C[i], param->C);
+
+					for(j=0;j<w_size;j++)
+						model_->w[j*nr_class+i] = w[j];
+				}
+				free(w);
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		free(x);
+		free(label);
+		free(start);
+		free(count);
+		free(perm);
+		free(sub_prob.x);
+		free(sub_prob.y);
+		free(weighted_C);
+	}
+	return model_;
+}
+
+void cross_validation(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, int nr_fold, double *target)
+{
+	int i;
+	int *fold_start;
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int *perm = Malloc(int,l);
+	if (nr_fold > l)
+	{
+		nr_fold = l;
+		fprintf(stderr,"WARNING: # folds > # data. Will use # folds = # data instead (i.e., leave-one-out cross validation)\n");
+	}
+	fold_start = Malloc(int,nr_fold+1);
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++) perm[i]=i;
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		int j = i+rand()%(l-i);
+		swap(perm[i],perm[j]);
+	}
+	for(i=0;i<=nr_fold;i++)
+		fold_start[i]=i*l/nr_fold;
+
+	for(i=0;i<nr_fold;i++)
+	{
+		int begin = fold_start[i];
+		int end = fold_start[i+1];
+		int j,k;
+		struct problem subprob;
+
+		subprob.bias = prob->bias;
+		subprob.n = prob->n;
+		subprob.l = l-(end-begin);
+		subprob.x = Malloc(struct feature_node*,subprob.l);
+		subprob.y = Malloc(double,subprob.l);
+
+		k=0;
+		for(j=0;j<begin;j++)
+		{
+			subprob.x[k] = prob->x[perm[j]];
+			subprob.y[k] = prob->y[perm[j]];
+			++k;
+		}
+		for(j=end;j<l;j++)
+		{
+			subprob.x[k] = prob->x[perm[j]];
+			subprob.y[k] = prob->y[perm[j]];
+			++k;
+		}
+		struct model *submodel = train(&subprob,param);
+		for(j=begin;j<end;j++)
+			target[perm[j]] = predict(submodel,prob->x[perm[j]]);
+		free_and_destroy_model(&submodel);
+		free(subprob.x);
+		free(subprob.y);
+	}
+	free(fold_start);
+	free(perm);
+}
+
+
+void find_parameters(const problem *prob, const parameter *param, int nr_fold, double start_C, double start_p, double *best_C, double *best_p, double *best_score)
+{
+	// prepare CV folds
+
+	int i;
+	int *fold_start;
+	int l = prob->l;
+	int *perm = Malloc(int, l);
+	struct problem *subprob = Malloc(problem,nr_fold);
+
+	if (nr_fold > l)
+	{
+		nr_fold = l;
+		fprintf(stderr,"WARNING: # folds > # data. Will use # folds = # data instead (i.e., leave-one-out cross validation)\n");
+	}
+	fold_start = Malloc(int,nr_fold+1);
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++) perm[i]=i;
+	for(i=0;i<l;i++)
+	{
+		int j = i+rand()%(l-i);
+		swap(perm[i],perm[j]);
+	}
+	for(i=0;i<=nr_fold;i++)
+		fold_start[i]=i*l/nr_fold;
+
+	for(i=0;i<nr_fold;i++)
+	{
+		int begin = fold_start[i];
+		int end = fold_start[i+1];
+		int j,k;
+
+		subprob[i].bias = prob->bias;
+		subprob[i].n = prob->n;
+		subprob[i].l = l-(end-begin);
+		subprob[i].x = Malloc(struct feature_node*,subprob[i].l);
+		subprob[i].y = Malloc(double,subprob[i].l);
+
+		k=0;
+		for(j=0;j<begin;j++)
+		{
+			subprob[i].x[k] = prob->x[perm[j]];
+			subprob[i].y[k] = prob->y[perm[j]];
+			++k;
+		}
+		for(j=end;j<l;j++)
+		{
+			subprob[i].x[k] = prob->x[perm[j]];
+			subprob[i].y[k] = prob->y[perm[j]];
+			++k;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	struct parameter param_tmp = *param;
+	*best_p = -1;
+	if(param->solver_type == L2R_LR || param->solver_type == L2R_L2LOSS_SVC)
+	{
+		if(start_C <= 0)
+			start_C = calc_start_C(prob, &param_tmp);
+		double max_C = 1024;
+		start_C = min(start_C, max_C);
+		double best_C_tmp, best_score_tmp;
+
+		find_parameter_C(prob, &param_tmp, start_C, max_C, &best_C_tmp, &best_score_tmp, fold_start, perm, subprob, nr_fold);
+
+		*best_C = best_C_tmp;
+		*best_score = best_score_tmp;
+	}
+	else if(param->solver_type == L2R_L2LOSS_SVR)
+	{
+		double max_p = calc_max_p(prob, &param_tmp);
+		int num_p_steps = 20;
+		double max_C = 1048576;
+		*best_score = INF;
+
+		i = num_p_steps-1;
+		if(start_p > 0)
+			i = min((int)(start_p/(max_p/num_p_steps)), i);
+		for(; i >= 0; i--)
+		{
+			param_tmp.p = i*max_p/num_p_steps;
+			double start_C_tmp;
+			if(start_C <= 0)
+				start_C_tmp = calc_start_C(prob, &param_tmp);
+			else
+				start_C_tmp = start_C;
+			start_C_tmp = min(start_C_tmp, max_C);
+			double best_C_tmp, best_score_tmp;
+
+			find_parameter_C(prob, &param_tmp, start_C_tmp, max_C, &best_C_tmp, &best_score_tmp, fold_start, perm, subprob, nr_fold);
+
+			if(best_score_tmp < *best_score)
+			{
+				*best_p = param_tmp.p;
+				*best_C = best_C_tmp;
+				*best_score = best_score_tmp;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(fold_start);
+	free(perm);
+	for(i=0; i<nr_fold; i++)
+	{
+		free(subprob[i].x);
+		free(subprob[i].y);
+	}
+	free(subprob);
+}
+
+double predict_values(const struct model *model_, const struct feature_node *x, double *dec_values)
+{
+	int idx;
+	int n;
+	if(model_->bias>=0)
+		n=model_->nr_feature+1;
+	else
+		n=model_->nr_feature;
+	double *w=model_->w;
+	int nr_class=model_->nr_class;
+	int i;
+	int nr_w;
+	if(nr_class==2 && model_->param.solver_type != MCSVM_CS)
+		nr_w = 1;
+	else
+		nr_w = nr_class;
+
+	const feature_node *lx=x;
+	for(i=0;i<nr_w;i++)
+		dec_values[i] = 0;
+	for(; (idx=lx->index)!=-1; lx++)
+	{
+		// the dimension of testing data may exceed that of training
+		if(idx<=n)
+			for(i=0;i<nr_w;i++)
+				dec_values[i] += w[(idx-1)*nr_w+i]*lx->value;
+	}
+	if(check_oneclass_model(model_))
+		dec_values[0] -= model_->rho;
+
+	if(nr_class==2)
+	{
+		if(check_regression_model(model_))
+			return dec_values[0];
+		else if(check_oneclass_model(model_))
+			return (dec_values[0]>0)?1:-1;
+		else
+			return (dec_values[0]>0)?model_->label[0]:model_->label[1];
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		int dec_max_idx = 0;
+		for(i=1;i<nr_class;i++)
+		{
+			if(dec_values[i] > dec_values[dec_max_idx])
+				dec_max_idx = i;
+		}
+		return model_->label[dec_max_idx];
+	}
+}
+
+double predict(const model *model_, const feature_node *x)
+{
+	double *dec_values = Malloc(double, model_->nr_class);
+	double label=predict_values(model_, x, dec_values);
+	free(dec_values);
+	return label;
+}
+
+double predict_probability(const struct model *model_, const struct feature_node *x, double* prob_estimates)
+{
+	if(check_probability_model(model_))
+	{
+		int i;
+		int nr_class=model_->nr_class;
+		int nr_w;
+		if(nr_class==2)
+			nr_w = 1;
+		else
+			nr_w = nr_class;
+
+		double label=predict_values(model_, x, prob_estimates);
+		for(i=0;i<nr_w;i++)
+			prob_estimates[i]=1/(1+exp(-prob_estimates[i]));
+
+		if(nr_class==2) // for binary classification
+			prob_estimates[1]=1.-prob_estimates[0];
+		else
+		{
+			double sum=0;
+			for(i=0; i<nr_class; i++)
+				sum+=prob_estimates[i];
+
+			for(i=0; i<nr_class; i++)
+				prob_estimates[i]=prob_estimates[i]/sum;
+		}
+
+		return label;
+	}
+	else
+		return 0;
+}
+
+static const char *solver_type_table[]=
+{
+	"L2R_LR", "L2R_L2LOSS_SVC_DUAL", "L2R_L2LOSS_SVC", "L2R_L1LOSS_SVC_DUAL", "MCSVM_CS",
+	"L1R_L2LOSS_SVC", "L1R_LR", "L2R_LR_DUAL",
+	"", "", "",
+	"L2R_L2LOSS_SVR", "L2R_L2LOSS_SVR_DUAL", "L2R_L1LOSS_SVR_DUAL",
+	"", "", "", "", "", "", "",
+	"ONECLASS_SVM", NULL
+};
+
+int save_model(const char *model_file_name, const struct model *model_)
+{
+	int i;
+	int nr_feature=model_->nr_feature;
+	int n;
+	const parameter& param = model_->param;
+
+	if(model_->bias>=0)
+		n=nr_feature+1;
+	else
+		n=nr_feature;
+	int w_size = n;
+	FILE *fp = fopen(model_file_name,"w");
+	if(fp==NULL) return -1;
+
+	char *old_locale = setlocale(LC_ALL, NULL);
+	if (old_locale)
+	{
+		old_locale = strdup(old_locale);
+	}
+	setlocale(LC_ALL, "C");
+
+	int nr_w;
+	if(model_->nr_class==2 && model_->param.solver_type != MCSVM_CS)
+		nr_w=1;
+	else
+		nr_w=model_->nr_class;
+
+	fprintf(fp, "solver_type %s\n", solver_type_table[param.solver_type]);
+	fprintf(fp, "nr_class %d\n", model_->nr_class);
+
+	if(model_->label)
+	{
+		fprintf(fp, "label");
+		for(i=0; i<model_->nr_class; i++)
+			fprintf(fp, " %d", model_->label[i]);
+		fprintf(fp, "\n");
+	}
+
+	fprintf(fp, "nr_feature %d\n", nr_feature);
+
+	fprintf(fp, "bias %.17g\n", model_->bias);
+
+	if(check_oneclass_model(model_))
+		fprintf(fp, "rho %.17g\n", model_->rho);
+
+	fprintf(fp, "w\n");
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+	{
+		int j;
+		for(j=0; j<nr_w; j++)
+			fprintf(fp, "%.17g ", model_->w[i*nr_w+j]);
+		fprintf(fp, "\n");
+	}
+
+	setlocale(LC_ALL, old_locale);
+	free(old_locale);
+
+	if (ferror(fp) != 0 || fclose(fp) != 0) return -1;
+	else return 0;
+}
+
+//
+// FSCANF helps to handle fscanf failures.
+// Its do-while block avoids the ambiguity when
+// if (...)
+//    FSCANF();
+// is used
+//
+#define FSCANF(_stream, _format, _var)do\
+{\
+	if (fscanf(_stream, _format, _var) != 1)\
+	{\
+		fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: fscanf failed to read the model\n");\
+		EXIT_LOAD_MODEL()\
+	}\
+}while(0)
+// EXIT_LOAD_MODEL should NOT end with a semicolon.
+#define EXIT_LOAD_MODEL()\
+{\
+	setlocale(LC_ALL, old_locale);\
+	free(model_->label);\
+	free(model_);\
+	free(old_locale);\
+	return NULL;\
+}
+struct model *load_model(const char *model_file_name)
+{
+	FILE *fp = fopen(model_file_name,"r");
+	if(fp==NULL) return NULL;
+
+	int i;
+	int nr_feature;
+	int n;
+	int nr_class;
+	double bias;
+	double rho;
+	model *model_ = Malloc(model,1);
+	parameter& param = model_->param;
+	// parameters for training only won't be assigned, but arrays are assigned as NULL for safety
+	param.nr_weight = 0;
+	param.weight_label = NULL;
+	param.weight = NULL;
+	param.init_sol = NULL;
+
+	model_->label = NULL;
+
+	char *old_locale = setlocale(LC_ALL, NULL);
+	if (old_locale)
+	{
+		old_locale = strdup(old_locale);
+	}
+	setlocale(LC_ALL, "C");
+
+	char cmd[81];
+	while(1)
+	{
+		FSCANF(fp,"%80s",cmd);
+		if(strcmp(cmd,"solver_type")==0)
+		{
+			FSCANF(fp,"%80s",cmd);
+			int i;
+			for(i=0;solver_type_table[i];i++)
+			{
+				if(strcmp(solver_type_table[i],cmd)==0)
+				{
+					param.solver_type=i;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if(solver_type_table[i] == NULL)
+			{
+				fprintf(stderr,"unknown solver type.\n");
+				EXIT_LOAD_MODEL()
+			}
+		}
+		else if(strcmp(cmd,"nr_class")==0)
+		{
+			FSCANF(fp,"%d",&nr_class);
+			model_->nr_class=nr_class;
+		}
+		else if(strcmp(cmd,"nr_feature")==0)
+		{
+			FSCANF(fp,"%d",&nr_feature);
+			model_->nr_feature=nr_feature;
+		}
+		else if(strcmp(cmd,"bias")==0)
+		{
+			FSCANF(fp,"%lf",&bias);
+			model_->bias=bias;
+		}
+		else if(strcmp(cmd,"rho")==0)
+		{
+			FSCANF(fp,"%lf",&rho);
+			model_->rho=rho;
+		}
+		else if(strcmp(cmd,"w")==0)
+		{
+			break;
+		}
+		else if(strcmp(cmd,"label")==0)
+		{
+			int nr_class = model_->nr_class;
+			model_->label = Malloc(int,nr_class);
+			for(int i=0;i<nr_class;i++)
+				FSCANF(fp,"%d",&model_->label[i]);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr,"unknown text in model file: [%s]\n",cmd);
+			EXIT_LOAD_MODEL()
+		}
+	}
+
+	nr_feature=model_->nr_feature;
+	if(model_->bias>=0)
+		n=nr_feature+1;
+	else
+		n=nr_feature;
+	int w_size = n;
+	int nr_w;
+	if(nr_class==2 && param.solver_type != MCSVM_CS)
+		nr_w = 1;
+	else
+		nr_w = nr_class;
+
+	model_->w=Malloc(double, w_size*nr_w);
+	for(i=0; i<w_size; i++)
+	{
+		int j;
+		for(j=0; j<nr_w; j++)
+			FSCANF(fp, "%lf ", &model_->w[i*nr_w+j]);
+	}
+
+	setlocale(LC_ALL, old_locale);
+	free(old_locale);
+
+	if (ferror(fp) != 0 || fclose(fp) != 0) return NULL;
+
+	return model_;
+}
+
+int get_nr_feature(const model *model_)
+{
+	return model_->nr_feature;
+}
+
+int get_nr_class(const model *model_)
+{
+	return model_->nr_class;
+}
+
+void get_labels(const model *model_, int* label)
+{
+	if (model_->label != NULL)
+		for(int i=0;i<model_->nr_class;i++)
+			label[i] = model_->label[i];
+}
+
+// use inline here for better performance (around 20% faster than the non-inline one)
+static inline double get_w_value(const struct model *model_, int idx, int label_idx)
+{
+	int nr_class = model_->nr_class;
+	int solver_type = model_->param.solver_type;
+	const double *w = model_->w;
+
+	if(idx < 0 || idx > model_->nr_feature)
+		return 0;
+	if(check_regression_model(model_) || check_oneclass_model(model_))
+		return w[idx];
+	else
+	{
+		if(label_idx < 0 || label_idx >= nr_class)
+			return 0;
+		if(nr_class == 2 && solver_type != MCSVM_CS)
+		{
+			if(label_idx == 0)
+				return w[idx];
+			else
+				return -w[idx];
+		}
+		else
+			return w[idx*nr_class+label_idx];
+	}
+}
+
+// feat_idx: starting from 1 to nr_feature
+// label_idx: starting from 0 to nr_class-1 for classification models;
+//            for regression and one-class SVM models, label_idx is
+//            ignored.
+double get_decfun_coef(const struct model *model_, int feat_idx, int label_idx)
+{
+	if(feat_idx > model_->nr_feature)
+		return 0;
+	return get_w_value(model_, feat_idx-1, label_idx);
+}
+
+double get_decfun_bias(const struct model *model_, int label_idx)
+{
+	if(check_oneclass_model(model_))
+	{
+		fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: get_decfun_bias can not be called for a one-class SVM model\n");
+		return 0;
+	}
+	int bias_idx = model_->nr_feature;
+	double bias = model_->bias;
+	if(bias <= 0)
+		return 0;
+	else
+		return bias*get_w_value(model_, bias_idx, label_idx);
+}
+
+double get_decfun_rho(const struct model *model_)
+{
+	if(check_oneclass_model(model_))
+		return model_->rho;
+	else
+	{
+		fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: get_decfun_rho can be called only for a one-class SVM model\n");
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+void free_model_content(struct model *model_ptr)
+{
+	if(model_ptr->w != NULL)
+		free(model_ptr->w);
+	if(model_ptr->label != NULL)
+		free(model_ptr->label);
+}
+
+void free_and_destroy_model(struct model **model_ptr_ptr)
+{
+	struct model *model_ptr = *model_ptr_ptr;
+	if(model_ptr != NULL)
+	{
+		free_model_content(model_ptr);
+		free(model_ptr);
+	}
+}
+
+void destroy_param(parameter* param)
+{
+	if(param->weight_label != NULL)
+		free(param->weight_label);
+	if(param->weight != NULL)
+		free(param->weight);
+	if(param->init_sol != NULL)
+		free(param->init_sol);
+}
+
+const char *check_parameter(const problem *prob, const parameter *param)
+{
+	if(param->eps <= 0)
+		return "eps <= 0";
+
+	if(param->C <= 0)
+		return "C <= 0";
+
+	if(param->p < 0)
+		return "p < 0";
+
+	if(prob->bias >= 0 && param->solver_type == ONECLASS_SVM)
+		return "prob->bias >=0, but this is ignored in ONECLASS_SVM";
+
+	if(param->regularize_bias == 0)
+	{
+		if(prob->bias != 1.0)
+			return "To not regularize bias, must specify -B 1 along with -R";
+		if(param->solver_type != L2R_LR
+			&& param->solver_type != L2R_L2LOSS_SVC
+			&& param->solver_type != L1R_L2LOSS_SVC
+			&& param->solver_type != L1R_LR
+			&& param->solver_type != L2R_L2LOSS_SVR)
+			return "-R option supported only for solver L2R_LR, L2R_L2LOSS_SVC, L1R_L2LOSS_SVC, L1R_LR, and L2R_L2LOSS_SVR";
+	}
+
+	if(param->solver_type != L2R_LR
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_L2LOSS_SVC_DUAL
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_L2LOSS_SVC
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_L1LOSS_SVC_DUAL
+		&& param->solver_type != MCSVM_CS
+		&& param->solver_type != L1R_L2LOSS_SVC
+		&& param->solver_type != L1R_LR
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_LR_DUAL
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_L2LOSS_SVR
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_L2LOSS_SVR_DUAL
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_L1LOSS_SVR_DUAL
+		&& param->solver_type != ONECLASS_SVM)
+		return "unknown solver type";
+
+	if(param->init_sol != NULL
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_LR
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_L2LOSS_SVC
+		&& param->solver_type != L2R_L2LOSS_SVR)
+		return "Initial-solution specification supported only for solvers L2R_LR, L2R_L2LOSS_SVC, and L2R_L2LOSS_SVR";
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+int check_probability_model(const struct model *model_)
+{
+	return (model_->param.solver_type==L2R_LR ||
+			model_->param.solver_type==L2R_LR_DUAL ||
+			model_->param.solver_type==L1R_LR);
+}
+
+int check_regression_model(const struct model *model_)
+{
+	return (model_->param.solver_type==L2R_L2LOSS_SVR ||
+			model_->param.solver_type==L2R_L1LOSS_SVR_DUAL ||
+			model_->param.solver_type==L2R_L2LOSS_SVR_DUAL);
+}
+
+int check_oneclass_model(const struct model *model_)
+{
+	return model_->param.solver_type == ONECLASS_SVM;
+}
+
+void set_print_string_function(void (*print_func)(const char*))
+{
+	if (print_func == NULL)
+		liblinear_print_string = &print_string_stdout;
+	else
+		liblinear_print_string = print_func;
+}
+