json_pure 1.4.6 → 1.5.0

data/java/src/json/ext/Parser.rl

@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+/*
+ * This code is copyrighted work by Daniel Luz <dev at mernen dot com>.
+ * 
+ * Distributed under the Ruby and GPLv2 licenses; see COPYING and GPL files
+ * for details.
+ */
+package json.ext;
+
+import org.jruby.Ruby;
+import org.jruby.RubyArray;
+import org.jruby.RubyClass;
+import org.jruby.RubyEncoding;
+import org.jruby.RubyFloat;
+import org.jruby.RubyHash;
+import org.jruby.RubyInteger;
+import org.jruby.RubyModule;
+import org.jruby.RubyNumeric;
+import org.jruby.RubyObject;
+import org.jruby.RubyString;
+import org.jruby.anno.JRubyMethod;
+import org.jruby.exceptions.JumpException;
+import org.jruby.exceptions.RaiseException;
+import org.jruby.runtime.Block;
+import org.jruby.runtime.ObjectAllocator;
+import org.jruby.runtime.ThreadContext;
+import org.jruby.runtime.Visibility;
+import org.jruby.runtime.builtin.IRubyObject;
+import org.jruby.util.ByteList;
+
+/**
+ * The <code>JSON::Ext::Parser</code> class.
+ * 
+ * <p>This is the JSON parser implemented as a Java class. To use it as the
+ * standard parser, set
+ *   <pre>JSON.parser = JSON::Ext::Parser</pre>
+ * This is performed for you when you <code>include "json/ext"</code>.
+ * 
+ * <p>This class does not perform the actual parsing, just acts as an interface
+ * to Ruby code. When the {@link #parse()} method is invoked, a
+ * Parser.ParserSession object is instantiated, which handles the process.
+ * 
+ * @author mernen
+ */
+public class Parser extends RubyObject {
+    private final RuntimeInfo info;
+    private RubyString vSource;
+    private RubyString createId;
+    private boolean createAdditions;
+    private int maxNesting;
+    private boolean allowNaN;
+    private boolean symbolizeNames;
+    private RubyClass objectClass;
+    private RubyClass arrayClass;
+    private RubyHash match_string;
+
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_NESTING = 19;
+
+    private static final String JSON_MINUS_INFINITY = "-Infinity";
+    // constant names in the JSON module containing those values
+    private static final String CONST_NAN = "NaN";
+    private static final String CONST_INFINITY = "Infinity";
+    private static final String CONST_MINUS_INFINITY = "MinusInfinity";
+
+    static final ObjectAllocator ALLOCATOR = new ObjectAllocator() {
+        public IRubyObject allocate(Ruby runtime, RubyClass klazz) {
+            return new Parser(runtime, klazz);
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Multiple-value return for internal parser methods.
+     * 
+     * <p>All the <code>parse<var>Stuff</var></code> methods return instances of
+     * <code>ParserResult</code> when successful, or <code>null</code> when
+     * there's a problem with the input data.
+     */
+    static final class ParserResult {
+        /**
+         * The result of the successful parsing. Should never be
+         * <code>null</code>.
+         */
+        final IRubyObject result;
+        /**
+         * The point where the parser returned.
+         */
+        final int p;
+
+        ParserResult(IRubyObject result, int p) {
+            this.result = result;
+            this.p = p;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Parser(Ruby runtime, RubyClass metaClass) {
+        super(runtime, metaClass);
+        info = RuntimeInfo.forRuntime(runtime);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <code>Parser.new(source, opts = {})</code>
+     * 
+     * <p>Creates a new <code>JSON::Ext::Parser</code> instance for the string
+     * <code>source</code>.
+     * It will be configured by the <code>opts</code> Hash.
+     * <code>opts</code> can have the following keys:
+     * 
+     * <dl>
+     * <dt><code>:max_nesting</code>
+     * <dd>The maximum depth of nesting allowed in the parsed data
+     * structures. Disable depth checking with <code>:max_nesting => false|nil|0</code>,
+     * it defaults to 19.
+     * 
+     * <dt><code>:allow_nan</code>
+     * <dd>If set to <code>true</code>, allow <code>NaN</code>,
+     * <code>Infinity</code> and <code>-Infinity</code> in defiance of RFC 4627
+     * to be parsed by the Parser. This option defaults to <code>false</code>.
+     *
+     * <dt><code>:symbolize_names</code>
+     * <dd>If set to <code>true</code>, returns symbols for the names (keys) in
+     * a JSON object. Otherwise strings are returned, which is also the default.
+     * 
+     * <dt><code>:create_additions</code>
+     * <dd>If set to <code>false</code>, the Parser doesn't create additions
+     * even if a matchin class and <code>create_id</code> was found. This option
+     * defaults to <code>true</code>.
+     * 
+     * <dt><code>:object_class</code>
+     * <dd>Defaults to Hash.
+     * 
+     * <dt><code>:array_class</code>
+     * <dd>Defaults to Array.
+     * </dl>
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "new", required = 1, optional = 1, meta = true)
+    public static IRubyObject newInstance(IRubyObject clazz, IRubyObject[] args, Block block) {
+        Parser parser = (Parser)((RubyClass)clazz).allocate();
+
+        parser.callInit(args, block);
+
+        return parser;
+    }
+
+    @JRubyMethod(required = 1, optional = 1, visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public IRubyObject initialize(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] args) {
+        Ruby runtime      = context.getRuntime();
+        RubyString source = convertEncoding(context, args[0].convertToString());
+
+        OptionsReader opts   = new OptionsReader(context, args.length > 1 ? args[1] : null);
+        this.maxNesting      = opts.getInt("max_nesting", DEFAULT_MAX_NESTING);
+        this.allowNaN        = opts.getBool("allow_nan", false);
+        this.symbolizeNames  = opts.getBool("symbolize_names", false);
+        this.createId        = opts.getString("create_id", getCreateId(context));
+        this.createAdditions = opts.getBool("create_additions", true);
+        this.objectClass     = opts.getClass("object_class", runtime.getHash());
+        this.arrayClass      = opts.getClass("array_class", runtime.getArray());
+        this.match_string    = opts.getHash("match_string");
+
+        this.vSource = source;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the given string's encoding. If a non-UTF-8 encoding is detected,
+     * a converted copy is returned.
+     * Returns the source string if no conversion is needed.
+     */
+    private RubyString convertEncoding(ThreadContext context, RubyString source) {
+        ByteList bl = source.getByteList();
+        int len = bl.length();
+        if (len < 2) {
+            throw Utils.newException(context, Utils.M_PARSER_ERROR,
+                "A JSON text must at least contain two octets!");
+        }
+
+        if (info.encodingsSupported()) {
+            RubyEncoding encoding = (RubyEncoding)source.encoding(context);
+            if (encoding != info.ascii8bit) {
+                return (RubyString)source.encode(context, info.utf8);
+            }
+
+            String sniffedEncoding = sniffByteList(bl);
+            if (sniffedEncoding == null) return source; // assume UTF-8
+            return reinterpretEncoding(context, source, sniffedEncoding);
+        }
+
+        String sniffedEncoding = sniffByteList(bl);
+        if (sniffedEncoding == null) return source; // assume UTF-8
+        Ruby runtime = context.getRuntime();
+        return (RubyString)info.jsonModule.
+            callMethod(context, "iconv",
+                new IRubyObject[] {
+                    runtime.newString("utf-8"),
+                    runtime.newString(sniffedEncoding),
+                    source});
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the first four bytes of the given ByteList to infer its encoding,
+     * using the principle demonstrated on section 3 of RFC 4627 (JSON).
+     */
+    private static String sniffByteList(ByteList bl) {
+        if (bl.length() < 4) return null;
+        if (bl.get(0) == 0 && bl.get(2) == 0) {
+            return bl.get(1) == 0 ? "utf-32be" : "utf-16be";
+        }
+        if (bl.get(1) == 0 && bl.get(3) == 0) {
+            return bl.get(2) == 0 ? "utf-32le" : "utf-16le";
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assumes the given (binary) RubyString to be in the given encoding, then
+     * converts it to UTF-8.
+     */
+    private RubyString reinterpretEncoding(ThreadContext context,
+            RubyString str, String sniffedEncoding) {
+        RubyEncoding actualEncoding = info.getEncoding(context, sniffedEncoding);
+        RubyEncoding targetEncoding = info.utf8;
+        RubyString dup = (RubyString)str.dup();
+        dup.force_encoding(context, actualEncoding);
+        return (RubyString)dup.encode_bang(context, targetEncoding);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <code>Parser#parse()</code>
+     * 
+     * <p>Parses the current JSON text <code>source</code> and returns the
+     * complete data structure as a result.
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod
+    public IRubyObject parse(ThreadContext context) {
+        return new ParserSession(this, context).parse();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <code>Parser#source()</code>
+     * 
+     * <p>Returns a copy of the current <code>source</code> string, that was
+     * used to construct this Parser.
+     */
+    @JRubyMethod(name = "source")
+    public IRubyObject source_get() {
+        return vSource.dup();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries <code>JSON.create_id</code>. Returns <code>null</code> if it is
+     * set to <code>nil</code> or <code>false</code>, and a String if not.
+     */
+    private RubyString getCreateId(ThreadContext context) {
+        IRubyObject v = info.jsonModule.callMethod(context, "create_id");
+        return v.isTrue() ? v.convertToString() : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A string parsing session.
+     * 
+     * <p>Once a ParserSession is instantiated, the source string should not
+     * change until the parsing is complete. The ParserSession object assumes
+     * the source {@link RubyString} is still associated to its original
+     * {@link ByteList}, which in turn must still be bound to the same
+     * <code>byte[]</code> value (and on the same offset).
+     */
+    // Ragel uses lots of fall-through
+    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
+    private static class ParserSession {
+        private final Parser parser;
+        private final ThreadContext context;
+        private final ByteList byteList;
+        private final byte[] data;
+        private final StringDecoder decoder;
+        private int currentNesting = 0;
+
+        // initialization value for all state variables.
+        // no idea about the origins of this value, ask Flori ;)
+        private static final int EVIL = 0x666;
+
+        private ParserSession(Parser parser, ThreadContext context) {
+            this.parser = parser;
+            this.context = context;
+            this.byteList = parser.vSource.getByteList();
+            this.data = byteList.unsafeBytes();
+            this.decoder = new StringDecoder(context);
+        }
+
+        private RaiseException unexpectedToken(int absStart, int absEnd) {
+            RubyString msg = getRuntime().newString("unexpected token at '")
+                    .cat(data, absStart, absEnd - absStart)
+                    .cat((byte)'\'');
+            return newException(Utils.M_PARSER_ERROR, msg);
+        }
+
+        private Ruby getRuntime() {
+            return context.getRuntime();
+        }
+
+        %%{
+            machine JSON_common;
+
+            cr                  = '\n';
+            cr_neg              = [^\n];
+            ws                  = [ \t\r\n];
+            c_comment           = '/*' ( any* - (any* '*/' any* ) ) '*/';
+            cpp_comment         = '//' cr_neg* cr;
+            comment             = c_comment | cpp_comment;
+            ignore              = ws | comment;
+            name_separator      = ':';
+            value_separator     = ',';
+            Vnull               = 'null';
+            Vfalse              = 'false';
+            Vtrue               = 'true';
+            VNaN                = 'NaN';
+            VInfinity           = 'Infinity';
+            VMinusInfinity      = '-Infinity';
+            begin_value         = [nft"\-[{NI] | digit;
+            begin_object        = '{';
+            end_object          = '}';
+            begin_array         = '[';
+            end_array           = ']';
+            begin_string        = '"';
+            begin_name          = begin_string;
+            begin_number        = digit | '-';
+        }%%
+
+        %%{
+            machine JSON_value;
+            include JSON_common;
+
+            write data;
+
+            action parse_null {
+                result = getRuntime().getNil();
+            }
+            action parse_false {
+                result = getRuntime().getFalse();
+            }
+            action parse_true {
+                result = getRuntime().getTrue();
+            }
+            action parse_nan {
+                if (parser.allowNaN) {
+                    result = getConstant(CONST_NAN);
+                } else {
+                    throw unexpectedToken(p - 2, pe);
+                }
+            }
+            action parse_infinity {
+                if (parser.allowNaN) {
+                    result = getConstant(CONST_INFINITY);
+                } else {
+                    throw unexpectedToken(p - 7, pe);
+                }
+            }
+            action parse_number {
+                if (pe > fpc + 9 &&
+                    absSubSequence(fpc, fpc + 9).toString().equals(JSON_MINUS_INFINITY)) {
+
+                    if (parser.allowNaN) {
+                        result = getConstant(CONST_MINUS_INFINITY);
+                        fexec p + 10;
+                        fhold;
+                        fbreak;
+                    } else {
+                        throw unexpectedToken(p, pe);
+                    }
+                }
+                ParserResult res = parseFloat(fpc, pe);
+                if (res != null) {
+                    result = res.result;
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+                res = parseInteger(fpc, pe);
+                if (res != null) {
+                    result = res.result;
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+                fhold;
+                fbreak;
+            }
+            action parse_string {
+                ParserResult res = parseString(fpc, pe);
+                if (res == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    result = res.result;
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+            }
+            action parse_array {
+                currentNesting++;
+                ParserResult res = parseArray(fpc, pe);
+                currentNesting--;
+                if (res == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    result = res.result;
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+            }
+            action parse_object {
+                currentNesting++;
+                ParserResult res = parseObject(fpc, pe);
+                currentNesting--;
+                if (res == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    result = res.result;
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+            }
+            action exit {
+                fhold;
+                fbreak;
+            }
+
+            main := ( Vnull @parse_null |
+                      Vfalse @parse_false |
+                      Vtrue @parse_true |
+                      VNaN @parse_nan |
+                      VInfinity @parse_infinity |
+                      begin_number >parse_number |
+                      begin_string >parse_string |
+                      begin_array >parse_array |
+                      begin_object >parse_object
+                    ) %*exit;
+        }%%
+
+        ParserResult parseValue(int p, int pe) {
+            int cs = EVIL;
+            IRubyObject result = null;
+
+            %% write init;
+            %% write exec;
+
+            if (cs >= JSON_value_first_final && result != null) {
+                return new ParserResult(result, p);
+            } else {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        %%{
+            machine JSON_integer;
+
+            write data;
+
+            action exit {
+                fhold;
+                fbreak;
+            }
+
+            main := '-'? ( '0' | [1-9][0-9]* ) ( ^[0-9] @exit );
+        }%%
+
+        ParserResult parseInteger(int p, int pe) {
+            int cs = EVIL;
+
+            %% write init;
+            int memo = p;
+            %% write exec;
+
+            if (cs < JSON_integer_first_final) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            ByteList num = absSubSequence(memo, p);
+            // note: this is actually a shared string, but since it is temporary and
+            //       read-only, it doesn't really matter
+            RubyString expr = RubyString.newStringLight(getRuntime(), num);
+            RubyInteger number = RubyNumeric.str2inum(getRuntime(), expr, 10, true);
+            return new ParserResult(number, p + 1);
+        }
+
+        %%{
+            machine JSON_float;
+            include JSON_common;
+
+            write data;
+
+            action exit {
+                fhold;
+                fbreak;
+            }
+
+            main := '-'?
+                    ( ( ( '0' | [1-9][0-9]* ) '.' [0-9]+ ( [Ee] [+\-]?[0-9]+ )? )
+                    | ( ( '0' | [1-9][0-9]* ) ( [Ee] [+\-]? [0-9]+ ) ) )
+                    ( ^[0-9Ee.\-] @exit );
+        }%%
+
+        ParserResult parseFloat(int p, int pe) {
+            int cs = EVIL;
+
+            %% write init;
+            int memo = p;
+            %% write exec;
+
+            if (cs < JSON_float_first_final) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            ByteList num = absSubSequence(memo, p);
+            // note: this is actually a shared string, but since it is temporary and
+            //       read-only, it doesn't really matter
+            RubyString expr = RubyString.newStringLight(getRuntime(), num);
+            RubyFloat number = RubyNumeric.str2fnum(getRuntime(), expr, true);
+            return new ParserResult(number, p + 1);
+        }
+
+        %%{
+            machine JSON_string;
+            include JSON_common;
+
+            write data;
+
+            action parse_string {
+                int offset = byteList.begin();
+                ByteList decoded = decoder.decode(byteList, memo + 1 - offset,
+                                                  p - offset);
+                result = getRuntime().newString(decoded);
+                if (result == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    fexec p + 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            action exit {
+                fhold;
+                fbreak;
+            }
+
+            main := '"'
+                    ( ( ^(["\\]|0..0x1f)
+                      | '\\'["\\/bfnrt]
+                      | '\\u'[0-9a-fA-F]{4}
+                      | '\\'^(["\\/bfnrtu]|0..0x1f)
+                      )* %parse_string
+                    ) '"' @exit;
+        }%%
+
+        ParserResult parseString(int p, int pe) {
+            int cs = EVIL;
+            IRubyObject result = null;
+
+            %% write init;
+            int memo = p;
+            %% write exec;
+
+            if (parser.createAdditions) {
+                RubyHash match_string = parser.match_string;
+                if (match_string != null) {
+                    final IRubyObject[] memoArray = { result, null };
+                    try {
+                      match_string.visitAll(new RubyHash.Visitor() {
+                          @Override
+                          public void visit(IRubyObject pattern, IRubyObject klass) {
+                              if (pattern.callMethod(context, "===", memoArray[0]).isTrue()) {
+                                  memoArray[1] = klass;
+                                  throw JumpException.SPECIAL_JUMP;
+                              }
+                          }
+                      });
+                    } catch (JumpException e) { }
+                    if (memoArray[1] != null) { 
+                        RubyClass klass = (RubyClass) memoArray[1];
+                        if (klass.respondsTo("json_creatable?") &&
+                            klass.callMethod(context, "json_creatable?").isTrue()) {
+                            result = klass.callMethod(context, "json_create", result);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (cs >= JSON_string_first_final && result != null) {
+                return new ParserResult(result, p + 1);
+            } else {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        %%{
+            machine JSON_array;
+            include JSON_common;
+
+            write data;
+
+            action parse_value {
+                ParserResult res = parseValue(fpc, pe);
+                if (res == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    result.append(res.result);
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+            }
+
+            action exit {
+                fhold;
+                fbreak;
+            }
+
+            next_element = value_separator ignore* begin_value >parse_value;
+
+            main := begin_array
+                    ignore*
+                    ( ( begin_value >parse_value
+                        ignore* )
+                      ( ignore*
+                        next_element
+                        ignore* )* )?
+                    ignore*
+                    end_array @exit;
+        }%%
+
+        ParserResult parseArray(int p, int pe) {
+            int cs = EVIL;
+
+            if (parser.maxNesting > 0 && currentNesting > parser.maxNesting) {
+                throw newException(Utils.M_NESTING_ERROR,
+                    "nesting of " + currentNesting + " is too deep");
+            }
+
+            // this is guaranteed to be a RubyArray due to the earlier
+            // allocator test at OptionsReader#getClass
+            RubyArray result =
+                (RubyArray)parser.arrayClass.newInstance(context,
+                    IRubyObject.NULL_ARRAY, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
+
+            %% write init;
+            %% write exec;
+
+            if (cs >= JSON_array_first_final) {
+                return new ParserResult(result, p + 1);
+            } else {
+                throw unexpectedToken(p, pe);
+            }
+        }
+
+        %%{
+            machine JSON_object;
+            include JSON_common;
+
+            write data;
+
+            action parse_value {
+                ParserResult res = parseValue(fpc, pe);
+                if (res == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    result.op_aset(context, lastName, res.result);
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+            }
+
+            action parse_name {
+                ParserResult res = parseString(fpc, pe);
+                if (res == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    RubyString name = (RubyString)res.result;
+                    if (parser.symbolizeNames) {
+                        lastName = context.getRuntime().is1_9()
+                                       ? name.intern19()
+                                       : name.intern();
+                    } else {
+                        lastName = name;
+                    }
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+            }
+
+            action exit {
+                fhold;
+                fbreak;
+            }
+
+            a_pair = ignore*
+                     begin_name >parse_name
+                     ignore* name_separator ignore*
+                     begin_value >parse_value;
+
+            main := begin_object
+                    (a_pair (ignore* value_separator a_pair)*)?
+                    ignore* end_object @exit;
+        }%%
+
+        ParserResult parseObject(int p, int pe) {
+            int cs = EVIL;
+            IRubyObject lastName = null;
+
+            if (parser.maxNesting > 0 && currentNesting > parser.maxNesting) {
+                throw newException(Utils.M_NESTING_ERROR,
+                    "nesting of " + currentNesting + " is too deep");
+            }
+
+            // this is guaranteed to be a RubyHash due to the earlier
+            // allocator test at OptionsReader#getClass
+            RubyHash result =
+                (RubyHash)parser.objectClass.newInstance(context,
+                    IRubyObject.NULL_ARRAY, Block.NULL_BLOCK);
+
+            %% write init;
+            %% write exec;
+
+            if (cs < JSON_object_first_final) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            IRubyObject returnedResult = result;
+
+            // attempt to de-serialize object
+            if (parser.createAdditions) {
+                IRubyObject vKlassName = result.op_aref(context, parser.createId);
+                if (!vKlassName.isNil()) {
+                    // might throw ArgumentError, we let it propagate
+                    IRubyObject klass = parser.info.jsonModule.
+                            callMethod(context, "deep_const_get", vKlassName);
+                    if (klass.respondsTo("json_creatable?") &&
+                        klass.callMethod(context, "json_creatable?").isTrue()) {
+
+                        returnedResult = klass.callMethod(context, "json_create", result);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return new ParserResult(returnedResult, p + 1);
+        }
+
+        %%{
+            machine JSON;
+            include JSON_common;
+
+            write data;
+
+            action parse_object {
+                currentNesting = 1;
+                ParserResult res = parseObject(fpc, pe);
+                if (res == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    result = res.result;
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+            }
+
+            action parse_array {
+                currentNesting = 1;
+                ParserResult res = parseArray(fpc, pe);
+                if (res == null) {
+                    fhold;
+                    fbreak;
+                } else {
+                    result = res.result;
+                    fexec res.p;
+                }
+            }
+
+            main := ignore*
+                    ( begin_object >parse_object
+                    | begin_array >parse_array )
+                    ignore*;
+        }%%
+
+        public IRubyObject parse() {
+            int cs = EVIL;
+            int p, pe;
+            IRubyObject result = null;
+
+            %% write init;
+            p = byteList.begin();
+            pe = p + byteList.length();
+            %% write exec;
+
+            if (cs >= JSON_first_final && p == pe) {
+                return result;
+            } else {
+                throw unexpectedToken(p, pe);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns a subsequence of the source ByteList, based on source
+         * array byte offsets (i.e., the ByteList's own begin offset is not
+         * automatically added).
+         * @param start
+         * @param end
+         */
+        private ByteList absSubSequence(int absStart, int absEnd) {
+            int offset = byteList.begin();
+            return (ByteList)byteList.subSequence(absStart - offset,
+                                                  absEnd - offset);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Retrieves a constant directly descended from the <code>JSON</code> module.
+         * @param name The constant name
+         */
+        private IRubyObject getConstant(String name) {
+            return parser.info.jsonModule.getConstant(name);
+        }
+
+        private RaiseException newException(String className, String message) {
+            return Utils.newException(context, className, message);
+        }
+
+        private RaiseException newException(String className, RubyString message) {
+            return Utils.newException(context, className, message);
+        }
+
+        private RaiseException newException(String className,
+                String messageBegin, ByteList messageEnd) {
+            return newException(className,
+                    getRuntime().newString(messageBegin).cat(messageEnd));
+        }
+    }
+}