kramdown 1.17.0 → 2.0.0.beta1

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Files changed (196) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +4 -4
  2. data/CONTRIBUTERS +4 -2
  3. data/VERSION +1 -1
  4. data/bin/kramdown +13 -14
  5. data/lib/kramdown.rb +2 -2
  6. data/lib/kramdown/converter.rb +6 -7
  7. data/lib/kramdown/converter/base.rb +18 -29
  8. data/lib/kramdown/converter/hash_ast.rb +4 -4
  9. data/lib/kramdown/converter/html.rb +82 -67
  10. data/lib/kramdown/converter/kramdown.rb +83 -78
  11. data/lib/kramdown/converter/latex.rb +53 -47
  12. data/lib/kramdown/converter/man.rb +22 -25
  13. data/lib/kramdown/converter/math_engine/mathjax.rb +10 -10
  14. data/lib/kramdown/converter/remove_html_tags.rb +2 -2
  15. data/lib/kramdown/converter/syntax_highlighter.rb +2 -2
  16. data/lib/kramdown/converter/syntax_highlighter/minted.rb +2 -2
  17. data/lib/kramdown/converter/syntax_highlighter/rouge.rb +5 -5
  18. data/lib/kramdown/converter/toc.rb +5 -5
  19. data/lib/kramdown/document.rb +9 -11
  20. data/lib/kramdown/element.rb +11 -9
  21. data/lib/kramdown/error.rb +2 -2
  22. data/lib/kramdown/options.rb +258 -384
  23. data/lib/kramdown/parser.rb +2 -3
  24. data/lib/kramdown/parser/base.rb +7 -6
  25. data/lib/kramdown/parser/html.rb +103 -95
  26. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown.rb +32 -36
  27. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/abbreviation.rb +13 -10
  28. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/autolink.rb +3 -3
  29. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/blank_line.rb +2 -2
  30. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/block_boundary.rb +2 -2
  31. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/blockquote.rb +4 -5
  32. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/codeblock.rb +4 -5
  33. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/codespan.rb +5 -5
  34. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/emphasis.rb +6 -6
  35. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/eob.rb +2 -2
  36. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/escaped_chars.rb +2 -2
  37. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/extensions.rb +31 -26
  38. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/footnote.rb +7 -6
  39. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/header.rb +6 -6
  40. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/horizontal_rule.rb +3 -3
  41. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/html.rb +31 -26
  42. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/html_entity.rb +6 -5
  43. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/line_break.rb +3 -3
  44. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/link.rb +13 -11
  45. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/list.rb +38 -40
  46. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/math.rb +4 -5
  47. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/paragraph.rb +5 -5
  48. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/smart_quotes.rb +23 -23
  49. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/table.rb +18 -17
  50. data/lib/kramdown/parser/kramdown/typographic_symbol.rb +8 -8
  51. data/lib/kramdown/parser/markdown.rb +9 -8
  52. data/lib/kramdown/utils.rb +5 -6
  53. data/lib/kramdown/utils/configurable.rb +7 -6
  54. data/lib/kramdown/utils/entities.rb +286 -289
  55. data/lib/kramdown/utils/html.rb +10 -12
  56. data/lib/kramdown/utils/lru_cache.rb +3 -2
  57. data/lib/kramdown/utils/string_scanner.rb +2 -3
  58. data/lib/kramdown/utils/unidecoder.rb +8 -6
  59. data/lib/kramdown/version.rb +3 -3
  60. data/man/man1/kramdown.1 +3 -107
  61. data/test/run_tests.rb +6 -6
  62. data/test/test_files.rb +122 -298
  63. data/test/test_location.rb +8 -30
  64. data/test/test_string_scanner_kramdown.rb +6 -9
  65. data/test/testcases/block/06_codeblock/highlighting-opts.html +6 -6
  66. data/test/testcases/block/06_codeblock/highlighting.html +5 -6
  67. data/test/testcases/block/06_codeblock/with_lang_in_fenced_block.options +1 -1
  68. data/test/testcases/block/07_horizontal_rule/error.html +2 -2
  69. data/test/testcases/block/09_html/html5_attributes.html +2 -0
  70. data/test/testcases/block/09_html/html5_attributes.text +2 -0
  71. data/test/testcases/block/09_html/html_to_native/typography.html +1 -1
  72. data/test/testcases/block/09_html/simple.html +1 -1
  73. data/test/testcases/block/12_extension/options3.html +7 -6
  74. data/test/testcases/block/12_extension/options3.text +2 -2
  75. data/test/testcases/span/01_link/inline.html +1 -1
  76. data/test/testcases/span/01_link/reference.html +3 -3
  77. data/test/testcases/span/03_codespan/highlighting.html +1 -1
  78. data/test/testcases/span/text_substitutions/entities_as_char.html +1 -1
  79. metadata +5 -234
  80. data/Rakefile +0 -341
  81. data/benchmark/benchmark.rb +0 -43
  82. data/benchmark/benchmark.sh +0 -74
  83. data/benchmark/generate_data.rb +0 -119
  84. data/benchmark/mdbasics.text +0 -306
  85. data/benchmark/mdsyntax.text +0 -888
  86. data/benchmark/testing.sh +0 -12
  87. data/benchmark/timing.sh +0 -10
  88. data/doc/_design.scss +0 -441
  89. data/doc/bg.png +0 -0
  90. data/doc/default.scss +0 -217
  91. data/doc/default.template +0 -62
  92. data/doc/documentation.page +0 -84
  93. data/doc/documentation.template +0 -36
  94. data/doc/index.page +0 -113
  95. data/doc/installation.page +0 -88
  96. data/doc/links.markdown +0 -6
  97. data/doc/metainfo +0 -13
  98. data/doc/news.feed +0 -9
  99. data/doc/news.page +0 -29
  100. data/doc/options.page +0 -49
  101. data/doc/quickref.page +0 -603
  102. data/doc/sidebar.template +0 -22
  103. data/doc/sitemap.sitemap +0 -5
  104. data/doc/syntax.page +0 -1799
  105. data/doc/tests.page +0 -104
  106. data/doc/virtual +0 -14
  107. data/lib/kramdown/converter/math_engine/itex2mml.rb +0 -39
  108. data/lib/kramdown/converter/math_engine/katex.rb +0 -35
  109. data/lib/kramdown/converter/math_engine/mathjaxnode.rb +0 -56
  110. data/lib/kramdown/converter/math_engine/ritex.rb +0 -38
  111. data/lib/kramdown/converter/math_engine/sskatex.rb +0 -97
  112. data/lib/kramdown/converter/pdf.rb +0 -625
  113. data/lib/kramdown/converter/syntax_highlighter/coderay.rb +0 -81
  114. data/lib/kramdown/parser/gfm.rb +0 -188
  115. data/lib/kramdown/utils/ordered_hash.rb +0 -18
  116. data/setup.rb +0 -1585
  117. data/test/testcases/block/07_horizontal_rule/error.html.19 +0 -7
  118. data/test/testcases/block/09_html/html_to_native/typography.html.19 +0 -1
  119. data/test/testcases/block/09_html/simple.html.19 +0 -60
  120. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/itex2mml.html +0 -1
  121. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/itex2mml.options +0 -1
  122. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/itex2mml.text +0 -1
  123. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/katex.html.19 +0 -2
  124. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/katex.options +0 -1
  125. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/katex.text +0 -2
  126. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode.html.19 +0 -27
  127. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode.options +0 -1
  128. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode.text +0 -1
  129. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode_notexhints.html.19 +0 -23
  130. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode_notexhints.options +0 -3
  131. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode_notexhints.text +0 -1
  132. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode_semantics.html.19 +0 -32
  133. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode_semantics.options +0 -3
  134. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/mathjaxnode_semantics.text +0 -1
  135. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/ritex.html +0 -1
  136. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/ritex.options +0 -1
  137. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/ritex.text +0 -1
  138. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/sskatex.html.19 +0 -2
  139. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/sskatex.options +0 -1
  140. data/test/testcases/block/15_math/sskatex.text +0 -2
  141. data/test/testcases/span/01_link/inline.html.19 +0 -46
  142. data/test/testcases/span/01_link/reference.html.19 +0 -37
  143. data/test/testcases/span/math/itex2mml.html +0 -1
  144. data/test/testcases/span/math/itex2mml.options +0 -1
  145. data/test/testcases/span/math/itex2mml.text +0 -1
  146. data/test/testcases/span/math/katex.html.19 +0 -1
  147. data/test/testcases/span/math/katex.options +0 -1
  148. data/test/testcases/span/math/katex.text +0 -1
  149. data/test/testcases/span/math/mathjaxnode.html.19 +0 -27
  150. data/test/testcases/span/math/mathjaxnode.options +0 -1
  151. data/test/testcases/span/math/mathjaxnode.text +0 -1
  152. data/test/testcases/span/math/ritex.html +0 -1
  153. data/test/testcases/span/math/ritex.options +0 -1
  154. data/test/testcases/span/math/ritex.text +0 -1
  155. data/test/testcases/span/math/sskatex.html.19 +0 -1
  156. data/test/testcases/span/math/sskatex.options +0 -1
  157. data/test/testcases/span/math/sskatex.text +0 -1
  158. data/test/testcases/span/text_substitutions/entities_as_char.html.19 +0 -1
  159. data/test/testcases_gfm/atx_header.html +0 -3
  160. data/test/testcases_gfm/atx_header.text +0 -3
  161. data/test/testcases_gfm/backticks_disable_highlighting.html +0 -2
  162. data/test/testcases_gfm/backticks_disable_highlighting.options +0 -1
  163. data/test/testcases_gfm/backticks_disable_highlighting.text +0 -3
  164. data/test/testcases_gfm/backticks_syntax.html +0 -20
  165. data/test/testcases_gfm/backticks_syntax.text +0 -19
  166. data/test/testcases_gfm/codeblock_fenced.html +0 -20
  167. data/test/testcases_gfm/codeblock_fenced.options +0 -1
  168. data/test/testcases_gfm/codeblock_fenced.text +0 -21
  169. data/test/testcases_gfm/hard_line_breaks.html +0 -3
  170. data/test/testcases_gfm/hard_line_breaks.text +0 -3
  171. data/test/testcases_gfm/hard_line_breaks_off.html +0 -2
  172. data/test/testcases_gfm/hard_line_breaks_off.options +0 -1
  173. data/test/testcases_gfm/hard_line_breaks_off.text +0 -2
  174. data/test/testcases_gfm/header_ids.html +0 -27
  175. data/test/testcases_gfm/header_ids.html.19 +0 -27
  176. data/test/testcases_gfm/header_ids.options +0 -1
  177. data/test/testcases_gfm/header_ids.text +0 -27
  178. data/test/testcases_gfm/header_ids_with_prefix.html +0 -3
  179. data/test/testcases_gfm/header_ids_with_prefix.options +0 -2
  180. data/test/testcases_gfm/header_ids_with_prefix.text +0 -3
  181. data/test/testcases_gfm/no_typographic.html +0 -3
  182. data/test/testcases_gfm/no_typographic.html.19 +0 -3
  183. data/test/testcases_gfm/no_typographic.options +0 -1
  184. data/test/testcases_gfm/no_typographic.text +0 -3
  185. data/test/testcases_gfm/paragraph_end-disabled.html +0 -31
  186. data/test/testcases_gfm/paragraph_end-disabled.options +0 -1
  187. data/test/testcases_gfm/paragraph_end-disabled.text +0 -27
  188. data/test/testcases_gfm/paragraph_end.html +0 -38
  189. data/test/testcases_gfm/paragraph_end.text +0 -27
  190. data/test/testcases_gfm/strikethrough.html +0 -27
  191. data/test/testcases_gfm/strikethrough.html.19 +0 -27
  192. data/test/testcases_gfm/strikethrough.text +0 -27
  193. data/test/testcases_gfm/task_list.html +0 -40
  194. data/test/testcases_gfm/task_list.text +0 -26
  195. data/test/testcases_gfm/two_para_hard_line_breaks.html +0 -4
  196. data/test/testcases_gfm/two_para_hard_line_breaks.text +0 -4
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
1
- require 'benchmark'
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- require 'optparse'
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- require 'fileutils'
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-
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- require 'kramdown'
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-
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- options = {:others => false, :average => 1}
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- OptionParser.new do |opts|
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- opts.on("-a AVG", "--average AVG", Integer, "Average times over the specified number of runs") {|v| options[:average] = v }
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- opts.on("-o", "--[no-]others", "Generate data for other parsers") {|v| options[:others] = v}
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- opts.on("-g", "--[no-]graph", "Generate graph") {|v| options[:graph] = v}
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- opts.on("-k VERSION", "--kramdown VERSION", String, "Add benchmark data for kramdown version VERSION") {|v| options[:kramdown] = v}
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- end.parse!
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-
15
- THISRUBY = (self.class.const_defined?(:RUBY_DESCRIPTION) ? RUBY_DESCRIPTION.scan(/^.*?(?=\s*\()/).first.sub(/\s/, '-') : "ruby-#{RUBY_VERSION}") + '-' + RUBY_PATCHLEVEL.to_s
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-
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- Dir.chdir(File.dirname(__FILE__))
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- BMDATA = File.read('mdbasics.text')
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- MULTIPLIER = (0..5).map {|i| 2**i}
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-
21
- if options[:others]
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- require 'maruku'
23
- require 'maruku/version'
24
- begin
25
- require 'rdiscount'
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- rescue LoadError
27
- end
28
- #require 'bluefeather'
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-
30
- module MaRuKu::Errors
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- def tell_user(s)
32
- end
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- end
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-
35
- bmdata = {}
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- labels = []
37
- MULTIPLIER.each do |i|
38
- $stderr.puts "Generating benchmark data for other parsers, multiplier #{i}"
39
- mddata = BMDATA*i
40
- labels = []
41
- bmdata[i] = Benchmark::bmbm do |x|
42
- labels << "Maruku #{MaRuKu::Version}"
43
- x.report { Maruku.new(mddata, :on_error => :ignore).to_html }
44
- if self.class.const_defined?(:BlueFeather)
45
- labels << "BlueFeather #{BlueFeather::VERSION}"
46
- x.report { BlueFeather.parse(mddata) }
47
- end
48
- if self.class.const_defined?(:RDiscount)
49
- labels << "RDiscount #{RDiscount::VERSION}"
50
- x.report { RDiscount.new(mddata).to_html }
51
- end
52
- end
53
- end
54
- File.open("static-#{THISRUBY}.dat", 'w+') do |f|
55
- f.puts "# " + labels.join(" || ")
56
- format_str = "%5d" + " %10.5f"*bmdata[MULTIPLIER.first].size
57
- bmdata.sort.each do |m,v|
58
- f.puts format_str % [m, *v.map {|tms| tms.real}]
59
- end
60
- end
61
- end
62
-
63
- if options[:kramdown]
64
- kramdown = "kramdown-#{THISRUBY}.dat"
65
- data = if File.exist?(kramdown)
66
- lines = File.readlines(kramdown).map {|l| l.chomp}
67
- lines.first << " || "
68
- lines
69
- else
70
- ["# ", *MULTIPLIER.map {|m| "%3d" % m}]
71
- end
72
- data.first << "#{options[:kramdown]}".rjust(10)
73
-
74
- times = []
75
- options[:average].times do
76
- MULTIPLIER.each_with_index do |m, i|
77
- $stderr.puts "Generating benchmark data for kramdown version #{options[:kramdown]}, multiplier #{m}"
78
- mddata = BMDATA*m
79
- begin
80
- (times[i] ||= []) << Benchmark::bmbm {|x| x.report { Kramdown::Document.new(mddata).to_html } }.first.real
81
- rescue
82
- $stderr.puts $!.message
83
- (times[i] ||= []) << 0
84
- end
85
- end
86
- end
87
- times.each_with_index {|t,i| data[i+1] << "%14.5f" % (t.inject(0) {|sum,v| sum+v}/3.0)}
88
- File.open(kramdown, 'w+') do |f|
89
- data.each {|l| f.puts l}
90
- end
91
- end
92
-
93
- if options[:graph]
94
- Dir['kramdown-*.dat'].each do |kramdown_name|
95
- theruby = kramdown_name.sub(/^kramdown-/, '').sub(/\.dat$/, '')
96
- graph_name = "graph-#{theruby}.png"
97
- static_name = "static-#{theruby}.dat"
98
- kramdown_names = File.readlines(kramdown_name).first.chomp[1..-1].split(/\s*\|\|\s*/)
99
- static_names = (File.exist?(static_name) ? File.readlines(static_name).first.chomp[1..-1].split(/\s*\|\|\s*/) : [])
100
- File.open("gnuplot.dat", "w+") do |f|
101
- f.puts <<EOF
102
- set title "Execution Time Performance for #{theruby}"
103
- set xlabel "File Multiplier (i.e. n times mdbasic.text)"
104
- set ylabel "Execution Time in secondes"
105
- set key left top
106
- set grid
107
- set terminal png
108
- set output "#{graph_name}"
109
- EOF
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- f.print "plot "
111
- i, j = 1, 1
112
- f.puts((kramdown_names.map {|n| i += 1; "\"#{kramdown_name}\" using 1:#{i} with lp title \"#{n}\""} +
113
- static_names.map {|n| j += 1; n =~ /bluefeather/i ? nil : "\"#{static_name}\" using 1:#{j} with lp title \"#{n}\""}.compact
114
- ).join(", "))
115
- end
116
- `gnuplot gnuplot.dat`
117
- FileUtils.rm("gnuplot.dat")
118
- end
119
- end
@@ -1,306 +0,0 @@
1
- Markdown: Basics
2
- ================
3
-
4
- <ul id="ProjectSubmenu">
5
- <li><a href="/projects/markdown/" title="Markdown Project Page">Main</a></li>
6
- <li><a class="selected" title="Markdown Basics">Basics</a></li>
7
- <li><a href="/projects/markdown/syntax" title="Markdown Syntax Documentation">Syntax</a></li>
8
- <li><a href="/projects/markdown/license" title="Pricing and License Information">License</a></li>
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- <li><a href="/projects/markdown/dingus" title="Online Markdown Web Form">Dingus</a></li>
10
- </ul>
11
-
12
-
13
- Getting the Gist of Markdown's Formatting Syntax
14
- ------------------------------------------------
15
-
16
- This page offers a brief overview of what it's like to use Markdown.
17
- The [syntax page] [s] provides complete, detailed documentation for
18
- every feature, but Markdown should be very easy to pick up simply by
19
- looking at a few examples of it in action. The examples on this page
20
- are written in a before/after style, showing example syntax and the
21
- HTML output produced by Markdown.
22
-
23
- It's also helpful to simply try Markdown out; the [Dingus] [d] is a
24
- web application that allows you type your own Markdown-formatted text
25
- and translate it to XHTML.
26
-
27
- **Note:** This document is itself written using Markdown; you
28
- can [see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL] [src].
29
-
30
- [s]: /projects/markdown/syntax "Markdown Syntax"
31
- [d]: /projects/markdown/dingus "Markdown Dingus"
32
- [src]: /projects/markdown/basics.text
33
-
34
-
35
- ## Paragraphs, Headers, Blockquotes ##
36
-
37
- A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated
38
- by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a
39
- blank line -- a line containing nothing spaces or tabs is considered
40
- blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be intended with spaces or tabs.
41
-
42
- Markdown offers two styles of headers: *Setext* and *atx*.
43
- Setext-style headers for `<h1>` and `<h2>` are created by
44
- "underlining" with equal signs (`=`) and hyphens (`-`), respectively.
45
- To create an atx-style header, you put 1-6 hash marks (`#`) at the
46
- beginning of the line -- the number of hashes equals the resulting
47
- HTML header level.
48
-
49
- Blockquotes are indicated using email-style '`>`' angle brackets.
50
-
51
- Markdown:
52
-
53
- A First Level Header
54
- ====================
55
-
56
- A Second Level Header
57
- ---------------------
58
-
59
- Now is the time for all good men to come to
60
- the aid of their country. This is just a
61
- regular paragraph.
62
-
63
- The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy
64
- dog's back.
65
-
66
- ### Header 3
67
-
68
- > This is a blockquote.
69
- >
70
- > This is the second paragraph in the blockquote.
71
- >
72
- > ## This is an H2 in a blockquote
73
-
74
-
75
- Output:
76
-
77
- <h1>A First Level Header</h1>
78
-
79
- <h2>A Second Level Header</h2>
80
-
81
- <p>Now is the time for all good men to come to
82
- the aid of their country. This is just a
83
- regular paragraph.</p>
84
-
85
- <p>The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy
86
- dog's back.</p>
87
-
88
- <h3>Header 3</h3>
89
-
90
- <blockquote>
91
- <p>This is a blockquote.</p>
92
-
93
- <p>This is the second paragraph in the blockquote.</p>
94
-
95
- <h2>This is an H2 in a blockquote</h2>
96
- </blockquote>
97
-
98
-
99
-
100
- ### Phrase Emphasis ###
101
-
102
- Markdown uses asterisks and underscores to indicate spans of emphasis.
103
-
104
- Markdown:
105
-
106
- Some of these words *are emphasized*.
107
- Some of these words _are emphasized also_.
108
-
109
- Use two asterisks for **strong emphasis**.
110
- Or, if you prefer, __use two underscores instead__.
111
-
112
- Output:
113
-
114
- <p>Some of these words <em>are emphasized</em>.
115
- Some of these words <em>are emphasized also</em>.</p>
116
-
117
- <p>Use two asterisks for <strong>strong emphasis</strong>.
118
- Or, if you prefer, <strong>use two underscores instead</strong>.</p>
119
-
120
-
121
-
122
- ## Lists ##
123
-
124
- Unordered (bulleted) lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens (`*`,
125
- `+`, and `-`) as list markers. These three markers are
126
- interchangable; this:
127
-
128
- * Candy.
129
- * Gum.
130
- * Booze.
131
-
132
- this:
133
-
134
- + Candy.
135
- + Gum.
136
- + Booze.
137
-
138
- and this:
139
-
140
- - Candy.
141
- - Gum.
142
- - Booze.
143
-
144
- all produce the same output:
145
-
146
- <ul>
147
- <li>Candy.</li>
148
- <li>Gum.</li>
149
- <li>Booze.</li>
150
- </ul>
151
-
152
- Ordered (numbered) lists use regular numbers, followed by periods, as
153
- list markers:
154
-
155
- 1. Red
156
- 2. Green
157
- 3. Blue
158
-
159
- Output:
160
-
161
- <ol>
162
- <li>Red</li>
163
- <li>Green</li>
164
- <li>Blue</li>
165
- </ol>
166
-
167
- If you put blank lines between items, you'll get `<p>` tags for the
168
- list item text. You can create multi-paragraph list items by indenting
169
- the paragraphs by 4 spaces or 1 tab:
170
-
171
- * A list item.
172
-
173
- With multiple paragraphs.
174
-
175
- * Another item in the list.
176
-
177
- Output:
178
-
179
- <ul>
180
- <li><p>A list item.</p>
181
- <p>With multiple paragraphs.</p></li>
182
- <li><p>Another item in the list.</p></li>
183
- </ul>
184
-
185
-
186
-
187
- ### Links ###
188
-
189
- Markdown supports two styles for creating links: *inline* and
190
- *reference*. With both styles, you use square brackets to delimit the
191
- text you want to turn into a link.
192
-
193
- Inline-style links use parentheses immediately after the link text.
194
- For example:
195
-
196
- This is an [example link](http://example.com/).
197
-
198
- Output:
199
-
200
- <p>This is an <a href="http://example.com/">
201
- example link</a>.</p>
202
-
203
- Optionally, you may include a title attribute in the parentheses:
204
-
205
- This is an [example link](http://example.com/ "With a Title").
206
-
207
- Output:
208
-
209
- <p>This is an <a href="http://example.com/" title="With a Title">
210
- example link</a>.</p>
211
-
212
- Reference-style links allow you to refer to your links by names, which
213
- you define elsewhere in your document:
214
-
215
- I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][1] than from
216
- [Yahoo][2] or [MSN][3].
217
-
218
- [1]: http://google.com/ "Google"
219
- [2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
220
- [3]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
221
-
222
- Output:
223
-
224
- <p>I get 10 times more traffic from <a href="http://google.com/"
225
- title="Google">Google</a> than from <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/"
226
- title="Yahoo Search">Yahoo</a> or <a href="http://search.msn.com/"
227
- title="MSN Search">MSN</a>.</p>
228
-
229
- The title attribute is optional. Link names may contain letters,
230
- numbers and spaces, but are *not* case sensitive:
231
-
232
- I start my morning with a cup of coffee and
233
- [The New York Times][NY Times].
234
-
235
- [ny times]: http://www.nytimes.com/
236
-
237
- Output:
238
-
239
- <p>I start my morning with a cup of coffee and
240
- <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/">The New York Times</a>.</p>
241
-
242
-
243
- ### Images ###
244
-
245
- Image syntax is very much like link syntax.
246
-
247
- Inline (titles are optional):
248
-
249
- ![alt text](/path/to/img.jpg "Title")
250
-
251
- Reference-style:
252
-
253
- ![alt text][id]
254
-
255
- [id]: /path/to/img.jpg "Title"
256
-
257
- Both of the above examples produce the same output:
258
-
259
- <img src="/path/to/img.jpg" alt="alt text" title="Title" />
260
-
261
-
262
-
263
- ### Code ###
264
-
265
- In a regular paragraph, you can create code span by wrapping text in
266
- backtick quotes. Any ampersands (`&`) and angle brackets (`<` or
267
- `>`) will automatically be translated into HTML entities. This makes
268
- it easy to use Markdown to write about HTML example code:
269
-
270
- I strongly recommend against using any `<blink>` tags.
271
-
272
- I wish SmartyPants used named entities like `&mdash;`
273
- instead of decimal-encoded entites like `&#8212;`.
274
-
275
- Output:
276
-
277
- <p>I strongly recommend against using any
278
- <code>&lt;blink&gt;</code> tags.</p>
279
-
280
- <p>I wish SmartyPants used named entities like
281
- <code>&amp;mdash;</code> instead of decimal-encoded
282
- entites like <code>&amp;#8212;</code>.</p>
283
-
284
-
285
- To specify an entire block of pre-formatted code, indent every line of
286
- the block by 4 spaces or 1 tab. Just like with code spans, `&`, `<`,
287
- and `>` characters will be escaped automatically.
288
-
289
- Markdown:
290
-
291
- If you want your page to validate under XHTML 1.0 Strict,
292
- you've got to put paragraph tags in your blockquotes:
293
-
294
- <blockquote>
295
- <p>For example.</p>
296
- </blockquote>
297
-
298
- Output:
299
-
300
- <p>If you want your page to validate under XHTML 1.0 Strict,
301
- you've got to put paragraph tags in your blockquotes:</p>
302
-
303
- <pre><code>&lt;blockquote&gt;
304
- &lt;p&gt;For example.&lt;/p&gt;
305
- &lt;/blockquote&gt;
306
- </code></pre>
@@ -1,888 +0,0 @@
1
- Markdown: Syntax
2
- ================
3
-
4
- <ul id="ProjectSubmenu">
5
- <li><a href="/projects/markdown/" title="Markdown Project Page">Main</a></li>
6
- <li><a href="/projects/markdown/basics" title="Markdown Basics">Basics</a></li>
7
- <li><a class="selected" title="Markdown Syntax Documentation">Syntax</a></li>
8
- <li><a href="/projects/markdown/license" title="Pricing and License Information">License</a></li>
9
- <li><a href="/projects/markdown/dingus" title="Online Markdown Web Form">Dingus</a></li>
10
- </ul>
11
-
12
-
13
- * [Overview](#overview)
14
- * [Philosophy](#philosophy)
15
- * [Inline HTML](#html)
16
- * [Automatic Escaping for Special Characters](#autoescape)
17
- * [Block Elements](#block)
18
- * [Paragraphs and Line Breaks](#p)
19
- * [Headers](#header)
20
- * [Blockquotes](#blockquote)
21
- * [Lists](#list)
22
- * [Code Blocks](#precode)
23
- * [Horizontal Rules](#hr)
24
- * [Span Elements](#span)
25
- * [Links](#link)
26
- * [Emphasis](#em)
27
- * [Code](#code)
28
- * [Images](#img)
29
- * [Miscellaneous](#misc)
30
- * [Backslash Escapes](#backslash)
31
- * [Automatic Links](#autolink)
32
-
33
-
34
- **Note:** This document is itself written using Markdown; you
35
- can [see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL][src].
36
-
37
- [src]: /projects/markdown/syntax.text
38
-
39
- * * *
40
-
41
- <h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
42
-
43
- <h3 id="philosophy">Philosophy</h3>
44
-
45
- Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.
46
-
47
- Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted
48
- document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking
49
- like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While
50
- Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML
51
- filters -- including [Setext] [1], [atx] [2], [Textile] [3], [reStructuredText] [4],
52
- [Grutatext] [5], and [EtText] [6] -- the single biggest source of
53
- inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email.
54
-
55
- [1]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html
56
- [2]: http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/
57
- [3]: http://textism.com/tools/textile/
58
- [4]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
59
- [5]: http://www.triptico.com/software/grutatxt.html
60
- [6]: http://ettext.taint.org/doc/
61
-
62
- To this end, Markdown's syntax is comprised entirely of punctuation
63
- characters, which punctuation characters have been carefully chosen so
64
- as to look like what they mean. E.g., asterisks around a word actually
65
- look like \*emphasis\*. Markdown lists look like, well, lists. Even
66
- blockquotes look like quoted passages of text, assuming you've ever
67
- used email.
68
-
69
-
70
-
71
- <h3 id="html">Inline HTML</h3>
72
-
73
- Markdown's syntax is intended for one purpose: to be used as a
74
- format for *writing* for the web.
75
-
76
- Markdown is not a replacement for HTML, or even close to it. Its
77
- syntax is very small, corresponding only to a very small subset of
78
- HTML tags. The idea is *not* to create a syntax that makes it easier
79
- to insert HTML tags. In my opinion, HTML tags are already easy to
80
- insert. The idea for Markdown is to make it easy to read, write, and
81
- edit prose. HTML is a *publishing* format; Markdown is a *writing*
82
- format. Thus, Markdown's formatting syntax only addresses issues that
83
- can be conveyed in plain text.
84
-
85
- For any markup that is not covered by Markdown's syntax, you simply
86
- use HTML itself. There's no need to preface it or delimit it to
87
- indicate that you're switching from Markdown to HTML; you just use
88
- the tags.
89
-
90
- The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements -- e.g. `<div>`,
91
- `<table>`, `<pre>`, `<p>`, etc. -- must be separated from surrounding
92
- content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the block should
93
- not be indented with tabs or spaces. Markdown is smart enough not
94
- to add extra (unwanted) `<p>` tags around HTML block-level tags.
95
-
96
- For example, to add an HTML table to a Markdown article:
97
-
98
- This is a regular paragraph.
99
-
100
- <table>
101
- <tr>
102
- <td>Foo</td>
103
- </tr>
104
- </table>
105
-
106
- This is another regular paragraph.
107
-
108
- Note that Markdown formatting syntax is not processed within block-level
109
- HTML tags. E.g., you can't use Markdown-style `*emphasis*` inside an
110
- HTML block.
111
-
112
- Span-level HTML tags -- e.g. `<span>`, `<cite>`, or `<del>` -- can be
113
- used anywhere in a Markdown paragraph, list item, or header. If you
114
- want, you can even use HTML tags instead of Markdown formatting; e.g. if
115
- you'd prefer to use HTML `<a>` or `<img>` tags instead of Markdown's
116
- link or image syntax, go right ahead.
117
-
118
- Unlike block-level HTML tags, Markdown syntax *is* processed within
119
- span-level tags.
120
-
121
-
122
- <h3 id="autoescape">Automatic Escaping for Special Characters</h3>
123
-
124
- In HTML, there are two characters that demand special treatment: `<`
125
- and `&`. Left angle brackets are used to start tags; ampersands are
126
- used to denote HTML entities. If you want to use them as literal
127
- characters, you must escape them as entities, e.g. `&lt;`, and
128
- `&amp;`.
129
-
130
- Ampersands in particular are bedeviling for web writers. If you want to
131
- write about 'AT&T', you need to write '`AT&amp;T`'. You even need to
132
- escape ampersands within URLs. Thus, if you want to link to:
133
-
134
- http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
135
-
136
- you need to encode the URL as:
137
-
138
- http://images.google.com/images?num=30&amp;q=larry+bird
139
-
140
- in your anchor tag `href` attribute. Needless to say, this is easy to
141
- forget, and is probably the single most common source of HTML validation
142
- errors in otherwise well-marked-up web sites.
143
-
144
- Markdown allows you to use these characters naturally, taking care of
145
- all the necessary escaping for you. If you use an ampersand as part of
146
- an HTML entity, it remains unchanged; otherwise it will be translated
147
- into `&amp;`.
148
-
149
- So, if you want to include a copyright symbol in your article, you can write:
150
-
151
- &copy;
152
-
153
- and Markdown will leave it alone. But if you write:
154
-
155
- AT&T
156
-
157
- Markdown will translate it to:
158
-
159
- AT&amp;T
160
-
161
- Similarly, because Markdown supports [inline HTML](#html), if you use
162
- angle brackets as delimiters for HTML tags, Markdown will treat them as
163
- such. But if you write:
164
-
165
- 4 < 5
166
-
167
- Markdown will translate it to:
168
-
169
- 4 &lt; 5
170
-
171
- However, inside Markdown code spans and blocks, angle brackets and
172
- ampersands are *always* encoded automatically. This makes it easy to use
173
- Markdown to write about HTML code. (As opposed to raw HTML, which is a
174
- terrible format for writing about HTML syntax, because every single `<`
175
- and `&` in your example code needs to be escaped.)
176
-
177
-
178
- * * *
179
-
180
-
181
- <h2 id="block">Block Elements</h2>
182
-
183
-
184
- <h3 id="p">Paragraphs and Line Breaks</h3>
185
-
186
- A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated
187
- by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a
188
- blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered
189
- blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be intended with spaces or tabs.
190
-
191
- The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is
192
- that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs
193
- significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable
194
- Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break
195
- character in a paragraph into a `<br />` tag.
196
-
197
- When you *do* want to insert a `<br />` break tag using Markdown, you
198
- end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.
199
-
200
- Yes, this takes a tad more effort to create a `<br />`, but a simplistic
201
- "every line break is a `<br />`" rule wouldn't work for Markdown.
202
- Markdown's email-style [blockquoting][bq] and multi-paragraph [list items][l]
203
- work best -- and look better -- when you format them with hard breaks.
204
-
205
- [bq]: #blockquote
206
- [l]: #list
207
-
208
-
209
-
210
- <h3 id="header">Headers</h3>
211
-
212
- Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].
213
-
214
- Setext-style headers are "underlined" using equal signs (for first-level
215
- headers) and dashes (for second-level headers). For example:
216
-
217
- This is an H1
218
- =============
219
-
220
- This is an H2
221
- -------------
222
-
223
- Any number of underlining `=`'s or `-`'s will work.
224
-
225
- Atx-style headers use 1-6 hash characters at the start of the line,
226
- corresponding to header levels 1-6. For example:
227
-
228
- # This is an H1
229
-
230
- ## This is an H2
231
-
232
- ###### This is an H6
233
-
234
- Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely
235
- cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The
236
- closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes
237
- used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes
238
- determines the header level.) :
239
-
240
- # This is an H1 #
241
-
242
- ## This is an H2 ##
243
-
244
- ### This is an H3 ######
245
-
246
-
247
- <h3 id="blockquote">Blockquotes</h3>
248
-
249
- Markdown uses email-style `>` characters for blockquoting. If you're
250
- familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you
251
- know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard
252
- wrap the text and put a `>` before every line:
253
-
254
- > This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
255
- > consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
256
- > Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
257
- >
258
- > Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
259
- > id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
260
-
261
- Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the `>` before the first
262
- line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:
263
-
264
- > This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
265
- consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
266
- Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
267
-
268
- > Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
269
- id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
270
-
271
- Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by
272
- adding additional levels of `>`:
273
-
274
- > This is the first level of quoting.
275
- >
276
- > > This is nested blockquote.
277
- >
278
- > Back to the first level.
279
-
280
- Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists,
281
- and code blocks:
282
-
283
- > ## This is a header.
284
- >
285
- > 1. This is the first list item.
286
- > 2. This is the second list item.
287
- >
288
- > Here's some example code:
289
- >
290
- > return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");
291
-
292
- Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For
293
- example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase
294
- Quote Level from the Text menu.
295
-
296
-
297
- <h3 id="list">Lists</h3>
298
-
299
- Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.
300
-
301
- Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably
302
- -- as list markers:
303
-
304
- * Red
305
- * Green
306
- * Blue
307
-
308
- is equivalent to:
309
-
310
- + Red
311
- + Green
312
- + Blue
313
-
314
- and:
315
-
316
- - Red
317
- - Green
318
- - Blue
319
-
320
- Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:
321
-
322
- 1. Bird
323
- 2. McHale
324
- 3. Parish
325
-
326
- It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the
327
- list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML
328
- Markdown produces from the above list is:
329
-
330
- <ol>
331
- <li>Bird</li>
332
- <li>McHale</li>
333
- <li>Parish</li>
334
- </ol>
335
-
336
- If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:
337
-
338
- 1. Bird
339
- 1. McHale
340
- 1. Parish
341
-
342
- or even:
343
-
344
- 3. Bird
345
- 1. McHale
346
- 8. Parish
347
-
348
- you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to,
349
- you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that
350
- the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML.
351
- But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to.
352
-
353
- If you do use lazy list numbering, however, you should still start the
354
- list with the number 1. At some point in the future, Markdown may support
355
- starting ordered lists at an arbitrary number.
356
-
357
- List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented by
358
- up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more spaces
359
- or a tab.
360
-
361
- To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:
362
-
363
- * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
364
- Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
365
- viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
366
- * Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
367
- Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
368
-
369
- But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:
370
-
371
- * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
372
- Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
373
- viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
374
- * Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
375
- Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
376
-
377
- If list items are separated by blank lines, Markdown will wrap the
378
- items in `<p>` tags in the HTML output. For example, this input:
379
-
380
- * Bird
381
- * Magic
382
-
383
- will turn into:
384
-
385
- <ul>
386
- <li>Bird</li>
387
- <li>Magic</li>
388
- </ul>
389
-
390
- But this:
391
-
392
- * Bird
393
-
394
- * Magic
395
-
396
- will turn into:
397
-
398
- <ul>
399
- <li><p>Bird</p></li>
400
- <li><p>Magic</p></li>
401
- </ul>
402
-
403
- List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent
404
- paragraph in a list item must be intended by either 4 spaces
405
- or one tab:
406
-
407
- 1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor
408
- sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit
409
- mi posuere lectus.
410
-
411
- Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet
412
- vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum
413
- sit amet velit.
414
-
415
- 2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
416
-
417
- It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent
418
- paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be
419
- lazy:
420
-
421
- * This is a list item with two paragraphs.
422
-
423
- This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're
424
- only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor
425
- sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
426
-
427
- * Another item in the same list.
428
-
429
- To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>`
430
- delimiters need to be indented:
431
-
432
- * A list item with a blockquote:
433
-
434
- > This is a blockquote
435
- > inside a list item.
436
-
437
- To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs
438
- to be indented *twice* -- 8 spaces or two tabs:
439
-
440
- * A list item with a code block:
441
-
442
- <code goes here>
443
-
444
-
445
- It's worth noting that it's possible to trigger an ordered list by
446
- accident, by writing something like this:
447
-
448
- 1986. What a great season.
449
-
450
- In other words, a *number-period-space* sequence at the beginning of a
451
- line. To avoid this, you can backslash-escape the period:
452
-
453
- 1986\. What a great season.
454
-
455
-
456
-
457
- <h3 id="precode">Code Blocks</h3>
458
-
459
- Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or
460
- markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines
461
- of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block
462
- in both `<pre>` and `<code>` tags.
463
-
464
- To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the
465
- block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab. For example, given this input:
466
-
467
- This is a normal paragraph:
468
-
469
- This is a code block.
470
-
471
- Markdown will generate:
472
-
473
- <p>This is a normal paragraph:</p>
474
-
475
- <pre><code>This is a code block.
476
- </code></pre>
477
-
478
- One level of indentation -- 4 spaces or 1 tab -- is removed from each
479
- line of the code block. For example, this:
480
-
481
- Here is an example of AppleScript:
482
-
483
- tell application "Foo"
484
- beep
485
- end tell
486
-
487
- will turn into:
488
-
489
- <p>Here is an example of AppleScript:</p>
490
-
491
- <pre><code>tell application "Foo"
492
- beep
493
- end tell
494
- </code></pre>
495
-
496
- A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented
497
- (or the end of the article).
498
-
499
- Within a code block, ampersands (`&`) and angle brackets (`<` and `>`)
500
- are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very
501
- easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste
502
- it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the
503
- ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:
504
-
505
- <div class="footer">
506
- &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
507
- </div>
508
-
509
- will turn into:
510
-
511
- <pre><code>&lt;div class="footer"&gt;
512
- &amp;copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
513
- &lt;/div&gt;
514
- </code></pre>
515
-
516
- Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g.,
517
- asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means
518
- it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax.
519
-
520
-
521
-
522
- <h3 id="hr">Horizontal Rules</h3>
523
-
524
- You can produce a horizontal rule tag (`<hr />`) by placing three or
525
- more hyphens, asterisks, or underscores on a line by themselves. If you
526
- wish, you may use spaces between the hyphens or asterisks. Each of the
527
- following lines will produce a horizontal rule:
528
-
529
- * * *
530
-
531
- ***
532
-
533
- *****
534
-
535
- - - -
536
-
537
- ---------------------------------------
538
-
539
- _ _ _
540
-
541
-
542
- * * *
543
-
544
- <h2 id="span">Span Elements</h2>
545
-
546
- <h3 id="link">Links</h3>
547
-
548
- Markdown supports two style of links: *inline* and *reference*.
549
-
550
- In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].
551
-
552
- To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately
553
- after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses,
554
- put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an *optional*
555
- title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:
556
-
557
- This is [an example](http://example.com/ "Title") inline link.
558
-
559
- [This link](http://example.net/) has no title attribute.
560
-
561
- Will produce:
562
-
563
- <p>This is <a href="http://example.com/" title="Title">
564
- an example</a> inline link.</p>
565
-
566
- <p><a href="http://example.net/">This link</a> has no
567
- title attribute.</p>
568
-
569
- If you're referring to a local resource on the same server, you can
570
- use relative paths:
571
-
572
- See my [About](/about/) page for details.
573
-
574
- Reference-style links use a second set of square brackets, inside
575
- which you place a label of your choosing to identify the link:
576
-
577
- This is [an example][id] reference-style link.
578
-
579
- You can optionally use a space to separate the sets of brackets:
580
-
581
- This is [an example] [id] reference-style link.
582
-
583
- Then, anywhere in the document, you define your link label like this,
584
- on a line by itself:
585
-
586
- [id]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here"
587
-
588
- That is:
589
-
590
- * Square brackets containing the link identifier (optionally
591
- indented from the left margin using up to three spaces);
592
- * followed by a colon;
593
- * followed by one or more spaces (or tabs);
594
- * followed by the URL for the link;
595
- * optionally followed by a title attribute for the link, enclosed
596
- in double or single quotes.
597
-
598
- The link URL may, optionally, be surrounded by angle brackets:
599
-
600
- [id]: <http://example.com/> "Optional Title Here"
601
-
602
- You can put the title attribute on the next line and use extra spaces
603
- or tabs for padding, which tends to look better with longer URLs:
604
-
605
- [id]: http://example.com/longish/path/to/resource/here
606
- "Optional Title Here"
607
-
608
- Link definitions are only used for creating links during Markdown
609
- processing, and are stripped from your document in the HTML output.
610
-
611
- Link definition names may constist of letters, numbers, spaces, and punctuation -- but they are *not* case sensitive. E.g. these two links:
612
-
613
- [link text][a]
614
- [link text][A]
615
-
616
- are equivalent.
617
-
618
- The *implicit link name* shortcut allows you to omit the name of the
619
- link, in which case the link text itself is used as the name.
620
- Just use an empty set of square brackets -- e.g., to link the word
621
- "Google" to the google.com web site, you could simply write:
622
-
623
- [Google][]
624
-
625
- And then define the link:
626
-
627
- [Google]: http://google.com/
628
-
629
- Because link names may contain spaces, this shortcut even works for
630
- multiple words in the link text:
631
-
632
- Visit [Daring Fireball][] for more information.
633
-
634
- And then define the link:
635
-
636
- [Daring Fireball]: http://daringfireball.net/
637
-
638
- Link definitions can be placed anywhere in your Markdown document. I
639
- tend to put them immediately after each paragraph in which they're
640
- used, but if you want, you can put them all at the end of your
641
- document, sort of like footnotes.
642
-
643
- Here's an example of reference links in action:
644
-
645
- I get 10 times more traffic from [Google] [1] than from
646
- [Yahoo] [2] or [MSN] [3].
647
-
648
- [1]: http://google.com/ "Google"
649
- [2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
650
- [3]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
651
-
652
- Using the implicit link name shortcut, you could instead write:
653
-
654
- I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][] than from
655
- [Yahoo][] or [MSN][].
656
-
657
- [google]: http://google.com/ "Google"
658
- [yahoo]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
659
- [msn]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
660
-
661
- Both of the above examples will produce the following HTML output:
662
-
663
- <p>I get 10 times more traffic from <a href="http://google.com/"
664
- title="Google">Google</a> than from
665
- <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/" title="Yahoo Search">Yahoo</a>
666
- or <a href="http://search.msn.com/" title="MSN Search">MSN</a>.</p>
667
-
668
- For comparison, here is the same paragraph written using
669
- Markdown's inline link style:
670
-
671
- I get 10 times more traffic from [Google](http://google.com/ "Google")
672
- than from [Yahoo](http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search") or
673
- [MSN](http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search").
674
-
675
- The point of reference-style links is not that they're easier to
676
- write. The point is that with reference-style links, your document
677
- source is vastly more readable. Compare the above examples: using
678
- reference-style links, the paragraph itself is only 81 characters
679
- long; with inline-style links, it's 176 characters; and as raw HTML,
680
- it's 234 characters. In the raw HTML, there's more markup than there
681
- is text.
682
-
683
- With Markdown's reference-style links, a source document much more
684
- closely resembles the final output, as rendered in a browser. By
685
- allowing you to move the markup-related metadata out of the paragraph,
686
- you can add links without interrupting the narrative flow of your
687
- prose.
688
-
689
-
690
- <h3 id="em">Emphasis</h3>
691
-
692
- Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of
693
- emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an
694
- HTML `<em>` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML
695
- `<strong>` tag. E.g., this input:
696
-
697
- *single asterisks*
698
-
699
- _single underscores_
700
-
701
- **double asterisks**
702
-
703
- __double underscores__
704
-
705
- will produce:
706
-
707
- <em>single asterisks</em>
708
-
709
- <em>single underscores</em>
710
-
711
- <strong>double asterisks</strong>
712
-
713
- <strong>double underscores</strong>
714
-
715
- You can use whichever style you prefer; the lone restriction is that
716
- the same character must be used to open and close an emphasis span.
717
-
718
- Emphasis can be used in the middle of a word:
719
-
720
- un*fucking*believable
721
-
722
- But if you surround an `*` or `_` with spaces, it'll be treated as a
723
- literal asterisk or underscore.
724
-
725
- To produce a literal asterisk or underscore at a position where it
726
- would otherwise be used as an emphasis delimiter, you can backslash
727
- escape it:
728
-
729
- \*this text is surrounded by literal asterisks\*
730
-
731
-
732
-
733
- <h3 id="code">Code</h3>
734
-
735
- To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`` ` ``).
736
- Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a
737
- normal paragraph. For example:
738
-
739
- Use the `printf()` function.
740
-
741
- will produce:
742
-
743
- <p>Use the <code>printf()</code> function.</p>
744
-
745
- To include a literal backtick character within a code span, you can use
746
- multiple backticks as the opening and closing delimiters:
747
-
748
- ``There is a literal backtick (`) here.``
749
-
750
- which will produce this:
751
-
752
- <p><code>There is a literal backtick (`) here.</code></p>
753
-
754
- The backtick delimiters surrounding a code span may include spaces --
755
- one after the opening, one before the closing. This allows you to place
756
- literal backtick characters at the beginning or end of a code span:
757
-
758
- A single backtick in a code span: `` ` ``
759
-
760
- A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `` `foo` ``
761
-
762
- will produce:
763
-
764
- <p>A single backtick in a code span: <code>`</code></p>
765
-
766
- <p>A backtick-delimited string in a code span: <code>`foo`</code></p>
767
-
768
- With a code span, ampersands and angle brackets are encoded as HTML
769
- entities automatically, which makes it easy to include example HTML
770
- tags. Markdown will turn this:
771
-
772
- Please don't use any `<blink>` tags.
773
-
774
- into:
775
-
776
- <p>Please don't use any <code>&lt;blink&gt;</code> tags.</p>
777
-
778
- You can write this:
779
-
780
- `&#8212;` is the decimal-encoded equivalent of `&mdash;`.
781
-
782
- to produce:
783
-
784
- <p><code>&amp;#8212;</code> is the decimal-encoded
785
- equivalent of <code>&amp;mdash;</code>.</p>
786
-
787
-
788
-
789
- <h3 id="img">Images</h3>
790
-
791
- Admittedly, it's fairly difficult to devise a "natural" syntax for
792
- placing images into a plain text document format.
793
-
794
- Markdown uses an image syntax that is intended to resemble the syntax
795
- for links, allowing for two styles: *inline* and *reference*.
796
-
797
- Inline image syntax looks like this:
798
-
799
- ![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg)
800
-
801
- ![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg "Optional title")
802
-
803
- That is:
804
-
805
- * An exclamation mark: `!`;
806
- * followed by a set of square brackets, containing the `alt`
807
- attribute text for the image;
808
- * followed by a set of parentheses, containing the URL or path to
809
- the image, and an optional `title` attribute enclosed in double
810
- or single quotes.
811
-
812
- Reference-style image syntax looks like this:
813
-
814
- ![Alt text][id]
815
-
816
- Where "id" is the name of a defined image reference. Image references
817
- are defined using syntax identical to link references:
818
-
819
- [id]: url/to/image "Optional title attribute"
820
-
821
- As of this writing, Markdown has no syntax for specifying the
822
- dimensions of an image; if this is important to you, you can simply
823
- use regular HTML `<img>` tags.
824
-
825
-
826
- * * *
827
-
828
-
829
- <h2 id="misc">Miscellaneous</h2>
830
-
831
- <h3 id="autolink">Automatic Links</h3>
832
-
833
- Markdown supports a shortcut style for creating "automatic" links for URLs and email addresses: simply surround the URL or email address with angle brackets. What this means is that if you want to show the actual text of a URL or email address, and also have it be a clickable link, you can do this:
834
-
835
- <http://example.com/>
836
-
837
- Markdown will turn this into:
838
-
839
- <a href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
840
-
841
- Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that
842
- Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex
843
- entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting
844
- spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this:
845
-
846
- <address@example.com>
847
-
848
- into something like this:
849
-
850
- <a href="&#x6D;&#x61;i&#x6C;&#x74;&#x6F;:&#x61;&#x64;&#x64;&#x72;&#x65;
851
- &#115;&#115;&#64;&#101;&#120;&#x61;&#109;&#x70;&#x6C;e&#x2E;&#99;&#111;
852
- &#109;">&#x61;&#x64;&#x64;&#x72;&#x65;&#115;&#115;&#64;&#101;&#120;&#x61;
853
- &#109;&#x70;&#x6C;e&#x2E;&#99;&#111;&#109;</a>
854
-
855
- which will render in a browser as a clickable link to "address@example.com".
856
-
857
- (This sort of entity-encoding trick will indeed fool many, if not
858
- most, address-harvesting bots, but it definitely won't fool all of
859
- them. It's better than nothing, but an address published in this way
860
- will probably eventually start receiving spam.)
861
-
862
-
863
-
864
- <h3 id="backslash">Backslash Escapes</h3>
865
-
866
- Markdown allows you to use backslash escapes to generate literal
867
- characters which would otherwise have special meaning in Markdown's
868
- formatting syntax. For example, if you wanted to surround a word with
869
- literal asterisks (instead of an HTML `<em>` tag), you can backslashes
870
- before the asterisks, like this:
871
-
872
- \*literal asterisks\*
873
-
874
- Markdown provides backslash escapes for the following characters:
875
-
876
- \ backslash
877
- ` backtick
878
- * asterisk
879
- _ underscore
880
- {} curly braces
881
- [] square brackets
882
- () parentheses
883
- # hash mark
884
- + plus sign
885
- - minus sign (hyphen)
886
- . dot
887
- ! exclamation mark
888
-