mittens 0.1.0

data/vendor/snowball/compiler/generator.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1748 @@
+
+#include <limits.h>  /* for INT_MAX */
+#include <stdio.h>   /* for fprintf etc */
+#include <stdlib.h>  /* for free etc */
+#include <string.h>  /* for strlen */
+#include "header.h"
+
+/* Define this to get warning messages when optimisations can't be used. */
+/* #define OPTIMISATION_WARNINGS */
+
+/* recursive use: */
+
+static void generate(struct generator * g, struct node * p);
+
+static int new_label(struct generator * g) {
+    return g->next_label++;
+}
+
+/* Write routines for simple entities */
+
+/* Write a space if the preceding character was not whitespace */
+static void ws_opt_space(struct generator * g, const char * s) {
+    int ch = str_back(g->outbuf);
+    if (ch != ' ' && ch != '\n' && ch != '\t' && ch != -1)
+        write_char(g, ' ');
+    write_string(g, s);
+}
+
+static void wi3(struct generator * g, int i) {
+    if (i < 100) write_char(g, ' ');
+    if (i < 10)  write_char(g, ' ');
+    write_int(g, i); /* integer (width 3) */
+}
+
+
+/* Write routines for items from the syntax tree */
+
+static void write_varname(struct generator * g, struct name * p) {
+
+    int ch = "SIIrxg"[p->type];
+    switch (p->type) {
+        case t_external:
+            write_string(g, g->options->externals_prefix); break;
+        case t_string:
+        case t_boolean:
+        case t_integer: {
+            int count = p->count;
+            if (count < 0) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "Reference to optimised out variable ");
+                report_b(stderr, p->b);
+                fprintf(stderr, " attempted\n");
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            if (p->type == t_boolean) {
+                /* We use a single array for booleans and integers, with the
+                 * integers first.
+                 */
+                count += g->analyser->name_count[t_integer];
+            }
+            write_char(g, ch);
+            write_char(g, '[');
+            write_int(g, count);
+            write_char(g, ']');
+            return;
+        }
+        default:
+            write_char(g, ch); write_char(g, '_');
+    }
+    write_b(g, p->b);
+}
+
+static void write_varref(struct generator * g, struct name * p) {  /* reference to variable */
+    if (p->type < t_routine) write_string(g, "z->");
+    write_varname(g, p);
+}
+
+static void write_hexdigit(struct generator * g, int i) {
+    str_append_ch(g->outbuf, "0123456789ABCDEF"[i & 0xF]); /* hexchar */
+}
+
+static void write_hex(struct generator * g, int i) {
+    if (i >> 4) write_hex(g, i >> 4);
+    write_hexdigit(g, i); /* hex integer */
+}
+
+/* write character literal */
+static void wlitch(struct generator * g, int ch) {
+    if (32 <= ch && ch < 127) {
+        write_char(g, '\'');
+        if (ch == '\'' || ch == '\\') {
+            write_char(g, '\\');
+        }
+        write_char(g, ch);
+        write_char(g, '\'');
+    } else {
+        write_string(g, "0x"); write_hex(g, ch);
+    }
+}
+
+static void wlitarray(struct generator * g, symbol * p) {  /* write literal array */
+
+    write_string(g, "{ ");
+    {
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < SIZE(p); i++) {
+            wlitch(g, p[i]);
+            if (i < SIZE(p) - 1) write_string(g, ", ");
+        }
+    }
+    write_string(g, " }");
+}
+
+static void wlitref(struct generator * g, symbol * p) {  /* write ref to literal array */
+
+    if (SIZE(p) == 0) {
+        write_char(g, '0');
+    } else {
+        struct str * s = g->outbuf;
+        g->outbuf = g->declarations;
+        write_string(g, "static const symbol s_"); write_int(g, g->literalstring_count); write_string(g, "[] = ");
+        wlitarray(g, p);
+        write_string(g, ";\n");
+        g->outbuf = s;
+        write_string(g, "s_"); write_int(g, g->literalstring_count);
+        g->literalstring_count++;
+    }
+}
+
+static void write_margin(struct generator * g) {
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < g->margin; i++) write_string(g, "    ");
+}
+
+void write_comment_content(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    switch (p->type) {
+        case c_mathassign:
+        case c_plusassign:
+        case c_minusassign:
+        case c_multiplyassign:
+        case c_divideassign:
+            if (p->name) {
+                write_char(g, '$');
+                write_b(g, p->name->b);
+                write_char(g, ' ');
+            }
+            write_string(g, name_of_token(p->type));
+            write_string(g, " <integer expression>");
+            break;
+        case c_eq:
+        case c_ne:
+        case c_gr:
+        case c_ge:
+        case c_ls:
+        case c_le:
+            write_string(g, "$(<integer expression> ");
+            write_string(g, name_of_token(p->type));
+            write_string(g, " <integer expression>)");
+            break;
+        default:
+            write_string(g, name_of_token(p->type));
+            if (p->name) {
+                write_char(g, ' ');
+                write_b(g, p->name->b);
+            }
+    }
+    write_string(g, ", line ");
+    write_int(g, p->line_number);
+}
+
+static void write_comment(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    if (g->options->comments) {
+        ws_opt_space(g, "/* ");
+        write_comment_content(g, p);
+        write_string(g, " */");
+    }
+    write_newline(g);
+}
+
+static void wms(struct generator * g, const char * s) {
+    write_margin(g); write_string(g, s);   } /* margin + string */
+
+static void write_block_start(struct generator * g) { /* block start */
+    wms(g, "{   ");
+    g->margin++;
+}
+
+static void write_block_end(struct generator * g) {    /* block end */
+
+    if (g->line_labelled == g->line_count) { wms(g, ";"); write_newline(g); }
+    g->margin--;
+    wms(g, "}"); write_newline(g);
+}
+
+static void w(struct generator * g, const char * s);
+
+/* keep c */
+static void wk(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int keep_limit) {
+    ++g->keep_count;
+    if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+        write_string(g, "int c");
+        write_int(g, g->keep_count);
+        write_string(g, " = z->c");
+        if (keep_limit) {
+            write_string(g, ", mlimit");
+            write_int(g, g->keep_count);
+        }
+        write_char(g, ';');
+    } else {
+        write_string(g, "int m");
+        write_int(g, g->keep_count);
+        write_string(g, " = z->l - z->c");
+        if (keep_limit) {
+            write_string(g, ", mlimit");
+            write_int(g, g->keep_count);
+        }
+        write_string(g, "; (void)m");
+        write_int(g, g->keep_count);
+        write_char(g, ';');
+    }
+}
+
+static void wrestore(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int keep_token) {     /* restore c */
+    if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+        write_string(g, "z->c = c");
+    } else {
+        write_string(g, "z->c = z->l - m");
+    }
+    write_int(g, keep_token); write_char(g, ';');
+}
+
+static void wrestorelimit(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int keep_token) {     /* restore limit */
+    if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+        w(g, "z->l += mlimit");
+    } else {
+        w(g, "z->lb = mlimit");
+    }
+    write_int(g, keep_token); write_string(g, ";");
+}
+
+static void winc(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {     /* increment c */
+    write_string(g, p->mode == m_forward ? "z->c++;" :
+                                 "z->c--;");
+}
+
+static void wsetl(struct generator * g, int n) {
+
+    g->margin--;
+    wms(g, "lab"); write_int(g, n); write_char(g, ':'); write_newline(g);
+    g->line_labelled = g->line_count;
+    g->margin++;
+}
+
+static void wgotol(struct generator * g, int n) {
+    wms(g, "goto lab"); write_int(g, n); write_char(g, ';'); write_newline(g);
+}
+
+static void write_failure(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {          /* fail */
+    if (g->failure_keep_count != 0) {
+        write_string(g, "{ ");
+        if (g->failure_keep_count > 0) {
+            wrestore(g, p, g->failure_keep_count);
+        } else {
+            wrestorelimit(g, p, -g->failure_keep_count);
+        }
+        write_char(g, ' ');
+    }
+    switch (g->failure_label) {
+        case x_return:
+            write_string(g, "return 0;");
+            break;
+        default:
+            write_string(g, "goto lab");
+            write_int(g, g->failure_label);
+            write_char(g, ';');
+            g->label_used = 1;
+    }
+    if (g->failure_keep_count != 0) write_string(g, " }");
+}
+
+
+/* if at limit fail */
+static void write_check_limit(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    write_string(g, p->mode == m_forward ? "if (z->c >= z->l) " :
+                                 "if (z->c <= z->lb) ");
+    write_failure(g, p);
+}
+
+static void write_data_address(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    symbol * b = p->literalstring;
+    if (b != 0) {
+        write_int(g, SIZE(b)); w(g, ", ");
+        wlitref(g, b);
+    } else {
+        write_varref(g, p->name);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Formatted write. */
+static void writef(struct generator * g, const char * input, struct node * p) {
+    int i = 0;
+    int l = strlen(input);
+
+    while (i < l) {
+        int ch = input[i++];
+        if (ch != '~') {
+            write_char(g, ch);
+            continue;
+        }
+        switch (input[i++]) {
+            default: write_char(g, input[i - 1]); continue;
+            case 'C': write_comment(g, p); continue;
+            case 'k': wk(g, p, false); continue;
+            case 'K': wk(g, p, true); continue;
+            case 'i': winc(g, p); continue;
+            case 'l': write_check_limit(g, p); continue;
+            case 'f': write_failure(g, p); continue;
+            case 'M': write_margin(g); continue;
+            case 'N': write_newline(g); continue;
+            case '{': write_block_start(g); continue;
+            case '}': write_block_end(g); continue;
+            case 'S': write_string(g, g->S[input[i++] - '0']); continue;
+            case 'I': write_int(g, g->I[input[i++] - '0']); continue;
+            case 'J': wi3(g, g->I[input[i++] - '0']); continue;
+            case 'V': write_varref(g, g->V[input[i++] - '0']); continue;
+            case 'W': write_varname(g, g->V[input[i++] - '0']); continue;
+            case 'L': wlitref(g, g->L[input[i++] - '0']); continue;
+            case 'A': wlitarray(g, g->L[input[i++] - '0']); continue;
+            case 'c': wlitch(g, g->I[input[i++] - '0']); continue;
+            case 'a': write_data_address(g, p); continue;
+            case '+': g->margin++; continue;
+            case '-': g->margin--; continue;
+            case '$': /* insert_s, insert_v etc */
+                write_char(g, p->literalstring == 0 ? 'v' : 's');
+                continue;
+            case 'p': write_string(g, g->options->externals_prefix); continue;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void w(struct generator * g, const char * s) {
+    writef(g, s, 0);
+}
+
+static void generate_AE(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    const char * s;
+    switch (p->type) {
+        case c_name:
+            write_varref(g, p->name); break;
+        case c_number:
+            write_int(g, p->number); break;
+        case c_maxint:
+            write_string(g, "MAXINT"); break;
+        case c_minint:
+            write_string(g, "MININT"); break;
+        case c_neg:
+            write_char(g, '-'); generate_AE(g, p->right); break;
+        case c_multiply:
+            s = " * "; goto label0;
+        case c_plus:
+            s = " + "; goto label0;
+        case c_minus:
+            s = " - "; goto label0;
+        case c_divide:
+            s = " / ";
+        label0:
+            write_char(g, '('); generate_AE(g, p->left);
+            write_string(g, s); generate_AE(g, p->right); write_char(g, ')'); break;
+        case c_cursor:
+            w(g, "z->c"); break;
+        case c_limit:
+            w(g, p->mode == m_forward ? "z->l" : "z->lb"); break;
+        case c_len:
+            if (g->options->encoding == ENC_UTF8) {
+                w(g, "len_utf8(z->p)");
+                break;
+            }
+            /* FALLTHRU */
+        case c_size:
+            w(g, "SIZE(z->p)");
+            break;
+        case c_lenof:
+            if (g->options->encoding == ENC_UTF8) {
+                g->V[0] = p->name;
+                w(g, "len_utf8(~V0)");
+                break;
+            }
+            /* FALLTHRU */
+        case c_sizeof:
+            g->V[0] = p->name;
+            w(g, "SIZE(~V0)");
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+/* K_needed() tests to see if we really need to keep c. Not true when the
+   command does not touch the cursor. This and repeat_score() could be
+   elaborated almost indefinitely.
+*/
+
+static int K_needed_(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int call_depth) {
+    while (p) {
+        switch (p->type) {
+            case c_atlimit:
+            case c_do:
+            case c_dollar:
+            case c_leftslice:
+            case c_rightslice:
+            case c_mathassign:
+            case c_plusassign:
+            case c_minusassign:
+            case c_multiplyassign:
+            case c_divideassign:
+            case c_eq:
+            case c_ne:
+            case c_gr:
+            case c_ge:
+            case c_ls:
+            case c_le:
+            case c_sliceto:
+            case c_booltest:
+            case c_set:
+            case c_unset:
+            case c_true:
+            case c_false:
+            case c_debug:
+                break;
+
+            case c_call:
+                /* Recursive functions aren't typical in snowball programs, so
+                 * make the pessimistic assumption that keep is needed if we
+                 * hit a generous limit on recursion.  It's not likely to make
+                 * a difference to any real world program, but means we won't
+                 * recurse until we run out of stack for pathological cases.
+                 */
+                if (call_depth >= 100) return true;
+                if (K_needed_(g, p->name->definition, call_depth + 1))
+                    return true;
+                break;
+
+            case c_bra:
+                if (K_needed_(g, p->left, call_depth)) return true;
+                break;
+
+            default: return true;
+        }
+        p = p->right;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+extern int K_needed(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    return K_needed_(g, p, 0);
+}
+
+static int repeat_score(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int call_depth) {
+    int score = 0;
+    while (p) {
+        switch (p->type) {
+            case c_dollar:
+            case c_leftslice:
+            case c_rightslice:
+            case c_mathassign:
+            case c_plusassign:
+            case c_minusassign:
+            case c_multiplyassign:
+            case c_divideassign:
+            case c_eq:
+            case c_ne:
+            case c_gr:
+            case c_ge:
+            case c_ls:
+            case c_le:
+            case c_sliceto:   /* case c_not: must not be included here! */
+            case c_debug:
+                break;
+
+            case c_call:
+                /* Recursive functions aren't typical in snowball programs, so
+                 * make the pessimistic assumption that repeat requires cursor
+                 * reinstatement if we hit a generous limit on recursion.  It's
+                 * not likely to make a difference to any real world program,
+                 * but means we won't recurse until we run out of stack for
+                 * pathological cases.
+                 */
+                if (call_depth >= 100) {
+                    return 2;
+                }
+                score += repeat_score(g, p->name->definition, call_depth + 1);
+                if (score >= 2)
+                    return score;
+                break;
+
+            case c_bra:
+                score += repeat_score(g, p->left, call_depth);
+                if (score >= 2)
+                    return score;
+                break;
+
+            case c_name:
+            case c_literalstring:
+            case c_next:
+            case c_grouping:
+            case c_non:
+            case c_hop:
+                if (++score >= 2)
+                    return score;
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                return 2;
+        }
+        p = p->right;
+    }
+    return score;
+}
+
+/* tests if an expression requires cursor reinstatement in a repeat */
+
+extern int repeat_restore(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    return repeat_score(g, p, 0) >= 2;
+}
+
+static void generate_bra(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    p = p->left;
+    while (p) {
+        generate(g, p);
+        p = p->right;
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_and(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    int keep_c = 0;
+    if (K_needed(g, p->left)) {
+        writef(g, "~{~k~C", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~M~C", p);
+    }
+    p = p->left;
+    while (p) {
+        generate(g, p);
+        if (keep_c && p->right != 0) {
+            w(g, "~M"); wrestore(g, p, keep_c); w(g, "~N");
+        }
+        p = p->right;
+    }
+    if (keep_c) w(g, "~}");
+}
+
+static void generate_or(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    int keep_c = 0;
+
+    int used = g->label_used;
+    int a0 = g->failure_label;
+    int a1 = g->failure_keep_count;
+
+    int out_lab = new_label(g);
+
+    if (K_needed(g, p->left)) {
+        writef(g, "~{~k~C", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~M~C", p);
+    }
+    p = p->left;
+    g->failure_keep_count = 0;
+    while (p->right) {
+        g->failure_label = new_label(g);
+        g->label_used = 0;
+        generate(g, p);
+        wgotol(g, out_lab);
+        if (g->label_used)
+            wsetl(g, g->failure_label);
+        if (keep_c) {
+            w(g, "~M"); wrestore(g, p, keep_c); w(g, "~N");
+        }
+        p = p->right;
+    }
+    g->label_used = used;
+    g->failure_label = a0;
+    g->failure_keep_count = a1;
+
+    generate(g, p);
+    if (keep_c) w(g, "~}");
+    wsetl(g, out_lab);
+}
+
+static void generate_backwards(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    writef(g, "~Mz->lb = z->c; z->c = z->l;~C~N", p);
+    generate(g, p->left);
+    w(g, "~Mz->c = z->lb;~N");
+}
+
+
+static void generate_not(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    int keep_c = 0;
+
+    int used = g->label_used;
+    int a0 = g->failure_label;
+    int a1 = g->failure_keep_count;
+
+    if (K_needed(g, p->left)) {
+        writef(g, "~{~k~C", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~M~C", p);
+    }
+
+    g->failure_label = new_label(g);
+    g->label_used = 0;
+    g->failure_keep_count = 0;
+    generate(g, p->left);
+
+    {
+        int l = g->failure_label;
+        int u = g->label_used;
+
+        g->label_used = used;
+        g->failure_label = a0;
+        g->failure_keep_count = a1;
+
+        writef(g, "~M~f~N", p);
+        if (u)
+            wsetl(g, l);
+    }
+    if (keep_c) {
+        w(g, "~M"); wrestore(g, p, keep_c); w(g, "~N~}");
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void generate_try(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    int keep_c = 0;
+    if (K_needed(g, p->left)) {
+        writef(g, "~{~k~C", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~M~C", p);
+    }
+    g->failure_keep_count = keep_c;
+
+    g->failure_label = new_label(g);
+    g->label_used = 0;
+    generate(g, p->left);
+
+    if (g->label_used)
+        wsetl(g, g->failure_label);
+
+    if (keep_c) w(g, "~}");
+}
+
+static void generate_set(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->V[0] = p->name; writef(g, "~M~V0 = 1;~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_unset(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->V[0] = p->name; writef(g, "~M~V0 = 0;~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_fail(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    generate(g, p->left);
+    writef(g, "~M~f~C", p);
+}
+
+/* generate_test() also implements 'reverse' */
+
+static void generate_test(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    int keep_c = 0;
+    if (K_needed(g, p->left)) {
+        keep_c = ++g->keep_count;
+        w(g, p->mode == m_forward ? "~{int c_test" :
+                                    "~{int m_test");
+        write_int(g, keep_c);
+        w(g, p->mode == m_forward ? " = z->c;" :
+                                    " = z->l - z->c;");
+        writef(g, "~C", p);
+    } else writef(g, "~M~C", p);
+
+    generate(g, p->left);
+
+    if (keep_c) {
+        w(g, p->mode == m_forward ? "~Mz->c = c_test" :
+                                    "~Mz->c = z->l - m_test");
+        write_int(g, keep_c);
+        writef(g, ";~N~}", p);
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_do(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    int keep_c = 0;
+    if (K_needed(g, p->left)) {
+        writef(g, "~{~k~C", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~M~C", p);
+    }
+
+    if (p->left->type == c_call) {
+        /* Optimise do <call> */
+        g->V[0] = p->left->name;
+        writef(g, "~{int ret = ~V0(z);~C", p->left);
+        w(g, "~Mif (ret < 0) return ret;~N~}");
+    } else {
+        g->failure_label = new_label(g);
+        g->label_used = 0;
+        g->failure_keep_count = 0;
+        generate(g, p->left);
+
+        if (g->label_used)
+            wsetl(g, g->failure_label);
+    }
+    if (keep_c) {
+        w(g, "~M"); wrestore(g, p, keep_c);
+        w(g, "~N~}");
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_next(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    if (g->options->encoding == ENC_UTF8) {
+        if (p->mode == m_forward)
+            w(g, "~{int ret = skip_utf8(z->p, z->c, z->l, 1");
+        else
+            w(g, "~{int ret = skip_b_utf8(z->p, z->c, z->lb, 1");
+        writef(g, ");~N"
+              "~Mif (ret < 0) ~f~N"
+              "~Mz->c = ret;~C"
+              "~}", p);
+    } else
+        writef(g, "~M~l~N"
+              "~M~i~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_GO_grouping(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int is_goto, int complement) {
+
+    struct grouping * q = p->name->grouping;
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "" : "_b";
+    g->S[1] = complement ? "in" : "out";
+    g->S[2] = g->options->encoding == ENC_UTF8 ? "_U" : "";
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    g->I[0] = q->smallest_ch;
+    g->I[1] = q->largest_ch;
+    if (is_goto) {
+        writef(g, "~Mif (~S1_grouping~S0~S2(z, ~V0, ~I0, ~I1, 1) < 0) ~f~C", p);
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~{~C"
+              "~Mint ret = ~S1_grouping~S0~S2(z, ~V0, ~I0, ~I1, 1);~N"
+              "~Mif (ret < 0) ~f~N", p);
+        if (p->mode == m_forward)
+            w(g, "~Mz->c += ret;~N");
+        else
+            w(g, "~Mz->c -= ret;~N");
+        w(g, "~}");
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_GO(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int style) {
+    int keep_c = 0;
+
+    int used = g->label_used;
+    int a0 = g->failure_label;
+    int a1 = g->failure_keep_count;
+
+    if (p->left->type == c_grouping || p->left->type == c_non) {
+        /* Special case for "goto" or "gopast" when used on a grouping or an
+         * inverted grouping - the movement of c by the matching action is
+         * exactly what we want! */
+#ifdef OPTIMISATION_WARNINGS
+        printf("Optimising %s %s\n", style ? "goto" : "gopast", p->left->type == c_non ? "non" : "grouping");
+#endif
+        if (g->options->comments) {
+            writef(g, "~M~C", p);
+        }
+        generate_GO_grouping(g, p->left, style, p->left->type == c_non);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    w(g, "~Mwhile(1) {"); writef(g, "~C~+", p);
+
+    if (style == 1 || repeat_restore(g, p->left)) {
+        writef(g, "~M~k~N", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+    }
+
+    g->failure_label = new_label(g);
+    g->label_used = 0;
+    g->failure_keep_count = 0;
+    generate(g, p->left);
+
+    if (style == 1) {
+        /* include for goto; omit for gopast */
+        w(g, "~M"); wrestore(g, p, keep_c); w(g, "~N");
+    }
+    w(g, "~Mbreak;~N");
+    if (g->label_used)
+        wsetl(g, g->failure_label);
+    if (keep_c) {
+        w(g, "~M"); wrestore(g, p, keep_c); w(g, "~N");
+    }
+
+    g->label_used = used;
+    g->failure_label = a0;
+    g->failure_keep_count = a1;
+
+    generate_next(g, p);
+    w(g, "~}");
+}
+
+static void generate_loop(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    w(g, "~{int i; for (i = "); generate_AE(g, p->AE); writef(g, "; i > 0; i--)~C"
+            "~{", p);
+
+    generate(g, p->left);
+
+    w(g,    "~}"
+         "~}");
+}
+
+static void generate_repeat_or_atleast(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int atleast_case) {
+    int keep_c = 0;
+    if (atleast_case) {
+        writef(g, "~Mwhile(1) {~+~N", p);
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~Mwhile(1) {~+~C", p);
+    }
+
+    if (repeat_restore(g, p->left)) {
+        writef(g, "~M~k~N", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+    }
+
+    g->failure_label = new_label(g);
+    g->label_used = 0;
+    g->failure_keep_count = 0;
+    generate(g, p->left);
+
+    if (atleast_case) w(g, "~Mi--;~N");
+
+    w(g, "~Mcontinue;~N");
+    if (g->label_used)
+        wsetl(g, g->failure_label);
+
+    if (keep_c) {
+        w(g, "~M"); wrestore(g, p, keep_c); w(g, "~N");
+    }
+
+    w(g, "~Mbreak;~N"
+      "~}");
+}
+
+static void generate_repeat(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    generate_repeat_or_atleast(g, p, false);
+}
+
+static void generate_atleast(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    w(g, "~{int i = "); generate_AE(g, p->AE); w(g, ";~C");
+    {
+        int used = g->label_used;
+        int a0 = g->failure_label;
+        int a1 = g->failure_keep_count;
+
+        generate_repeat_or_atleast(g, p, true);
+
+        g->label_used = used;
+        g->failure_label = a0;
+        g->failure_keep_count = a1;
+    }
+    writef(g, "~Mif (i > 0) ~f~N"
+       "~}", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_setmark(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    writef(g, "~M~V0 = z->c;~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_tomark(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? ">" : "<";
+
+    w(g, "~Mif (z->c ~S0 "); generate_AE(g, p->AE); writef(g, ") ~f~N", p);
+    w(g, "~Mz->c = "); generate_AE(g, p->AE); writef(g, ";~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_atmark(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    w(g, "~Mif (z->c != "); generate_AE(g, p->AE); writef(g, ") ~f~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_hop(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    if (g->options->encoding == ENC_UTF8) {
+        g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "" : "_b";
+        g->S[1] = p->mode == m_forward ? "z->l" : "z->lb";
+        w(g, "~{int ret = skip~S0_utf8(z->p, z->c, ~S1, ");
+        generate_AE(g, p->AE);
+        writef(g, ");~C", p);
+        writef(g, "~Mif (ret < 0) ~f~N", p);
+        writef(g, "~Mz->c = ret;~N"
+               "~}", p);
+    } else {
+        // Fixed-width characters.
+        g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "+" : "-";
+        if (p->AE->type == c_number) {
+            // Constant distance hop.
+            //
+            // No need to check for negative hop as that's converted to false by
+            // the analyser.
+            //
+            // Note that if we signal f then z->c will be reset when this is
+            // handled - we rely on this here and unconditionally update z->c.
+            w(g, "z->c = z->c ~S0 ");
+            generate_AE(g, p->AE);
+            w(g, ";~C");
+            if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+                writef(g, "~Mif (z->c > z->l) ~f~N", p);
+            } else {
+                writef(g, "~Mif (z->c < z->lb) ~f~N", p);
+            }
+        } else {
+            w(g, "~{int ret = z->c ~S0 ");
+            generate_AE(g, p->AE);
+            writef(g, ";~C", p);
+            if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+                writef(g, "~Mif (ret > z->l || ret < z->c) ~f~N", p);
+            } else {
+                writef(g, "~Mif (ret < z->lb || ret > z->c) ~f~N", p);
+            }
+            writef(g, "~Mz->c = ret;~N"
+                      "~}", p);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_delete(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    writef(g, "~{int ret = slice_del(z);~C", p);
+    writef(g, "~Mif (ret < 0) return ret;~N"
+          "~}", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_tolimit(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "" : "b";
+    writef(g, "~Mz->c = z->l~S0;~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_atlimit(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "" : "b";
+    g->S[1] = p->mode == m_forward ? "<" : ">";
+    writef(g, "~Mif (z->c ~S1 z->l~S0) ~f~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_leftslice(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "bra" : "ket";
+    writef(g, "~Mz->~S0 = z->c;~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_rightslice(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "ket" : "bra";
+    writef(g, "~Mz->~S0 = z->c;~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_assignto(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    writef(g, "~M~V0 = assign_to(z, ~V0);~C"
+          "~Mif (~V0 == 0) return -1;~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_sliceto(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    writef(g, "~M~V0 = slice_to(z, ~V0);~C"
+          "~Mif (~V0 == 0) return -1;~N", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_insert(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int style) {
+
+    int keep_c = style == c_attach;
+    if (p->mode == m_backward) keep_c = !keep_c;
+    writef(g, "~{int ret;~N", p);
+    if (keep_c) w(g, "~{int saved_c = z->c;~N");
+    writef(g, "~Mret = insert_~$(z, z->c, z->c, ~a);~C", p);
+    if (keep_c) w(g, "~Mz->c = saved_c;~N~}");
+    writef(g, "~Mif (ret < 0) return ret;~N"
+          "~}", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_assignfrom(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    int keep_c = p->mode == m_forward; /* like 'attach' */
+    writef(g, "~{int ret;~N", p);
+    if (keep_c) writef(g, "~{int saved_c = z->c;~N", p);
+    w(g, "~Mret = ");
+    writef(g, keep_c ? "insert_~$(z, z->c, z->l, ~a);~C" : "insert_~$(z, z->lb, z->c, ~a);~C", p);
+    if (keep_c) w(g, "~Mz->c = saved_c;~N~}");
+    writef(g, "~Mif (ret < 0) return ret;~N"
+          "~}", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_slicefrom(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    writef(g, "~{int ret = slice_from_~$(z, ~a);~C", p);
+    writef(g, "~Mif (ret < 0) return ret;~N"
+          "~}", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_setlimit(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    int keep_c;
+    if (p->left && p->left->type == c_tomark) {
+        /* Special case for:
+         *
+         *   setlimit tomark AE for C
+         *
+         * All uses of setlimit in the current stemmers we ship follow this
+         * pattern, and by special-casing we can avoid having to save and
+         * restore c.
+         */
+        struct node * q = p->left;
+
+        ++g->keep_count;
+        writef(g, "~N~{int mlimit", p);
+        write_int(g, g->keep_count);
+        writef(g, ";~C", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+
+        g->S[0] = q->mode == m_forward ? ">" : "<";
+
+        w(g, "~Mif (z->c ~S0 "); generate_AE(g, q->AE); writef(g, ") ~f~N", q);
+        w(g, "~Mmlimit");
+        write_int(g, keep_c);
+        if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+            w(g, " = z->l - z->c; z->l = ");
+        } else {
+            w(g, " = z->lb; z->lb = ");
+        }
+        generate_AE(g, q->AE);
+        w(g, ";~N");
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~{~K~C", p);
+        keep_c = g->keep_count;
+        generate(g, p->left);
+
+        w(g, "~Mmlimit");
+        write_int(g, keep_c);
+        if (p->mode == m_forward)
+            w(g, " = z->l - z->c; z->l = z->c;~N");
+        else
+            w(g, " = z->lb; z->lb = z->c;~N");
+        w(g, "~M"); wrestore(g, p, keep_c); w(g, "~N");
+    }
+
+    g->failure_keep_count = -keep_c;
+    generate(g, p->aux);
+    w(g, "~M");
+    wrestorelimit(g, p, -g->failure_keep_count);
+    w(g, "~N"
+      "~}");
+}
+
+/* dollar sets snowball up to operate on a string variable as if it were the
+ * current string */
+static void generate_dollar(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    int used = g->label_used;
+    int a0 = g->failure_label;
+    int a1 = g->failure_keep_count;
+    int keep_token;
+    g->failure_label = new_label(g);
+    g->label_used = 0;
+    g->failure_keep_count = 0;
+
+    keep_token = ++g->keep_count;
+    g->I[0] = keep_token;
+    writef(g, "~{struct SN_env env~I0 = * z;~C", p);
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    /* Assume failure. */
+    writef(g, "~Mint failure = 1;~N"
+          "~Mz->p = ~V0;~N"
+          "~Mz->lb = z->c = 0;~N"
+          "~Mz->l = SIZE(z->p);~N", p);
+    generate(g, p->left);
+    /* Mark success. */
+    w(g, "~Mfailure = 0;~N");
+    if (g->label_used)
+        wsetl(g, g->failure_label);
+    g->V[0] = p->name; /* necessary */
+
+    g->label_used = used;
+    g->failure_label = a0;
+    g->failure_keep_count = a1;
+
+    g->I[0] = keep_token;
+    writef(g, "~M~V0 = z->p;~N"
+          "~M* z = env~I0;~N"
+          "~Mif (failure) ~f~N~}", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_integer_assign(struct generator * g, struct node * p, char * s) {
+
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    g->S[0] = s;
+    w(g, "~M~V0 ~S0 "); generate_AE(g, p->AE); writef(g, ";~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_integer_test(struct generator * g, struct node * p, char * s) {
+
+    w(g, "~Mif (!(");
+    generate_AE(g, p->left);
+    write_char(g, ' ');
+    write_string(g, s);
+    write_char(g, ' ');
+    generate_AE(g, p->AE);
+    writef(g, ")) ~f~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_call(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    writef(g, "~{int ret = ~V0(z);~C", p);
+    if (g->failure_keep_count == 0 && g->failure_label == x_return) {
+        /* Combine the two tests in this special case for better optimisation
+         * and clearer generated code. */
+        writef(g, "~Mif (ret <= 0) return ret;~N~}", p);
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~Mif (ret == 0) ~f~N"
+              "~Mif (ret < 0) return ret;~N~}", p);
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_grouping(struct generator * g, struct node * p, int complement) {
+
+    struct grouping * q = p->name->grouping;
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "" : "_b";
+    g->S[1] = complement ? "out" : "in";
+    g->S[2] = g->options->encoding == ENC_UTF8 ? "_U" : "";
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    g->I[0] = q->smallest_ch;
+    g->I[1] = q->largest_ch;
+    writef(g, "~Mif (~S1_grouping~S0~S2(z, ~V0, ~I0, ~I1, 0)) ~f~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_namedstring(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "" : "_b";
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    writef(g, "~Mif (!(eq_v~S0(z, ~V0))) ~f~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_literalstring(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    symbol * b = p->literalstring;
+    if (SIZE(b) == 1) {
+        /* It's quite common to compare with a single character literal string,
+         * so just inline the simpler code for this case rather than making a
+         * function call.  In UTF-8 mode, only do this for the ASCII subset,
+         * since multi-byte characters are more complex to test against.
+         */
+        if (g->options->encoding == ENC_UTF8 && *b >= 128) {
+            printf("single byte %d\n", *b);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        g->I[0] = *b;
+        if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+            writef(g, "~Mif (z->c == z->l || z->p[z->c] != ~c0) ~f~C"
+                  "~Mz->c++;~N", p);
+        } else {
+            writef(g, "~Mif (z->c <= z->lb || z->p[z->c - 1] != ~c0) ~f~C"
+                  "~Mz->c--;~N", p);
+        }
+    } else {
+        g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "" : "_b";
+        g->I[0] = SIZE(b);
+        g->L[0] = b;
+
+        writef(g, "~Mif (!(eq_s~S0(z, ~I0, ~L0))) ~f~C", p);
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_define(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+    struct name * q = p->name;
+    g->next_label = 0;
+
+    g->S[0] = q->type == t_routine ? "static" : "extern";
+    g->V[0] = q;
+
+    w(g, "~N~S0 int ~V0(struct SN_env * z) {");
+    if (g->options->comments) {
+        write_string(g, p->mode == m_forward ? " /* forwardmode */" : " /* backwardmode */");
+    }
+    w(g, "~N~+");
+    if (p->amongvar_needed) w(g, "~Mint among_var;~N");
+    g->failure_keep_count = 0;
+    g->failure_label = x_return;
+    g->label_used = 0;
+    g->keep_count = 0;
+    generate(g, p->left);
+    w(g, "~Mreturn 1;~N~}");
+}
+
+static void generate_substring(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    struct among * x = p->among;
+    int block = -1;
+    unsigned int bitmap = 0;
+    struct amongvec * among_cases = x->b;
+    int c;
+    int empty_case = -1;
+    int n_cases = 0;
+    symbol cases[2];
+    int shortest_size = INT_MAX;
+    int shown_comment = 0;
+
+    g->S[0] = p->mode == m_forward ? "" : "_b";
+    g->I[0] = x->number;
+    g->I[1] = x->literalstring_count;
+
+    /* In forward mode with non-ASCII UTF-8 characters, the first byte
+     * of the string will often be the same, so instead look at the last
+     * common byte position.
+     *
+     * In backward mode, we can't match if there are fewer characters before
+     * the current position than the minimum length.
+     */
+    for (c = 0; c < x->literalstring_count; ++c) {
+        int size = among_cases[c].size;
+        if (size != 0 && size < shortest_size) {
+            shortest_size = size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (c = 0; c < x->literalstring_count; ++c) {
+        symbol ch;
+        if (among_cases[c].size == 0) {
+            empty_case = c;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+            ch = among_cases[c].b[shortest_size - 1];
+        } else {
+            ch = among_cases[c].b[among_cases[c].size - 1];
+        }
+        if (n_cases == 0) {
+            block = ch >> 5;
+        } else if (ch >> 5 != block) {
+            block = -1;
+            if (n_cases > 2) break;
+        }
+        if (block == -1) {
+            if (n_cases > 0 && ch == cases[0]) continue;
+            if (n_cases < 2) {
+                cases[n_cases++] = ch;
+            } else if (ch != cases[1]) {
+                ++n_cases;
+                break;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if ((bitmap & (1u << (ch & 0x1f))) == 0) {
+                bitmap |= 1u << (ch & 0x1f);
+                if (n_cases < 2)
+                    cases[n_cases] = ch;
+                ++n_cases;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (block != -1 || n_cases <= 2) {
+        char buf[64];
+        g->I[2] = block;
+        g->I[3] = bitmap;
+        g->I[4] = shortest_size - 1;
+        if (p->mode == m_forward) {
+            sprintf(buf, "z->p[z->c + %d]", shortest_size - 1);
+            g->S[1] = buf;
+            if (shortest_size == 1) {
+                writef(g, "~Mif (z->c >= z->l", p);
+            } else {
+                writef(g, "~Mif (z->c + ~I4 >= z->l", p);
+            }
+        } else {
+            g->S[1] = "z->p[z->c - 1]";
+            if (shortest_size == 1) {
+                writef(g, "~Mif (z->c <= z->lb", p);
+            } else {
+                writef(g, "~Mif (z->c - ~I4 <= z->lb", p);
+            }
+        }
+        if (n_cases == 0) {
+            /* We get this for the degenerate case: among ( '' )
+             * This doesn't seem to be a useful construct, but it is
+             * syntactically valid.
+             */
+        } else if (n_cases == 1) {
+            g->I[4] = cases[0];
+            writef(g, " || ~S1 != ~I4", p);
+        } else if (n_cases == 2) {
+            g->I[4] = cases[0];
+            g->I[5] = cases[1];
+            writef(g, " || (~S1 != ~I4 && ~S1 != ~I5)", p);
+        } else {
+            writef(g, " || ~S1 >> 5 != ~I2 || !((~I3 >> (~S1 & 0x1f)) & 1)", p);
+        }
+        write_string(g, ") ");
+        if (empty_case != -1) {
+            /* If the among includes the empty string, it can never fail
+             * so not matching the bitmap means we match the empty string.
+             */
+            g->I[4] = among_cases[empty_case].result;
+            writef(g, "among_var = ~I4; else~C", p);
+        } else {
+            writef(g, "~f~C", p);
+        }
+        shown_comment = 1;
+    } else {
+#ifdef OPTIMISATION_WARNINGS
+        printf("Couldn't shortcut among %d\n", x->number);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (!x->amongvar_needed) {
+        writef(g, "~Mif (!(find_among~S0(z, a_~I0, ~I1))) ~f", p);
+        writef(g, shown_comment ? "~N" : "~C", p);
+    } else {
+        writef(g, "~Mamong_var = find_among~S0(z, a_~I0, ~I1);", p);
+        writef(g, shown_comment ? "~N" : "~C", p);
+        writef(g, "~Mif (!(among_var)) ~f~N", p);
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_among(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    struct among * x = p->among;
+
+    if (x->substring == 0) generate_substring(g, p);
+
+    if (x->starter != 0) generate(g, x->starter);
+
+    if (x->command_count == 1 && x->nocommand_count == 0) {
+        /* Only one outcome ("no match" already handled). */
+        generate(g, x->commands[0]);
+    } else if (x->command_count > 0) {
+        int i;
+        writef(g, "~Mswitch (among_var) {~C~+", p);
+        for (i = 1; i <= x->command_count; i++) {
+            g->I[0] = i;
+            w(g, "~Mcase ~I0:~N~+");
+            generate(g, x->commands[i - 1]);
+            w(g, "~Mbreak;~N~-");
+        }
+        w(g, "~}");
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_booltest(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    g->V[0] = p->name;
+    writef(g, "~Mif (!(~V0)) ~f~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_false(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    writef(g, "~M~f~C", p);
+}
+
+static void generate_debug(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    g->I[0] = g->debug_count++;
+    g->I[1] = p->line_number;
+    writef(g, "~Mdebug(z, ~I0, ~I1);~C", p);
+
+}
+
+static void generate(struct generator * g, struct node * p) {
+
+    int used = g->label_used;
+    int a0 = g->failure_label;
+    int a1 = g->failure_keep_count;
+
+    switch (p->type) {
+        case c_define:        generate_define(g, p); break;
+        case c_bra:           generate_bra(g, p); break;
+        case c_and:           generate_and(g, p); break;
+        case c_or:            generate_or(g, p); break;
+        case c_backwards:     generate_backwards(g, p); break;
+        case c_not:           generate_not(g, p); break;
+        case c_set:           generate_set(g, p); break;
+        case c_unset:         generate_unset(g, p); break;
+        case c_try:           generate_try(g, p); break;
+        case c_fail:          generate_fail(g, p); break;
+        case c_reverse:
+        case c_test:          generate_test(g, p); break;
+        case c_do:            generate_do(g, p); break;
+        case c_goto:          generate_GO(g, p, 1); break;
+        case c_gopast:        generate_GO(g, p, 0); break;
+        case c_repeat:        generate_repeat(g, p); break;
+        case c_loop:          generate_loop(g, p); break;
+        case c_atleast:       generate_atleast(g, p); break;
+        case c_setmark:       generate_setmark(g, p); break;
+        case c_tomark:        generate_tomark(g, p); break;
+        case c_atmark:        generate_atmark(g, p); break;
+        case c_hop:           generate_hop(g, p); break;
+        case c_delete:        generate_delete(g, p); break;
+        case c_next:          generate_next(g, p); break;
+        case c_tolimit:       generate_tolimit(g, p); break;
+        case c_atlimit:       generate_atlimit(g, p); break;
+        case c_leftslice:     generate_leftslice(g, p); break;
+        case c_rightslice:    generate_rightslice(g, p); break;
+        case c_assignto:      generate_assignto(g, p); break;
+        case c_sliceto:       generate_sliceto(g, p); break;
+        case c_assign:        generate_assignfrom(g, p); break;
+        case c_insert:
+        case c_attach:        generate_insert(g, p, p->type); break;
+        case c_slicefrom:     generate_slicefrom(g, p); break;
+        case c_setlimit:      generate_setlimit(g, p); break;
+        case c_dollar:        generate_dollar(g, p); break;
+        case c_mathassign:    generate_integer_assign(g, p, "="); break;
+        case c_plusassign:    generate_integer_assign(g, p, "+="); break;
+        case c_minusassign:   generate_integer_assign(g, p, "-="); break;
+        case c_multiplyassign:generate_integer_assign(g, p, "*="); break;
+        case c_divideassign:  generate_integer_assign(g, p, "/="); break;
+        case c_eq:            generate_integer_test(g, p, "=="); break;
+        case c_ne:            generate_integer_test(g, p, "!="); break;
+        case c_gr:            generate_integer_test(g, p, ">"); break;
+        case c_ge:            generate_integer_test(g, p, ">="); break;
+        case c_ls:            generate_integer_test(g, p, "<"); break;
+        case c_le:            generate_integer_test(g, p, "<="); break;
+        case c_call:          generate_call(g, p); break;
+        case c_grouping:      generate_grouping(g, p, false); break;
+        case c_non:           generate_grouping(g, p, true); break;
+        case c_name:          generate_namedstring(g, p); break;
+        case c_literalstring: generate_literalstring(g, p); break;
+        case c_among:         generate_among(g, p); break;
+        case c_substring:     generate_substring(g, p); break;
+        case c_booltest:      generate_booltest(g, p); break;
+        case c_false:         generate_false(g, p); break;
+        case c_true:          break;
+        case c_debug:         generate_debug(g, p); break;
+        default: fprintf(stderr, "%d encountered\n", p->type);
+                 exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (g->failure_label != a0)
+        g->label_used = used;
+    g->failure_label = a0;
+    g->failure_keep_count = a1;
+}
+
+void write_generated_comment_content(struct generator * g) {
+    w(g, "Generated by Snowball " SNOWBALL_VERSION
+         " - https://snowballstem.org/");
+}
+
+void write_start_comment(struct generator * g,
+                         const char * comment_start,
+                         const char * comment_end) {
+    write_margin(g);
+    w(g, comment_start);
+    write_generated_comment_content(g);
+    if (comment_end) {
+        w(g, comment_end);
+    }
+    w(g, "~N~N");
+}
+
+static void generate_head(struct generator * g) {
+
+    w(g, "#include \"");
+    if (g->options->runtime_path) {
+        write_string(g, g->options->runtime_path);
+        if (g->options->runtime_path[strlen(g->options->runtime_path) - 1] != '/')
+            write_char(g, '/');
+    }
+    w(g, "header.h\"~N~N");
+}
+
+static void generate_routine_headers(struct generator * g) {
+    struct name * q;
+    for (q = g->analyser->names; q; q = q->next) {
+        g->V[0] = q;
+        switch (q->type) {
+            case t_routine:
+                w(g, "static int ~W0(struct SN_env * z);~N");
+                break;
+            case t_external:
+                w(g,
+                  "#ifdef __cplusplus~N"
+                  "extern \"C\" {~N"
+                  "#endif~N"
+                  "extern int ~W0(struct SN_env * z);~N"
+                  "#ifdef __cplusplus~N"
+                  "}~N"
+                  "#endif~N"
+                  );
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_among_table(struct generator * g, struct among * x) {
+
+    struct amongvec * v = x->b;
+
+    g->I[0] = x->number;
+    {
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < x->literalstring_count; i++) {
+            g->I[1] = i;
+            g->I[2] = v->size;
+            g->L[0] = v->b;
+            if (v->size)
+                w(g, "static const symbol s_~I0_~I1[~I2] = ~A0;~N");
+            v++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    g->I[1] = x->literalstring_count;
+    w(g, "~N~Mstatic const struct among a_~I0[~I1] =~N{~N");
+
+    v = x->b;
+    {
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < x->literalstring_count; i++) {
+            g->I[1] = i;
+            g->I[2] = v->size;
+            g->I[3] = v->i;
+            g->I[4] = v->result;
+            g->S[0] = i < x->literalstring_count - 1 ? "," : "";
+
+            if (g->options->comments) {
+                w(g, "/*~J1 */ ");
+            }
+            w(g, "{ ~I2, ");
+            if (v->size == 0) {
+                w(g, "0,");
+            } else {
+                w(g, "s_~I0_~I1,");
+            }
+            w(g, " ~I3, ~I4, ");
+            if (v->function == 0) {
+                write_char(g, '0');
+            } else {
+                write_varname(g, v->function);
+            }
+            w(g, "}~S0~N");
+            v++;
+        }
+    }
+    w(g, "};~N~N");
+}
+
+static void generate_amongs(struct generator * g) {
+    struct among * x;
+    for (x = g->analyser->amongs; x; x = x->next) {
+        generate_among_table(g, x);
+    }
+}
+
+static void set_bit(symbol * b, int i) { b[i/8] |= 1 << i%8; }
+
+static void generate_grouping_table(struct generator * g, struct grouping * q) {
+
+    int range = q->largest_ch - q->smallest_ch + 1;
+    int size = (range + 7)/ 8;  /* assume 8 bits per symbol */
+    symbol * b = q->b;
+    symbol * map = create_b(size);
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) map[i] = 0;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < SIZE(b); i++) set_bit(map, b[i] - q->smallest_ch);
+
+    g->V[0] = q->name;
+
+    w(g, "static const unsigned char ~V0[] = { ");
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        write_int(g, map[i]);
+        if (i < size - 1) w(g, ", ");
+    }
+    w(g, " };~N~N");
+    lose_b(map);
+}
+
+static void generate_groupings(struct generator * g) {
+    struct grouping * q;
+    for (q = g->analyser->groupings; q; q = q->next) {
+        if (q->name->used)
+            generate_grouping_table(g, q);
+    }
+}
+
+static void generate_create(struct generator * g) {
+
+    int * p = g->analyser->name_count;
+    g->I[0] = p[t_string];
+    g->I[1] = p[t_integer] + p[t_boolean];
+    w(g, "~N"
+         "extern struct SN_env * ~pcreate_env(void) { return SN_create_env(~I0, ~I1); }"
+         "~N");
+}
+
+static void generate_close(struct generator * g) {
+
+    int * p = g->analyser->name_count;
+    g->I[0] = p[t_string];
+    w(g, "~Nextern void ~pclose_env(struct SN_env * z) { SN_close_env(z, ~I0); }~N~N");
+}
+
+static void generate_create_and_close_templates(struct generator * g) {
+    w(g, "~N"
+         "extern struct SN_env * ~pcreate_env(void);~N"
+         "extern void ~pclose_env(struct SN_env * z);~N"
+         "~N");
+}
+
+static void generate_header_file(struct generator * g) {
+
+    struct name * q;
+    const char * vp = g->options->variables_prefix;
+    g->S[0] = vp;
+
+    w(g, "#ifdef __cplusplus~N"
+         "extern \"C\" {~N"
+         "#endif~N");            /* for C++ */
+
+    generate_create_and_close_templates(g);
+    for (q = g->analyser->names; q; q = q->next) {
+        g->V[0] = q;
+        switch (q->type) {
+            case t_external:
+                w(g, "extern int ~W0(struct SN_env * z);~N");
+                break;
+            case t_string:
+            case t_integer:
+            case t_boolean:
+                if (vp) {
+                    int count = q->count;
+                    if (count < 0) {
+                        /* Unused variables should get removed from `names`. */
+                        fprintf(stderr, "Optimised out variable ");
+                        report_b(stderr, q->b);
+                        fprintf(stderr, " still in names list\n");
+                        exit(1);
+                    }
+                    if (q->type == t_boolean) {
+                        /* We use a single array for booleans and integers,
+                         * with the integers first.
+                         */
+                        count += g->analyser->name_count[t_integer];
+                    }
+                    g->I[0] = count;
+                    g->I[1] = "SIIrxg"[q->type];
+                    w(g, "#define ~S0");
+                    write_b(g, q->b);
+                    w(g, " (~c1[~I0])~N");
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    w(g, "~N"
+         "#ifdef __cplusplus~N"
+         "}~N"
+         "#endif~N");            /* for C++ */
+
+    w(g, "~N");
+}
+
+extern void generate_program_c(struct generator * g) {
+
+    g->outbuf = str_new();
+    write_start_comment(g, "/* ", " */");
+    generate_head(g);
+    generate_routine_headers(g);
+    w(g, "#ifdef __cplusplus~N"
+         "extern \"C\" {~N"
+         "#endif~N"
+         "~N");
+    generate_create_and_close_templates(g);
+    w(g, "~N"
+         "#ifdef __cplusplus~N"
+         "}~N"
+         "#endif~N");
+    generate_amongs(g);
+    generate_groupings(g);
+    g->declarations = g->outbuf;
+    g->outbuf = str_new();
+    g->literalstring_count = 0;
+    {
+        struct node * p = g->analyser->program;
+        while (p) { generate(g, p); p = p->right; }
+    }
+    generate_create(g);
+    generate_close(g);
+    output_str(g->options->output_src, g->declarations);
+    str_delete(g->declarations);
+    output_str(g->options->output_src, g->outbuf);
+    str_clear(g->outbuf);
+
+    write_start_comment(g, "/* ", " */");
+    generate_header_file(g);
+    output_str(g->options->output_h, g->outbuf);
+    str_delete(g->outbuf);
+}
+
+/* Generator functions common to multiple languages. */
+
+extern struct generator * create_generator(struct analyser * a, struct options * o) {
+    NEW(generator, g);
+    g->analyser = a;
+    g->options = o;
+    g->margin = 0;
+    g->debug_count = 0;
+    g->copy_from_count = 0;
+    g->line_count = 0;
+    g->line_labelled = 0;
+    g->failure_label = -1;
+    g->unreachable = false;
+#ifndef DISABLE_PYTHON
+    g->max_label = 0;
+#endif
+    return g;
+}
+
+extern void close_generator(struct generator * g) {
+    FREE(g);
+}
+
+/* Write routines for simple entities */
+
+extern void write_char(struct generator * g, int ch) {
+    str_append_ch(g->outbuf, ch); /* character */
+}
+
+extern void write_newline(struct generator * g) {
+    str_append_ch(g->outbuf, '\n'); /* newline */
+    g->line_count++;
+}
+
+extern void write_string(struct generator * g, const char * s) {
+    str_append_string(g->outbuf, s);
+}
+
+extern void write_int(struct generator * g, int i) {
+    str_append_int(g->outbuf, i);
+}
+
+extern void write_b(struct generator * g, symbol * b) {
+
+    str_append_b(g->outbuf, b);
+}
+
+extern void write_str(struct generator * g, struct str * str) {
+
+    str_append(g->outbuf, str);
+}