libusb 0.5.1 → 0.6.0

data/ext/libusb-1.0.20/libusb/os/darwin_usb.c

@@ -1,1969 +0,0 @@
-/* -*- Mode: C; indent-tabs-mode:nil -*- */
-/*
- * darwin backend for libusb 1.0
- * Copyright © 2008-2014 Nathan Hjelm <hjelmn@users.sourceforge.net>
- *
- * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
- * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
- * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
- * Lesser General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
- * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
- */
-
-#include "config.h"
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <libkern/OSAtomic.h>
-
-#include <mach/clock.h>
-#include <mach/clock_types.h>
-#include <mach/mach_host.h>
-#include <mach/mach_port.h>
-
-#include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
-#if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= 1060
-  #include <objc/objc-auto.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "darwin_usb.h"
-
-/* async event thread */
-static pthread_mutex_t libusb_darwin_at_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-static pthread_cond_t  libusb_darwin_at_cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
-
-static clock_serv_t clock_realtime;
-static clock_serv_t clock_monotonic;
-
-static CFRunLoopRef libusb_darwin_acfl = NULL; /* event cf loop */
-static volatile int32_t initCount = 0;
-
-static usbi_mutex_t darwin_cached_devices_lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-static struct list_head darwin_cached_devices = {&darwin_cached_devices, &darwin_cached_devices};
-
-#define DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(a) ((struct darwin_cached_device *) (((struct darwin_device_priv *)((a)->os_priv))->dev))
-
-/* async event thread */
-static pthread_t libusb_darwin_at;
-
-static int darwin_get_config_descriptor(struct libusb_device *dev, uint8_t config_index, unsigned char *buffer, size_t len, int *host_endian);
-static int darwin_claim_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int iface);
-static int darwin_release_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int iface);
-static int darwin_reset_device(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle);
-static void darwin_async_io_callback (void *refcon, IOReturn result, void *arg0);
-
-static int darwin_scan_devices(struct libusb_context *ctx);
-static int process_new_device (struct libusb_context *ctx, io_service_t service);
-
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING)
-static const char *darwin_error_str (int result) {
-  static char string_buffer[50];
-  switch (result) {
-  case kIOReturnSuccess:
-    return "no error";
-  case kIOReturnNotOpen:
-    return "device not opened for exclusive access";
-  case kIOReturnNoDevice:
-    return "no connection to an IOService";
-  case kIOUSBNoAsyncPortErr:
-    return "no async port has been opened for interface";
-  case kIOReturnExclusiveAccess:
-    return "another process has device opened for exclusive access";
-  case kIOUSBPipeStalled:
-    return "pipe is stalled";
-  case kIOReturnError:
-    return "could not establish a connection to the Darwin kernel";
-  case kIOUSBTransactionTimeout:
-    return "transaction timed out";
-  case kIOReturnBadArgument:
-    return "invalid argument";
-  case kIOReturnAborted:
-    return "transaction aborted";
-  case kIOReturnNotResponding:
-    return "device not responding";
-  case kIOReturnOverrun:
-    return "data overrun";
-  case kIOReturnCannotWire:
-    return "physical memory can not be wired down";
-  case kIOReturnNoResources:
-    return "out of resources";
-  case kIOUSBHighSpeedSplitError:
-    return "high speed split error";
-  default:
-    snprintf(string_buffer, sizeof(string_buffer), "unknown error (0x%x)", result);
-    return string_buffer;
-  }
-}
-#endif
-
-static int darwin_to_libusb (int result) {
-  switch (result) {
-  case kIOReturnUnderrun:
-  case kIOReturnSuccess:
-    return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-  case kIOReturnNotOpen:
-  case kIOReturnNoDevice:
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-  case kIOReturnExclusiveAccess:
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_ACCESS;
-  case kIOUSBPipeStalled:
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_PIPE;
-  case kIOReturnBadArgument:
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-  case kIOUSBTransactionTimeout:
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_TIMEOUT;
-  case kIOReturnNotResponding:
-  case kIOReturnAborted:
-  case kIOReturnError:
-  case kIOUSBNoAsyncPortErr:
-  default:
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-  }
-}
-
-/* this function must be called with the darwin_cached_devices_lock held */
-static void darwin_deref_cached_device(struct darwin_cached_device *cached_dev) {
-  cached_dev->refcount--;
-  /* free the device and remove it from the cache */
-  if (0 == cached_dev->refcount) {
-    list_del(&cached_dev->list);
-
-    (*(cached_dev->device))->Release(cached_dev->device);
-    free (cached_dev);
-  }
-}
-
-static void darwin_ref_cached_device(struct darwin_cached_device *cached_dev) {
-  cached_dev->refcount++;
-}
-
-static int ep_to_pipeRef(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, uint8_t ep, uint8_t *pipep, uint8_t *ifcp, struct darwin_interface **interface_out) {
-  struct darwin_device_handle_priv *priv = (struct darwin_device_handle_priv *)dev_handle->os_priv;
-
-  /* current interface */
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-
-  int8_t i, iface;
-
-  usbi_dbg ("converting ep address 0x%02x to pipeRef and interface", ep);
-
-  for (iface = 0 ; iface < USB_MAXINTERFACES ; iface++) {
-    cInterface = &priv->interfaces[iface];
-
-    if (dev_handle->claimed_interfaces & (1 << iface)) {
-      for (i = 0 ; i < cInterface->num_endpoints ; i++) {
-        if (cInterface->endpoint_addrs[i] == ep) {
-          *pipep = i + 1;
-
-          if (ifcp)
-            *ifcp = iface;
-
-          if (interface_out)
-            *interface_out = cInterface;
-
-          usbi_dbg ("pipe %d on interface %d matches", *pipep, iface);
-          return 0;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* No pipe found with the correct endpoint address */
-  usbi_warn (HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "no pipeRef found with endpoint address 0x%02x.", ep);
-
-  return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-static int usb_setup_device_iterator (io_iterator_t *deviceIterator, UInt32 location) {
-  CFMutableDictionaryRef matchingDict = IOServiceMatching(kIOUSBDeviceClassName);
-
-  if (!matchingDict)
-    return kIOReturnError;
-
-  if (location) {
-    CFMutableDictionaryRef propertyMatchDict = CFDictionaryCreateMutable(kCFAllocatorDefault, 0,
-                                                                         &kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
-                                                                         &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
-
-    if (propertyMatchDict) {
-      /* there are no unsigned CFNumber types so treat the value as signed. the os seems to do this
-         internally (CFNumberType of locationID is 3) */
-      CFTypeRef locationCF = CFNumberCreate (NULL, kCFNumberSInt32Type, &location);
-
-      CFDictionarySetValue (propertyMatchDict, CFSTR(kUSBDevicePropertyLocationID), locationCF);
-      /* release our reference to the CFNumber (CFDictionarySetValue retains it) */
-      CFRelease (locationCF);
-
-      CFDictionarySetValue (matchingDict, CFSTR(kIOPropertyMatchKey), propertyMatchDict);
-      /* release out reference to the CFMutableDictionaryRef (CFDictionarySetValue retains it) */
-      CFRelease (propertyMatchDict);
-    }
-    /* else we can still proceed as long as the caller accounts for the possibility of other devices in the iterator */
-  }
-
-  return IOServiceGetMatchingServices(kIOMasterPortDefault, matchingDict, deviceIterator);
-}
-
-/* Returns 1 on success, 0 on failure. */
-static int get_ioregistry_value_number (io_service_t service, CFStringRef property, CFNumberType type, void *p) {
-  CFTypeRef cfNumber = IORegistryEntryCreateCFProperty (service, property, kCFAllocatorDefault, 0);
-  int ret = 0;
-
-  if (cfNumber) {
-    if (CFGetTypeID(cfNumber) == CFNumberGetTypeID()) {
-      ret = CFNumberGetValue(cfNumber, type, p);
-    }
-
-    CFRelease (cfNumber);
-  }
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-static usb_device_t **darwin_device_from_service (io_service_t service)
-{
-  io_cf_plugin_ref_t *plugInInterface = NULL;
-  usb_device_t **device;
-  kern_return_t result;
-  SInt32 score;
-
-  result = IOCreatePlugInInterfaceForService(service, kIOUSBDeviceUserClientTypeID,
-                                             kIOCFPlugInInterfaceID, &plugInInterface,
-                                             &score);
-
-  if (kIOReturnSuccess != result || !plugInInterface) {
-    usbi_dbg ("could not set up plugin for service: %s", darwin_error_str (result));
-    return NULL;
-  }
-
-  (void)(*plugInInterface)->QueryInterface(plugInInterface, CFUUIDGetUUIDBytes(DeviceInterfaceID),
-                                           (LPVOID)&device);
-  /* Use release instead of IODestroyPlugInInterface to avoid stopping IOServices associated with this device */
-  (*plugInInterface)->Release (plugInInterface);
-
-  return device;
-}
-
-static void darwin_devices_attached (void *ptr, io_iterator_t add_devices) {
-  struct libusb_context *ctx;
-  io_service_t service;
-
-  usbi_mutex_lock(&active_contexts_lock);
-
-  while ((service = IOIteratorNext(add_devices))) {
-    /* add this device to each active context's device list */
-    list_for_each_entry(ctx, &active_contexts_list, list, struct libusb_context) {
-      process_new_device (ctx, service);;
-    }
-
-    IOObjectRelease(service);
-  }
-
-  usbi_mutex_unlock(&active_contexts_lock);
-}
-
-static void darwin_devices_detached (void *ptr, io_iterator_t rem_devices) {
-  struct libusb_device *dev = NULL;
-  struct libusb_context *ctx;
-  struct darwin_cached_device *old_device;
-
-  io_service_t device;
-  UInt64 session;
-  int ret;
-
-  usbi_mutex_lock(&active_contexts_lock);
-
-  while ((device = IOIteratorNext (rem_devices)) != 0) {
-    /* get the location from the i/o registry */
-    ret = get_ioregistry_value_number (device, CFSTR("sessionID"), kCFNumberSInt64Type, &session);
-    IOObjectRelease (device);
-    if (!ret)
-      continue;
-
-    /* we need to match darwin_ref_cached_device call made in darwin_get_cached_device function
-       otherwise no cached device will ever get freed */
-    usbi_mutex_lock(&darwin_cached_devices_lock);
-    list_for_each_entry(old_device, &darwin_cached_devices, list, struct darwin_cached_device) {
-      if (old_device->session == session) {
-        darwin_deref_cached_device (old_device);
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    usbi_mutex_unlock(&darwin_cached_devices_lock);
-
-    list_for_each_entry(ctx, &active_contexts_list, list, struct libusb_context) {
-      usbi_dbg ("notifying context %p of device disconnect", ctx);
-
-      dev = usbi_get_device_by_session_id(ctx, (unsigned long) session);
-      if (dev) {
-        /* signal the core that this device has been disconnected. the core will tear down this device
-           when the reference count reaches 0 */
-        usbi_disconnect_device(dev);
-        libusb_unref_device(dev);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  usbi_mutex_unlock(&active_contexts_lock);
-}
-
-static void darwin_hotplug_poll (void)
-{
-  /* not sure if 5 seconds will be too long/short but it should work ok */
-  mach_timespec_t timeout = {.tv_sec = 5, .tv_nsec = 0};
-
-  /* since a kernel thread may nodify the IOInterators used for
-   * hotplug notidication we can't just clear the iterators.
-   * instead just wait until all IOService providers are quiet */
-  (void) IOKitWaitQuiet (kIOMasterPortDefault, &timeout);
-}
-
-static void darwin_clear_iterator (io_iterator_t iter) {
-  io_service_t device;
-
-  while ((device = IOIteratorNext (iter)) != 0)
-    IOObjectRelease (device);
-}
-
-static void *darwin_event_thread_main (void *arg0) {
-  IOReturn kresult;
-  struct libusb_context *ctx = (struct libusb_context *)arg0;
-  CFRunLoopRef runloop;
-
-  /* Set this thread's name, so it can be seen in the debugger
-     and crash reports. */
-#if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= 1060
-  pthread_setname_np ("org.libusb.device-hotplug");
-
-  /* Tell the Objective-C garbage collector about this thread.
-     This is required because, unlike NSThreads, pthreads are
-     not automatically registered. Although we don't use
-     Objective-C, we use CoreFoundation, which does. */
-  objc_registerThreadWithCollector();
-#endif
-
-  /* hotplug (device arrival/removal) sources */
-  CFRunLoopSourceRef     libusb_notification_cfsource;
-  io_notification_port_t libusb_notification_port;
-  io_iterator_t          libusb_rem_device_iterator;
-  io_iterator_t          libusb_add_device_iterator;
-
-  usbi_dbg ("creating hotplug event source");
-
-  runloop = CFRunLoopGetCurrent ();
-  CFRetain (runloop);
-
-  /* add the notification port to the run loop */
-  libusb_notification_port     = IONotificationPortCreate (kIOMasterPortDefault);
-  libusb_notification_cfsource = IONotificationPortGetRunLoopSource (libusb_notification_port);
-  CFRunLoopAddSource(runloop, libusb_notification_cfsource, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
-
-  /* create notifications for removed devices */
-  kresult = IOServiceAddMatchingNotification (libusb_notification_port, kIOTerminatedNotification,
-                                              IOServiceMatching(kIOUSBDeviceClassName),
-                                              darwin_devices_detached,
-                                              ctx, &libusb_rem_device_iterator);
-
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess) {
-    usbi_err (ctx, "could not add hotplug event source: %s", darwin_error_str (kresult));
-
-    pthread_exit (NULL);
-  }
-
-  /* create notifications for attached devices */
-  kresult = IOServiceAddMatchingNotification(libusb_notification_port, kIOFirstMatchNotification,
-                                              IOServiceMatching(kIOUSBDeviceClassName),
-                                              darwin_devices_attached,
-                                              ctx, &libusb_add_device_iterator);
-
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess) {
-    usbi_err (ctx, "could not add hotplug event source: %s", darwin_error_str (kresult));
-
-    pthread_exit (NULL);
-  }
-
-  /* arm notifiers */
-  darwin_clear_iterator (libusb_rem_device_iterator);
-  darwin_clear_iterator (libusb_add_device_iterator);
-
-  usbi_dbg ("darwin event thread ready to receive events");
-
-  /* signal the main thread that the hotplug runloop has been created. */
-  pthread_mutex_lock (&libusb_darwin_at_mutex);
-  libusb_darwin_acfl = runloop;
-  pthread_cond_signal (&libusb_darwin_at_cond);
-  pthread_mutex_unlock (&libusb_darwin_at_mutex);
-
-  /* run the runloop */
-  CFRunLoopRun();
-
-  usbi_dbg ("darwin event thread exiting");
-
-  /* remove the notification cfsource */
-  CFRunLoopRemoveSource(runloop, libusb_notification_cfsource, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
-
-  /* delete notification port */
-  IONotificationPortDestroy (libusb_notification_port);
-
-  /* delete iterators */
-  IOObjectRelease (libusb_rem_device_iterator);
-  IOObjectRelease (libusb_add_device_iterator);
-
-  CFRelease (runloop);
-
-  libusb_darwin_acfl = NULL;
-
-  pthread_exit (NULL);
-}
-
-/* cleanup function to destroy cached devices */
-static void __attribute__((destructor)) _darwin_finalize(void) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dev, *next;
-
-  usbi_mutex_lock(&darwin_cached_devices_lock);
-  list_for_each_entry_safe(dev, next, &darwin_cached_devices, list, struct darwin_cached_device) {
-    darwin_deref_cached_device(dev);
-  }
-  usbi_mutex_unlock(&darwin_cached_devices_lock);
-}
-
-static int darwin_init(struct libusb_context *ctx) {
-  host_name_port_t host_self;
-  int rc;
-
-  rc = darwin_scan_devices (ctx);
-  if (LIBUSB_SUCCESS != rc) {
-    return rc;
-  }
-
-  if (OSAtomicIncrement32Barrier(&initCount) == 1) {
-    /* create the clocks that will be used */
-
-    host_self = mach_host_self();
-    host_get_clock_service(host_self, CALENDAR_CLOCK, &clock_realtime);
-    host_get_clock_service(host_self, SYSTEM_CLOCK, &clock_monotonic);
-    mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), host_self);
-
-    pthread_create (&libusb_darwin_at, NULL, darwin_event_thread_main, ctx);
-
-    pthread_mutex_lock (&libusb_darwin_at_mutex);
-    while (!libusb_darwin_acfl)
-      pthread_cond_wait (&libusb_darwin_at_cond, &libusb_darwin_at_mutex);
-    pthread_mutex_unlock (&libusb_darwin_at_mutex);
-  }
-
-  return rc;
-}
-
-static void darwin_exit (void) {
-  if (OSAtomicDecrement32Barrier(&initCount) == 0) {
-    mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), clock_realtime);
-    mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), clock_monotonic);
-
-    /* stop the event runloop and wait for the thread to terminate. */
-    CFRunLoopStop (libusb_darwin_acfl);
-    pthread_join (libusb_darwin_at, NULL);
-  }
-}
-
-static int darwin_get_device_descriptor(struct libusb_device *dev, unsigned char *buffer, int *host_endian) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *priv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev);
-
-  /* return cached copy */
-  memmove (buffer, &(priv->dev_descriptor), DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH);
-
-  *host_endian = 0;
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int get_configuration_index (struct libusb_device *dev, int config_value) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *priv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev);
-  UInt8 i, numConfig;
-  IOUSBConfigurationDescriptorPtr desc;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-
-  /* is there a simpler way to determine the index? */
-  kresult = (*(priv->device))->GetNumberOfConfigurations (priv->device, &numConfig);
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess)
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-
-  for (i = 0 ; i < numConfig ; i++) {
-    (*(priv->device))->GetConfigurationDescriptorPtr (priv->device, i, &desc);
-
-    if (desc->bConfigurationValue == config_value)
-      return i;
-  }
-
-  /* configuration not found */
-  return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-static int darwin_get_active_config_descriptor(struct libusb_device *dev, unsigned char *buffer, size_t len, int *host_endian) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *priv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev);
-  int config_index;
-
-  if (0 == priv->active_config)
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-
-  config_index = get_configuration_index (dev, priv->active_config);
-  if (config_index < 0)
-    return config_index;
-
-  return darwin_get_config_descriptor (dev, config_index, buffer, len, host_endian);
-}
-
-static int darwin_get_config_descriptor(struct libusb_device *dev, uint8_t config_index, unsigned char *buffer, size_t len, int *host_endian) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *priv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev);
-  IOUSBConfigurationDescriptorPtr desc;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-  int ret;
-
-  if (!priv || !priv->device)
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-
-  kresult = (*priv->device)->GetConfigurationDescriptorPtr (priv->device, config_index, &desc);
-  if (kresult == kIOReturnSuccess) {
-    /* copy descriptor */
-    if (libusb_le16_to_cpu(desc->wTotalLength) < len)
-      len = libusb_le16_to_cpu(desc->wTotalLength);
-
-    memmove (buffer, desc, len);
-
-    /* GetConfigurationDescriptorPtr returns the descriptor in USB bus order */
-    *host_endian = 0;
-  }
-
-  ret = darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  if (ret != LIBUSB_SUCCESS)
-    return ret;
-
-  return (int) len;
-}
-
-/* check whether the os has configured the device */
-static int darwin_check_configuration (struct libusb_context *ctx, struct darwin_cached_device *dev) {
-  usb_device_t **darwin_device = dev->device;
-
-  IOUSBConfigurationDescriptorPtr configDesc;
-  IOUSBFindInterfaceRequest request;
-  kern_return_t             kresult;
-  io_iterator_t             interface_iterator;
-  io_service_t              firstInterface;
-
-  if (dev->dev_descriptor.bNumConfigurations < 1) {
-    usbi_err (ctx, "device has no configurations");
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER; /* no configurations at this speed so we can't use it */
-  }
-
-  /* find the first configuration */
-  kresult = (*darwin_device)->GetConfigurationDescriptorPtr (darwin_device, 0, &configDesc);
-  dev->first_config = (kIOReturnSuccess == kresult) ? configDesc->bConfigurationValue : 1;
-
-  /* check if the device is already configured. there is probably a better way than iterating over the
-     to accomplish this (the trick is we need to avoid a call to GetConfigurations since buggy devices
-     might lock up on the device request) */
-
-  /* Setup the Interface Request */
-  request.bInterfaceClass    = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-  request.bInterfaceSubClass = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-  request.bInterfaceProtocol = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-  request.bAlternateSetting  = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-
-  kresult = (*(darwin_device))->CreateInterfaceIterator(darwin_device, &request, &interface_iterator);
-  if (kresult)
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-
-  /* iterate once */
-  firstInterface = IOIteratorNext(interface_iterator);
-
-  /* done with the interface iterator */
-  IOObjectRelease(interface_iterator);
-
-  if (firstInterface) {
-    IOObjectRelease (firstInterface);
-
-    /* device is configured */
-    if (dev->dev_descriptor.bNumConfigurations == 1)
-      /* to avoid problems with some devices get the configurations value from the configuration descriptor */
-      dev->active_config = dev->first_config;
-    else
-      /* devices with more than one configuration should work with GetConfiguration */
-      (*darwin_device)->GetConfiguration (darwin_device, &dev->active_config);
-  } else
-    /* not configured */
-    dev->active_config = 0;
-  
-  usbi_dbg ("active config: %u, first config: %u", dev->active_config, dev->first_config);
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int darwin_request_descriptor (usb_device_t **device, UInt8 desc, UInt8 desc_index, void *buffer, size_t buffer_size) {
-  IOUSBDevRequestTO req;
-
-  memset (buffer, 0, buffer_size);
-
-  /* Set up request for descriptor/ */
-  req.bmRequestType = USBmakebmRequestType(kUSBIn, kUSBStandard, kUSBDevice);
-  req.bRequest      = kUSBRqGetDescriptor;
-  req.wValue        = desc << 8;
-  req.wIndex        = desc_index;
-  req.wLength       = buffer_size;
-  req.pData         = buffer;
-  req.noDataTimeout = 20;
-  req.completionTimeout = 100;
-
-  return (*device)->DeviceRequestTO (device, &req);
-}
-
-static int darwin_cache_device_descriptor (struct libusb_context *ctx, struct darwin_cached_device *dev) {
-  usb_device_t **device = dev->device;
-  int retries = 1, delay = 30000;
-  int unsuspended = 0, try_unsuspend = 1, try_reconfigure = 1;
-  int is_open = 0;
-  int ret = 0, ret2;
-  UInt8 bDeviceClass;
-  UInt16 idProduct, idVendor;
-
-  dev->can_enumerate = 0;
-
-  (*device)->GetDeviceClass (device, &bDeviceClass);
-  (*device)->GetDeviceProduct (device, &idProduct);
-  (*device)->GetDeviceVendor (device, &idVendor);
-
-  /* According to Apple's documentation the device must be open for DeviceRequest but we may not be able to open some
-   * devices and Apple's USB Prober doesn't bother to open the device before issuing a descriptor request.  Still,
-   * to follow the spec as closely as possible, try opening the device */
-  is_open = ((*device)->USBDeviceOpenSeize(device) == kIOReturnSuccess);
-
-  do {
-    /**** retrieve device descriptor ****/
-    ret = darwin_request_descriptor (device, kUSBDeviceDesc, 0, &dev->dev_descriptor, sizeof(dev->dev_descriptor));
-
-    if (kIOReturnOverrun == ret && kUSBDeviceDesc == dev->dev_descriptor.bDescriptorType)
-      /* received an overrun error but we still received a device descriptor */
-      ret = kIOReturnSuccess;
-
-    if (kIOUSBVendorIDAppleComputer == idVendor) {
-      /* NTH: don't bother retrying or unsuspending Apple devices */
-      break;
-    }
-
-    if (kIOReturnSuccess == ret && (0 == dev->dev_descriptor.bNumConfigurations ||
-                                    0 == dev->dev_descriptor.bcdUSB)) {
-      /* work around for incorrectly configured devices */
-      if (try_reconfigure && is_open) {
-        usbi_dbg("descriptor appears to be invalid. resetting configuration before trying again...");
-
-        /* set the first configuration */
-        (*device)->SetConfiguration(device, 1);
-
-        /* don't try to reconfigure again */
-        try_reconfigure = 0;
-      }
-
-      ret = kIOUSBPipeStalled;
-    }
-
-    if (kIOReturnSuccess != ret && is_open && try_unsuspend) {
-      /* device may be suspended. unsuspend it and try again */
-#if DeviceVersion >= 320
-      UInt32 info = 0;
-
-      /* IOUSBFamily 320+ provides a way to detect device suspension but earlier versions do not */
-      (void)(*device)->GetUSBDeviceInformation (device, &info);
-
-      /* note that the device was suspended */
-      if (info & (1 << kUSBInformationDeviceIsSuspendedBit) || 0 == info)
-        try_unsuspend = 1;
-#endif
-
-      if (try_unsuspend) {
-        /* try to unsuspend the device */
-        ret2 = (*device)->USBDeviceSuspend (device, 0);
-        if (kIOReturnSuccess != ret2) {
-          /* prevent log spew from poorly behaving devices.  this indicates the
-             os actually had trouble communicating with the device */
-          usbi_dbg("could not retrieve device descriptor. failed to unsuspend: %s",darwin_error_str(ret2));
-        } else
-          unsuspended = 1;
-
-        try_unsuspend = 0;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (kIOReturnSuccess != ret) {
-      usbi_dbg("kernel responded with code: 0x%08x. sleeping for %d ms before trying again", ret, delay/1000);
-      /* sleep for a little while before trying again */
-      usleep (delay);
-    }
-  } while (kIOReturnSuccess != ret && retries--);
-
-  if (unsuspended)
-    /* resuspend the device */
-    (void)(*device)->USBDeviceSuspend (device, 1);
-
-  if (is_open)
-    (void) (*device)->USBDeviceClose (device);
-
-  if (ret != kIOReturnSuccess) {
-    /* a debug message was already printed out for this error */
-    if (LIBUSB_CLASS_HUB == bDeviceClass)
-      usbi_dbg ("could not retrieve device descriptor %.4x:%.4x: %s (%x). skipping device",
-                idVendor, idProduct, darwin_error_str (ret), ret);
-    else
-      usbi_warn (ctx, "could not retrieve device descriptor %.4x:%.4x: %s (%x). skipping device",
-                 idVendor, idProduct, darwin_error_str (ret), ret);
-    return darwin_to_libusb (ret);
-  }
-
-  /* catch buggy hubs (which appear to be virtual). Apple's own USB prober has problems with these devices. */
-  if (libusb_le16_to_cpu (dev->dev_descriptor.idProduct) != idProduct) {
-    /* not a valid device */
-    usbi_warn (ctx, "idProduct from iokit (%04x) does not match idProduct in descriptor (%04x). skipping device",
-               idProduct, libusb_le16_to_cpu (dev->dev_descriptor.idProduct));
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-  }
-
-  usbi_dbg ("cached device descriptor:");
-  usbi_dbg ("  bDescriptorType:    0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.bDescriptorType);
-  usbi_dbg ("  bcdUSB:             0x%04x", dev->dev_descriptor.bcdUSB);
-  usbi_dbg ("  bDeviceClass:       0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.bDeviceClass);
-  usbi_dbg ("  bDeviceSubClass:    0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.bDeviceSubClass);
-  usbi_dbg ("  bDeviceProtocol:    0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.bDeviceProtocol);
-  usbi_dbg ("  bMaxPacketSize0:    0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.bMaxPacketSize0);
-  usbi_dbg ("  idVendor:           0x%04x", dev->dev_descriptor.idVendor);
-  usbi_dbg ("  idProduct:          0x%04x", dev->dev_descriptor.idProduct);
-  usbi_dbg ("  bcdDevice:          0x%04x", dev->dev_descriptor.bcdDevice);
-  usbi_dbg ("  iManufacturer:      0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.iManufacturer);
-  usbi_dbg ("  iProduct:           0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.iProduct);
-  usbi_dbg ("  iSerialNumber:      0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.iSerialNumber);
-  usbi_dbg ("  bNumConfigurations: 0x%02x", dev->dev_descriptor.bNumConfigurations);
-
-  dev->can_enumerate = 1;
-
-  return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int darwin_get_cached_device(struct libusb_context *ctx, io_service_t service,
-                                    struct darwin_cached_device **cached_out) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *new_device;
-  UInt64 sessionID = 0, parent_sessionID = 0;
-  int ret = LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-  usb_device_t **device;
-  io_service_t parent;
-  kern_return_t result;
-  UInt8 port = 0;
-
-  /* get some info from the io registry */
-  (void) get_ioregistry_value_number (service, CFSTR("sessionID"), kCFNumberSInt64Type, &sessionID);
-  (void) get_ioregistry_value_number (service, CFSTR("PortNum"), kCFNumberSInt8Type, &port);
-
-  usbi_dbg("finding cached device for sessionID 0x%" PRIx64, sessionID);
-
-  result = IORegistryEntryGetParentEntry (service, kIOUSBPlane, &parent);
-
-  if (kIOReturnSuccess == result) {
-    (void) get_ioregistry_value_number (parent, CFSTR("sessionID"), kCFNumberSInt64Type, &parent_sessionID);
-    IOObjectRelease(parent);
-  }
-
-  usbi_mutex_lock(&darwin_cached_devices_lock);
-  do {
-    *cached_out = NULL;
-
-    list_for_each_entry(new_device, &darwin_cached_devices, list, struct darwin_cached_device) {
-      usbi_dbg("matching sessionID 0x%" PRIx64 " against cached device with sessionID 0x%" PRIx64, sessionID, new_device->session);
-      if (new_device->session == sessionID) {
-        usbi_dbg("using cached device for device");
-        *cached_out = new_device;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (*cached_out)
-      break;
-
-    usbi_dbg("caching new device with sessionID 0x%" PRIx64, sessionID);
-
-    device = darwin_device_from_service (service);
-    if (!device) {
-      ret = LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    new_device = calloc (1, sizeof (*new_device));
-    if (!new_device) {
-      ret = LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    /* add this device to the cached device list */
-    list_add(&new_device->list, &darwin_cached_devices);
-
-    (*device)->GetDeviceAddress (device, (USBDeviceAddress *)&new_device->address);
-
-    /* keep a reference to this device */
-    darwin_ref_cached_device(new_device);
-
-    new_device->device = device;
-    new_device->session = sessionID;
-    (*device)->GetLocationID (device, &new_device->location);
-    new_device->port = port;
-    new_device->parent_session = parent_sessionID;
-
-    /* cache the device descriptor */
-    ret = darwin_cache_device_descriptor(ctx, new_device);
-    if (ret)
-      break;
-
-    if (new_device->can_enumerate) {
-      snprintf(new_device->sys_path, 20, "%03i-%04x-%04x-%02x-%02x", new_device->address,
-               new_device->dev_descriptor.idVendor, new_device->dev_descriptor.idProduct,
-               new_device->dev_descriptor.bDeviceClass, new_device->dev_descriptor.bDeviceSubClass);
-    }
-  } while (0);
-
-  usbi_mutex_unlock(&darwin_cached_devices_lock);
-
-  /* keep track of devices regardless of if we successfully enumerate them to
-     prevent them from being enumerated multiple times */
-
-  *cached_out = new_device;
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-static int process_new_device (struct libusb_context *ctx, io_service_t service) {
-  struct darwin_device_priv *priv;
-  struct libusb_device *dev = NULL;
-  struct darwin_cached_device *cached_device;
-  UInt8 devSpeed;
-  int ret = 0;
-
-  do {
-    ret = darwin_get_cached_device (ctx, service, &cached_device);
-
-    if (ret < 0 || !cached_device->can_enumerate) {
-      return ret;
-    }
-
-    /* check current active configuration (and cache the first configuration value--
-       which may be used by claim_interface) */
-    ret = darwin_check_configuration (ctx, cached_device);
-    if (ret)
-      break;
-
-    usbi_dbg ("allocating new device in context %p for with session 0x%" PRIx64,
-              ctx, cached_device->session);
-
-    dev = usbi_alloc_device(ctx, (unsigned long) cached_device->session);
-    if (!dev) {
-      return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-    }
-
-    priv = (struct darwin_device_priv *)dev->os_priv;
-
-    priv->dev = cached_device;
-    darwin_ref_cached_device (priv->dev);
-
-    if (cached_device->parent_session > 0) {
-      dev->parent_dev = usbi_get_device_by_session_id (ctx, (unsigned long) cached_device->parent_session);
-    } else {
-      dev->parent_dev = NULL;
-    }
-    dev->port_number    = cached_device->port;
-    dev->bus_number     = cached_device->location >> 24;
-    dev->device_address = cached_device->address;
-
-    (*(priv->dev->device))->GetDeviceSpeed (priv->dev->device, &devSpeed);
-
-    switch (devSpeed) {
-    case kUSBDeviceSpeedLow: dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_LOW; break;
-    case kUSBDeviceSpeedFull: dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_FULL; break;
-    case kUSBDeviceSpeedHigh: dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_HIGH; break;
-#if DeviceVersion >= 500
-    case kUSBDeviceSpeedSuper: dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER; break;
-#endif
-    default:
-      usbi_warn (ctx, "Got unknown device speed %d", devSpeed);
-    }
-
-    ret = usbi_sanitize_device (dev);
-    if (ret < 0)
-      break;
-
-    usbi_dbg ("found device with address %d port = %d parent = %p at %p", dev->device_address,
-              dev->port_number, (void *) dev->parent_dev, priv->dev->sys_path);
-  } while (0);
-
-  if (0 == ret) {
-    usbi_connect_device (dev);
-  } else {
-    libusb_unref_device (dev);
-  }
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-static int darwin_scan_devices(struct libusb_context *ctx) {
-  io_iterator_t deviceIterator;
-  io_service_t service;
-  kern_return_t kresult;
-
-  kresult = usb_setup_device_iterator (&deviceIterator, 0);
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess)
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-
-  while ((service = IOIteratorNext (deviceIterator))) {
-    (void) process_new_device (ctx, service);
-
-    IOObjectRelease(service);
-  }
-
-  IOObjectRelease(deviceIterator);
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int darwin_open (struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle) {
-  struct darwin_device_handle_priv *priv = (struct darwin_device_handle_priv *)dev_handle->os_priv;
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev_handle->dev);
-  IOReturn kresult;
-
-  if (0 == dpriv->open_count) {
-    /* try to open the device */
-    kresult = (*(dpriv->device))->USBDeviceOpenSeize (dpriv->device);
-    if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess) {
-      usbi_warn (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "USBDeviceOpen: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-
-      if (kIOReturnExclusiveAccess != kresult) {
-        return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-      }
-
-      /* it is possible to perform some actions on a device that is not open so do not return an error */
-      priv->is_open = 0;
-    } else {
-      priv->is_open = 1;
-    }
-
-    /* create async event source */
-    kresult = (*(dpriv->device))->CreateDeviceAsyncEventSource (dpriv->device, &priv->cfSource);
-    if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess) {
-      usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "CreateDeviceAsyncEventSource: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-
-      if (priv->is_open) {
-        (*(dpriv->device))->USBDeviceClose (dpriv->device);
-      }
-
-      priv->is_open = 0;
-
-      return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-    }
-
-    CFRetain (libusb_darwin_acfl);
-
-    /* add the cfSource to the aync run loop */
-    CFRunLoopAddSource(libusb_darwin_acfl, priv->cfSource, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
-  }
-
-  /* device opened successfully */
-  dpriv->open_count++;
-
-  usbi_dbg ("device open for access");
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static void darwin_close (struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle) {
-  struct darwin_device_handle_priv *priv = (struct darwin_device_handle_priv *)dev_handle->os_priv;
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev_handle->dev);
-  IOReturn kresult;
-  int i;
-
-  if (dpriv->open_count == 0) {
-    /* something is probably very wrong if this is the case */
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "Close called on a device that was not open!");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  dpriv->open_count--;
-
-  /* make sure all interfaces are released */
-  for (i = 0 ; i < USB_MAXINTERFACES ; i++)
-    if (dev_handle->claimed_interfaces & (1 << i))
-      libusb_release_interface (dev_handle, i);
-
-  if (0 == dpriv->open_count) {
-    /* delete the device's async event source */
-    if (priv->cfSource) {
-      CFRunLoopRemoveSource (libusb_darwin_acfl, priv->cfSource, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
-      CFRelease (priv->cfSource);
-      priv->cfSource = NULL;
-      CFRelease (libusb_darwin_acfl);
-    }
-
-    if (priv->is_open) {
-      /* close the device */
-      kresult = (*(dpriv->device))->USBDeviceClose(dpriv->device);
-      if (kresult) {
-        /* Log the fact that we had a problem closing the file, however failing a
-         * close isn't really an error, so return success anyway */
-        usbi_warn (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "USBDeviceClose: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static int darwin_get_configuration(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int *config) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev_handle->dev);
-
-  *config = (int) dpriv->active_config;
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int darwin_set_configuration(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int config) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev_handle->dev);
-  IOReturn kresult;
-  int i;
-
-  /* Setting configuration will invalidate the interface, so we need
-     to reclaim it. First, dispose of existing interfaces, if any. */
-  for (i = 0 ; i < USB_MAXINTERFACES ; i++)
-    if (dev_handle->claimed_interfaces & (1 << i))
-      darwin_release_interface (dev_handle, i);
-
-  kresult = (*(dpriv->device))->SetConfiguration (dpriv->device, config);
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess)
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-
-  /* Reclaim any interfaces. */
-  for (i = 0 ; i < USB_MAXINTERFACES ; i++)
-    if (dev_handle->claimed_interfaces & (1 << i))
-      darwin_claim_interface (dev_handle, i);
-
-  dpriv->active_config = config;
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int darwin_get_interface (usb_device_t **darwin_device, uint8_t ifc, io_service_t *usbInterfacep) {
-  IOUSBFindInterfaceRequest request;
-  kern_return_t             kresult;
-  io_iterator_t             interface_iterator;
-  UInt8                     bInterfaceNumber;
-  int                       ret;
-
-  *usbInterfacep = IO_OBJECT_NULL;
-
-  /* Setup the Interface Request */
-  request.bInterfaceClass    = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-  request.bInterfaceSubClass = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-  request.bInterfaceProtocol = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-  request.bAlternateSetting  = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-
-  kresult = (*(darwin_device))->CreateInterfaceIterator(darwin_device, &request, &interface_iterator);
-  if (kresult)
-    return kresult;
-
-  while ((*usbInterfacep = IOIteratorNext(interface_iterator))) {
-    /* find the interface number */
-    ret = get_ioregistry_value_number (*usbInterfacep, CFSTR("bInterfaceNumber"), kCFNumberSInt8Type,
-                                       &bInterfaceNumber);
-
-    if (ret && bInterfaceNumber == ifc) {
-      break;
-    }
-
-    (void) IOObjectRelease (*usbInterfacep);
-  }
-
-  /* done with the interface iterator */
-  IOObjectRelease(interface_iterator);
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int get_endpoints (struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int iface) {
-  struct darwin_device_handle_priv *priv = (struct darwin_device_handle_priv *)dev_handle->os_priv;
-
-  /* current interface */
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface = &priv->interfaces[iface];
-
-  kern_return_t kresult;
-
-  u_int8_t numep, direction, number;
-  u_int8_t dont_care1, dont_care3;
-  u_int16_t dont_care2;
-  int i;
-
-  usbi_dbg ("building table of endpoints.");
-
-  /* retrieve the total number of endpoints on this interface */
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->GetNumEndpoints(cInterface->interface, &numep);
-  if (kresult) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "can't get number of endpoints for interface: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  }
-
-  /* iterate through pipe references */
-  for (i = 1 ; i <= numep ; i++) {
-    kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->GetPipeProperties(cInterface->interface, i, &direction, &number, &dont_care1,
-                                                            &dont_care2, &dont_care3);
-
-    if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess) {
-      usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "error getting pipe information for pipe %d: %s", i, darwin_error_str(kresult));
-
-      return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-    }
-
-    usbi_dbg ("interface: %i pipe %i: dir: %i number: %i", iface, i, direction, number);
-
-    cInterface->endpoint_addrs[i - 1] = (((kUSBIn == direction) << kUSBRqDirnShift) | (number & LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_ADDRESS_MASK));
-  }
-
-  cInterface->num_endpoints = numep;
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int darwin_claim_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int iface) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev_handle->dev);
-  struct darwin_device_handle_priv *priv = (struct darwin_device_handle_priv *)dev_handle->os_priv;
-  io_service_t          usbInterface = IO_OBJECT_NULL;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-  IOCFPlugInInterface **plugInInterface = NULL;
-  SInt32                score;
-
-  /* current interface */
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface = &priv->interfaces[iface];
-
-  kresult = darwin_get_interface (dpriv->device, iface, &usbInterface);
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess)
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-
-  /* make sure we have an interface */
-  if (!usbInterface && dpriv->first_config != 0) {
-    usbi_info (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "no interface found; setting configuration: %d", dpriv->first_config);
-
-    /* set the configuration */
-    kresult = darwin_set_configuration (dev_handle, dpriv->first_config);
-    if (kresult != LIBUSB_SUCCESS) {
-      usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "could not set configuration");
-      return kresult;
-    }
-
-    kresult = darwin_get_interface (dpriv->device, iface, &usbInterface);
-    if (kresult) {
-      usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "darwin_get_interface: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-      return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!usbInterface) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "interface not found");
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  /* get an interface to the device's interface */
-  kresult = IOCreatePlugInInterfaceForService (usbInterface, kIOUSBInterfaceUserClientTypeID,
-                                               kIOCFPlugInInterfaceID, &plugInInterface, &score);
-
-  /* ignore release error */
-  (void)IOObjectRelease (usbInterface);
-
-  if (kresult) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "IOCreatePlugInInterfaceForService: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  }
-
-  if (!plugInInterface) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "plugin interface not found");
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  /* Do the actual claim */
-  kresult = (*plugInInterface)->QueryInterface(plugInInterface,
-                                               CFUUIDGetUUIDBytes(kIOUSBInterfaceInterfaceID),
-                                               (LPVOID)&cInterface->interface);
-  /* We no longer need the intermediate plug-in */
-  /* Use release instead of IODestroyPlugInInterface to avoid stopping IOServices associated with this device */
-  (*plugInInterface)->Release (plugInInterface);
-  if (kresult || !cInterface->interface) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "QueryInterface: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  }
-
-  /* claim the interface */
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->USBInterfaceOpen(cInterface->interface);
-  if (kresult) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "USBInterfaceOpen: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  }
-
-  /* update list of endpoints */
-  kresult = get_endpoints (dev_handle, iface);
-  if (kresult) {
-    /* this should not happen */
-    darwin_release_interface (dev_handle, iface);
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "could not build endpoint table");
-    return kresult;
-  }
-
-  cInterface->cfSource = NULL;
-
-  /* create async event source */
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->CreateInterfaceAsyncEventSource (cInterface->interface, &cInterface->cfSource);
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "could not create async event source");
-
-    /* can't continue without an async event source */
-    (void)darwin_release_interface (dev_handle, iface);
-
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  }
-
-  /* add the cfSource to the async thread's run loop */
-  CFRunLoopAddSource(libusb_darwin_acfl, cInterface->cfSource, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
-
-  usbi_dbg ("interface opened");
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static int darwin_release_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int iface) {
-  struct darwin_device_handle_priv *priv = (struct darwin_device_handle_priv *)dev_handle->os_priv;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-
-  /* current interface */
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface = &priv->interfaces[iface];
-
-  /* Check to see if an interface is open */
-  if (!cInterface->interface)
-    return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-
-  /* clean up endpoint data */
-  cInterface->num_endpoints = 0;
-
-  /* delete the interface's async event source */
-  if (cInterface->cfSource) {
-    CFRunLoopRemoveSource (libusb_darwin_acfl, cInterface->cfSource, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
-    CFRelease (cInterface->cfSource);
-  }
-
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->USBInterfaceClose(cInterface->interface);
-  if (kresult)
-    usbi_warn (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "USBInterfaceClose: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->Release(cInterface->interface);
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess)
-    usbi_warn (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "Release: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-
-  cInterface->interface = IO_OBJECT_NULL;
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-}
-
-static int darwin_set_interface_altsetting(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int iface, int altsetting) {
-  struct darwin_device_handle_priv *priv = (struct darwin_device_handle_priv *)dev_handle->os_priv;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-
-  /* current interface */
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface = &priv->interfaces[iface];
-
-  if (!cInterface->interface)
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->SetAlternateInterface (cInterface->interface, altsetting);
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess)
-    darwin_reset_device (dev_handle);
-
-  /* update list of endpoints */
-  kresult = get_endpoints (dev_handle, iface);
-  if (kresult) {
-    /* this should not happen */
-    darwin_release_interface (dev_handle, iface);
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "could not build endpoint table");
-    return kresult;
-  }
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-}
-
-static int darwin_clear_halt(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, unsigned char endpoint) {
-  /* current interface */
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-  uint8_t pipeRef;
-
-  /* determine the interface/endpoint to use */
-  if (ep_to_pipeRef (dev_handle, endpoint, &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface) != 0) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "endpoint not found on any open interface");
-
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  /* newer versions of darwin support clearing additional bits on the device's endpoint */
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->ClearPipeStallBothEnds(cInterface->interface, pipeRef);
-  if (kresult)
-    usbi_warn (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "ClearPipeStall: %s", darwin_error_str (kresult));
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-}
-
-static int darwin_reset_device(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev_handle->dev);
-  IOUSBDeviceDescriptor descriptor;
-  IOUSBConfigurationDescriptorPtr cached_configuration;
-  IOUSBConfigurationDescriptor configuration;
-  bool reenumerate = false;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-  int i;
-
-  kresult = (*(dpriv->device))->ResetDevice (dpriv->device);
-  if (kresult) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "ResetDevice: %s", darwin_error_str (kresult));
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  }
-
-  do {
-    usbi_dbg ("darwin/reset_device: checking if device descriptor changed");
-
-    /* ignore return code. if we can't get a descriptor it might be worthwhile re-enumerating anway */
-    (void) darwin_request_descriptor (dpriv->device, kUSBDeviceDesc, 0, &descriptor, sizeof (descriptor));
-
-    /* check if the device descriptor has changed */
-    if (0 != memcmp (&dpriv->dev_descriptor, &descriptor, sizeof (descriptor))) {
-      reenumerate = true;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    /* check if any configuration descriptor has changed */
-    for (i = 0 ; i < descriptor.bNumConfigurations ; ++i) {
-      usbi_dbg ("darwin/reset_device: checking if configuration descriptor %d changed", i);
-
-      (void) darwin_request_descriptor (dpriv->device, kUSBConfDesc, i, &configuration, sizeof (configuration));
-      (*(dpriv->device))->GetConfigurationDescriptorPtr (dpriv->device, i, &cached_configuration);
-
-      if (!cached_configuration || 0 != memcmp (cached_configuration, &configuration, sizeof (configuration))) {
-        reenumerate = true;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  } while (0);
-
-  if (reenumerate) {
-    usbi_dbg ("darwin/reset_device: device requires reenumeration");
-    (void) (*(dpriv->device))->USBDeviceReEnumerate (dpriv->device, 0);
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  usbi_dbg ("darwin/reset_device: device reset complete");
-
-  return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int darwin_kernel_driver_active(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int interface) {
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(dev_handle->dev);
-  io_service_t usbInterface;
-  CFTypeRef driver;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-
-  kresult = darwin_get_interface (dpriv->device, interface, &usbInterface);
-  if (kresult) {
-    usbi_err (HANDLE_CTX (dev_handle), "darwin_get_interface: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  }
-
-  driver = IORegistryEntryCreateCFProperty (usbInterface, kIOBundleIdentifierKey, kCFAllocatorDefault, 0);
-  IOObjectRelease (usbInterface);
-
-  if (driver) {
-    CFRelease (driver);
-
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  /* no driver */
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* attaching/detaching kernel drivers is not currently supported (maybe in the future?) */
-static int darwin_attach_kernel_driver (struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int interface) {
-  (void)dev_handle;
-  (void)interface;
-  return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-static int darwin_detach_kernel_driver (struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int interface) {
-  (void)dev_handle;
-  (void)interface;
-  return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-static void darwin_destroy_device(struct libusb_device *dev) {
-  struct darwin_device_priv *dpriv = (struct darwin_device_priv *) dev->os_priv;
-
-  if (dpriv->dev) {
-    /* need to hold the lock in case this is the last reference to the device */
-    usbi_mutex_lock(&darwin_cached_devices_lock);
-    darwin_deref_cached_device (dpriv->dev);
-    dpriv->dev = NULL;
-    usbi_mutex_unlock(&darwin_cached_devices_lock);
-  }
-}
-
-static int submit_bulk_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-
-  IOReturn               ret;
-  uint8_t                transferType;
-  /* None of the values below are used in libusbx for bulk transfers */
-  uint8_t                direction, number, interval, pipeRef;
-  uint16_t               maxPacketSize;
-
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-
-  if (ep_to_pipeRef (transfer->dev_handle, transfer->endpoint, &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface) != 0) {
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "endpoint not found on any open interface");
-
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  ret = (*(cInterface->interface))->GetPipeProperties (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, &direction, &number,
-                                                       &transferType, &maxPacketSize, &interval);
-
-  if (ret) {
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "bulk transfer failed (dir = %s): %s (code = 0x%08x)", IS_XFERIN(transfer) ? "In" : "Out",
-              darwin_error_str(ret), ret);
-    return darwin_to_libusb (ret);
-  }
-
-  if (0 != (transfer->length % maxPacketSize)) {
-    /* do not need a zero packet */
-    transfer->flags &= ~LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ADD_ZERO_PACKET;
-  }
-
-  /* submit the request */
-  /* timeouts are unavailable on interrupt endpoints */
-  if (transferType == kUSBInterrupt) {
-    if (IS_XFERIN(transfer))
-      ret = (*(cInterface->interface))->ReadPipeAsync(cInterface->interface, pipeRef, transfer->buffer,
-                                                      transfer->length, darwin_async_io_callback, itransfer);
-    else
-      ret = (*(cInterface->interface))->WritePipeAsync(cInterface->interface, pipeRef, transfer->buffer,
-                                                       transfer->length, darwin_async_io_callback, itransfer);
-  } else {
-    itransfer->flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_OS_HANDLES_TIMEOUT;
-
-    if (IS_XFERIN(transfer))
-      ret = (*(cInterface->interface))->ReadPipeAsyncTO(cInterface->interface, pipeRef, transfer->buffer,
-                                                        transfer->length, transfer->timeout, transfer->timeout,
-                                                        darwin_async_io_callback, (void *)itransfer);
-    else
-      ret = (*(cInterface->interface))->WritePipeAsyncTO(cInterface->interface, pipeRef, transfer->buffer,
-                                                         transfer->length, transfer->timeout, transfer->timeout,
-                                                         darwin_async_io_callback, (void *)itransfer);
-  }
-
-  if (ret)
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "bulk transfer failed (dir = %s): %s (code = 0x%08x)", IS_XFERIN(transfer) ? "In" : "Out",
-               darwin_error_str(ret), ret);
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (ret);
-}
-
-#if InterfaceVersion >= 550
-static int submit_stream_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-  uint8_t pipeRef;
-  IOReturn ret;
-
-  if (ep_to_pipeRef (transfer->dev_handle, transfer->endpoint, &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface) != 0) {
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "endpoint not found on any open interface");
-
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  itransfer->flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_OS_HANDLES_TIMEOUT;
-
-  if (IS_XFERIN(transfer))
-    ret = (*(cInterface->interface))->ReadStreamsPipeAsyncTO(cInterface->interface, pipeRef, itransfer->stream_id,
-                                                             transfer->buffer, transfer->length, transfer->timeout,
-                                                             transfer->timeout, darwin_async_io_callback, (void *)itransfer);
-  else
-    ret = (*(cInterface->interface))->WriteStreamsPipeAsyncTO(cInterface->interface, pipeRef, itransfer->stream_id,
-                                                              transfer->buffer, transfer->length, transfer->timeout,
-                                                              transfer->timeout, darwin_async_io_callback, (void *)itransfer);
-
-  if (ret)
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "bulk stream transfer failed (dir = %s): %s (code = 0x%08x)", IS_XFERIN(transfer) ? "In" : "Out",
-               darwin_error_str(ret), ret);
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (ret);
-}
-#endif
-
-static int submit_iso_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-  struct darwin_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-
-  IOReturn kresult;
-  uint8_t direction, number, interval, pipeRef, transferType;
-  uint16_t maxPacketSize;
-  UInt64 frame;
-  AbsoluteTime atTime;
-  int i;
-
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-
-  /* construct an array of IOUSBIsocFrames, reuse the old one if possible */
-  if (tpriv->isoc_framelist && tpriv->num_iso_packets != transfer->num_iso_packets) {
-    free(tpriv->isoc_framelist);
-    tpriv->isoc_framelist = NULL;
-  }
-
-  if (!tpriv->isoc_framelist) {
-    tpriv->num_iso_packets = transfer->num_iso_packets;
-    tpriv->isoc_framelist = (IOUSBIsocFrame*) calloc (transfer->num_iso_packets, sizeof(IOUSBIsocFrame));
-    if (!tpriv->isoc_framelist)
-      return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-  }
-
-  /* copy the frame list from the libusb descriptor (the structures differ only is member order) */
-  for (i = 0 ; i < transfer->num_iso_packets ; i++)
-    tpriv->isoc_framelist[i].frReqCount = transfer->iso_packet_desc[i].length;
-
-  /* determine the interface/endpoint to use */
-  if (ep_to_pipeRef (transfer->dev_handle, transfer->endpoint, &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface) != 0) {
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "endpoint not found on any open interface");
-
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  /* determine the properties of this endpoint and the speed of the device */
-  (*(cInterface->interface))->GetPipeProperties (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, &direction, &number,
-                                                 &transferType, &maxPacketSize, &interval);
-
-  /* Last but not least we need the bus frame number */
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->GetBusFrameNumber(cInterface->interface, &frame, &atTime);
-  if (kresult) {
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "failed to get bus frame number: %d", kresult);
-    free(tpriv->isoc_framelist);
-    tpriv->isoc_framelist = NULL;
-
-    return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-  }
-
-  (*(cInterface->interface))->GetPipeProperties (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, &direction, &number,
-                                                 &transferType, &maxPacketSize, &interval);
-
-  /* schedule for a frame a little in the future */
-  frame += 4;
-
-  if (cInterface->frames[transfer->endpoint] && frame < cInterface->frames[transfer->endpoint])
-    frame = cInterface->frames[transfer->endpoint];
-
-  /* submit the request */
-  if (IS_XFERIN(transfer))
-    kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->ReadIsochPipeAsync(cInterface->interface, pipeRef, transfer->buffer, frame,
-                                                             transfer->num_iso_packets, tpriv->isoc_framelist, darwin_async_io_callback,
-                                                             itransfer);
-  else
-    kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->WriteIsochPipeAsync(cInterface->interface, pipeRef, transfer->buffer, frame,
-                                                              transfer->num_iso_packets, tpriv->isoc_framelist, darwin_async_io_callback,
-                                                              itransfer);
-
-  if (LIBUSB_SPEED_FULL == transfer->dev_handle->dev->speed)
-    /* Full speed */
-    cInterface->frames[transfer->endpoint] = frame + transfer->num_iso_packets * (1 << (interval - 1));
-  else
-    /* High/super speed */
-    cInterface->frames[transfer->endpoint] = frame + transfer->num_iso_packets * (1 << (interval - 1)) / 8;
-
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess) {
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "isochronous transfer failed (dir: %s): %s", IS_XFERIN(transfer) ? "In" : "Out",
-               darwin_error_str(kresult));
-    free (tpriv->isoc_framelist);
-    tpriv->isoc_framelist = NULL;
-  }
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-}
-
-static int submit_control_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-  struct libusb_control_setup *setup = (struct libusb_control_setup *) transfer->buffer;
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(transfer->dev_handle->dev);
-  struct darwin_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-
-  IOReturn               kresult;
-
-  bzero(&tpriv->req, sizeof(tpriv->req));
-
-  /* IOUSBDeviceInterface expects the request in cpu endianess */
-  tpriv->req.bmRequestType     = setup->bmRequestType;
-  tpriv->req.bRequest          = setup->bRequest;
-  /* these values should be in bus order from libusb_fill_control_setup */
-  tpriv->req.wValue            = OSSwapLittleToHostInt16 (setup->wValue);
-  tpriv->req.wIndex            = OSSwapLittleToHostInt16 (setup->wIndex);
-  tpriv->req.wLength           = OSSwapLittleToHostInt16 (setup->wLength);
-  /* data is stored after the libusb control block */
-  tpriv->req.pData             = transfer->buffer + LIBUSB_CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE;
-  tpriv->req.completionTimeout = transfer->timeout;
-  tpriv->req.noDataTimeout     = transfer->timeout;
-
-  itransfer->flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_OS_HANDLES_TIMEOUT;
-
-  /* all transfers in libusb-1.0 are async */
-
-  if (transfer->endpoint) {
-    struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-    uint8_t                 pipeRef;
-
-    if (ep_to_pipeRef (transfer->dev_handle, transfer->endpoint, &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface) != 0) {
-      usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "endpoint not found on any open interface");
-
-      return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->ControlRequestAsyncTO (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, &(tpriv->req), darwin_async_io_callback, itransfer);
-  } else
-    /* control request on endpoint 0 */
-    kresult = (*(dpriv->device))->DeviceRequestAsyncTO(dpriv->device, &(tpriv->req), darwin_async_io_callback, itransfer);
-
-  if (kresult != kIOReturnSuccess)
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "control request failed: %s", darwin_error_str(kresult));
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-}
-
-static int darwin_submit_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-
-  switch (transfer->type) {
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_CONTROL:
-    return submit_control_transfer(itransfer);
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK:
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_INTERRUPT:
-    return submit_bulk_transfer(itransfer);
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS:
-    return submit_iso_transfer(itransfer);
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK_STREAM:
-#if InterfaceVersion >= 550
-    return submit_stream_transfer(itransfer);
-#else
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX(transfer), "IOUSBFamily version does not support bulk stream transfers");
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-#endif
-  default:
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX(transfer), "unknown endpoint type %d", transfer->type);
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-  }
-}
-
-static int cancel_control_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(transfer->dev_handle->dev);
-  IOReturn kresult;
-
-  usbi_warn (ITRANSFER_CTX (itransfer), "aborting all transactions control pipe");
-
-  if (!dpriv->device)
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-  kresult = (*(dpriv->device))->USBDeviceAbortPipeZero (dpriv->device);
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-}
-
-static int darwin_abort_transfers (struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-  struct darwin_cached_device *dpriv = DARWIN_CACHED_DEVICE(transfer->dev_handle->dev);
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-  uint8_t pipeRef, iface;
-  IOReturn kresult;
-
-  if (ep_to_pipeRef (transfer->dev_handle, transfer->endpoint, &pipeRef, &iface, &cInterface) != 0) {
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX (transfer), "endpoint not found on any open interface");
-
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  if (!dpriv->device)
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-  usbi_warn (ITRANSFER_CTX (itransfer), "aborting all transactions on interface %d pipe %d", iface, pipeRef);
-
-  /* abort transactions */
-#if InterfaceVersion >= 550
-  if (LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK_STREAM == transfer->type)
-    (*(cInterface->interface))->AbortStreamsPipe (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, itransfer->stream_id);
-  else
-#endif
-    (*(cInterface->interface))->AbortPipe (cInterface->interface, pipeRef);
-
-  usbi_dbg ("calling clear pipe stall to clear the data toggle bit");
-
-  /* newer versions of darwin support clearing additional bits on the device's endpoint */
-  kresult = (*(cInterface->interface))->ClearPipeStallBothEnds(cInterface->interface, pipeRef);
-
-  return darwin_to_libusb (kresult);
-}
-
-static int darwin_cancel_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-
-  switch (transfer->type) {
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_CONTROL:
-    return cancel_control_transfer(itransfer);
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK:
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_INTERRUPT:
-  case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS:
-    return darwin_abort_transfers (itransfer);
-  default:
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX(transfer), "unknown endpoint type %d", transfer->type);
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-  }
-}
-
-static void darwin_clear_transfer_priv (struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-  struct darwin_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-
-  if (transfer->type == LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS && tpriv->isoc_framelist) {
-    free (tpriv->isoc_framelist);
-    tpriv->isoc_framelist = NULL;
-  }
-}
-
-static void darwin_async_io_callback (void *refcon, IOReturn result, void *arg0) {
-  struct usbi_transfer *itransfer = (struct usbi_transfer *)refcon;
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-  struct darwin_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-
-  usbi_dbg ("an async io operation has completed");
-
-  /* if requested write a zero packet */
-  if (kIOReturnSuccess == result && IS_XFEROUT(transfer) && transfer->flags & LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ADD_ZERO_PACKET) {
-    struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-    uint8_t pipeRef;
-
-    (void) ep_to_pipeRef (transfer->dev_handle, transfer->endpoint, &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface);
-
-    (*(cInterface->interface))->WritePipe (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, transfer->buffer, 0);
-  }
-
-  tpriv->result = result;
-  tpriv->size = (UInt32) (uintptr_t) arg0;
-
-  /* signal the core that this transfer is complete */
-  usbi_signal_transfer_completion(itransfer);
-}
-
-static int darwin_transfer_status (struct usbi_transfer *itransfer, kern_return_t result) {
-  if (itransfer->flags & USBI_TRANSFER_TIMED_OUT)
-    result = kIOUSBTransactionTimeout;
-
-  switch (result) {
-  case kIOReturnUnderrun:
-  case kIOReturnSuccess:
-    return LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED;
-  case kIOReturnAborted:
-    return LIBUSB_TRANSFER_CANCELLED;
-  case kIOUSBPipeStalled:
-    usbi_dbg ("transfer error: pipe is stalled");
-    return LIBUSB_TRANSFER_STALL;
-  case kIOReturnOverrun:
-    usbi_warn (ITRANSFER_CTX (itransfer), "transfer error: data overrun");
-    return LIBUSB_TRANSFER_OVERFLOW;
-  case kIOUSBTransactionTimeout:
-    usbi_warn (ITRANSFER_CTX (itransfer), "transfer error: timed out");
-    itransfer->flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_TIMED_OUT;
-    return LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TIMED_OUT;
-  default:
-    usbi_warn (ITRANSFER_CTX (itransfer), "transfer error: %s (value = 0x%08x)", darwin_error_str (result), result);
-    return LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
-  }
-}
-
-static int darwin_handle_transfer_completion (struct usbi_transfer *itransfer) {
-  struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-  struct darwin_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-  int isIsoc      = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS == transfer->type;
-  int isBulk      = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK == transfer->type;
-  int isControl   = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_CONTROL == transfer->type;
-  int isInterrupt = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_INTERRUPT == transfer->type;
-  int i;
-
-  if (!isIsoc && !isBulk && !isControl && !isInterrupt) {
-    usbi_err (TRANSFER_CTX(transfer), "unknown endpoint type %d", transfer->type);
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-  }
-
-  usbi_dbg ("handling %s completion with kernel status %d",
-             isControl ? "control" : isBulk ? "bulk" : isIsoc ? "isoc" : "interrupt", tpriv->result);
-
-  if (kIOReturnSuccess == tpriv->result || kIOReturnUnderrun == tpriv->result) {
-    if (isIsoc && tpriv->isoc_framelist) {
-      /* copy isochronous results back */
-
-      for (i = 0; i < transfer->num_iso_packets ; i++) {
-        struct libusb_iso_packet_descriptor *lib_desc = &transfer->iso_packet_desc[i];
-        lib_desc->status = darwin_to_libusb (tpriv->isoc_framelist[i].frStatus);
-        lib_desc->actual_length = tpriv->isoc_framelist[i].frActCount;
-      }
-    } else if (!isIsoc)
-      itransfer->transferred += tpriv->size;
-  }
-
-  /* it is ok to handle cancelled transfers without calling usbi_handle_transfer_cancellation (we catch timeout transfers) */
-  return usbi_handle_transfer_completion (itransfer, darwin_transfer_status (itransfer, tpriv->result));
-}
-
-static int darwin_clock_gettime(int clk_id, struct timespec *tp) {
-  mach_timespec_t sys_time;
-  clock_serv_t clock_ref;
-
-  switch (clk_id) {
-  case USBI_CLOCK_REALTIME:
-    /* CLOCK_REALTIME represents time since the epoch */
-    clock_ref = clock_realtime;
-    break;
-  case USBI_CLOCK_MONOTONIC:
-    /* use system boot time as reference for the monotonic clock */
-    clock_ref = clock_monotonic;
-    break;
-  default:
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-  }
-
-  clock_get_time (clock_ref, &sys_time);
-
-  tp->tv_sec  = sys_time.tv_sec;
-  tp->tv_nsec = sys_time.tv_nsec;
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-#if InterfaceVersion >= 550
-static int darwin_alloc_streams (struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, uint32_t num_streams, unsigned char *endpoints,
-                                 int num_endpoints) {
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-  UInt32 supportsStreams;
-  uint8_t pipeRef;
-  int rc, i;
-
-  /* find the mimimum number of supported streams on the endpoint list */
-  for (i = 0 ; i < num_endpoints ; ++i) {
-    if (0 != (rc = ep_to_pipeRef (dev_handle, endpoints[i], &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface))) {
-      return rc;
-    }
-
-    (*(cInterface->interface))->SupportsStreams (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, &supportsStreams);
-    if (num_streams > supportsStreams)
-      num_streams = supportsStreams;
-  }
-
-  /* it is an error if any endpoint in endpoints does not support streams */
-  if (0 == num_streams)
-    return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-  /* create the streams */
-  for (i = 0 ; i < num_endpoints ; ++i) {
-    (void) ep_to_pipeRef (dev_handle, endpoints[i], &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface);
-
-    rc = (*(cInterface->interface))->CreateStreams (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, num_streams);
-    if (kIOReturnSuccess != rc)
-      return darwin_to_libusb(rc);
-  }
-
-  return num_streams;
-}
-
-static int darwin_free_streams (struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, unsigned char *endpoints, int num_endpoints) {
-  struct darwin_interface *cInterface;
-  UInt32 supportsStreams;
-  uint8_t pipeRef;
-  int rc;
-
-  for (int i = 0 ; i < num_endpoints ; ++i) {
-    if (0 != (rc = ep_to_pipeRef (dev_handle, endpoints[i], &pipeRef, NULL, &cInterface)))
-      return rc;
-
-    (*(cInterface->interface))->SupportsStreams (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, &supportsStreams);
-    if (0 == supportsStreams)
-      return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-    rc = (*(cInterface->interface))->CreateStreams (cInterface->interface, pipeRef, 0);
-    if (kIOReturnSuccess != rc)
-      return darwin_to_libusb(rc);
-  }
-
-  return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-}
-#endif
-
-const struct usbi_os_backend darwin_backend = {
-        .name = "Darwin",
-        .caps = 0,
-        .init = darwin_init,
-        .exit = darwin_exit,
-        .get_device_list = NULL, /* not needed */
-        .get_device_descriptor = darwin_get_device_descriptor,
-        .get_active_config_descriptor = darwin_get_active_config_descriptor,
-        .get_config_descriptor = darwin_get_config_descriptor,
-        .hotplug_poll = darwin_hotplug_poll,
-
-        .open = darwin_open,
-        .close = darwin_close,
-        .get_configuration = darwin_get_configuration,
-        .set_configuration = darwin_set_configuration,
-        .claim_interface = darwin_claim_interface,
-        .release_interface = darwin_release_interface,
-
-        .set_interface_altsetting = darwin_set_interface_altsetting,
-        .clear_halt = darwin_clear_halt,
-        .reset_device = darwin_reset_device,
-
-#if InterfaceVersion >= 550
-        .alloc_streams = darwin_alloc_streams,
-        .free_streams = darwin_free_streams,
-#endif
-
-        .kernel_driver_active = darwin_kernel_driver_active,
-        .detach_kernel_driver = darwin_detach_kernel_driver,
-        .attach_kernel_driver = darwin_attach_kernel_driver,
-
-        .destroy_device = darwin_destroy_device,
-
-        .submit_transfer = darwin_submit_transfer,
-        .cancel_transfer = darwin_cancel_transfer,
-        .clear_transfer_priv = darwin_clear_transfer_priv,
-
-        .handle_transfer_completion = darwin_handle_transfer_completion,
-
-        .clock_gettime = darwin_clock_gettime,
-
-        .device_priv_size = sizeof(struct darwin_device_priv),
-        .device_handle_priv_size = sizeof(struct darwin_device_handle_priv),
-        .transfer_priv_size = sizeof(struct darwin_transfer_priv),
-};