neo-activerecord-jdbc-adapter 5.0.pre2

data/src/java/arjdbc/jdbc/Callable.java

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * The MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright 2013 Karol Bucek.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package arjdbc.jdbc;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+/**
+ * A JDBC connection callable ("block") of code.
+ * 
+ * @author kares
+ */
+public interface Callable<T> {
+    
+    /**
+     * Perform an operation in the context of the given connection.
+     * @param connection
+     * @return
+     * @throws SQLException 
+     */
+    T call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException;
+    
+}

data/src/java/arjdbc/jdbc/JdbcConnectionFactory.java

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2013 Karol Bucek <self@kares.org>
+ * Copyright (c) 2006-2010 Nick Sieger <nick@nicksieger.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2006-2007 Ola Bini <ola.bini@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ ***** END LICENSE BLOCK *****/
+
+package arjdbc.jdbc;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+/**
+ * Interface to be implemented in Ruby for retrieving a new connection.
+ *
+ * @author nicksieger
+ */
+public interface JdbcConnectionFactory {
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve a (new) connection from the factory.
+     * @return a connection
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    Connection newConnection() throws SQLException;
+
+}

data/src/java/arjdbc/jdbc/RubyJdbcConnection.java

@@ -0,0 +1,3616 @@
+/***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2013 Karol Bucek <self@kares.org>
+ * Copyright (c) 2006-2011 Nick Sieger <nick@nicksieger.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2006-2007 Ola Bini <ola.bini@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Thomas E Enebo <enebo@acm.org>
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ ***** END LICENSE BLOCK *****/
+package arjdbc.jdbc;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.sql.Array;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLXML;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.sql.Date;
+import java.sql.SQLFeatureNotSupportedException;
+import java.sql.Savepoint;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.sql.Types;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+import org.jruby.Ruby;
+import org.jruby.RubyArray;
+import org.jruby.RubyBignum;
+import org.jruby.RubyBoolean;
+import org.jruby.RubyClass;
+import org.jruby.RubyException;
+import org.jruby.RubyFixnum;
+import org.jruby.RubyFloat;
+import org.jruby.RubyHash;
+import org.jruby.RubyIO;
+import org.jruby.RubyInteger;
+import org.jruby.RubyModule;
+import org.jruby.RubyNumeric;
+import org.jruby.RubyObject;
+import org.jruby.RubyString;
+import org.jruby.RubySymbol;
+import org.jruby.RubyTime;
+import org.jruby.anno.JRubyMethod;
+import org.jruby.exceptions.RaiseException;
+import org.jruby.javasupport.JavaEmbedUtils;
+import org.jruby.javasupport.JavaUtil;
+import org.jruby.runtime.Arity;
+import org.jruby.runtime.Block;
+import org.jruby.runtime.Helpers;
+import org.jruby.runtime.ObjectAllocator;
+import org.jruby.runtime.ThreadContext;
+import org.jruby.runtime.backtrace.RubyStackTraceElement;
+import org.jruby.runtime.builtin.IRubyObject;
+import org.jruby.util.ByteList;
+
+/**
+ * Most of our ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::JdbcConnection implementation.
+ */
+public class RubyJdbcConnection extends RubyObject {
+
+    private static final String[] TABLE_TYPE = new String[] { "TABLE" };
+    private static final String[] TABLE_TYPES = new String[] { "TABLE", "VIEW", "SYNONYM" };
+
+    private JdbcConnectionFactory connectionFactory;
+
+    protected RubyJdbcConnection(Ruby runtime, RubyClass metaClass) {
+        super(runtime, metaClass);
+    }
+
+    private static final ObjectAllocator ALLOCATOR = new ObjectAllocator() {
+        public IRubyObject allocate(Ruby runtime, RubyClass klass) {
+            return new RubyJdbcConnection(runtime, klass);
+        }
+    };
+
+    public static RubyClass createJdbcConnectionClass(final Ruby runtime) {
+        RubyClass jdbcConnection = getConnectionAdapters(runtime).
+            defineClassUnder("JdbcConnection", runtime.getObject(), ALLOCATOR);
+        jdbcConnection.defineAnnotatedMethods(RubyJdbcConnection.class);
+        return jdbcConnection;
+    }
+
+    public static RubyClass getJdbcConnectionClass(final Ruby runtime) {
+        return getConnectionAdapters(runtime).getClass("JdbcConnection");
+    }
+
+    protected static RubyModule ActiveRecord(ThreadContext context) {
+        return context.runtime.getModule("ActiveRecord");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param runtime
+     * @return <code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters</code>
+     */
+    protected static RubyModule getConnectionAdapters(final Ruby runtime) {
+        return (RubyModule) runtime.getModule("ActiveRecord").getConstant("ConnectionAdapters");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param runtime
+     * @return <code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::IndexDefinition</code>
+     */
+    protected static RubyClass getIndexDefinition(final Ruby runtime) {
+        return getConnectionAdapters(runtime).getClass("IndexDefinition");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param runtime
+     * @return <code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ForeignKeyDefinition</code>
+     * @note only since AR 4.2
+     */
+    protected static RubyClass getForeignKeyDefinition(final Ruby runtime) {
+        return getConnectionAdapters(runtime).getClass("ForeignKeyDefinition");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param runtime
+     * @return <code>ActiveRecord::JDBCError</code>
+     */
+    protected static RubyClass getJDBCError(final Ruby runtime) {
+        return runtime.getModule("ActiveRecord").getClass("JDBCError");
+    }
+
+    public static int mapTransactionIsolationLevel(IRubyObject isolation) {
+        if ( ! ( isolation instanceof RubySymbol ) ) {
+            isolation = isolation.asString().callMethod("intern");
+        }
+
+        final Object isolationString = isolation.toString(); // RubySymbol.toString
+        if ( isolationString == "read_uncommitted" ) return Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED; // 1
+        if ( isolationString == "read_committed" ) return Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED; // 2
+        if ( isolationString == "repeatable_read" ) return Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ; // 4
+        if ( isolationString == "serializable" ) return Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE; // 8
+
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "unexpected isolation level: " + isolation + " (" + isolationString + ")"
+        );
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "supports_transaction_isolation?", optional = 1)
+    public IRubyObject supports_transaction_isolation_p(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject[] args) throws SQLException {
+        final IRubyObject isolation = args.length > 0 ? args[0] : null;
+
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+                final boolean supported;
+                if ( isolation != null && ! isolation.isNil() ) {
+                    final int level = mapTransactionIsolationLevel(isolation);
+                    supported = metaData.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(level);
+                }
+                else {
+                    final int level = metaData.getDefaultTransactionIsolation();
+                    supported = level > Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE; // > 0
+                }
+                return context.getRuntime().newBoolean(supported);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = {"begin", "transaction"}) // optional isolation argument for AR-4.0
+    public IRubyObject begin(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject isolation) {
+        try { // handleException == false so we can handle setTXIsolation
+            return withConnection(context, false, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+                public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                    try {
+                        if (!isolation.isNil()) {
+                            connection.setTransactionIsolation(mapTransactionIsolationLevel(isolation));
+                        }
+                        return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+                    } catch (SQLException e) {
+                        RubyClass txError = ActiveRecord(context).getClass("TransactionIsolationError");
+                        if (txError != null) throw wrapException(context, txError, e);
+                        throw e; // let it roll - will be wrapped into a JDBCError (non 4.0)
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = {"begin", "transaction"}) // optional isolation argument for AR-4.0
+    public IRubyObject begin(final ThreadContext context) {
+        try { // handleException == false so we can handle setTXIsolation
+            return withConnection(context, false, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+                public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                    connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+
+                    return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "commit")
+    public IRubyObject commit(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final Connection connection = getConnection(context, true);
+        try {
+            if ( ! connection.getAutoCommit() ) {
+                try {
+                    connection.commit();
+                    resetSavepoints(context); // if any
+                    return context.getRuntime().newBoolean(true);
+                }
+                finally {
+                    connection.setAutoCommit(true);
+                }
+            }
+            return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "rollback")
+    public IRubyObject rollback(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final Connection connection = getConnection(context, true);
+        try {
+            if ( ! connection.getAutoCommit() ) {
+                try {
+                    connection.rollback();
+                    resetSavepoints(context); // if any
+                    return context.getRuntime().newBoolean(true);
+                } finally {
+                    connection.setAutoCommit(true);
+                }
+            }
+            return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "supports_savepoints?")
+    public IRubyObject supports_savepoints_p(final ThreadContext context) throws SQLException {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+                return context.getRuntime().newBoolean( metaData.supportsSavepoints() );
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "create_savepoint", optional = 1)
+    public IRubyObject create_savepoint(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject[] args) {
+        IRubyObject name = args.length > 0 ? args[0] : null;
+        final Connection connection = getConnection(context, true);
+
+        try {
+            connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+
+            final Savepoint savepoint ;
+            // NOTE: this will auto-start a DB transaction even invoked outside
+            // of a AR (Ruby) transaction (`transaction { ... create_savepoint }`)
+            // it would be nice if AR knew about this TX although that's kind of
+            // "really advanced" functionality - likely not to be implemented ...
+            if ( name != null && ! name.isNil() ) {
+                savepoint = connection.setSavepoint(name.toString());
+            }
+            else {
+                savepoint = connection.setSavepoint();
+                name = RubyString.newString( context.getRuntime(),
+                    Integer.toString( savepoint.getSavepointId() )
+                );
+            }
+            getSavepoints(context).put(name, savepoint);
+
+            return name;
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "rollback_savepoint", required = 1)
+    public IRubyObject rollback_savepoint(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject name) {
+        if ( name == null || name.isNil() ) {
+            throw context.getRuntime().newArgumentError("nil savepoint name given");
+        }
+        final Connection connection = getConnection(context, true);
+        try {
+            Savepoint savepoint = getSavepoints(context).get(name);
+            if ( savepoint == null ) {
+                throw context.getRuntime().newRuntimeError("could not rollback savepoint: '" + name + "' (not set)");
+            }
+            connection.rollback(savepoint);
+            return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "release_savepoint", required = 1)
+    public IRubyObject release_savepoint(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject name) {
+        Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
+
+        if ( name == null || name.isNil() ) throw runtime.newArgumentError("nil savepoint name given");
+
+        try {
+            Object savepoint = getSavepoints(context).remove(name);
+
+            if (savepoint == null) {
+                RubyClass invalidStatement = ActiveRecord(context).getClass("StatementInvalid");
+                throw runtime.newRaiseException(invalidStatement, "could not release savepoint: '" + name + "' (not set)");
+            }
+
+            // NOTE: RubyHash.remove does not convert to Java as get does :
+            if (!( savepoint instanceof Savepoint )) {
+                savepoint = ((IRubyObject) savepoint).toJava(Savepoint.class);
+            }
+
+            getConnection(context, true).releaseSavepoint((Savepoint) savepoint);
+            return runtime.getNil();
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    protected Map<IRubyObject, Savepoint> getSavepoints(final ThreadContext context) {
+        if ( hasInstanceVariable("@savepoints") ) {
+            IRubyObject savepoints = getInstanceVariable("@savepoints");
+            return (Map<IRubyObject, Savepoint>) savepoints.toJava(Map.class);
+        }
+        else { // not using a RubyHash to preserve order on Ruby 1.8 as well :
+            Map<IRubyObject, Savepoint> savepoints = new LinkedHashMap<IRubyObject, Savepoint>(4);
+            setInstanceVariable("@savepoints", convertJavaToRuby(savepoints));
+            return savepoints;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean resetSavepoints(final ThreadContext context) {
+        if ( hasInstanceVariable("@savepoints") ) {
+            removeInstanceVariable("@savepoints");
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "connection_factory")
+    public IRubyObject connection_factory(final ThreadContext context) {
+        return convertJavaToRuby( getConnectionFactory() );
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "connection_factory=", required = 1)
+    public IRubyObject set_connection_factory(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject factory) {
+        setConnectionFactory( (JdbcConnectionFactory) factory.toJava(JdbcConnectionFactory.class) );
+        return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called during <code>initialize</code> after the connection factory
+     * has been set to check if we can connect and/or perform any initialization
+     * necessary.
+     * <br/>
+     * NOTE: connection has not been configured at this point,
+     * nor should we retry - we're creating a brand new JDBC connection
+     *
+     * @param context
+     * @return connection
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "init_connection")
+    public synchronized IRubyObject init_connection(final ThreadContext context) {
+        try {
+            return initConnection(context);
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e); // throws
+        }
+    }
+
+    private IRubyObject initConnection(final ThreadContext context) throws SQLException {
+        final IRubyObject jdbcConnection = setConnection(context, newConnection());
+        final IRubyObject adapter = callMethod("adapter"); // self.adapter
+        if ( ! adapter.isNil() ) {
+            if ( adapter.respondsTo("init_connection") ) {
+                adapter.callMethod(context, "init_connection", jdbcConnection);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            warn(context, "WARN: adapter not set for: " + inspect() +
+                " make sure you pass it on initialize(config, adapter)");
+        }
+        return jdbcConnection;
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "connection")
+    public IRubyObject connection(final ThreadContext context) {
+        if (getConnection(context, false) == null) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (getConnection(context, false) == null) reconnect(context);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return getInstanceVariable("@connection");
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "active?", alias = "valid?")
+    public IRubyObject active_p(final ThreadContext context) {
+        IRubyObject connection = getInstanceVariable("@connection");
+
+        if (connection != null && ! connection.isNil()) {
+            return context.runtime.newBoolean(isConnectionValid(context, getConnection(context, false)));
+        }
+
+        return context.runtime.getFalse();
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "disconnect!")
+    public synchronized IRubyObject disconnect(final ThreadContext context) {
+        // TODO: only here to try resolving multi-thread issues :
+        // https://github.com/jruby/activerecord-jdbc-adapter/issues/197
+        // https://github.com/jruby/activerecord-jdbc-adapter/issues/198
+        if ( Boolean.getBoolean("arjdbc.disconnect.debug") ) {
+            final List<?> backtrace = createCallerBacktrace(context);
+            final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+            runtime.getOut().println(this + " connection.disconnect! occured: ");
+            for ( Object element : backtrace ) {
+                runtime.getOut().println(element);
+            }
+            runtime.getOut().flush();
+        }
+        return setConnection(context, null);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "reconnect!")
+    public synchronized IRubyObject reconnect(final ThreadContext context) {
+        try {
+            final Connection connection = newConnection();
+            final IRubyObject result = setConnection(context, connection);
+            final IRubyObject adapter = callMethod("adapter");
+            if ( ! adapter.isNil() ) {
+                if ( adapter.respondsTo("configure_connection") ) {
+                    adapter.callMethod(context, "configure_connection");
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                // NOTE: we warn on init_connection - should be enough
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = { "open?" /* "conn?" */ })
+    public IRubyObject open_p(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final Connection connection = getConnection(context, false);
+
+        if (connection == null) return context.runtime.getFalse();
+
+        try {
+            // NOTE: isClosed method generally cannot be called to determine
+            // whether a connection to a database is valid or invalid ...
+            return context.getRuntime().newBoolean(!connection.isClosed());
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "close")
+    public IRubyObject close(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final Connection connection = getConnection(context, false);
+
+        if (connection == null) return context.runtime.getFalse();
+
+        try {
+            if (connection.isClosed()) return context.runtime.getFalse();
+
+            setConnection(context, null); // does connection.close();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            debugStackTrace(context, e);
+            return context.runtime.getNil();
+        }
+
+        return context.runtime.getTrue();
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "database_name")
+    public IRubyObject database_name(final ThreadContext context) throws SQLException {
+        final Connection connection = getConnection(context, true);
+        String name = connection.getCatalog();
+
+        if (name == null) {
+            name = connection.getMetaData().getUserName();
+            if (name == null) name = "db1"; // TODO why ?
+        }
+
+        return context.getRuntime().newString(name);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute", required = 1)
+    public IRubyObject execute(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject sql) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                Statement statement = null;
+                final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+
+                try {
+                    statement = createStatement(context, connection);
+
+                    if (doExecute(statement, query)) {
+                        ResultSet resultSet = statement.getResultSet();
+                        ColumnData[] columns = extractColumns(context.runtime, connection, resultSet, false);
+
+                        return mapToResult(context, context.runtime, connection, resultSet, columns);
+                    } else {
+                        return context.runtime.newEmptyArray();
+                    }
+                } catch (final SQLException e) {
+                    debugErrorSQL(context, query);
+                    throw e;
+                } finally {
+                    close(statement);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected Statement createStatement(final ThreadContext context, final Connection connection)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
+        IRubyObject statementEscapeProcessing = getConfigValue(context, "statement_escape_processing");
+        // NOTE: disable (driver) escape processing by default, it's not really
+        // needed for AR statements ... if users need it they might configure :
+        if ( statementEscapeProcessing.isNil() ) {
+            statement.setEscapeProcessing(false);
+        }
+        else {
+            statement.setEscapeProcessing(statementEscapeProcessing.isTrue());
+        }
+        return statement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Execute a query using the given statement.
+     * @param statement
+     * @param query
+     * @return true if the first result is a <code>ResultSet</code>;
+     *         false if it is an update count or there are no results
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    protected boolean doExecute(final Statement statement, final String query) throws SQLException {
+        return statement.execute(query);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_insert", required = 1)
+    public IRubyObject execute_insert(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject sql)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+        return executeUpdate(context, query, true);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_insert", required = 2)
+    public IRubyObject execute_insert(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject sql, final IRubyObject binds) throws SQLException {
+        final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+        if ( binds == null || binds.isNil() ) { // no prepared statements
+            return executeUpdate(context, query, true);
+        }
+        else { // we allow prepared statements with empty binds parameters
+            return executePreparedUpdate(context, query, (List) binds, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes an UPDATE (DELETE) SQL statement.
+     * @param context
+     * @param sql
+     * @return affected row count
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = {"execute_update", "execute_delete"}, required = 1)
+    public IRubyObject execute_update(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject sql)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+        return executeUpdate(context, query, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes an UPDATE (DELETE) SQL (prepared - if binds provided) statement.
+     * @param context
+     * @param sql
+     * @return affected row count
+     * @throws SQLException
+     *
+     * @see #execute_update(ThreadContext, IRubyObject)
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = {"execute_update", "execute_delete"}, required = 2)
+    public IRubyObject execute_update(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject sql, final IRubyObject binds) throws SQLException {
+
+        final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+        if ( binds == null || binds.isNil() ) { // no prepared statements
+            return executeUpdate(context, query, false);
+        }
+        else { // we allow prepared statements with empty binds parameters
+            return executePreparedUpdate(context, query, (List) binds, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = {"execute_prepared_update"}, required = 2)
+    public IRubyObject execute_prepared_update(final ThreadContext context,
+                                               final IRubyObject sql, final IRubyObject binds) throws SQLException {
+
+        final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+        return executePreparedUpdate(context, query, (List) binds, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param context
+     * @param query
+     * @param returnGeneratedKeys
+     * @return row count or generated keys
+     *
+     * @see #execute_insert(ThreadContext, IRubyObject)
+     * @see #execute_update(ThreadContext, IRubyObject)
+     */
+    protected IRubyObject executeUpdate(final ThreadContext context, final String query,
+        final boolean returnGeneratedKeys) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                Statement statement = null;
+                try {
+                    statement = createStatement(context, connection);
+                    if ( returnGeneratedKeys ) {
+                        statement.executeUpdate(query, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
+                        IRubyObject keys = mapGeneratedKeys(context.getRuntime(), connection, statement);
+                        return keys == null ? context.getRuntime().getNil() : keys;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        final int rowCount = statement.executeUpdate(query);
+                        return context.getRuntime().newFixnum(rowCount);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (final SQLException e) {
+                    debugErrorSQL(context, query);
+                    throw e;
+                }
+                finally { close(statement); }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private IRubyObject executePreparedUpdate(final ThreadContext context, final String query,
+        final List<?> binds, final boolean returnGeneratedKeys) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                PreparedStatement statement = null;
+                try {
+                    if ( returnGeneratedKeys ) {
+                        statement = connection.prepareStatement(query, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
+                        setStatementParameters(context, connection, statement, binds);
+                        statement.executeUpdate();
+                        IRubyObject keys = mapGeneratedKeys(context.getRuntime(), connection, statement);
+                        return keys == null ? context.getRuntime().getNil() : keys;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        statement = connection.prepareStatement(query);
+                        setStatementParameters(context, connection, statement, binds);
+                        final int rowCount = statement.executeUpdate();
+                        return context.getRuntime().newFixnum(rowCount);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (final SQLException e) {
+                    debugErrorSQL(context, query);
+                    throw e;
+                }
+                finally { close(statement); }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * NOTE: since 1.3 this behaves like <code>execute_query</code> in AR-JDBC 1.2
+     * @param context
+     * @param sql
+     * @param block (optional) block to yield row values
+     * @return raw query result as a name => value Hash (unless block given)
+     * @throws SQLException
+     * @see #execute_query_raw(ThreadContext, IRubyObject[], Block)
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_query_raw", required = 1) // optional block
+    public IRubyObject execute_query_raw(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject sql, final Block block) throws SQLException {
+        final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+        return executeQueryRaw(context, query, 0, block);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * NOTE: since 1.3 this behaves like <code>execute_query</code> in AR-JDBC 1.2
+     * @param context
+     * @param args
+     * @param block (optional) block to yield row values
+     * @return raw query result as a name => value Hash (unless block given)
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_query_raw", required = 2, optional = 1)
+    // @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_query_raw", required = 1, optional = 2)
+    public IRubyObject execute_query_raw(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject[] args, final Block block) throws SQLException {
+        // args: (sql), (sql, max_rows), (sql, binds), (sql, max_rows, binds)
+        final String query = args[0].convertToString().getUnicodeValue(); // sql
+        IRubyObject max_rows = args.length > 1 ? args[1] : null;
+        IRubyObject binds = args.length > 2 ? args[2] : null;
+        final int maxRows;
+        if ( max_rows == null || max_rows.isNil() ) maxRows = 0;
+        else {
+            if ( binds instanceof RubyNumeric ) { // (sql, max_rows)
+                maxRows = RubyNumeric.fix2int(binds); binds = null;
+            }
+            else {
+                if ( max_rows instanceof RubyNumeric ) {
+                    maxRows = RubyNumeric.fix2int(max_rows);
+                }
+                else {
+                    if ( binds == null ) binds = max_rows; // (sql, binds)
+                    maxRows = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ( binds == null || binds.isNil() ) { // no prepared statements
+            return executeQueryRaw(context, query, maxRows, block);
+        }
+        else { // we allow prepared statements with empty binds parameters
+            return executePreparedQueryRaw(context, query, (List) binds, maxRows, block);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param context
+     * @param query
+     * @param maxRows
+     * @param block
+     * @return raw query result (in case no block was given)
+     *
+     * @see #execute_query_raw(ThreadContext, IRubyObject[], Block)
+     */
+    protected IRubyObject executeQueryRaw(final ThreadContext context,
+        final String query, final int maxRows, final Block block) {
+        return doExecuteQueryRaw(context, query, maxRows, block, null); // binds == null
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject executePreparedQueryRaw(final ThreadContext context,
+        final String query, final List<?> binds, final int maxRows, final Block block) {
+        return doExecuteQueryRaw(context, query, maxRows, block, binds);
+    }
+
+    private IRubyObject doExecuteQueryRaw(final ThreadContext context,
+        final String query, final int maxRows, final Block block, final List<?> binds) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+
+                Statement statement = null; ResultSet resultSet = null;
+                try {
+                    if ( binds == null ) { // plain statement
+                        statement = createStatement(context, connection);
+                        statement.setMaxRows(maxRows); // zero means there is no limit
+                        resultSet = statement.executeQuery(query);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        final PreparedStatement prepStatement;
+                        statement = prepStatement = connection.prepareStatement(query);
+                        statement.setMaxRows(maxRows); // zero means there is no limit
+                        setStatementParameters(context, connection, prepStatement, binds);
+                        resultSet = prepStatement.executeQuery();
+                    }
+
+                    if ( block != null && block.isGiven() ) {
+                        // yield(id1, name1) ... row 1 result data
+                        // yield(id2, name2) ... row 2 result data
+                        return yieldResultRows(context, runtime, connection, resultSet, block);
+                    }
+
+                    return mapToRawResult(context, runtime, connection, resultSet, false);
+                }
+                catch (final SQLException e) {
+                    debugErrorSQL(context, query);
+                    throw e;
+                }
+                finally { close(resultSet); close(statement); }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a query and returns the (AR) result.
+     * @param context
+     * @param sql
+     * @return raw query result as a name => value Hash (unless block given)
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_query", required = 1)
+    public IRubyObject execute_query(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject sql) throws SQLException {
+        final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+        return executeQuery(context, query, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a query and returns the (AR) result.
+     * @param context
+     * @param args
+     * @return and <code>ActiveRecord::Result</code>
+     * @throws SQLException
+     *
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_query", required = 2, optional = 1)
+    // @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_query", required = 1, optional = 2)
+    public IRubyObject execute_query(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject[] args) throws SQLException {
+        // args: (sql), (sql, max_rows), (sql, binds), (sql, max_rows, binds)
+        final String query = args[0].convertToString().getUnicodeValue(); // sql
+        IRubyObject max_rows = args.length > 1 ? args[1] : null;
+        IRubyObject binds = args.length > 2 ? args[2] : null;
+        final int maxRows;
+        if ( max_rows == null || max_rows.isNil() ) maxRows = 0;
+        else {
+            if ( binds instanceof RubyNumeric ) { // (sql, max_rows)
+                maxRows = RubyNumeric.fix2int(binds); binds = null;
+            }
+            else {
+                if ( max_rows instanceof RubyNumeric ) {
+                    maxRows = RubyNumeric.fix2int(max_rows);
+                }
+                else {
+                    if ( binds == null ) binds = max_rows; // (sql, binds)
+                    maxRows = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ( binds == null || binds.isNil() ) { // no prepared statements
+            return executeQuery(context, query, maxRows);
+        }
+        else { // we allow prepared statements with empty binds parameters
+            return executePreparedQuery(context, query, (List) binds, maxRows);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_prepared_query")
+    public IRubyObject execute_prepared_query(final ThreadContext context,
+                                              final IRubyObject sql, final IRubyObject binds) throws SQLException {
+        final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+
+        if (binds == null || !(binds instanceof RubyArray)) {
+            throw context.runtime.newArgumentError("binds exptected to an instance of Array");
+        }
+
+        return executePreparedQuery(context, query, (List) binds, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * NOTE: This methods behavior changed in AR-JDBC 1.3 the old behavior is
+     * achievable using {@link #executeQueryRaw(ThreadContext, String, int, Block)}.
+     *
+     * @param context
+     * @param query
+     * @param maxRows
+     * @return AR (mapped) query result
+     *
+     */
+    protected IRubyObject executeQuery(final ThreadContext context, final String query, final int maxRows) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                Statement statement = null;
+                ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+                try {
+                    statement = createStatement(context, connection);
+                    statement.setMaxRows(maxRows); // zero means there is no limit
+                    resultSet = statement.executeQuery(query);
+                    return mapQueryResult(context, connection, resultSet);
+                } catch (final SQLException e) {
+                    debugErrorSQL(context, query);
+                    throw e;
+                } finally {
+                    close(resultSet);
+                    close(statement);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod
+    public IRubyObject execute_prepared(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject sql, final IRubyObject binds) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                PreparedStatement statement = null;
+                final String query = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+
+                // FIXME: array type check for binds
+
+                try {
+                    statement = connection.prepareStatement(query);
+                    setStatementParameters(context, connection, statement, (List) binds);
+                    boolean hasResultSet = statement.execute();
+
+                    if (hasResultSet) {
+                        ResultSet resultSet = statement.getResultSet();
+                        ColumnData[] columns = extractColumns(context.runtime, connection, resultSet, false);
+
+                        return mapToResult(context, context.runtime, connection, resultSet, columns);
+                    } else {
+                        return context.runtime.newEmptyArray();
+                    }
+                } catch (final SQLException e) {
+                    debugErrorSQL(context, query);
+                    throw e;
+                } finally {
+                    close(statement);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject executePreparedQuery(final ThreadContext context, final String query,
+        final List<?> binds, final int maxRows) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                PreparedStatement statement = null; ResultSet resultSet = null;
+                try {
+                    statement = connection.prepareStatement(query);
+                    statement.setMaxRows(maxRows); // zero means there is no limit
+                    setStatementParameters(context, connection, statement, binds);
+                    resultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+                    return mapQueryResult(context, connection, resultSet);
+                }
+                catch (final SQLException e) {
+                    debugErrorSQL(context, query);
+                    throw e;
+                }
+                finally { close(resultSet); close(statement); }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private IRubyObject mapQueryResult(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final ResultSet resultSet) throws SQLException {
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+        final ColumnData[] columns = extractColumns(runtime, connection, resultSet, false);
+        return mapToResult(context, runtime, connection, resultSet, columns);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated please do not use this method
+     */
+    @Deprecated // only used by Oracle adapter - also it's really a bad idea
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "execute_id_insert", required = 2)
+    public IRubyObject execute_id_insert(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject sql, final IRubyObject id) throws SQLException {
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+
+        callMethod("warn", RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, "DEPRECATED: execute_id_insert(sql, id) will be removed"));
+
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                PreparedStatement statement = null;
+                final String insertSQL = sql.convertToString().getUnicodeValue();
+                try {
+                    statement = connection.prepareStatement(insertSQL);
+                    statement.setLong(1, RubyNumeric.fix2long(id));
+                    statement.executeUpdate();
+                }
+                catch (final SQLException e) {
+                    debugErrorSQL(context, insertSQL);
+                    throw e;
+                }
+                finally { close(statement); }
+                return id;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "supported_data_types")
+    public IRubyObject supported_data_types(final ThreadContext context) throws SQLException {
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+        final Connection connection = getConnection(context, true);
+        final ResultSet typeDesc = connection.getMetaData().getTypeInfo();
+        final IRubyObject types;
+        try {
+            types = mapToRawResult(context, runtime, connection, typeDesc, true);
+        }
+        finally { close(typeDesc); }
+
+        return types;
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "primary_keys", required = 1)
+    public IRubyObject primary_keys(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject tableName) throws SQLException {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        List<IRubyObject> primaryKeys = (List) primaryKeys(context, tableName.toString());
+        return context.getRuntime().newArray(primaryKeys);
+    }
+
+    protected static final int PRIMARY_KEYS_COLUMN_NAME = 4;
+
+    @Deprecated // NOTE: this should go private
+    protected List<RubyString> primaryKeys(final ThreadContext context, final String tableName) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<List<RubyString>>() {
+            public List<RubyString> call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final String _tableName = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, tableName);
+                final TableName table = extractTableName(connection, null, null, _tableName);
+                return primaryKeys(context, connection, table);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected List<RubyString> primaryKeys(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final TableName table) throws SQLException {
+        final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+        final List<RubyString> keyNames = new ArrayList<RubyString>();
+        try {
+            resultSet = metaData.getPrimaryKeys(table.catalog, table.schema, table.name);
+            final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+            while ( resultSet.next() ) {
+                String columnName = resultSet.getString(PRIMARY_KEYS_COLUMN_NAME);
+                columnName = caseConvertIdentifierForRails(connection, columnName);
+                keyNames.add( RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, columnName) );
+            }
+        }
+        finally { close(resultSet); }
+        return keyNames;
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated //@JRubyMethod(name = "tables")
+    public IRubyObject tables(ThreadContext context) {
+        return tables(context, null, null, null, TABLE_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated //@JRubyMethod(name = "tables")
+    public IRubyObject tables(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject catalog) {
+        return tables(context, toStringOrNull(catalog), null, null, TABLE_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated //@JRubyMethod(name = "tables")
+    public IRubyObject tables(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject catalog, IRubyObject schemaPattern) {
+        return tables(context, toStringOrNull(catalog), toStringOrNull(schemaPattern), null, TABLE_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated //@JRubyMethod(name = "tables")
+    public IRubyObject tables(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject catalog, IRubyObject schemaPattern, IRubyObject tablePattern) {
+        return tables(context, toStringOrNull(catalog), toStringOrNull(schemaPattern), toStringOrNull(tablePattern), TABLE_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "tables", required = 0, optional = 4)
+    public IRubyObject tables(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject[] args) {
+        switch ( args.length ) {
+            case 0: // ()
+                return tables(context, null, null, null, TABLE_TYPE);
+            case 1: // (catalog)
+                return tables(context, toStringOrNull(args[0]), null, null, TABLE_TYPE);
+            case 2: // (catalog, schemaPattern)
+                return tables(context, toStringOrNull(args[0]), toStringOrNull(args[1]), null, TABLE_TYPE);
+            case 3: // (catalog, schemaPattern, tablePattern)
+                return tables(context, toStringOrNull(args[0]), toStringOrNull(args[1]), toStringOrNull(args[2]), TABLE_TYPE);
+        }
+        return tables(context, toStringOrNull(args[0]), toStringOrNull(args[1]), toStringOrNull(args[2]), getTypes(args[3]));
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject tables(final ThreadContext context,
+        final String catalog, final String schemaPattern, final String tablePattern, final String[] types) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                return matchTables(context.getRuntime(), connection, catalog, schemaPattern, tablePattern, types, false);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected String[] getTableTypes() {
+        return TABLE_TYPES;
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "table_exists?")
+    public IRubyObject table_exists_p(final ThreadContext context, IRubyObject table) {
+        if ( table.isNil() ) {
+            throw context.getRuntime().newArgumentError("nil table name");
+        }
+        final String tableName = table.toString();
+
+        return tableExists(context, null, tableName);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "table_exists?")
+    public IRubyObject table_exists_p(final ThreadContext context, IRubyObject table, IRubyObject schema) {
+        if ( table.isNil() ) {
+            throw context.getRuntime().newArgumentError("nil table name");
+        }
+        final String tableName = table.toString();
+        final String defaultSchema = schema.isNil() ? null : schema.toString();
+
+        return tableExists(context, defaultSchema, tableName);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject tableExists(final ThreadContext context,
+        final String defaultSchema, final String tableName) {
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<RubyBoolean>() {
+            public RubyBoolean call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final TableName components = extractTableName(connection, null, defaultSchema, tableName);
+                return runtime.newBoolean( tableExists(runtime, connection, components) );
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = {"columns", "columns_internal"}, required = 1, optional = 2)
+    public IRubyObject columns_internal(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject[] args)
+        throws SQLException {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<RubyArray>() {
+            public RubyArray call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                ResultSet columns = null;
+                try {
+                    final String tableName = args[0].toString();
+                    // optionals (NOTE: catalog argumnet was never used before 1.3.0) :
+                    final String catalog = args.length > 1 ? toStringOrNull(args[1]) : null;
+                    final String defaultSchema = args.length > 2 ? toStringOrNull(args[2]) : null;
+
+                    final TableName components;
+                    components = extractTableName(connection, catalog, defaultSchema, tableName);
+
+                    if ( ! tableExists(context.getRuntime(), connection, components) ) {
+                        throw new SQLException("table: " + tableName + " does not exist");
+                    }
+
+                    final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+                    columns = metaData.getColumns(components.catalog, components.schema, components.name, null);
+                    return mapColumnsResult(context, metaData, components, columns);
+                }
+                finally {
+                    close(columns);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "indexes")
+    public IRubyObject indexes(final ThreadContext context, IRubyObject tableName, IRubyObject name) {
+        return indexes(context, toStringOrNull(tableName), toStringOrNull(name), null);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "indexes")
+    public IRubyObject indexes(final ThreadContext context, IRubyObject tableName, IRubyObject name, IRubyObject schemaName) {
+        return indexes(context, toStringOrNull(tableName), toStringOrNull(name), toStringOrNull(schemaName));
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: metaData.getIndexInfo row mappings :
+    protected static final int INDEX_INFO_TABLE_NAME = 3;
+    protected static final int INDEX_INFO_NON_UNIQUE = 4;
+    protected static final int INDEX_INFO_NAME = 6;
+    protected static final int INDEX_INFO_COLUMN_NAME = 9;
+
+    /**
+     * Default JDBC introspection for index metadata on the JdbcConnection.
+     *
+     * JDBC index metadata is denormalized (multiple rows may be returned for
+     * one index, one row per column in the index), so a simple block-based
+     * filter like that used for tables doesn't really work here.  Callers
+     * should filter the return from this method instead.
+     */
+    protected IRubyObject indexes(final ThreadContext context, final String tableName, final String name, final String schemaName) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+                final RubyClass IndexDefinition = getIndexDefinition(context);
+
+                String _tableName = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, tableName);
+                String _schemaName = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, schemaName);
+                final TableName table = extractTableName(connection, null, _schemaName, _tableName);
+
+                final List<RubyString> primaryKeys = primaryKeys(context, connection, table);
+
+                ResultSet indexInfoSet = null;
+                final List<IRubyObject> indexes = new ArrayList<IRubyObject>();
+                try {
+                    final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+                    indexInfoSet = metaData.getIndexInfo(table.catalog, table.schema, table.name, false, true);
+                    String currentIndex = null;
+
+                    while ( indexInfoSet.next() ) {
+                        String indexName = indexInfoSet.getString(INDEX_INFO_NAME);
+                        if ( indexName == null ) continue;
+                        indexName = caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, indexName);
+
+                        final String columnName = indexInfoSet.getString(INDEX_INFO_COLUMN_NAME);
+                        final RubyString rubyColumnName = RubyString.newUnicodeString(
+                                runtime, caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, columnName)
+                        );
+                        if ( primaryKeys.contains(rubyColumnName) ) continue;
+
+                        // We are working on a new index
+                        if ( ! indexName.equals(currentIndex) ) {
+                            currentIndex = indexName;
+
+                            String indexTableName = indexInfoSet.getString(INDEX_INFO_TABLE_NAME);
+                            indexTableName = caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, indexTableName);
+
+                            final boolean nonUnique = indexInfoSet.getBoolean(INDEX_INFO_NON_UNIQUE);
+
+                            IRubyObject[] args = new IRubyObject[] {
+                                RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, indexTableName), // table_name
+                                RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, indexName), // index_name
+                                runtime.newBoolean( ! nonUnique ), // unique
+                                runtime.newArray() // [] for column names, we'll add to that in just a bit
+                                // orders, (since AR 3.2) where, type, using (AR 4.0)
+                            };
+
+                            indexes.add( IndexDefinition.callMethod(context, "new", args) ); // IndexDefinition.new
+                        }
+
+                        // One or more columns can be associated with an index
+                        IRubyObject lastIndexDef = indexes.isEmpty() ? null : indexes.get(indexes.size() - 1);
+                        if (lastIndexDef != null) {
+                            lastIndexDef.callMethod(context, "columns").callMethod(context, "<<", rubyColumnName);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return runtime.newArray(indexes);
+
+                } finally { close(indexInfoSet); }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected RubyClass getIndexDefinition(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final RubyClass adapterClass = getAdapter(context).getMetaClass();
+        IRubyObject IDef = adapterClass.getConstantAt("IndexDefinition");
+        return IDef != null ? (RubyClass) IDef : getIndexDefinition(context.runtime);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod
+    public IRubyObject foreign_keys(final ThreadContext context, IRubyObject table_name) {
+        return foreignKeys(context, table_name.toString(), null, null);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject foreignKeys(final ThreadContext context, final String tableName, final String schemaName, final String catalog) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+                final RubyClass FKDefinition = getForeignKeyDefinition(context);
+
+                String _tableName = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, tableName);
+                String _schemaName = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, schemaName);
+                final TableName table = extractTableName(connection, catalog, _schemaName, _tableName);
+
+                ResultSet fkInfoSet = null;
+                final List<IRubyObject> fKeys = new ArrayList<IRubyObject>(8);
+                try {
+                    final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+                    fkInfoSet = metaData.getImportedKeys(table.catalog, table.schema, table.name);
+
+                    while ( fkInfoSet.next() ) {
+                        final RubyHash options = RubyHash.newHash(runtime);
+
+                        String fkName = fkInfoSet.getString("FK_NAME");
+                        if (fkName != null) {
+                            fkName = caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, fkName);
+                            options.put(runtime.newSymbol("name"), fkName);
+                        }
+
+                        String columnName = fkInfoSet.getString("FKCOLUMN_NAME");
+                        options.put(runtime.newSymbol("column"), caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, columnName));
+
+                        columnName = fkInfoSet.getString("PKCOLUMN_NAME");
+                        options.put(runtime.newSymbol("primary_key"), caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, columnName));
+
+                        String fkTableName = fkInfoSet.getString("FKTABLE_NAME");
+                        fkTableName = caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, fkTableName);
+
+                        String pkTableName = fkInfoSet.getString("PKTABLE_NAME");
+                        pkTableName = caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, pkTableName);
+
+                        final String onDelete = extractForeignKeyRule( fkInfoSet.getInt("DELETE_RULE") );
+                        if ( onDelete != null ) options.op_aset(context, runtime.newSymbol("on_delete"), runtime.newSymbol(onDelete));
+
+                        final String onUpdate = extractForeignKeyRule( fkInfoSet.getInt("UPDATE_RULE") );
+                        if ( onUpdate != null ) options.op_aset(context, runtime.newSymbol("on_update"), runtime.newSymbol(onUpdate));
+
+                        IRubyObject[] args = new IRubyObject[] {
+                            RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, fkTableName), // from_table
+                            RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, pkTableName), // to_table
+                            options
+                        };
+
+                        fKeys.add( FKDefinition.callMethod(context, "new", args) ); // ForeignKeyDefinition.new
+                    }
+
+                    return runtime.newArray(fKeys);
+
+                } finally { close(fkInfoSet); }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected String extractForeignKeyRule(final int rule) {
+        switch (rule) {
+            case DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyNoAction :  return null ;
+            case DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyCascade :   return "cascade" ;
+            case DatabaseMetaData.importedKeySetNull :   return "nullify" ;
+            case DatabaseMetaData.importedKeySetDefault: return "default" ;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected RubyClass getForeignKeyDefinition(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final RubyClass adapterClass = getAdapter(context).getMetaClass();
+        IRubyObject FKDef = adapterClass.getConstantAt("ForeignKeyDefinition");
+        return FKDef != null ? (RubyClass) FKDef : getForeignKeyDefinition(context.runtime);
+    }
+
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "supports_foreign_keys?")
+    public IRubyObject supports_foreign_keys_p(final ThreadContext context) throws SQLException {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+                return context.getRuntime().newBoolean( metaData.supportsIntegrityEnhancementFacility() );
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "supports_views?")
+    public IRubyObject supports_views_p(final ThreadContext context) throws SQLException {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+                final ResultSet tableTypes = metaData.getTableTypes();
+                try {
+                    while ( tableTypes.next() ) {
+                        if ( "VIEW".equalsIgnoreCase( tableTypes.getString(1) ) ) {
+                            return context.getRuntime().newBoolean( true );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                finally {
+                    close(tableTypes);
+                }
+                return context.getRuntime().newBoolean( false );
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "with_connection_retry_guard", frame = true)
+    public IRubyObject with_connection_retry_guard(final ThreadContext context, final Block block) {
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<IRubyObject>() {
+            public IRubyObject call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                return block.call(context, new IRubyObject[] { convertJavaToRuby(connection) });
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * (binary?, column_name, table_name, id_key, id_value, value)
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "write_large_object", required = 6)
+    public IRubyObject write_large_object(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject[] args)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        final boolean binary = args[0].isTrue();
+        final String columnName = args[1].toString();
+        final String tableName = args[2].toString();
+        final String idKey = args[3].toString();
+        final IRubyObject idVal = args[4];
+        final IRubyObject lobValue = args[5];
+
+        int count = updateLobValue(context, tableName, columnName, null, idKey, idVal, null, lobValue, binary);
+        return context.getRuntime().newFixnum(count);
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "update_lob_value", required = 3)
+    public IRubyObject update_lob_value(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject record, final IRubyObject column, final IRubyObject value)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        final boolean binary = // column.type == :binary
+            column.callMethod(context, "type").toString() == (Object) "binary";
+
+        final IRubyObject recordClass = record.callMethod(context, "class");
+        final IRubyObject adapter = recordClass.callMethod(context, "connection");
+
+        IRubyObject columnName = column.callMethod(context, "name");
+        columnName = adapter.callMethod(context, "quote_column_name", columnName);
+        IRubyObject tableName = recordClass.callMethod(context, "table_name");
+        tableName = adapter.callMethod(context, "quote_table_name", tableName);
+        final IRubyObject idKey = recordClass.callMethod(context, "primary_key"); // 'id'
+        // callMethod(context, "quote", primaryKey);
+        final IRubyObject idColumn = // record.class.columns_hash['id']
+            recordClass.callMethod(context, "columns_hash").callMethod(context, "[]", idKey);
+
+        final IRubyObject id = record.callMethod(context, "id"); // record.id
+
+        final int count = updateLobValue(context,
+            tableName.toString(), columnName.toString(), column,
+            idKey.toString(), id, idColumn, value, binary
+        );
+        return context.getRuntime().newFixnum(count);
+    }
+
+    private int updateLobValue(final ThreadContext context,
+        final String tableName, final String columnName, final IRubyObject column,
+        final String idKey, final IRubyObject idValue, final IRubyObject idColumn,
+        final IRubyObject value, final boolean binary) {
+
+        final String sql = "UPDATE "+ tableName +" SET "+ columnName +" = ? WHERE "+ idKey +" = ?" ;
+
+        return withConnection(context, new Callable<Integer>() {
+            public Integer call(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+                PreparedStatement statement = null;
+                try {
+                    statement = connection.prepareStatement(sql);
+                    if ( binary ) { // blob
+                        setBlobParameter(context, connection, statement, 1, value, column, Types.BLOB);
+                    }
+                    else { // clob
+                        setClobParameter(context, connection, statement, 1, value, column, Types.CLOB);
+                    }
+                    setStatementParameter(context, context.getRuntime(), connection, statement, 2, idValue, idColumn);
+                    return statement.executeUpdate();
+                }
+                finally { close(statement); }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected String caseConvertIdentifierForRails(final Connection connection, final String value)
+        throws SQLException {
+        if ( value == null ) return null;
+        return caseConvertIdentifierForRails(connection.getMetaData(), value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert an identifier coming back from the database to a case which Rails is expecting.
+     *
+     * Assumption: Rails identifiers will be quoted for mixed or will stay mixed
+     * as identifier names in Rails itself.  Otherwise, they expect identifiers to
+     * be lower-case.  Databases which store identifiers uppercase should be made
+     * lower-case.
+     *
+     * Assumption 2: It is always safe to convert all upper case names since it appears that
+     * some adapters do not report StoresUpper/Lower/Mixed correctly (am I right postgres/mysql?).
+     */
+    protected static String caseConvertIdentifierForRails(final DatabaseMetaData metaData, final String value)
+        throws SQLException {
+        if ( value == null ) return null;
+        return metaData.storesUpperCaseIdentifiers() ? value.toLowerCase() : value;
+    }
+
+    protected String caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(final Connection connection, final String value)
+        throws SQLException {
+        if ( value == null ) return null;
+        return caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection.getMetaData(), value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert an identifier destined for a method which cares about the databases internal
+     * storage case.  Methods like DatabaseMetaData.getPrimaryKeys() needs the table name to match
+     * the internal storage name.  Arbitrary queries and the like DO NOT need to do this.
+     */
+    protected static String caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(final DatabaseMetaData metaData, final String value)
+        throws SQLException {
+        if ( value == null ) return null;
+
+        if ( metaData.storesUpperCaseIdentifiers() ) {
+            return value.toUpperCase();
+        }
+        else if ( metaData.storesLowerCaseIdentifiers() ) {
+            return value.toLowerCase();
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "jndi_config?", meta = true)
+    public static IRubyObject jndi_config_p(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject self, final IRubyObject config) {
+        // config[:jndi] || config[:data_source]
+
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+
+        IRubyObject configValue;
+
+        if ( config.getClass() == RubyHash.class ) { // "optimized" version
+            final RubyHash configHash = ((RubyHash) config);
+            configValue = configHash.fastARef(runtime.newSymbol("jndi"));
+            if ( configValue == null ) {
+                configValue = configHash.fastARef(runtime.newSymbol("data_source"));
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            configValue = config.callMethod(context, "[]", runtime.newSymbol("jndi"));
+            if ( configValue.isNil() ) configValue = null;
+            if ( configValue == null ) {
+                configValue = config.callMethod(context, "[]", runtime.newSymbol("data_source"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        final IRubyObject rubyFalse = runtime.newBoolean( false );
+        if ( configValue == null || configValue.isNil() || configValue == rubyFalse ) {
+            return rubyFalse;
+        }
+        return context.getRuntime().newBoolean( true );
+    }
+
+    private IRubyObject getConfig(final ThreadContext context) {
+        return getInstanceVariable("@config"); // this.callMethod(context, "config");
+    }
+
+    protected final IRubyObject getConfigValue(final ThreadContext context, final String key) {
+        final IRubyObject config = getConfig(context);
+        final RubySymbol keySym = context.runtime.newSymbol(key);
+        if ( config instanceof RubyHash ) {
+            return ((RubyHash) config).op_aref(context, keySym);
+        }
+        return config.callMethod(context, "[]", keySym);
+    }
+
+    private static String toStringOrNull(final IRubyObject arg) {
+        return arg.isNil() ? null : arg.toString();
+    }
+
+    protected final IRubyObject getAdapter(final ThreadContext context) {
+        return callMethod(context, "adapter");
+    }
+
+    protected final RubyClass getJdbcColumnClass(final ThreadContext context) {
+        return (RubyClass) getAdapter(context).callMethod(context, "jdbc_column_class");
+    }
+
+    protected JdbcConnectionFactory getConnectionFactory() throws RaiseException {
+        if ( connectionFactory == null ) {
+            // throw new IllegalStateException("connection factory not set");
+            // NOTE: only for (backwards) compatibility - no likely that anyone
+            // overriden this - thus can likely be safely deleted (no needed) :
+            IRubyObject connection_factory = getInstanceVariable("@connection_factory");
+            if ( connection_factory == null ) {
+                throw getRuntime().newRuntimeError("@connection_factory not set");
+            }
+            connectionFactory = (JdbcConnectionFactory) connection_factory.toJava(JdbcConnectionFactory.class);
+        }
+        return connectionFactory;
+    }
+
+    public void setConnectionFactory(JdbcConnectionFactory connectionFactory) {
+        this.connectionFactory = connectionFactory;
+    }
+
+    protected Connection newConnection() throws RaiseException, SQLException {
+        return getConnectionFactory().newConnection();
+    }
+
+    private static String[] getTypes(final IRubyObject typeArg) {
+        if ( typeArg instanceof RubyArray ) {
+            IRubyObject[] rubyTypes = ((RubyArray) typeArg).toJavaArray();
+
+            final String[] types = new String[rubyTypes.length];
+            for ( int i = 0; i < types.length; i++ ) {
+                types[i] = rubyTypes[i].toString();
+            }
+            return types;
+        }
+        return new String[] { typeArg.toString() }; // expect a RubyString
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated this method is no longer used, instead consider overriding
+     * {@link #mapToResult(ThreadContext, Ruby, Connection, ResultSet, RubyJdbcConnection.ColumnData[])}
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    protected void populateFromResultSet(
+            final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+            final List<IRubyObject> results, final ResultSet resultSet,
+            final ColumnData[] columns) throws SQLException {
+        while ( resultSet.next() ) {
+            results.add(mapRawRow(context, runtime, columns, resultSet, this));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Maps a query result into a <code>ActiveRecord</code> result.
+     * @param context
+     * @param runtime
+     * @param connection
+     * @param resultSet
+     * @param columns
+     * @return since 3.1 expected to return a <code>ActiveRecord::Result</code>
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    protected IRubyObject mapToResult(final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+            final Connection connection, final ResultSet resultSet,
+            final ColumnData[] columns) throws SQLException {
+
+        final RubyArray resultRows = runtime.newArray();
+
+        while (resultSet.next()) {
+            resultRows.append(mapRow(context, runtime, columns, resultSet, this));
+        }
+
+        return newResult(context, columns, resultRows);
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    protected IRubyObject jdbcToRuby(final Ruby runtime,
+        final int column, final int type, final ResultSet resultSet)
+        throws SQLException {
+        return jdbcToRuby(runtime.getCurrentContext(), runtime, column, type, resultSet);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject jdbcToRuby(
+        final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+        final int column, final int type, final ResultSet resultSet)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        try {
+            switch (type) {
+            case Types.BLOB:
+            case Types.BINARY:
+            case Types.VARBINARY:
+            case Types.LONGVARBINARY:
+                return streamToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.CLOB:
+            case Types.NCLOB: // JDBC 4.0
+                return readerToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.LONGVARCHAR:
+            case Types.LONGNVARCHAR: // JDBC 4.0
+                return readerToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.TINYINT:
+            case Types.SMALLINT:
+            case Types.INTEGER:
+                return integerToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.REAL:
+            case Types.FLOAT:
+            case Types.DOUBLE:
+                return doubleToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.BIGINT:
+                return bigIntegerToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.NUMERIC:
+            case Types.DECIMAL:
+                return decimalToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.DATE:
+                return dateToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.TIME:
+                return timeToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.TIMESTAMP:
+                return timestampToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.BIT:
+            case Types.BOOLEAN:
+                return booleanToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.SQLXML: // JDBC 4.0
+                return xmlToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.ARRAY: // we handle JDBC Array into (Ruby) []
+                return arrayToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            case Types.NULL:
+                return runtime.getNil();
+            // NOTE: (JDBC) exotic stuff just cause it's so easy with JRuby :)
+            case Types.JAVA_OBJECT:
+            case Types.OTHER:
+                return objectToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            // (default) String
+            case Types.CHAR:
+            case Types.VARCHAR:
+            case Types.NCHAR: // JDBC 4.0
+            case Types.NVARCHAR: // JDBC 4.0
+            default:
+                return stringToRuby(context, runtime, resultSet, column);
+            }
+            // NOTE: not mapped types :
+            //case Types.DISTINCT:
+            //case Types.STRUCT:
+            //case Types.REF:
+            //case Types.DATALINK:
+        }
+        catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new SQLException(e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject integerToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final long value = resultSet.getLong(column);
+        if ( value == 0 && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+        return runtime.newFixnum(value);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject doubleToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final double value = resultSet.getDouble(column);
+        if ( value == 0 && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+        return runtime.newFloat(value);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject stringToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column) throws SQLException {
+        final String value = resultSet.getString(column);
+        if ( value == null && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+        return RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, value);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject bigIntegerToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column) throws SQLException {
+        final String value = resultSet.getString(column);
+        if ( value == null && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+        return RubyBignum.bignorm(runtime, new BigInteger(value));
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject decimalToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column) throws SQLException {
+        final String value = resultSet.getString(column);
+        if ( value == null && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+        // NOTE: JRuby 1.6 -> 1.7 API change : moved org.jruby.RubyBigDecimal
+        return runtime.getKernel().callMethod("BigDecimal", runtime.newString(value));
+    }
+
+    protected static Boolean rawDateTime;
+    static {
+        final String dateTimeRaw = System.getProperty("arjdbc.datetime.raw");
+        if ( dateTimeRaw != null ) {
+            rawDateTime = Boolean.parseBoolean(dateTimeRaw);
+        }
+        // NOTE: we do this since it will have a different value depending on
+        // AR version - since 4.0 false by default otherwise will be true ...
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "raw_date_time?", meta = true)
+    public static IRubyObject useRawDateTime(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject self) {
+        if ( rawDateTime == null ) return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+        return context.getRuntime().newBoolean( rawDateTime.booleanValue() );
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "raw_date_time=", meta = true)
+    public static IRubyObject setRawDateTime(final IRubyObject self, final IRubyObject value) {
+        if ( value instanceof RubyBoolean ) {
+            rawDateTime = ((RubyBoolean) value).isTrue();
+        }
+        else {
+            rawDateTime = value.isNil() ? null : Boolean.TRUE;
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return AR::Type-casted value
+     * @since 1.3.18
+     */
+    protected static IRubyObject typeCastFromDatabase(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject adapter, final RubySymbol typeName, final RubyString value) {
+        final IRubyObject type = adapter.callMethod(context, "lookup_cast_type", typeName);
+        return type.callMethod(context, "deserialize", value);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject dateToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        final Date value = resultSet.getDate(column);
+        if ( value == null ) {
+            if ( resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+            return runtime.newString(); // ""
+        }
+
+        final RubyString strValue = RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, value.toString());
+        if ( rawDateTime != null && rawDateTime.booleanValue() ) return strValue;
+
+        final IRubyObject adapter = callMethod(context, "adapter"); // self.adapter
+        if ( adapter.isNil() ) return strValue; // NOTE: we warn on init_connection
+
+        // NOTE: this CAN NOT be 100% correct - as :date is just a type guess!
+        return typeCastFromDatabase(context, adapter, runtime.newSymbol("date"), strValue);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject timeToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        final Time value = resultSet.getTime(column);
+        if ( value == null ) {
+            if ( resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+            return runtime.newString(); // ""
+        }
+
+        final RubyString strValue = RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, value.toString());
+        if ( rawDateTime != null && rawDateTime.booleanValue() ) return strValue;
+
+        final IRubyObject adapter = callMethod(context, "adapter"); // self.adapter
+        if ( adapter.isNil() ) return strValue; // NOTE: we warn on init_connection
+
+        // NOTE: this CAN NOT be 100% correct - as :time is just a type guess!
+        return typeCastFromDatabase(context, adapter, runtime.newSymbol("time"), strValue);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject timestampToRuby(final ThreadContext context, // TODO
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        final Timestamp value = resultSet.getTimestamp(column);
+        if ( value == null ) {
+            if ( resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+            return runtime.newString(); // ""
+        }
+
+        final RubyString strValue = timestampToRubyString(runtime, value.toString());
+        if ( rawDateTime != null && rawDateTime.booleanValue() ) return strValue;
+
+        final IRubyObject adapter = callMethod(context, "adapter"); // self.adapter
+        if ( adapter.isNil() ) return strValue; // NOTE: we warn on init_connection
+
+        // NOTE: this CAN NOT be 100% correct - as :timestamp is just a type guess!
+        return typeCastFromDatabase(context, adapter, runtime.newSymbol("timestamp"), strValue);
+    }
+
+    protected static RubyString timestampToRubyString(final Ruby runtime, String value) {
+        // Timestamp's format: yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.fffffffff
+        String suffix; // assumes java.sql.Timestamp internals :
+        if ( value.endsWith( suffix = " 00:00:00.0" ) ) {
+            value = value.substring( 0, value.length() - suffix.length() );
+        }
+        else if ( value.endsWith( suffix = ".0" ) ) {
+            value = value.substring( 0, value.length() - suffix.length() );
+        }
+        return RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, value);
+    }
+
+
+    protected static Boolean rawBoolean;
+    static {
+        final String booleanRaw = System.getProperty("arjdbc.boolean.raw");
+        if ( booleanRaw != null ) {
+            rawBoolean = Boolean.parseBoolean(booleanRaw);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "raw_boolean?", meta = true)
+    public static IRubyObject useRawBoolean(final ThreadContext context, final IRubyObject self) {
+        if ( rawBoolean == null ) return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+        return context.getRuntime().newBoolean( rawBoolean.booleanValue() );
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "raw_boolean=", meta = true)
+    public static IRubyObject setRawBoolean(final IRubyObject self, final IRubyObject value) {
+        if ( value instanceof RubyBoolean ) {
+            rawBoolean = ((RubyBoolean) value).isTrue();
+        }
+        else {
+            rawBoolean = value.isNil() ? null : Boolean.TRUE;
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject booleanToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+        if ( rawBoolean != null && rawBoolean.booleanValue() ) {
+            final String value = resultSet.getString(column);
+            if ( resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+            return RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, value);
+        }
+        final boolean value = resultSet.getBoolean(column);
+        if ( resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+        return booleanToRuby(runtime, resultSet, value);
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    protected IRubyObject booleanToRuby(
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final boolean value)
+        throws SQLException {
+        if ( value == false && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+        return runtime.newBoolean(value);
+    }
+
+    protected static int streamBufferSize = 2048;
+
+    protected IRubyObject streamToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException, IOException {
+        final InputStream stream = resultSet.getBinaryStream(column);
+        try {
+            if ( resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+            return streamToRuby(runtime, resultSet, stream);
+        }
+        finally { if ( stream != null ) stream.close(); }
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    protected IRubyObject streamToRuby(
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final InputStream stream)
+        throws SQLException, IOException {
+        if ( stream == null && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+
+        final int bufSize = streamBufferSize;
+        final ByteList string = new ByteList(bufSize);
+
+        final byte[] buf = new byte[bufSize];
+        for (int len = stream.read(buf); len != -1; len = stream.read(buf)) {
+            string.append(buf, 0, len);
+        }
+
+        return runtime.newString(string);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject readerToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException, IOException {
+        final Reader reader = resultSet.getCharacterStream(column);
+        try {
+            if ( resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+            return readerToRuby(runtime, resultSet, reader);
+        }
+        finally { if ( reader != null ) reader.close(); }
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    protected IRubyObject readerToRuby(
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final Reader reader)
+        throws SQLException, IOException {
+        if ( reader == null && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+
+        final int bufSize = streamBufferSize;
+        final StringBuilder string = new StringBuilder(bufSize);
+
+        final char[] buf = new char[bufSize];
+        for (int len = reader.read(buf); len != -1; len = reader.read(buf)) {
+            string.append(buf, 0, len);
+        }
+
+        return RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, string.toString());
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject objectToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final Object value = resultSet.getObject(column);
+
+        if ( value == null && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+
+        return JavaUtil.convertJavaToRuby(runtime, value);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject arrayToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final Array value = resultSet.getArray(column);
+        try {
+            if ( value == null && resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+
+            final RubyArray array = runtime.newArray();
+
+            final ResultSet arrayResult = value.getResultSet(); // 1: index, 2: value
+            final int baseType = value.getBaseType();
+            while ( arrayResult.next() ) {
+                array.append( jdbcToRuby(context, runtime, 2, baseType, arrayResult) );
+            }
+            return array;
+        }
+        finally { if ( value != null ) value.free(); }
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject xmlToRuby(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet, final int column)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final SQLXML xml = resultSet.getSQLXML(column);
+        try {
+            if ( xml == null || resultSet.wasNull() ) return runtime.getNil();
+
+            return RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, xml.getString());
+        }
+        finally { if ( xml != null ) xml.free(); }
+    }
+
+    protected void setStatementParameters(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final List<?> binds) throws SQLException {
+
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+
+        for ( int i = 0; i < binds.size(); i++ ) {
+            // [ [ column1, param1 ], [ column2, param2 ], ... ]
+            Object param = binds.get(i); IRubyObject column = null;
+            if ( param instanceof RubyArray ) {
+                final RubyArray _param = (RubyArray) param;
+                column = _param.eltInternal(0); param = _param.eltInternal(1);
+            }
+            else if ( param instanceof List ) {
+                final List<?> _param = (List<?>) param;
+                column = (IRubyObject) _param.get(0); param = _param.get(1);
+            }
+            else if ( param instanceof Object[] ) {
+                final Object[] _param = (Object[]) param;
+                column = (IRubyObject) _param[0]; param = _param[1];
+            }
+
+            setStatementParameter(context, runtime, connection, statement, i + 1, param, column);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // So far we have only examined the needs to Sqlite3 but for that adapter (and it is old JDBC adapter)
+    // we can pass all tests but binary column types with just the supplied value.  So we will leave it
+    // this way until we upgrade Sqlite adapter and get some more databases supported.
+    protected int typeHack(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject column, Object value) throws SQLException {
+        if (column != null) {
+            String columnType = column.asString().toString();
+
+            if (columnType.equals("binary")) return jdbcTypeFor(context, context.runtime, column, value);
+
+            column = null;
+        }
+
+        return jdbcTypeFor(context, context.runtime, column, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void setStatementParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+            final Ruby runtime, final Connection connection,
+            final PreparedStatement statement, final int index,
+            final Object value, IRubyObject column) throws SQLException {
+        int type = typeHack(context, column, value);
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case Types.TINYINT:
+            case Types.SMALLINT:
+            case Types.INTEGER:
+                if ( value instanceof RubyBignum ) { // e.g. HSQLDB / H2 report JDBC type 4
+                    setBigIntegerParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (RubyBignum) value, column, type);
+                }
+                else {
+                    setIntegerParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                }
+                break;
+            case Types.BIGINT:
+                setBigIntegerParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.REAL:
+            case Types.FLOAT:
+            case Types.DOUBLE:
+                setDoubleParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.NUMERIC:
+            case Types.DECIMAL:
+                setDecimalParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.DATE:
+                setDateParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.TIME:
+                setTimeParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.TIMESTAMP:
+                setTimestampParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.BIT:
+            case Types.BOOLEAN:
+                setBooleanParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.SQLXML:
+                setXmlParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.ARRAY:
+                setArrayParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.JAVA_OBJECT:
+            case Types.OTHER:
+                setObjectParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.BINARY:
+            case Types.VARBINARY:
+            case Types.LONGVARBINARY:
+            case Types.BLOB:
+                setBlobParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.CLOB:
+            case Types.NCLOB: // JDBC 4.0
+                setClobParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+                break;
+            case Types.CHAR:
+            case Types.VARCHAR:
+            case Types.NCHAR: // JDBC 4.0
+            case Types.NVARCHAR: // JDBC 4.0
+            default:
+                setStringParameter(context, connection, statement, index, value, column, type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private RubySymbol resolveColumnType(final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+        final IRubyObject column) {
+        if ( column instanceof RubySymbol ) { // deprecated behavior
+            return (RubySymbol) column;
+        }
+        if ( column instanceof RubyString) { // deprecated behavior
+            return ( (RubyString) column ).intern();
+        }
+
+        if ( column == null || column.isNil() ) {
+            throw runtime.newArgumentError("nil column passed");
+        }
+
+        final IRubyObject type = column.callMethod(context, "type");
+        if ( type.isNil() || ! (type instanceof RubySymbol) ) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("unexpected type = " + type.inspect() + " for " + column.inspect());
+        }
+        return (RubySymbol) type;
+    }
+
+    protected static final Map<String, Integer> JDBC_TYPE_FOR = new HashMap<String, Integer>(32, 1);
+    static {
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("string", Types.VARCHAR);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("text", Types.CLOB);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("integer", Types.INTEGER);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("float", Types.FLOAT);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("real", Types.REAL);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("decimal", Types.DECIMAL);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("date", Types.DATE);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("time", Types.TIME);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("datetime", Types.TIMESTAMP);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("timestamp", Types.TIMESTAMP);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("binary", Types.BLOB);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("boolean", Types.BOOLEAN);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("array", Types.ARRAY);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("xml", Types.SQLXML);
+
+        // also mapping standard SQL names :
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("bit", Types.BIT);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("tinyint", Types.TINYINT);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("smallint", Types.SMALLINT);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("bigint", Types.BIGINT);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("int", Types.INTEGER);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("double", Types.DOUBLE);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("numeric", Types.NUMERIC);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("char", Types.CHAR);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("varchar", Types.VARCHAR);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("binary", Types.BINARY);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("varbinary", Types.VARBINARY);
+        //JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("struct", Types.STRUCT);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("blob", Types.BLOB);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("clob", Types.CLOB);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("nchar", Types.NCHAR);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("nvarchar", Types.NVARCHAR);
+        JDBC_TYPE_FOR.put("nclob", Types.NCLOB);
+    }
+
+    protected int jdbcTypeFor(final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+        final IRubyObject column, final Object value) throws SQLException {
+
+        final String internedType;
+        if ( column != null && ! column.isNil() ) {
+            // NOTE: there's no ActiveRecord "convention" really for this ...
+            // this is based on Postgre's initial support for arrays :
+            // `column.type` contains the base type while there's `column.array?`
+            if ( column.respondsTo("array?") && column.callMethod(context, "array?").isTrue() ) {
+                internedType = "array";
+            }
+            else {
+                internedType = resolveColumnType(context, runtime, column).asJavaString();
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value instanceof RubyInteger ) internedType = "integer";
+            else if ( value instanceof RubyNumeric ) internedType = "float";
+            else if ( value instanceof RubyTime ) internedType = "timestamp";
+            else internedType = "string";
+        }
+
+        final Integer sqlType = JDBC_TYPE_FOR.get(internedType);
+        if ( sqlType != null ) return sqlType.intValue();
+
+        return Types.OTHER; // -1 as well as 0 are used in Types
+    }
+
+    protected void setIntegerParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setIntegerParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.INTEGER);
+            else {
+                statement.setLong(index, ((Number) value).longValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setIntegerParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.INTEGER);
+        else {
+            if ( value instanceof RubyFixnum ) {
+                statement.setLong(index, ((RubyFixnum) value).getLongValue());
+            }
+            else if ( value instanceof RubyNumeric ) {
+                // NOTE: fix2int will call value.convertToIngeter for non-numeric
+                // types which won't work for Strings since it uses `to_int` ...
+                statement.setInt(index, RubyNumeric.fix2int(value));
+            }
+            else {
+                statement.setLong(index, value.convertToInteger("to_i").getLongValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setBigIntegerParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setBigIntegerParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.BIGINT);
+            else {
+                if ( value instanceof BigDecimal ) {
+                    statement.setBigDecimal(index, (BigDecimal) value);
+                }
+                else if ( value instanceof BigInteger ) {
+                    setLongOrDecimalParameter(statement, index, (BigInteger) value);
+                }
+                else {
+                    statement.setLong(index, ((Number) value).longValue());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setBigIntegerParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.INTEGER);
+        else {
+            if ( value instanceof RubyBignum ) {
+                setLongOrDecimalParameter(statement, index, ((RubyBignum) value).getValue());
+            }
+            else if ( value instanceof RubyInteger ) {
+                statement.setLong(index, ((RubyInteger) value).getLongValue());
+            }
+            else {
+                setLongOrDecimalParameter(statement, index, value.convertToInteger("to_i").getBigIntegerValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final BigInteger MAX_LONG = BigInteger.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+    private static final BigInteger MIN_LONG = BigInteger.valueOf(Long.MIN_VALUE);
+
+    protected static void setLongOrDecimalParameter(final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final BigInteger value) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.compareTo(MAX_LONG) <= 0 // -1 intValue < MAX_VALUE
+                && value.compareTo(MIN_LONG) >= 0 ) {
+            statement.setLong(index, value.longValue());
+        }
+        else {
+            statement.setBigDecimal(index, new BigDecimal(value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setDoubleParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setDoubleParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.DOUBLE);
+            else {
+                statement.setDouble(index, ((Number) value).doubleValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setDoubleParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.DOUBLE);
+        else {
+            if ( value instanceof RubyNumeric ) {
+                statement.setDouble(index, ((RubyNumeric) value).getDoubleValue());
+            }
+            else {
+                statement.setDouble(index, value.convertToFloat().getDoubleValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setDecimalParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setDecimalParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.DECIMAL);
+            else {
+                if ( value instanceof BigDecimal ) {
+                    statement.setBigDecimal(index, (BigDecimal) value);
+                }
+                else if ( value instanceof BigInteger ) {
+                    setLongOrDecimalParameter(statement, index, (BigInteger) value);
+                }
+                else {
+                    statement.setDouble(index, ((Number) value).doubleValue());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setDecimalParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.DECIMAL);
+        else {
+            // NOTE: RubyBigDecimal moved into org.jruby.ext.bigdecimal (1.6 -> 1.7)
+            if ( value.getMetaClass().getName().indexOf("BigDecimal") != -1 ) {
+                statement.setBigDecimal(index, getBigDecimalValue(value));
+            }
+            else if ( value instanceof RubyInteger ) {
+                statement.setBigDecimal(index, new BigDecimal(((RubyInteger) value).getBigIntegerValue()));
+            }
+            else if ( value instanceof RubyNumeric ) {
+                statement.setDouble(index, ((RubyNumeric) value).getDoubleValue());
+            }
+            else { // e.g. `BigDecimal '42.00000000000000000001'`
+                IRubyObject v = callMethod(context, "BigDecimal", value);
+                statement.setBigDecimal(index, getBigDecimalValue(v));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static BigDecimal getBigDecimalValue(final IRubyObject value) {
+        try { // reflect ((RubyBigDecimal) value).getValue() :
+            return (BigDecimal) value.getClass().
+                getMethod("getValue", (Class<?>[]) null).
+                invoke(value, (Object[]) null);
+        }
+        catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e.getCause() != null ? e.getCause() : e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setTimestampParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setTimestampParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.TIMESTAMP);
+            else {
+                if ( value instanceof Timestamp ) {
+                    statement.setTimestamp(index, (Timestamp) value);
+                }
+                else if ( value instanceof java.util.Date ) {
+                    statement.setTimestamp(index, new Timestamp(((java.util.Date) value).getTime()));
+                }
+                else {
+                    statement.setTimestamp(index, Timestamp.valueOf(value.toString()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setTimestampParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.TIMESTAMP);
+        else {
+            value = getTimeInDefaultTimeZone(context, value);
+            if ( value instanceof RubyTime ) {
+                final RubyTime timeValue = (RubyTime) value;
+                final DateTime dateTime = timeValue.getDateTime();
+
+                final Timestamp timestamp = new Timestamp( dateTime.getMillis() );
+                if ( type != Types.DATE ) { // 1942-11-30T01:02:03.123_456
+                    // getMillis already set nanos to: 123_000_000
+                    final int usec = (int) timeValue.getUSec(); // 456 on JRuby
+                    if ( usec >= 0 ) {
+                        timestamp.setNanos( timestamp.getNanos() + usec * 1000 );
+                    }
+                }
+                statement.setTimestamp( index, timestamp, getTimeZoneCalendar(dateTime.getZone().getID()) );
+            }
+            else if ( value instanceof RubyString ) { // yyyy-[m]m-[d]d hh:mm:ss[.f...]
+                final Timestamp timestamp = Timestamp.valueOf( value.toString() );
+                statement.setTimestamp( index, timestamp ); // assume local time-zone
+            }
+            else { // DateTime ( ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.to_time )
+                final RubyFloat timeValue = value.convertToFloat(); // to_f
+                final Timestamp timestamp = convertToTimestamp(timeValue);
+
+                statement.setTimestamp( index, timestamp, getTimeZoneCalendar("GMT") );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static Timestamp convertToTimestamp(final RubyFloat value) {
+        final Timestamp timestamp = new Timestamp(value.getLongValue() * 1000); // millis
+
+        // for usec we shall not use: ((long) floatValue * 1000000) % 1000
+        // if ( usec >= 0 ) timestamp.setNanos( timestamp.getNanos() + usec * 1000 );
+        // due doubles inaccurate precision it's better to parse to_s :
+        final ByteList strValue = ((RubyString) value.to_s()).getByteList();
+        final int dot1 = strValue.lastIndexOf('.') + 1, dot4 = dot1 + 3;
+        final int len = strValue.getRealSize() - strValue.getBegin();
+        if ( dot1 > 0 && dot4 < len ) { // skip .123 but handle .1234
+            final int end = Math.min( len - dot4, 3 );
+            CharSequence usecSeq = strValue.subSequence(dot4, end);
+            final int usec = Integer.parseInt( usecSeq.toString() );
+            if ( usec < 10 ) { // 0.1234 ~> 4
+                timestamp.setNanos( timestamp.getNanos() + usec * 100 );
+            }
+            else if ( usec < 100 ) { // 0.12345 ~> 45
+                timestamp.setNanos( timestamp.getNanos() + usec * 10 );
+            }
+            else { // if ( usec < 1000 ) { // 0.123456 ~> 456
+                timestamp.setNanos( timestamp.getNanos() + usec );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return timestamp;
+    }
+
+    protected static IRubyObject getTimeInDefaultTimeZone(final ThreadContext context, IRubyObject value) {
+        if ( value.respondsTo("to_time") ) {
+            value = value.callMethod(context, "to_time");
+        }
+        final String method = isDefaultTimeZoneUTC(context) ? "getutc" : "getlocal";
+        if ( value.respondsTo(method) ) {
+            value = value.callMethod(context, method);
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    protected static boolean isDefaultTimeZoneUTC(final ThreadContext context) {
+        // :utc
+        final String tz = ActiveRecord(context).getClass("Base").callMethod(context, "default_timezone").toString();
+        return "utc".equalsIgnoreCase(tz);
+    }
+
+    private static Calendar getTimeZoneCalendar(final String ID) {
+        return Calendar.getInstance( TimeZone.getTimeZone(ID) );
+    }
+
+    protected void setTimeParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setTimeParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.TIME);
+            else {
+                if ( value instanceof Time ) {
+                    statement.setTime(index, (Time) value);
+                }
+                else if ( value instanceof java.util.Date ) {
+                    statement.setTime(index, new Time(((java.util.Date) value).getTime()));
+                }
+                else { // hh:mm:ss
+                    statement.setTime(index, Time.valueOf(value.toString()));
+                    // statement.setString(index, value.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setTimeParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.TIME);
+        else {
+            value = getTimeInDefaultTimeZone(context, value);
+            if ( value instanceof RubyTime ) {
+                final RubyTime timeValue = (RubyTime) value;
+                final DateTime dateTime = timeValue.getDateTime();
+
+                final Time time = new Time( dateTime.getMillis() );
+                statement.setTime( index, time, getTimeZoneCalendar(dateTime.getZone().getID()) );
+            }
+            else if ( value instanceof RubyString ) {
+                final Time time = Time.valueOf( value.toString() );
+                statement.setTime( index, time ); // assume local time-zone
+            }
+            else { // DateTime ( ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.to_time )
+                final RubyFloat timeValue = value.convertToFloat(); // to_f
+                final Time time = new Time(timeValue.getLongValue() * 1000); // millis
+                // java.sql.Time is expected to be only up to second precision
+                statement.setTime( index, time, getTimeZoneCalendar("GMT") );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setDateParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setDateParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.DATE);
+            else {
+                if ( value instanceof Date ) {
+                    statement.setDate(index, (Date) value);
+                }
+                else if ( value instanceof java.util.Date ) {
+                    statement.setDate(index, new Date(((java.util.Date) value).getTime()));
+                }
+                else { // yyyy-[m]m-[d]d
+                    statement.setDate(index, Date.valueOf(value.toString()));
+                    // statement.setString(index, value.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setDateParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.DATE);
+        else {
+            //if ( value instanceof RubyString ) {
+            //    final Date date = Date.valueOf( value.toString() );
+            //    statement.setDate( index, date ); // assume local time-zone
+            //    return;
+            //}
+            if ( ! "Date".equals( value.getMetaClass().getName() ) ) {
+                if ( value.respondsTo("to_date") ) {
+                    value = value.callMethod(context, "to_date");
+                }
+            }
+            final Date date = Date.valueOf( value.asString().toString() ); // to_s
+            statement.setDate( index, date /*, getTimeZoneCalendar("GMT") */ );
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setBooleanParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setBooleanParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.BOOLEAN);
+            else {
+                statement.setBoolean(index, ((Boolean) value).booleanValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setBooleanParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.BOOLEAN);
+        else {
+            statement.setBoolean(index, value.isTrue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setStringParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setStringParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.VARCHAR);
+            else {
+                statement.setString(index, value.toString());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setStringParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.VARCHAR);
+        else {
+            statement.setString(index, value.asString().toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setArrayParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+            final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+            final int index, final Object value,
+            final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setArrayParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        } else {
+            if ( value == null ) {
+                statement.setNull(index, Types.ARRAY);
+            } else {
+                String typeName = resolveArrayBaseTypeName(context, value, column, type);
+                Array array = connection.createArrayOf(typeName, (Object[]) value);
+                statement.setArray(index, array);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setArrayParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) {
+            statement.setNull(index, Types.ARRAY);
+        } else {
+            String typeName = resolveArrayBaseTypeName(context, value, column, type);
+            Array array = connection.createArrayOf(typeName, ((RubyArray) value).toArray());
+            statement.setArray(index, array);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected String resolveArrayBaseTypeName(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Object value, final IRubyObject column, final int type) {
+        // return column.callMethod(context, "sql_type").toString();
+        String sqlType = column.callMethod(context, "sql_type").toString();
+        final int index = sqlType.indexOf('('); // e.g. "character varying(255)"
+        if ( index > 0 ) sqlType = sqlType.substring(0, index);
+        return sqlType;
+    }
+
+    protected void setXmlParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setXmlParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.SQLXML);
+            else {
+                SQLXML xml = connection.createSQLXML();
+                xml.setString(value.toString());
+                statement.setSQLXML(index, xml);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setXmlParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.SQLXML);
+        else {
+            SQLXML xml = connection.createSQLXML();
+            xml.setString(value.asString().toString());
+            statement.setSQLXML(index, xml);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setBlobParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setBlobParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.BLOB);
+            else {
+                //statement.setBlob(index, (InputStream) value);
+                statement.setBinaryStream(index, (InputStream) value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setBlobParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.BLOB);
+        else {
+            if ( value instanceof RubyIO ) { // IO/File
+                //statement.setBlob(index, ((RubyIO) value).getInStream());
+                statement.setBinaryStream(index, ((RubyIO) value).getInStream());
+            }
+            else { // should be a RubyString
+                final ByteList blob = value.asString().getByteList();
+                statement.setBytes(index, blob.bytes());
+                //statement.setBinaryStream(index,
+//                    new ByteArrayInputStream(blob.unsafeBytes(), blob.getBegin(), blob.getRealSize()),
+//                    blob.getRealSize() // length
+//                );
+                // JDBC 4.0 :
+                //statement.setBlob(index,
+                //    new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes.unsafeBytes(), bytes.getBegin(), bytes.getRealSize())
+                //);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setClobParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value instanceof IRubyObject ) {
+            setClobParameter(context, connection, statement, index, (IRubyObject) value, column, type);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.CLOB);
+            else {
+                statement.setClob(index, (Reader) value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setClobParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, final IRubyObject value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if ( value.isNil() ) statement.setNull(index, Types.CLOB);
+        else {
+            if ( value instanceof RubyIO ) { // IO/File
+                statement.setClob(index, new InputStreamReader(((RubyIO) value).getInStream()));
+            }
+            else { // should be a RubyString
+                final String clob = value.asString().decodeString();
+                statement.setCharacterStream(index, new StringReader(clob), clob.length());
+                // JDBC 4.0 :
+                //statement.setClob(index, new StringReader(clob));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setObjectParameter(final ThreadContext context,
+        final Connection connection, final PreparedStatement statement,
+        final int index, Object value,
+        final IRubyObject column, final int type) throws SQLException {
+        if (value instanceof IRubyObject) {
+            value = ((IRubyObject) value).toJava(Object.class);
+        }
+        if ( value == null ) statement.setNull(index, Types.JAVA_OBJECT);
+        statement.setObject(index, value);
+    }
+
+    protected Connection getConnection(ThreadContext context, boolean reportMissingConnection) {
+        Connection connection = (Connection) dataGetStruct(); // synchronized
+
+        if (connection == null && reportMissingConnection) {
+            throw new RaiseException(getRuntime(), ActiveRecord(context).getClass("ConnectionNotEstablished"),
+                    "no connection available", false);
+        }
+
+        return connection;
+    }
+
+    private IRubyObject setConnection(ThreadContext context, final Connection connection) {
+        close(getConnection(context, false)); // close previously open connection if there is one
+
+        final IRubyObject rubyConnectionObject = connection != null ?
+                convertJavaToRuby(connection) : context.runtime.getNil();
+
+        setInstanceVariable( "@connection", rubyConnectionObject );
+        dataWrapStruct(connection);
+
+        return rubyConnectionObject;
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isConnectionValid(final ThreadContext context, final Connection connection) {
+        if ( connection == null ) return false;
+        Statement statement = null;
+        try {
+            final RubyString aliveSQL = getAliveSQL(context);
+            final RubyInteger aliveTimeout = getAliveTimeout(context);
+            if ( aliveSQL != null && isSelect(aliveSQL) ) {
+                // expect a SELECT/CALL SQL statement
+                statement = createStatement(context, connection);
+                if (aliveTimeout != null) {
+                    statement.setQueryTimeout((int) aliveTimeout.getLongValue()); // 0 - no timeout
+                }
+                statement.execute( aliveSQL.toString() );
+                return true; // connection alive
+            }
+            else { // alive_sql nil (or not a statement we can execute)
+                return connection.isValid(aliveTimeout == null ? 0 : (int) aliveTimeout.getLongValue()); // since JDBC 4.0
+                // ... isValid(0) (default) means no timeout applied
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            debugMessage(context, "connection considered broken due: " + e.toString());
+            return false;
+        }
+        catch (AbstractMethodError e) { // non-JDBC 4.0 driver
+            warn( context,
+                "WARN: driver does not support checking if connection isValid()" +
+                " please make sure you're using a JDBC 4.0 compilant driver or" +
+                " set `connection_alive_sql: ...` in your database configuration" );
+            debugStackTrace(context, e);
+            throw e;
+        }
+        finally { close(statement); }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * internal API do not depend on it
+     */
+    protected final RubyString getAliveSQL(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final IRubyObject alive_sql = getConfigValue(context, "connection_alive_sql");
+        return alive_sql.isNil() ? null : alive_sql.convertToString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * internal API do not depend on it
+     */
+    protected final RubyInteger getAliveTimeout(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final IRubyObject timeout = getConfigValue(context, "connection_alive_timeout");
+        return timeout.isNil() ? null : timeout.convertToInteger("to_i");
+    }
+
+    private boolean tableExists(final Ruby runtime,
+        final Connection connection, final TableName tableName) throws SQLException {
+        final IRubyObject matchedTables =
+            matchTables(runtime, connection, tableName.catalog, tableName.schema, tableName.name, getTableTypes(), true);
+        // NOTE: allow implementers to ignore checkExistsOnly paramater - empty array means does not exists
+        return matchedTables != null && ! matchedTables.isNil() &&
+            ( ! (matchedTables instanceof RubyArray) || ! ((RubyArray) matchedTables).isEmpty() );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Match table names for given table name (pattern).
+     * @param runtime
+     * @param connection
+     * @param catalog
+     * @param schemaPattern
+     * @param tablePattern
+     * @param types table types
+     * @param checkExistsOnly an optimization flag (that might be ignored by sub-classes)
+     * whether the result really matters if true no need to map table names and a truth-y
+     * value is sufficient (except for an empty array which is considered that the table
+     * did not exists).
+     * @return matched (and Ruby mapped) table names
+     * @see #mapTables(Ruby, DatabaseMetaData, String, String, String, ResultSet)
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    protected IRubyObject matchTables(final Ruby runtime,
+            final Connection connection,
+            final String catalog, final String schemaPattern,
+            final String tablePattern, final String[] types,
+            final boolean checkExistsOnly) throws SQLException {
+
+        final String _tablePattern = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, tablePattern);
+        final String _schemaPattern = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, schemaPattern);
+        final DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
+
+        ResultSet tablesSet = null;
+        try {
+            tablesSet = metaData.getTables(catalog, _schemaPattern, _tablePattern, types);
+            if ( checkExistsOnly ) { // only check if given table exists
+                return tablesSet.next() ? runtime.getTrue() : null;
+            }
+            else {
+                return mapTables(runtime, metaData, catalog, _schemaPattern, _tablePattern, tablesSet);
+            }
+        }
+        finally { close(tablesSet); }
+    }
+
+    // NOTE java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.getTables :
+    protected final static int TABLES_TABLE_CAT = 1;
+    protected final static int TABLES_TABLE_SCHEM = 2;
+    protected final static int TABLES_TABLE_NAME = 3;
+    protected final static int TABLES_TABLE_TYPE = 4;
+
+    /**
+     * @param runtime
+     * @param metaData
+     * @param catalog
+     * @param schemaPattern
+     * @param tablePattern
+     * @param tablesSet
+     * @return List<RubyString>
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    // NOTE: change to accept a connection instead of meta-data
+    protected RubyArray mapTables(final Ruby runtime, final DatabaseMetaData metaData,
+            final String catalog, final String schemaPattern, final String tablePattern,
+            final ResultSet tablesSet) throws SQLException {
+        final RubyArray tables = runtime.newArray();
+        while ( tablesSet.next() ) {
+            String name = tablesSet.getString(TABLES_TABLE_NAME);
+
+            name = caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, name);
+
+            tables.add(RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, name));
+        }
+        return tables;
+    }
+
+    protected static final int COLUMN_NAME = 4;
+    protected static final int DATA_TYPE = 5;
+    protected static final int TYPE_NAME = 6;
+    protected static final int COLUMN_SIZE = 7;
+    protected static final int DECIMAL_DIGITS = 9;
+    protected static final int COLUMN_DEF = 13;
+    protected static final int IS_NULLABLE = 18;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a string which represents a SQL type usable by Rails from the
+     * resultSet column meta-data
+     * @param resultSet
+     */
+    protected String typeFromResultSet(final ResultSet resultSet) throws SQLException {
+        final int precision = intFromResultSet(resultSet, COLUMN_SIZE);
+        final int scale = intFromResultSet(resultSet, DECIMAL_DIGITS);
+
+        final String type = resultSet.getString(TYPE_NAME);
+        return formatTypeWithPrecisionAndScale(type, precision, scale);
+    }
+
+    protected static int intFromResultSet(
+        final ResultSet resultSet, final int column) throws SQLException {
+        final int precision = resultSet.getInt(column);
+        return precision == 0 && resultSet.wasNull() ? -1 : precision;
+    }
+
+    protected static String formatTypeWithPrecisionAndScale(
+        final String type, final int precision, final int scale) {
+
+        if ( precision <= 0 ) return type;
+
+        final StringBuilder typeStr = new StringBuilder().append(type);
+        typeStr.append('(').append(precision); // type += "(" + precision;
+        if ( scale > 0 ) typeStr.append(',').append(scale); // type += "," + scale;
+        return typeStr.append(')').toString(); // type += ")";
+    }
+
+    private static IRubyObject defaultValueFromResultSet(final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet resultSet)
+        throws SQLException {
+        final String defaultValue = resultSet.getString(COLUMN_DEF);
+        return defaultValue == null ? runtime.getNil() : RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, defaultValue);
+    }
+
+    protected RubyArray mapColumnsResult(final ThreadContext context,
+        final DatabaseMetaData metaData, final TableName components, final ResultSet results)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        final RubyClass Column = getJdbcColumnClass(context);
+        final boolean lookupCastType = Column.isMethodBound("cast_type", false);
+        // NOTE: primary/primary= methods were removed from Column in AR 4.2
+        // setPrimary = ! lookupCastType by default ... it's better than checking
+        // whether primary= is bound since it might be a left over in AR-JDBC ext
+        return mapColumnsResult(context, metaData, components, results, Column, lookupCastType, ! lookupCastType);
+    }
+
+    protected final RubyArray mapColumnsResult(final ThreadContext context,
+        final DatabaseMetaData metaData, final TableName components, final ResultSet results,
+        final RubyClass Column, final boolean lookupCastType, final boolean setPrimary)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+
+        final Collection<String> primaryKeyNames =
+            setPrimary ? getPrimaryKeyNames(metaData, components) : null;
+
+        final RubyArray columns = runtime.newArray();
+        final IRubyObject config = getConfig(context);
+        while ( results.next() ) {
+            final String colName = results.getString(COLUMN_NAME);
+            final RubyString railsColumnName = RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, caseConvertIdentifierForRails(metaData, colName));
+            final IRubyObject defaultValue = defaultValueFromResultSet( runtime, results );
+            final RubyString sqlType = RubyString.newUnicodeString( runtime, typeFromResultSet(results) );
+            final RubyBoolean nullable = runtime.newBoolean( ! results.getString(IS_NULLABLE).trim().equals("NO") );
+            final IRubyObject[] args;
+            if ( lookupCastType ) {
+                final IRubyObject castType = getAdapter(context).callMethod(context, "lookup_cast_type", sqlType);
+                args = new IRubyObject[] {config, railsColumnName, defaultValue, castType, sqlType, nullable};
+            } else {
+                args = new IRubyObject[] {config, railsColumnName, defaultValue, sqlType, nullable};
+            }
+
+            IRubyObject column = Column.callMethod(context, "new", args);
+            columns.append(column);
+
+            if ( primaryKeyNames != null ) {
+                final RubyBoolean primary = runtime.newBoolean( primaryKeyNames.contains(colName) );
+                column.getInstanceVariables().setInstanceVariable("@primary", primary);
+            }
+        }
+        return columns;
+    }
+
+    private static Collection<String> getPrimaryKeyNames(final DatabaseMetaData metaData,
+        final TableName components) throws SQLException {
+        ResultSet primaryKeys = null;
+        try {
+            primaryKeys = metaData.getPrimaryKeys(components.catalog, components.schema, components.name);
+            final List<String> primaryKeyNames = new ArrayList<String>(4);
+            while ( primaryKeys.next() ) {
+                primaryKeyNames.add( primaryKeys.getString(COLUMN_NAME) );
+            }
+            return primaryKeyNames;
+        }
+        finally {
+            close(primaryKeys);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject mapGeneratedKeys(
+        final Ruby runtime, final Connection connection,
+        final Statement statement) throws SQLException {
+        return mapGeneratedKeys(runtime, connection, statement, null);
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject mapGeneratedKeys(
+        final Ruby runtime, final Connection connection,
+        final Statement statement, final Boolean singleResult)
+        throws SQLException {
+        if ( supportsGeneratedKeys(connection) ) {
+            ResultSet genKeys = null;
+            try {
+                genKeys = statement.getGeneratedKeys();
+                // drivers might report a non-result statement without keys
+                // e.g. on derby with SQL: 'SET ISOLATION = SERIALIZABLE'
+                if ( genKeys == null ) return runtime.getNil();
+                return doMapGeneratedKeys(runtime, genKeys, singleResult);
+            }
+            catch (SQLFeatureNotSupportedException e) {
+                return null; // statement.getGeneratedKeys()
+            }
+            finally { close(genKeys); }
+        }
+        return null; // not supported
+    }
+
+    protected final IRubyObject doMapGeneratedKeys(final Ruby runtime,
+        final ResultSet genKeys, final Boolean singleResult)
+        throws SQLException {
+
+        IRubyObject firstKey = null;
+        // no generated keys - e.g. INSERT statement for a table that does
+        // not have and auto-generated ID column :
+        boolean next = genKeys.next() && genKeys.getMetaData().getColumnCount() > 0;
+        // singleResult == null - guess if only single key returned
+        if ( singleResult == null || singleResult.booleanValue() ) {
+            if ( next ) {
+                firstKey = mapGeneratedKey(runtime, genKeys);
+                if ( singleResult != null || ! genKeys.next() ) {
+                    return firstKey;
+                }
+                next = true; // 2nd genKeys.next() returned true
+            }
+            else {
+                /* if ( singleResult != null ) */ return runtime.getNil();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final RubyArray keys = runtime.newArray();
+        if ( firstKey != null ) keys.append(firstKey); // singleResult == null
+        while ( next ) {
+            keys.append( mapGeneratedKey(runtime, genKeys) );
+            next = genKeys.next();
+        }
+        return keys;
+    }
+
+    protected IRubyObject mapGeneratedKey(final Ruby runtime, final ResultSet genKeys) throws SQLException {
+        return runtime.newFixnum(genKeys.getLong(1));
+    }
+
+    private Boolean supportsGeneratedKeys;
+
+    protected boolean supportsGeneratedKeys(final Connection connection) throws SQLException {
+        if (supportsGeneratedKeys == null) {
+            synchronized(this) {
+                if (supportsGeneratedKeys == null) {
+                    supportsGeneratedKeys = connection.getMetaData().supportsGetGeneratedKeys();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return supportsGeneratedKeys.booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a JDBC result set into an array (rows) of hashes (row).
+     *
+     * @param downCase should column names only be in lower case?
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private IRubyObject mapToRawResult(final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+            final Connection connection, final ResultSet resultSet,
+            final boolean downCase) throws SQLException {
+
+        final ColumnData[] columns = extractColumns(runtime, connection, resultSet, downCase);
+
+        final RubyArray results = runtime.newArray();
+        // [ { 'col1': 1, 'col2': 2 }, { 'col1': 3, 'col2': 4 } ]
+        populateFromResultSet(context, runtime, (List<IRubyObject>) results, resultSet, columns);
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    private IRubyObject yieldResultRows(final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+            final Connection connection, final ResultSet resultSet,
+            final Block block) throws SQLException {
+
+        final ColumnData[] columns = extractColumns(runtime, connection, resultSet, false);
+
+        final IRubyObject[] blockArgs = new IRubyObject[columns.length];
+        while ( resultSet.next() ) {
+            for ( int i = 0; i < columns.length; i++ ) {
+                final ColumnData column = columns[i];
+                blockArgs[i] = jdbcToRuby(context, runtime, column.index, column.type, resultSet);
+            }
+            block.call( context, blockArgs );
+        }
+
+        return runtime.getNil(); // yielded result rows
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extract columns from result set.
+     * @param runtime
+     * @param connection
+     * @param resultSet
+     * @param downCase
+     * @return columns data
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    protected ColumnData[] extractColumns(final Ruby runtime,
+        final Connection connection, final ResultSet resultSet,
+        final boolean downCase) throws SQLException {
+        return setupColumns(runtime, connection, resultSet.getMetaData(), downCase);
+    }
+
+    protected <T> T withConnection(final ThreadContext context, final Callable<T> block)
+        throws RaiseException {
+        try {
+            return withConnection(context, true, block);
+        }
+        catch (final SQLException e) {
+            return handleException(context, e); // should never happen
+        }
+    }
+
+    private <T> T withConnection(final ThreadContext context, final boolean handleException, final Callable<T> block)
+        throws RaiseException, RuntimeException, SQLException {
+
+        Throwable exception = null; int retry = 0; int i = 0;
+
+        do {
+            if ( retry > 0 ) reconnect(context); // we're retrying running block
+
+            final Connection connection = getConnection(context, true);
+            boolean autoCommit = true; // retry in-case getAutoCommit throws
+            try {
+                autoCommit = connection.getAutoCommit();
+                return block.call(connection);
+            }
+            catch (final Exception e) { // SQLException or RuntimeException
+                exception = e;
+
+                if ( autoCommit ) { // do not retry if (inside) transactions
+                    if ( i == 0 ) {
+                        IRubyObject retryCount = getConfigValue(context, "retry_count");
+                        if ( ! retryCount.isNil() ) {
+                            retry = (int) retryCount.convertToInteger().getLongValue();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if ( isConnectionValid(context, connection) ) {
+                        break; // connection not broken yet failed (do not retry)
+                    }
+                    // we'll reconnect and retry calling block again
+                }
+                else break;
+            }
+        } while ( i++ < retry ); // i == 0, retry == 1 means we should retry once
+
+        // (retry) loop ended and we did not return ... exception != null
+        if ( handleException ) {
+            return handleException(context, getCause(exception)); // throws
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( exception instanceof SQLException ) {
+                throw (SQLException) exception;
+            }
+            if ( exception instanceof RuntimeException ) {
+                throw (RuntimeException) exception;
+            }
+            // won't happen - our try block only throws SQL or Runtime exceptions
+            throw new RuntimeException(exception);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Throwable getCause(Throwable exception) {
+        Throwable cause = exception.getCause();
+        while (cause != null && cause != exception) {
+            // SQLException's cause might be DB specific (checked/unchecked) :
+            if ( exception instanceof SQLException ) break;
+            exception = cause; cause = exception.getCause();
+        }
+        return exception;
+    }
+
+    protected <T> T handleException(final ThreadContext context, Throwable exception)
+        throws RaiseException {
+        // NOTE: we shall not wrap unchecked (runtime) exceptions into AR::Error
+        // if it's really a misbehavior of the driver throwing a RuntimeExcepion
+        // instead of SQLException than this should be overriden for the adapter
+        if ( exception instanceof RuntimeException ) {
+            throw (RuntimeException) exception;
+        }
+        debugStackTrace(context, exception);
+        throw wrapException(context, exception);
+    }
+
+    protected RaiseException wrapException(final ThreadContext context, final Throwable exception) {
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+        if ( exception instanceof SQLException ) {
+            final String message = SQLException.class == exception.getClass() ?
+                exception.getMessage() : exception.toString(); // useful to easily see type on Ruby side
+            final RaiseException error = wrapException(context, getJDBCError(runtime), exception, message);
+            final int errorCode = ((SQLException) exception).getErrorCode();
+            final RubyException self = error.getException();
+            self.getMetaClass().finvoke(context, self, "errno=", runtime.newFixnum(errorCode));
+            self.getMetaClass().finvoke(context, self, "sql_exception=", JavaEmbedUtils.javaToRuby(runtime, exception));
+            return error;
+        }
+        return wrapException(context, getJDBCError(runtime), exception);
+    }
+
+    protected static RaiseException wrapException(final ThreadContext context,
+        final RubyClass errorClass, final Throwable exception) {
+        return wrapException(context, errorClass, exception, exception.toString());
+    }
+
+    protected static RaiseException wrapException(final ThreadContext context,
+        final RubyClass errorClass, final Throwable exception, final String message) {
+        final RaiseException error = new RaiseException(context.getRuntime(), errorClass, message, true);
+        error.initCause(exception);
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    private IRubyObject convertJavaToRuby(final Object object) {
+        return JavaUtil.convertJavaToRuby( getRuntime(), object );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Some databases support schemas and others do not.
+     * For ones which do this method should return true, aiding in decisions regarding schema vs database determination.
+     */
+    protected boolean databaseSupportsSchemas() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static final byte[] SELECT = new byte[] { 's','e','l','e','c','t' };
+    private static final byte[] WITH = new byte[] { 'w','i','t','h' };
+    private static final byte[] SHOW = new byte[] { 's','h','o','w' };
+    private static final byte[] CALL = new byte[]{ 'c','a','l','l' };
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "select?", required = 1, meta = true, frame = false)
+    public static IRubyObject select_p(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject self, final IRubyObject sql) {
+        return context.getRuntime().newBoolean( isSelect(sql.convertToString()) );
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isSelect(final RubyString sql) {
+        final ByteList sqlBytes = sql.getByteList();
+        return startsWithIgnoreCase(sqlBytes, SELECT) ||
+               startsWithIgnoreCase(sqlBytes, WITH) ||
+               startsWithIgnoreCase(sqlBytes, SHOW) ||
+               startsWithIgnoreCase(sqlBytes, CALL);
+    }
+
+    private static final byte[] INSERT = new byte[] { 'i','n','s','e','r','t' };
+
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "insert?", required = 1, meta = true, frame = false)
+    public static IRubyObject insert_p(final ThreadContext context,
+        final IRubyObject self, final IRubyObject sql) {
+        final ByteList sqlBytes = sql.convertToString().getByteList();
+        return context.getRuntime().newBoolean(startsWithIgnoreCase(sqlBytes, INSERT));
+    }
+
+    protected static boolean startsWithIgnoreCase(final ByteList string, final byte[] start) {
+        int p = skipWhitespace(string, string.getBegin());
+        final byte[] stringBytes = string.unsafeBytes();
+        if ( stringBytes[p] == '(' ) p = skipWhitespace(string, p + 1);
+
+        for ( int i = 0; i < string.getRealSize() && i < start.length; i++ ) {
+            if ( Character.toLowerCase(stringBytes[p + i]) != start[i] ) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static int skipWhitespace(final ByteList string, final int from) {
+        final int end = string.getBegin() + string.getRealSize();
+        final byte[] stringBytes = string.unsafeBytes();
+        for ( int i = from; i < end; i++ ) {
+            if ( ! Character.isWhitespace( stringBytes[i] ) ) return i;
+        }
+        return end;
+    }
+
+    // maps a AR::Result row
+    protected IRubyObject mapRow(final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+                              final ColumnData[] columns, final ResultSet resultSet,
+                              final RubyJdbcConnection connection) throws SQLException {
+        final RubyArray row = runtime.newArray(columns.length);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < columns.length; i++) {
+            final ColumnData column = columns[i];
+            row.append(connection.jdbcToRuby(context, runtime, column.index, column.type, resultSet));
+        }
+
+        return row;
+    }
+
+        IRubyObject mapRawRow(final ThreadContext context, final Ruby runtime,
+            final ColumnData[] columns, final ResultSet resultSet,
+            final RubyJdbcConnection connection) throws SQLException {
+
+            final RubyHash row = RubyHash.newHash(runtime);
+
+            for ( int i = 0; i < columns.length; i++ ) {
+                final ColumnData column = columns[i];
+                row.op_aset( context, column.name,
+                    connection.jdbcToRuby(context, runtime, column.index, column.type, resultSet)
+                );
+            }
+
+            return row;
+        }
+
+    protected IRubyObject newResult(final ThreadContext context, ColumnData[] columns, IRubyObject rows) {
+        RubyClass result = ActiveRecord(context).getClass("Result");
+
+        return Helpers.invoke(context, result, "new", columnsToArray(context, columns), rows);
+    }
+
+    private RubyArray columnsToArray(ThreadContext context, ColumnData[] columns) {
+        final RubyArray cols = RubyArray.newArray(context.runtime, columns.length);
+
+        for ( int i = 0; i < columns.length; i++ ) {
+            cols.append( columns[i].name );
+        }
+
+        return cols;
+    }
+
+
+    protected static final class TableName {
+
+        public final String catalog, schema, name;
+
+        public TableName(String catalog, String schema, String table) {
+            this.catalog = catalog;
+            this.schema = schema;
+            this.name = table;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return getClass().getName() +
+            "{catalog=" + catalog + ",schema=" + schema + ",name=" + name + "}";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extract the table name components for the given name e.g. "mycat.sys.entries"
+     *
+     * @param connection
+     * @param catalog (optional) catalog to use if table name does not contain
+     *                 the catalog prefix
+     * @param schema (optional) schema to use if table name does not have one
+     * @param tableName the table name
+     * @return (parsed) table name
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException for invalid table name format
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    protected TableName extractTableName(
+            final Connection connection, String catalog, String schema,
+            final String tableName) throws IllegalArgumentException, SQLException {
+
+        final String[] nameParts = tableName.split("\\.");
+        if ( nameParts.length > 3 ) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("table name: " + tableName + " should not contain more than 2 '.'");
+        }
+
+        String name = tableName;
+
+        if ( nameParts.length == 2 ) {
+            schema = nameParts[0];
+            name = nameParts[1];
+        }
+        else if ( nameParts.length == 3 ) {
+            catalog = nameParts[0];
+            schema = nameParts[1];
+            name = nameParts[2];
+        }
+
+        if ( schema != null ) {
+            schema = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, schema);
+        }
+        name = caseConvertIdentifierForJdbc(connection, name);
+
+        if ( schema != null && ! databaseSupportsSchemas() ) {
+            catalog = schema;
+        }
+        if ( catalog == null ) catalog = connection.getCatalog();
+
+        return new TableName(catalog, schema, name);
+    }
+
+    protected static final class ColumnData {
+
+        public final RubyString name;
+        public final int index;
+        public final int type;
+
+        public ColumnData(RubyString name, int type, int idx) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.type = type;
+            this.index = idx;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "'" + name + "'i" + index + "t" + type + "";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private ColumnData[] setupColumns(
+            final Ruby runtime,
+            final Connection connection,
+            final ResultSetMetaData resultMetaData,
+            final boolean downCase) throws SQLException {
+
+        final int columnCount = resultMetaData.getColumnCount();
+        final ColumnData[] columns = new ColumnData[columnCount];
+
+        for ( int i = 1; i <= columnCount; i++ ) { // metadata is one-based
+            String name = resultMetaData.getColumnLabel(i);
+            if ( downCase ) {
+                name = name.toLowerCase();
+            } else {
+                name = caseConvertIdentifierForRails(connection, name);
+            }
+            final RubyString columnName = RubyString.newUnicodeString(runtime, name);
+            final int columnType = resultMetaData.getColumnType(i);
+            columns[i - 1] = new ColumnData(columnName, columnType, i);
+        }
+
+        return columns;
+    }
+
+    // JDBC API Helpers :
+
+    protected static void close(final Connection connection) {
+        if ( connection != null ) {
+            try { connection.close(); }
+            catch (final Exception e) { /* NOOP */ }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void close(final ResultSet resultSet) {
+        if (resultSet != null) {
+            try { resultSet.close(); }
+            catch (final Exception e) { /* NOOP */ }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void close(final Statement statement) {
+        if (statement != null) {
+            try { statement.close(); }
+            catch (final Exception e) { /* NOOP */ }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // DEBUG-ing helpers :
+
+    private static boolean debug = Boolean.getBoolean("arjdbc.debug");
+
+    public static boolean isDebug() { return debug; }
+
+    public static void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        RubyJdbcConnection.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void debugMessage(final String msg) {
+        debugMessage(null, msg);
+    }
+
+    public static void debugMessage(final ThreadContext context, final String msg) {
+        if ( debug || ( context != null && context.runtime.isDebug() ) ) {
+            final PrintStream out = context != null ? context.runtime.getOut() : System.out;
+            out.println(msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static void debugErrorSQL(final ThreadContext context, final String sql) {
+        if ( debug || ( context != null && context.runtime.isDebug() ) ) {
+            final PrintStream out = context != null ? context.runtime.getOut() : System.out;
+            out.println("Error SQL: '" + sql + "'");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // disables full (Java) traces to be printed while DEBUG is on
+    private static final Boolean debugStackTrace;
+    static {
+        String debugTrace = System.getProperty("arjdbc.debug.trace");
+        debugStackTrace = debugTrace == null ? null : Boolean.parseBoolean(debugTrace);
+    }
+
+    public static void debugStackTrace(final ThreadContext context, final Throwable e) {
+        if ( debug || ( context != null && context.runtime.isDebug() ) ) {
+            final PrintStream out = context != null ? context.runtime.getOut() : System.out;
+            if ( debugStackTrace == null || debugStackTrace.booleanValue() ) {
+                e.printStackTrace(out);
+            }
+            else {
+                out.println(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void warn(final ThreadContext context, final String message) {
+        callMethod(context, "warn", context.getRuntime().newString(message));
+    }
+
+    private static RubyArray createCallerBacktrace(final ThreadContext context) {
+        final Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+        runtime.incrementCallerCount();
+
+        Method gatherCallerBacktrace; RubyStackTraceElement[] trace;
+        try {
+            gatherCallerBacktrace = context.getClass().getMethod("gatherCallerBacktrace");
+            trace = (RubyStackTraceElement[]) gatherCallerBacktrace.invoke(context); // 1.6.8
+        }
+        catch (NoSuchMethodException ignore) {
+            try {
+                gatherCallerBacktrace = context.getClass().getMethod("gatherCallerBacktrace", Integer.TYPE);
+                trace = (RubyStackTraceElement[]) gatherCallerBacktrace.invoke(context, 0); // 1.7.4
+            }
+            catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); }
+            catch (IllegalAccessException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); }
+            catch (InvocationTargetException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e.getTargetException()); }
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e.getTargetException()); }
+        // RubyStackTraceElement[] trace = context.gatherCallerBacktrace(level);
+
+        final RubyArray backtrace = runtime.newArray(trace.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < trace.length; i++) {
+            RubyStackTraceElement element = trace[i];
+            backtrace.append( RubyString.newString(runtime,
+                element.getFileName() + ":" + element.getLineNumber() + ":in `" + element.getMethodName() + "'"
+            ) );
+        }
+        return backtrace;
+    }
+
+}