moxml 0.1.7 → 0.1.8

data/Rakefile

@@ -9,4 +9,57 @@ require "rubocop/rake_task"
 
 RuboCop::RakeTask.new
 
+namespace :spec do
+  desc "Run unit tests only"
+  RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:unit) do |t|
+    t.pattern = "spec/unit/**/*_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  desc "Run adapter tests only"
+  RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:adapter) do |t|
+    t.pattern = "spec/moxml/adapter/**/*_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  desc "Run integration tests only"
+  RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:integration) do |t|
+    t.pattern = "spec/integration/**/*_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  desc "Run consistency tests only"
+  RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:consistency) do |t|
+    t.pattern = "spec/consistency/**/*_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  desc "Run example tests"
+  RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:examples) do |t|
+    t.pattern = "spec/examples/**/*_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  desc "Run performance benchmarks"
+  RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:performance) do |t|
+    t.pattern = "spec/performance/**/*_spec.rb"
+    t.rspec_opts = "--tag performance"
+  end
+
+  desc "Run unit + adapter + integration (fast feedback)"
+  task fast: %i[unit adapter integration]
+
+  desc "Run everything including examples and performance"
+  task all: %i[unit adapter integration consistency examples
+               performance]
+end
+
+namespace :benchmark do
+  desc "Run XPath performance benchmarks"
+  task :xpath do
+    ENV.delete("SKIP_BENCHMARKS")
+    sh "bundle exec rspec spec/performance/xpath_benchmark_spec.rb"
+  end
+
+  desc "Generate adapter benchmark report"
+  task :report do
+    ruby "benchmarks/generate_report.rb"
+  end
+end
+
 task default: %i[spec rubocop]

data/benchmarks/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Ignore benchmark result files (machine-specific)
+*.yml
+*.yaml
+
+# Keep directory structure
+!.gitignore

data/benchmarks/generate_report.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "benchmark"
+require "benchmark/ips"
+require_relative "../lib/moxml"
+require "rbconfig"
+
+# Benchmark Report Generator for Moxml Adapters
+class MoxmlBenchmarkReport
+  ADAPTERS = %i[nokogiri oga rexml libxml ox headed_ox].freeze
+
+  # Test XML documents of varying complexity
+  SIMPLE_XML = <<~XML
+    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+    <root>
+      <item id="1">Simple</item>
+    </root>
+  XML
+
+  MEDIUM_XML = lambda {
+    xml = <<~XML
+      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+      <library xmlns="http://example.org/library" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
+    XML
+    50.times do |i|
+      xml += <<~ITEM
+        <book id="book-#{i}">
+          <dc:title>Book Title #{i}</dc:title>
+          <dc:author>Author #{i}</dc:author>
+          <published year="#{2020 + (i % 5)}"/>
+          <description>A detailed description of book #{i} with some content.</description>
+        </book>
+      ITEM
+    end
+    "#{xml}</library>"
+  }.call
+
+  LARGE_XML = lambda {
+    xml = <<~XML
+      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+      <catalog xmlns="http://example.org/catalog">
+    XML
+    500.times do |i|
+      xml += <<~ITEM
+        <product id="prod-#{i}" category="cat-#{i % 10}">
+          <name>Product #{i}</name>
+          <price currency="USD">#{(i % 100) + 9.99}</price>
+          <stock>#{i % 1000}</stock>
+          <description>Description for product #{i}</description>
+          <metadata>
+            <created>2024-01-#{(i % 28) + 1}</created>
+            <updated>2024-10-#{(i % 28) + 1}</updated>
+          </metadata>
+        </product>
+      ITEM
+    end
+    "#{xml}</catalog>"
+  }.call
+
+  COMPLEX_NESTED_XML = <<~XML
+    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+    <root xmlns:a="http://a.org" xmlns:b="http://b.org">
+      <a:level1>
+        <b:level2>
+          <a:level3>
+            <b:level4>
+              <a:level5>Deep content</a:level5>
+            </b:level4>
+          </a:level3>
+        </b:level2>
+      </a:level1>
+    </root>
+  XML
+
+  def initialize
+    @results = {}
+    @errors = {}
+    @timestamp = Time.now
+  end
+
+  def run
+    puts "=" * 80
+    puts "Moxml Adapter Benchmark Report Generator"
+    puts "=" * 80
+    puts ""
+
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      puts "\nBenchmarking #{adapter.to_s.upcase} adapter..."
+      benchmark_adapter(adapter)
+    end
+
+    generate_report
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def benchmark_adapter(adapter_name)
+    @results[adapter_name] = {}
+    @errors[adapter_name] = []
+
+    begin
+      context = Moxml.new do |config|
+        config.adapter = adapter_name
+      end
+
+      # Parsing benchmarks
+      @results[adapter_name][:parse_simple] =
+        benchmark_parse(context, SIMPLE_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:parse_medium] =
+        benchmark_parse(context, MEDIUM_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:parse_large] = benchmark_parse(context, LARGE_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:parse_complex] =
+        benchmark_parse(context, COMPLEX_NESTED_XML)
+
+      # Serialization benchmarks
+      context.parse(MEDIUM_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:serialize_simple] =
+        benchmark_serialize(context, SIMPLE_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:serialize_medium] =
+        benchmark_serialize(context, MEDIUM_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:serialize_large] =
+        benchmark_serialize(context, LARGE_XML)
+
+      # XPath benchmarks
+      @results[adapter_name][:xpath_simple] =
+        benchmark_xpath_simple(context, MEDIUM_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:xpath_complex] =
+        benchmark_xpath_complex(context, MEDIUM_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:xpath_namespace] =
+        benchmark_xpath_namespace(context, MEDIUM_XML)
+
+      # Memory benchmarks
+      @results[adapter_name][:memory_medium] =
+        benchmark_memory(context, MEDIUM_XML)
+      @results[adapter_name][:memory_large] =
+        benchmark_memory(context, LARGE_XML)
+
+      puts "  ✓ #{adapter_name} benchmarks completed"
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      @errors[adapter_name] << "Failed to benchmark: #{e.message}"
+      puts "  ✗ #{adapter_name} benchmarks failed: #{e.message}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def benchmark_parse(context, xml)
+    result = nil
+    Benchmark.ips do |x|
+      x.config(time: 2, warmup: 1)
+      x.report("parse") { result = context.parse(xml) }
+    end.entries.first.ips.round(2)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    @errors[context.config.adapter_name] << "Parse error: #{e.message}"
+    0.0
+  end
+
+  def benchmark_serialize(context, xml)
+    doc = context.parse(xml)
+    Benchmark.ips do |x|
+      x.config(time: 2, warmup: 1)
+      x.report("serialize") { doc.to_xml }
+    end.entries.first.ips.round(2)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    @errors[context.config.adapter_name] << "Serialize error: #{e.message}"
+    0.0
+  end
+
+  def benchmark_xpath_simple(context, xml)
+    doc = context.parse(xml)
+    Benchmark.ips do |x|
+      x.config(time: 2, warmup: 1)
+      x.report("xpath_simple") { doc.xpath("//book") }
+    end.entries.first.ips.round(2)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    @errors[context.config.adapter_name] << "XPath simple error: #{e.message}"
+    0.0
+  end
+
+  def benchmark_xpath_complex(context, xml)
+    doc = context.parse(xml)
+    Benchmark.ips do |x|
+      x.config(time: 2, warmup: 1)
+      x.report("xpath_complex") { doc.xpath("//book[@id]") }
+    end.entries.first.ips.round(2)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    @errors[context.config.adapter_name] << "XPath complex error: #{e.message}"
+    0.0
+  end
+
+  def benchmark_xpath_namespace(context, xml)
+    doc = context.parse(xml)
+    namespaces = { "dc" => "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" }
+    Benchmark.ips do |x|
+      x.config(time: 2, warmup: 1)
+      x.report("xpath_ns") { doc.xpath("//dc:title", namespaces) }
+    end.entries.first.ips.round(2)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    @errors[context.config.adapter_name] << "XPath namespace error: #{e.message}"
+    0.0
+  end
+
+  def benchmark_memory(context, xml)
+    before = get_memory_usage
+    10.times { context.parse(xml) }
+    after = get_memory_usage
+    ((after - before) / 10.0).round(2)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    @errors[context.config.adapter_name] << "Memory error: #{e.message}"
+    0.0
+  end
+
+  def get_memory_usage
+    # Get memory usage in MB
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("darwin")
+      `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i / 1024.0
+    elsif RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("linux")
+      `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i / 1024.0
+    else
+      0.0 # Not supported on this platform
+    end
+  end
+
+  def calculate_grade(adapter_name)
+    results = @results[adapter_name]
+    return "N/A" if results.empty? || @errors[adapter_name].any?
+
+    # Weighted scoring
+    score = 0
+    score += normalize_score(results[:parse_medium], 100, 2000) * 30 # 30% weight
+    score += normalize_score(results[:serialize_medium], 100, 1500) * 25 # 25% weight
+    score += normalize_score(results[:xpath_simple], 100, 2000) * 20 # 20% weight
+    score += normalize_score(results[:memory_medium], 5, 50, inverse: true) * 15 # 15% weight (lower is better)
+    score += (@errors[adapter_name].empty? ? 10 : 0) # 10% reliability
+
+    case score
+    when 90..100 then "A+"
+    when 80..89 then "A"
+    when 70..79 then "B+"
+    when 60..69 then "B"
+    when 50..59 then "C"
+    else "D"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def normalize_score(value, min, max, inverse: false)
+    return 0 if value.nil? || value.zero?
+
+    normalized = ((value - min).to_f / (max - min) * 100).clamp(0, 100)
+    inverse ? (100 - normalized) : normalized
+  end
+
+  def memory_stars(mb)
+    case mb
+    when 0..10 then "⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐"
+    when 10..20 then "⭐⭐⭐⭐"
+    when 20..40 then "⭐⭐⭐"
+    when 40..80 then "⭐⭐"
+    else "⭐"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generate_report
+    File.open("benchmarks/PERFORMANCE_REPORT.md", "w") do |f|
+      write_header(f)
+      write_summary_table(f)
+      write_detailed_results(f)
+      write_recommendations(f)
+      write_environment_details(f)
+      write_errors(f) if @errors.values.any?(&:any?)
+    end
+
+    puts "\n#{'=' * 80}"
+    puts "Report generated: benchmarks/PERFORMANCE_REPORT.md"
+    puts "=" * 80
+  end
+
+  def write_header(f)
+    f.puts "# Moxml Adapter Performance Benchmarks"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "Generated: #{@timestamp.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z')}"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "This report compares the performance of all Moxml adapters across various"
+    f.puts "benchmarks including parsing, serialization, XPath queries, and memory usage."
+    f.puts ""
+  end
+
+  def write_summary_table(f)
+    f.puts "## Summary"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "| Adapter | Parse (ips) | Serialize (ips) | XPath (ips) | Memory (MB) | Grade |"
+    f.puts "|---------|-------------|-----------------|-------------|-------------|-------|"
+
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      next if @results[adapter].empty?
+
+      results = @results[adapter]
+      parse_ips = results[:parse_medium]&.round(0) || "N/A"
+      serialize_ips = results[:serialize_medium]&.round(0) || "N/A"
+      xpath_ips = results[:xpath_simple]&.round(0) || "N/A"
+      memory = results[:memory_medium]&.round(1) || "N/A"
+      stars = memory.is_a?(Numeric) ? memory_stars(memory) : "N/A"
+      grade = calculate_grade(adapter)
+
+      f.puts "| #{adapter.to_s.capitalize} | #{parse_ips} | #{serialize_ips} | #{xpath_ips} | #{memory} #{stars} | #{grade} |"
+    end
+    f.puts ""
+  end
+
+  def write_detailed_results(f)
+    f.puts "## Detailed Results"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    # Parsing benchmarks
+    f.puts "### Parsing Performance"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "| Adapter | Simple XML | Medium XML | Large XML | Complex Nested |"
+    f.puts "|---------|------------|------------|-----------|----------------|"
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      next if @results[adapter].empty?
+
+      r = @results[adapter]
+      f.puts "| #{adapter.to_s.capitalize} | #{r[:parse_simple]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips | #{r[:parse_medium]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips | #{r[:parse_large]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips | #{r[:parse_complex]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips |"
+    end
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "**Document Sizes:**"
+    f.puts "- Simple: #{SIMPLE_XML.bytesize} bytes"
+    f.puts "- Medium: #{MEDIUM_XML.bytesize} bytes (50 book elements with namespaces)"
+    f.puts "- Large: #{LARGE_XML.bytesize} bytes (500 product elements)"
+    f.puts "- Complex: #{COMPLEX_NESTED_XML.bytesize} bytes (deeply nested with namespaces)"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    # Serialization benchmarks
+    f.puts "### Serialization Performance"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "| Adapter | Simple XML | Medium XML | Large XML |"
+    f.puts "|---------|------------|------------|-----------|"
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      next if @results[adapter].empty?
+
+      r = @results[adapter]
+      f.puts "| #{adapter.to_s.capitalize} | #{r[:serialize_simple]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips | #{r[:serialize_medium]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips | #{r[:serialize_large]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips |"
+    end
+    f.puts ""
+
+    # XPath benchmarks
+    f.puts "### XPath Query Performance"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "| Adapter | Simple Query | Complex Query | Namespace Query |"
+    f.puts "|---------|--------------|---------------|-----------------|"
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      next if @results[adapter].empty?
+
+      r = @results[adapter]
+      f.puts "| #{adapter.to_s.capitalize} | #{r[:xpath_simple]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips | #{r[:xpath_complex]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips | #{r[:xpath_namespace]&.round(0) || 'N/A'} ips |"
+    end
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "**Query Types:**"
+    f.puts "- Simple: `//book` (find all book elements)"
+    f.puts "- Complex: `//book[@id]` (find books with id attribute)"
+    f.puts "- Namespace: `//dc:title` (find elements in dc namespace)"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    # Memory benchmarks
+    f.puts "### Memory Usage"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "| Adapter | Medium Document | Large Document |"
+    f.puts "|---------|-----------------|----------------|"
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      next if @results[adapter].empty?
+
+      r = @results[adapter]
+      medium_mem = r[:memory_medium]&.round(1) || "N/A"
+      large_mem = r[:memory_large]&.round(1) || "N/A"
+      f.puts "| #{adapter.to_s.capitalize} | #{medium_mem} MB | #{large_mem} MB |"
+    end
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "**Note:** Memory measurements show average increase per document parse."
+    f.puts ""
+
+    # Performance chart (ASCII art)
+    write_performance_chart(f)
+  end
+
+  def write_performance_chart(f)
+    f.puts "### Performance Visualization"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "```"
+    f.puts "Relative Performance (Higher is Better)"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    max_parse = @results.values.map { |r| r[:parse_medium] || 0 }.max
+    max_serialize = @results.values.map { |r| r[:serialize_medium] || 0 }.max
+    max_xpath = @results.values.map { |r| r[:xpath_simple] || 0 }.max
+
+    f.puts "Parsing (Medium XML):"
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      next if @results[adapter].empty?
+
+      value = @results[adapter][:parse_medium] || 0
+      bar_length = (value.to_f / max_parse * 50).to_i
+      f.puts "  #{adapter.to_s.capitalize.ljust(10)} #{'█' * bar_length} #{value.round(0)} ips"
+    end
+    f.puts ""
+
+    f.puts "Serialization (Medium XML):"
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      next if @results[adapter].empty?
+
+      value = @results[adapter][:serialize_medium] || 0
+      bar_length = (value.to_f / max_serialize * 50).to_i
+      f.puts "  #{adapter.to_s.capitalize.ljust(10)} #{'█' * bar_length} #{value.round(0)} ips"
+    end
+    f.puts ""
+
+    f.puts "XPath Queries (Simple):"
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      next if @results[adapter].empty?
+
+      value = @results[adapter][:xpath_simple] || 0
+      bar_length = (value.to_f / max_xpath * 50).to_i
+      f.puts "  #{adapter.to_s.capitalize.ljust(10)} #{'█' * bar_length} #{value.round(0)} ips"
+    end
+    f.puts "```"
+    f.puts ""
+  end
+
+  def write_recommendations(f)
+    f.puts "## Recommendations"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    # Find best performers
+    best_parse = ADAPTERS.max_by { |a| @results[a][:parse_medium] || 0 }
+    best_serialize = ADAPTERS.max_by { |a| @results[a][:serialize_medium] || 0 }
+    best_xpath = ADAPTERS.max_by { |a| @results[a][:xpath_simple] || 0 }
+    best_memory = ADAPTERS.min_by { |a| @results[a][:memory_medium] || Float::INFINITY }
+
+    f.puts "### Best Performers"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "- **Fastest Parser:** #{best_parse.to_s.capitalize} (#{@results[best_parse][:parse_medium]&.round(0)} ips)"
+    f.puts "- **Fastest Serializer:** #{best_serialize.to_s.capitalize} (#{@results[best_serialize][:serialize_medium]&.round(0)} ips)"
+    f.puts "- **Fastest XPath:** #{best_xpath.to_s.capitalize} (#{@results[best_xpath][:xpath_simple]&.round(0)} ips)"
+    f.puts "- **Lowest Memory:** #{best_memory.to_s.capitalize} (#{@results[best_memory][:memory_medium]&.round(1)} MB per document)"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    f.puts "### Adapter Selection Guide"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "**Choose Nokogiri when:**"
+    f.puts "- You need industry-standard, battle-tested XML processing"
+    f.puts "- Balanced performance across all operations is important"
+    f.puts "- Full XPath and namespace support is required"
+    f.puts "- You need the largest community and ecosystem"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    f.puts "**Choose Oga when:**"
+    f.puts "- Pure Ruby implementation is required (JRuby, TruffleRuby)"
+    f.puts "- You want good performance without C extensions"
+    f.puts "- Cross-platform compatibility is critical"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    f.puts "**Choose REXML when:**"
+    f.puts "- No external dependencies are allowed (stdlib only)"
+    f.puts "- Maximum portability is needed"
+    f.puts "- Performance is not the primary concern"
+    f.puts "- You're working with small to medium documents"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    f.puts "**Choose LibXML when:**"
+    f.puts "- You need an alternative to Nokogiri with similar features"
+    f.puts "- Full namespace and XPath support is required"
+    f.puts "- Good balance of speed and features is important"
+    f.puts ""
+
+    f.puts "**Choose Ox when:**"
+    f.puts "- Maximum parsing and serialization speed is critical"
+    f.puts "- Memory efficiency is paramount"
+    f.puts "- XPath usage is minimal or you can work with basic queries"
+    f.puts "- Document structures are relatively simple"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "**CAUTION:** Ox's custom XPath engine supports common patterns but may not handle"
+    f.puts "complex XPath expressions. Test thoroughly if advanced XPath is needed."
+    f.puts ""
+
+    f.puts "**Choose HeadedOx when:**"
+    f.puts "- Need Ox's fast parsing with comprehensive XPath support"
+    f.puts "- Require all 27 XPath 1.0 functions (count, sum, contains, etc.)"
+    f.puts "- Complex XPath predicates are essential"
+    f.puts "- Want pure Ruby XPath engine for debugging"
+    f.puts "- Basic namespace support is sufficient (6 of 13 axes)"
+    f.puts "- Can accept 99.20% pass rate (16 documented Ox limitations)"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "**Note:** HeadedOx = Ox parsing speed + full XPath features."
+    f.puts "See docs/HEADED_OX_LIMITATIONS.md for complete details."
+    f.puts ""
+  end
+
+  def write_environment_details(f)
+    f.puts "## Test Environment"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "- **Ruby Version:** #{RUBY_VERSION}"
+    f.puts "- **Ruby Platform:** #{RUBY_PLATFORM}"
+    f.puts "- **OS:** #{RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os']}"
+    f.puts "- **Architecture:** #{RbConfig::CONFIG['host_cpu']}"
+    f.puts "- **Moxml Version:** #{Moxml::VERSION}"
+    f.puts "- **Benchmark Time:** #{@timestamp.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z')}"
+    f.puts ""
+    f.puts "### Gem Versions"
+    f.puts ""
+    ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+      case adapter
+      when :nokogiri
+        require "nokogiri"
+        f.puts "- Nokogiri: #{Nokogiri::VERSION}"
+      when :oga
+        require "oga"
+        f.puts "- Oga: #{Oga::VERSION}"
+      when :ox
+        require "ox"
+        f.puts "- Ox: #{Ox::VERSION}"
+      when :libxml
+        require "libxml"
+        f.puts "- LibXML-Ruby: #{LibXML::XML::VERSION}"
+      when :rexml
+        f.puts "- REXML: (stdlib)"
+      end
+    rescue LoadError
+      f.puts "- #{adapter.to_s.capitalize}: Not installed"
+    end
+    f.puts ""
+  end
+
+  def write_errors(f)
+    f.puts "## Errors and Warnings"
+    f.puts ""
+    @errors.each do |adapter, errors|
+      next if errors.empty?
+
+      f.puts "### #{adapter.to_s.capitalize}"
+      f.puts ""
+      errors.each do |error|
+        f.puts "- #{error}"
+      end
+      f.puts ""
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Run the benchmark report
+if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
+  report = MoxmlBenchmarkReport.new
+  report.run
+end

data/docs/Gemfile

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+gem "jekyll"
+gem "jekyll-asciidoc"
+gem "jekyll-seo-tag"
+gem "jekyll-sitemap"
+gem "just-the-docs"
+
+group :jekyll_plugins do
+  gem "asciidoctor"
+end