json-ld 3.2.3 → 3.2.5

data/lib/json/ld/api.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'English'
+
 require 'openssl'
 require 'cgi'
 require 'json/ld/expand'
@@ -14,879 +16,920 @@ begin
 rescue LoadError
 end
 
-module JSON::LD
-  ##
-  # A JSON-LD processor based on the JsonLdProcessor interface.
-  #
-  # This API provides a clean mechanism that enables developers to convert JSON-LD data into a a variety of output formats that are easier to work with in various programming languages. If a JSON-LD API is provided in a programming environment, the entirety of the following API must be implemented.
-  #
-  # Note that the API method signatures are somewhat different than what is specified, as the use of Futures and explicit callback parameters is not as relevant for Ruby-based interfaces.
-  #
-  # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#the-application-programming-interface
-  # @author [Gregg Kellogg](http://greggkellogg.net/)
-  class API
-    include Expand
-    include Compact
-    include ToRDF
-    include Flatten
-    include FromRDF
-    include Frame
-    include RDF::Util::Logger
-
-    # Options used for open_file
-    OPEN_OPTS = {
-      headers: {"Accept" => "application/ld+json, text/html;q=0.8, application/xhtml+xml;q=0.8, application/json;q=0.5"}
-    }
-
-    # The following constants are used to reduce object allocations
-    LINK_REL_CONTEXT = %w(rel http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context).freeze
-    LINK_REL_ALTERNATE = %w(rel alternate).freeze
-    LINK_TYPE_JSONLD = %w(type application/ld+json).freeze
-    JSON_LD_PROCESSING_MODES = %w(json-ld-1.0 json-ld-1.1).freeze
-
-    # Current input
-    # @!attribute [rw] input
-    # @return [String, #read, Hash, Array]
-    attr_accessor :value
-
-    # Input evaluation context
-    # @!attribute [rw] context
-    # @return [JSON::LD::Context]
-    attr_accessor :context
-
-    # Current Blank Node Namer
-    # @!attribute [r] namer
-    # @return [JSON::LD::BlankNodeNamer]
-    attr_reader :namer
-
+module JSON
+  module LD
     ##
-    # Initialize the API, reading in any document and setting global options
+    # A JSON-LD processor based on the JsonLdProcessor interface.
     #
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array, JSON::LD::Context] context
-    #   An external context to use additionally to the context embedded in input when expanding the input.
-    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
-    # @option options [RDF::URI, String, #to_s] :base
-    #   The Base IRI to use when expanding the document. This overrides the value of `input` if it is a _IRI_. If not specified and `input` is not an _IRI_, the base IRI defaults to the current document IRI if in a browser context, or the empty string if there is no document context. If not specified, and a base IRI is found from `input`, options[:base] will be modified with this value.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :compactArrays (true)
-    #   If set to `true`, the JSON-LD processor replaces arrays with just one element with that element during compaction. If set to `false`, all arrays will remain arrays even if they have just one element.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :compactToRelative (true)
-    #   Creates document relative IRIs when compacting, if `true`, otherwise leaves expanded.
-    # @option options [Proc] :documentLoader
-    #   The callback of the loader to be used to retrieve remote documents and contexts. If specified, it must be used to retrieve remote documents and contexts; otherwise, if not specified, the processor's built-in loader must be used. See {documentLoader} for the method signature.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :lowercaseLanguage
-    #   By default, language tags are left as is. To normalize to lowercase, set this option to `true`.
-    # @option options [String, #read, Hash, Array, JSON::LD::Context] :expandContext
-    #   A context that is used to initialize the active context when expanding a document.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :extractAllScripts
-    #   If set, when given an HTML input without a fragment identifier, extracts all `script` elements with type `application/ld+json` into an array during expansion.
-    # @option options [Boolean, String, RDF::URI] :flatten
-    #   If set to a value that is not `false`, the JSON-LD processor must modify the output of the Compaction Algorithm or the Expansion Algorithm by coalescing all properties associated with each subject via the Flattening Algorithm. The value of `flatten must` be either an _IRI_ value representing the name of the graph to flatten, or `true`. If the value is `true`, then the first graph encountered in the input document is selected and flattened.
-    # @option options [String] :language
-    #   When set, this has the effect of inserting a context definition with `@language` set to the associated value, creating a default language for interpreting string values.
-    # @option options [Symbol] :library
-    #   One of :nokogiri or :rexml. If nil/unspecified uses :nokogiri if available, :rexml otherwise.
-    # @option options [String] :processingMode
-    #   Processing mode, json-ld-1.0 or json-ld-1.1.
-    #   If `processingMode` is not specified, a mode of `json-ld-1.0` or `json-ld-1.1` is set, the context used for `expansion` or `compaction`.
-    # @option options [Boolean] rdfstar      (false)
-    #   support parsing JSON-LD-star statement resources.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :rename_bnodes (true)
-    #   Rename bnodes as part of expansion, or keep them the same.
-    # @option options [Boolean]  :unique_bnodes   (false)
-    #   Use unique bnode identifiers, defaults to using the identifier which the node was originally initialized with (if any).
-    # @option options [Symbol] :adapter used with MultiJson
-    # @option options [Boolean] :validate Validate input, if a string or readable object.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :ordered (true)
-    #   Order traversal of dictionary members by key when performing algorithms.
-    # @yield [api]
-    # @yieldparam [API]
-    # @raise [JsonLdError]
-    def initialize(input, context, **options, &block)
-      @options = {
-        compactArrays:      true,
-        ordered:            false,
-        extractAllScripts:  false,
-        rename_bnodes:      true,
-        unique_bnodes:      false,
-      }.merge(options)
-      @namer = @options[:unique_bnodes] ? BlankNodeUniqer.new : (@options[:rename_bnodes] ? BlankNodeNamer.new("b") : BlankNodeMapper.new)
-
-      @options[:base] = RDF::URI(@options[:base]) if @options[:base] && !@options[:base].is_a?(RDF::URI)
-      # For context via Link header
-      _, context_ref = nil, nil
-
-      @value = case input
-      when Array, Hash then input.dup
-      when IO, StringIO, String
-        remote_doc = self.class.loadRemoteDocument(input, **@options)
-
-        context_ref = remote_doc.contextUrl
-        @options[:base] = RDF::URI(remote_doc.documentUrl) if remote_doc.documentUrl && !@options[:no_default_base]
-
-        case remote_doc.document
-        when String
-          mj_opts = options.keep_if {|k,v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v)}
-          MultiJson.load(remote_doc.document, **mj_opts)
+    # This API provides a clean mechanism that enables developers to convert JSON-LD data into a a variety of output formats that are easier to work with in various programming languages. If a JSON-LD API is provided in a programming environment, the entirety of the following API must be implemented.
+    #
+    # Note that the API method signatures are somewhat different than what is specified, as the use of Futures and explicit callback parameters is not as relevant for Ruby-based interfaces.
+    #
+    # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#the-application-programming-interface
+    # @author [Gregg Kellogg](http://greggkellogg.net/)
+    class API
+      include Expand
+      include Compact
+      include ToRDF
+      include Flatten
+      include FromRDF
+      include Frame
+      include RDF::Util::Logger
+
+      # Options used for open_file
+      OPEN_OPTS = {
+        headers: { "Accept" => "application/ld+json, text/html;q=0.8, application/xhtml+xml;q=0.8, application/json;q=0.5" }
+      }
+
+      # The following constants are used to reduce object allocations
+      LINK_REL_CONTEXT = %w[rel http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context].freeze
+      LINK_REL_ALTERNATE = %w[rel alternate].freeze
+      LINK_TYPE_JSONLD = %w[type application/ld+json].freeze
+      JSON_LD_PROCESSING_MODES = %w[json-ld-1.0 json-ld-1.1].freeze
+
+      # Current input
+      # @!attribute [rw] input
+      # @return [String, #read, Hash, Array]
+      attr_accessor :value
+
+      # Input evaluation context
+      # @!attribute [rw] context
+      # @return [JSON::LD::Context]
+      attr_accessor :context
+
+      # Current Blank Node Namer
+      # @!attribute [r] namer
+      # @return [JSON::LD::BlankNodeNamer]
+      attr_reader :namer
+
+      ##
+      # Initialize the API, reading in any document and setting global options
+      #
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array, JSON::LD::Context] context
+      #   An external context to use additionally to the context embedded in input when expanding the input.
+      # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
+      # @option options [Symbol] :adapter used with MultiJson
+      # @option options [RDF::URI, String, #to_s] :base
+      #   The Base IRI to use when expanding the document. This overrides the value of `input` if it is a _IRI_. If not specified and `input` is not an _IRI_, the base IRI defaults to the current document IRI if in a browser context, or the empty string if there is no document context. If not specified, and a base IRI is found from `input`, options[:base] will be modified with this value.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :compactArrays (true)
+      #   If set to `true`, the JSON-LD processor replaces arrays with just one element with that element during compaction. If set to `false`, all arrays will remain arrays even if they have just one element.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :compactToRelative (true)
+      #   Creates document relative IRIs when compacting, if `true`, otherwise leaves expanded.
+      # @option options [Proc] :documentLoader
+      #   The callback of the loader to be used to retrieve remote documents and contexts. If specified, it must be used to retrieve remote documents and contexts; otherwise, if not specified, the processor's built-in loader must be used. See {documentLoader} for the method signature.
+      # @option options [String, #read, Hash, Array, JSON::LD::Context] :expandContext
+      #   A context that is used to initialize the active context when expanding a document.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :extendedRepresentation (false)
+      #   Use the extended internal representation.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :extractAllScripts
+      #   If set, when given an HTML input without a fragment identifier, extracts all `script` elements with type `application/ld+json` into an array during expansion.
+      # @option options [Boolean, String, RDF::URI] :flatten
+      #   If set to a value that is not `false`, the JSON-LD processor must modify the output of the Compaction Algorithm or the Expansion Algorithm by coalescing all properties associated with each subject via the Flattening Algorithm. The value of `flatten must` be either an _IRI_ value representing the name of the graph to flatten, or `true`. If the value is `true`, then the first graph encountered in the input document is selected and flattened.
+      # @option options [String] :language
+      #   When set, this has the effect of inserting a context definition with `@language` set to the associated value, creating a default language for interpreting string values.
+      # @option options [Symbol] :library
+      #   One of :nokogiri or :rexml. If nil/unspecified uses :nokogiri if available, :rexml otherwise.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :lowercaseLanguage
+      #   By default, language tags are left as is. To normalize to lowercase, set this option to `true`.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :ordered (true)
+      #   Order traversal of dictionary members by key when performing algorithms.
+      # @option options [String] :processingMode
+      #   Processing mode, json-ld-1.0 or json-ld-1.1.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :rdfstar      (false)
+      #   support parsing JSON-LD-star statement resources.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :rename_bnodes (true)
+      #   Rename bnodes as part of expansion, or keep them the same.
+      # @option options [Boolean]  :unique_bnodes   (false)
+      #   Use unique bnode identifiers, defaults to using the identifier which the node was originally initialized with (if any).
+      # @option options [Boolean] :validate Validate input, if a string or readable object.
+      # @yield [api]
+      # @yieldparam [API]
+      # @raise [JsonLdError]
+      def initialize(input, context, **options, &block)
+        @options = {
+          compactArrays: true,
+          ordered: false,
+          extractAllScripts: false,
+          rename_bnodes: true,
+          unique_bnodes: false
+        }.merge(options)
+        @namer = if @options[:unique_bnodes]
+          BlankNodeUniqer.new
         else
-          # Already parsed
-          remote_doc.document
+          (@options[:rename_bnodes] ? BlankNodeNamer.new("b") : BlankNodeMapper.new)
         end
-      end
 
-      # If not provided, first use context from document, or from a Link header
-      context ||= context_ref || {}
-      @context = Context.parse(context, **@options)
+        @options[:base] = RDF::URI(@options[:base]) if @options[:base] && !@options[:base].is_a?(RDF::URI)
+        # For context via Link header
+        _ = nil
+        context_ref = nil
+
+        @value = case input
+        when Array, Hash then input.dup
+        when IO, StringIO, String
+          remote_doc = self.class.loadRemoteDocument(input, **@options)
+
+          context_ref = remote_doc.contextUrl
+          @options[:base] = RDF::URI(remote_doc.documentUrl) if remote_doc.documentUrl && !@options[:no_default_base]
+
+          case remote_doc.document
+          when String
+            mj_opts = options.keep_if { |k, v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v) }
+            MultiJson.load(remote_doc.document, **mj_opts)
+          else
+            # Already parsed
+            remote_doc.document
+          end
+        end
+
+        # If not provided, first use context from document, or from a Link header
+        context ||= context_ref || {}
+        @context = Context.parse(context, **@options)
+
+        return unless block
 
-      if block_given?
         case block.arity
-          when 0, -1 then instance_eval(&block)
-          else block.call(self)
+        when 0, -1 then instance_eval(&block)
+        else yield(self)
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    # This is used internally only
-    private :initialize
-    
-    ##
-    # Expands the given input according to the steps in the Expansion Algorithm. The input must be copied, expanded and returned if there are no errors. If the expansion fails, an appropriate exception must be thrown.
-    #
-    # The resulting `Array` either returned or yielded
-    #
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
-    #   The JSON-LD object to copy and perform the expansion upon.
-    # @param [Proc] serializer (nil)
-    #   A Serializer method used for generating the JSON serialization of the result. If absent, the internal Ruby objects are returned, which can be transformed to JSON externally via `#to_json`.
-    #   See {JSON::LD::API.serializer}.
-    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
-    # @option options (see #initialize)
-    # @raise [JsonLdError]
-    # @yield jsonld, base_iri
-    # @yieldparam [Array<Hash>] jsonld
-    #   The expanded JSON-LD document
-    # @yieldparam [RDF::URI] base_iri
-    #   The document base as determined during expansion
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
-    # @return [Object, Array<Hash>]
-    #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the expanded JSON-LD document
-    # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#expansion-algorithm
-    def self.expand(input, framing: false, serializer: nil, **options, &block)
-      result = doc_base = nil
-      API.new(input, options[:expandContext], **options) do
-        result = self.expand(self.value, nil, self.context,
-          framing: framing)
-        doc_base = @options[:base]
-      end
+      # This is used internally only
+      private :initialize
+
+      ##
+      # Expands the given input according to the steps in the Expansion Algorithm. The input must be copied, expanded and returned if there are no errors. If the expansion fails, an appropriate exception must be thrown.
+      #
+      # The resulting `Array` either returned or yielded
+      #
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
+      #   The JSON-LD object to copy and perform the expansion upon.
+      # @param [Proc] serializer (nil)
+      #   A Serializer method used for generating the JSON serialization of the result. If absent, the internal Ruby objects are returned, which can be transformed to JSON externally via `#to_json`.
+      #   See {JSON::LD::API.serializer}.
+      # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
+      # @option options (see #initialize)
+      # @raise [JsonLdError]
+      # @yield jsonld, base_iri
+      # @yieldparam [Array<Hash>] jsonld
+      #   The expanded JSON-LD document
+      # @yieldparam [RDF::URI] base_iri
+      #   The document base as determined during expansion
+      # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
+      # @return [Object, Array<Hash>]
+      #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the expanded JSON-LD document
+      # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#expansion-algorithm
+      def self.expand(input, framing: false, serializer: nil, **options, &block)
+        result = doc_base = nil
+        API.new(input, options[:expandContext], **options) do
+          result = expand(value, nil, context,
+            framing: framing)
+          doc_base = @options[:base]
+        end
 
-      # If, after the algorithm outlined above is run, the resulting element is an JSON object with just a @graph property, element is set to the value of @graph's value.
-      result = result['@graph'] if result.is_a?(Hash) && result.length == 1 && result.key?('@graph')
+        # If, after the algorithm outlined above is run, the resulting element is an JSON object with just a @graph property, element is set to the value of @graph's value.
+        result = result['@graph'] if result.is_a?(Hash) && result.length == 1 && result.key?('@graph')
 
-      # Finally, if element is a JSON object, it is wrapped into an array.
-      result = [result].compact unless result.is_a?(Array)
-      result = serializer.call(result, **options) if serializer
+        # Finally, if element is a JSON object, it is wrapped into an array.
+        result = [result].compact unless result.is_a?(Array)
+        result = serializer.call(result, **options) if serializer
 
-      if block_given?
-        case block.arity
-        when 1 then yield(result)
-        when 2 then yield(result, doc_base)
+        if block
+          case block.arity
+          when 1 then yield(result)
+          when 2 then yield(result, doc_base)
+          else
+            raise "Unexpected number of yield parameters to expand"
+          end
         else
-          raise "Unexpected number of yield parameters to expand"
+          result
         end
-      else
-        result
       end
-    end
 
-    ##
-    # Compacts the given input according to the steps in the Compaction Algorithm. The input must be copied, compacted and returned if there are no errors. If the compaction fails, an appropirate exception must be thrown.
-    #
-    # If no context is provided, the input document is compacted using the top-level context of the document
-    #
-    # The resulting `Hash` is either returned or yielded, if a block is given.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
-    #   The JSON-LD object to copy and perform the compaction upon.
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array, JSON::LD::Context] context
-    #   The base context to use when compacting the input.
-    # @param [Proc] serializer (nil)
-    #   A Serializer instance used for generating the JSON serialization of the result. If absent, the internal Ruby objects are returned, which can be transformed to JSON externally via `#to_json`.
-    #   See {JSON::LD::API.serializer}.
-    # @param [Boolean] expanded (false) Input is already expanded
-    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
-    # @option options (see #initialize)
-    # @yield jsonld
-    # @yieldparam [Hash] jsonld
-    #   The compacted JSON-LD document
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
-    # @return [Object, Hash]
-    #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the compacted JSON-LD document
-    # @raise [JsonLdError]
-    # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#compaction-algorithm
-    def self.compact(input, context, expanded: false, serializer: nil, **options)
-      result = nil
-      options = {compactToRelative:  true}.merge(options)
-
-      # 1) Perform the Expansion Algorithm on the JSON-LD input.
-      #    This removes any existing context to allow the given context to be cleanly applied.
-      expanded_input = expanded ? input : API.expand(input, ordered: false, **options) do |res, base_iri|
-        options[:base] ||= RDF::URI(base_iri) if base_iri && options[:compactToRelative]
-        res
-      end
+      ##
+      # Compacts the given input according to the steps in the Compaction Algorithm. The input must be copied, compacted and returned if there are no errors. If the compaction fails, an appropirate exception must be thrown.
+      #
+      # If no context is provided, the input document is compacted using the top-level context of the document
+      #
+      # The resulting `Hash` is either returned or yielded, if a block is given.
+      #
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
+      #   The JSON-LD object to copy and perform the compaction upon.
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array, JSON::LD::Context] context
+      #   The base context to use when compacting the input.
+      # @param [Proc] serializer (nil)
+      #   A Serializer instance used for generating the JSON serialization of the result. If absent, the internal Ruby objects are returned, which can be transformed to JSON externally via `#to_json`.
+      #   See {JSON::LD::API.serializer}.
+      # @param [Boolean] expanded (false) Input is already expanded
+      # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
+      # @option options (see #initialize)
+      # @yield jsonld
+      # @yieldparam [Hash] jsonld
+      #   The compacted JSON-LD document
+      # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
+      # @return [Object, Hash]
+      #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the compacted JSON-LD document
+      # @raise [JsonLdError]
+      # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#compaction-algorithm
+      def self.compact(input, context, expanded: false, serializer: nil, **options)
+        result = nil
+        options = { compactToRelative: true }.merge(options)
 
-      API.new(expanded_input, context, no_default_base: true, **options) do
-        log_debug(".compact") {"expanded input: #{expanded_input.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
-        result = compact(value)
+        # 1) Perform the Expansion Algorithm on the JSON-LD input.
+        #    This removes any existing context to allow the given context to be cleanly applied.
+        expanded_input = if expanded
+          input
+        else
+          API.expand(input, ordered: false, **options) do |res, base_iri|
+            options[:base] ||= RDF::URI(base_iri) if base_iri && options[:compactToRelative]
+            res
+          end
+        end
 
-        # xxx) Add the given context to the output
-        ctx = self.context.serialize(provided_context: context)
-        if result.is_a?(Array)
-          kwgraph = self.context.compact_iri('@graph', vocab: true)
-          result = result.empty? ? {} : {kwgraph => result}
+        API.new(expanded_input, context, no_default_base: true, **options) do
+          # log_debug(".compact") {"expanded input: #{expanded_input.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
+          result = compact(value)
+
+          # xxx) Add the given context to the output
+          ctx = self.context.serialize(provided_context: context)
+          if result.is_a?(Array)
+            kwgraph = self.context.compact_iri('@graph', vocab: true)
+            result = result.empty? ? {} : { kwgraph => result }
+          end
+          result = ctx.merge(result) unless ctx.fetch('@context', {}).empty?
         end
-        result = ctx.merge(result) unless ctx.fetch('@context', {}).empty?
+        result = serializer.call(result, **options) if serializer
+        block_given? ? yield(result) : result
       end
-      result = serializer.call(result, **options) if serializer
-      block_given? ? yield(result) : result
-    end
 
-    ##
-    # This algorithm flattens an expanded JSON-LD document by collecting all properties of a node in a single JSON object and labeling all blank nodes with blank node identifiers. This resulting uniform shape of the document, may drastically simplify the code required to process JSON-LD data in certain applications.
-    #
-    # The resulting `Array` is either returned, or yielded if a block is given.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
-    #   The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to flatten or an IRI referencing the JSON-LD document to flatten.
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array, JSON::LD::EvaluationContext] context
-    #   An optional external context to use additionally to the context embedded in input when expanding the input.
-    # @param [Boolean] expanded (false) Input is already expanded
-    # @param [Proc] serializer (nil)
-    #   A Serializer instance used for generating the JSON serialization of the result. If absent, the internal Ruby objects are returned, which can be transformed to JSON externally via `#to_json`.
-    #   See {JSON::LD::API.serializer}.
-    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
-    # @option options (see #initialize)
-    # @option options [Boolean] :createAnnotations
-    #   Unfold embedded nodes which can be represented using `@annotation`.
-    # @yield jsonld
-    # @yieldparam [Hash] jsonld
-    #   The flattened JSON-LD document
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
-    # @return [Object, Hash]
-    #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the flattened JSON-LD document
-    # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#framing-algorithm
-    def self.flatten(input, context, expanded: false, serializer: nil, **options)
-      flattened = []
-      options = {
-        compactToRelative:  true,
-        extractAllScripts:  true,
-      }.merge(options)
-
-      # Expand input to simplify processing
-      expanded_input = expanded ? input : API.expand(input, **options) do |result, base_iri|
-        options[:base] ||= RDF::URI(base_iri) if base_iri && options[:compactToRelative]
-        result
-      end
+      ##
+      # This algorithm flattens an expanded JSON-LD document by collecting all properties of a node in a single JSON object and labeling all blank nodes with blank node identifiers. This resulting uniform shape of the document, may drastically simplify the code required to process JSON-LD data in certain applications.
+      #
+      # The resulting `Array` is either returned, or yielded if a block is given.
+      #
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
+      #   The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to flatten or an IRI referencing the JSON-LD document to flatten.
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array, JSON::LD::EvaluationContext] context
+      #   An optional external context to use additionally to the context embedded in input when expanding the input.
+      # @param [Boolean] expanded (false) Input is already expanded
+      # @param [Proc] serializer (nil)
+      #   A Serializer instance used for generating the JSON serialization of the result. If absent, the internal Ruby objects are returned, which can be transformed to JSON externally via `#to_json`.
+      #   See {JSON::LD::API.serializer}.
+      # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
+      # @option options (see #initialize)
+      # @option options [Boolean] :createAnnotations
+      #   Unfold embedded nodes which can be represented using `@annotation`.
+      # @yield jsonld
+      # @yieldparam [Hash] jsonld
+      #   The flattened JSON-LD document
+      # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
+      # @return [Object, Hash]
+      #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the flattened JSON-LD document
+      # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#framing-algorithm
+      def self.flatten(input, context, expanded: false, serializer: nil, **options)
+        flattened = []
+        options = {
+          compactToRelative: true,
+          extractAllScripts: true
+        }.merge(options)
+
+        # Expand input to simplify processing
+        expanded_input = if expanded
+          input
+        else
+          API.expand(input, **options) do |result, base_iri|
+            options[:base] ||= RDF::URI(base_iri) if base_iri && options[:compactToRelative]
+            result
+          end
+        end
 
-      # Initialize input using
-      API.new(expanded_input, context, no_default_base: true, **options) do
-        log_debug(".flatten") {"expanded input: #{value.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
+        # Initialize input using
+        API.new(expanded_input, context, no_default_base: true, **options) do
+          # log_debug(".flatten") {"expanded input: #{value.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
 
-        # Rename blank nodes recusively. Note that this does not create new blank node identifiers where none exist, which is performed in the node map generation algorithm.
-        @value = rename_bnodes(@value) if @options[:rename_bnodes]
+          # Rename blank nodes recusively. Note that this does not create new blank node identifiers where none exist, which is performed in the node map generation algorithm.
+          @value = rename_bnodes(@value) if @options[:rename_bnodes]
 
-        # Initialize node map to a JSON object consisting of a single member whose key is @default and whose value is an empty JSON object.
-        graph_maps = {'@default' => {}}
-        create_node_map(value, graph_maps)
+          # Initialize node map to a JSON object consisting of a single member whose key is @default and whose value is an empty JSON object.
+          graph_maps = { '@default' => {} }
+          create_node_map(value, graph_maps)
 
-        # If create annotations flag is set, then update each node map in graph maps with the result of calling the create annotations algorithm.
-        if options[:createAnnotations]
-          graph_maps.values.each do |node_map|
-            create_annotations(node_map)
+          # If create annotations flag is set, then update each node map in graph maps with the result of calling the create annotations algorithm.
+          if options[:createAnnotations]
+            graph_maps.each_value do |node_map|
+              create_annotations(node_map)
+            end
           end
-        end
 
-        default_graph = graph_maps['@default']
-        graph_maps.keys.opt_sort(ordered: @options[:ordered]).each do |graph_name|
-          next if graph_name == '@default'
+          default_graph = graph_maps['@default']
+          graph_maps.keys.opt_sort(ordered: @options[:ordered]).each do |graph_name|
+            next if graph_name == '@default'
 
-          graph = graph_maps[graph_name]
-          entry = default_graph[graph_name] ||= {'@id' => graph_name}
-          nodes = entry['@graph'] ||= []
-          graph.keys.opt_sort(ordered: @options[:ordered]).each do |id|
-            nodes << graph[id] unless node_reference?(graph[id])
+            graph = graph_maps[graph_name]
+            entry = default_graph[graph_name] ||= { '@id' => graph_name }
+            nodes = entry['@graph'] ||= []
+            graph.keys.opt_sort(ordered: @options[:ordered]).each do |id|
+              nodes << graph[id] unless node_reference?(graph[id])
+            end
+          end
+          default_graph.keys.opt_sort(ordered: @options[:ordered]).each do |id|
+            flattened << default_graph[id] unless node_reference?(default_graph[id])
           end
-        end
-        default_graph.keys.opt_sort(ordered: @options[:ordered]).each do |id|
-          flattened << default_graph[id] unless node_reference?(default_graph[id])
-        end
 
-        if context && !flattened.empty?
-          # Otherwise, return the result of compacting flattened according the Compaction algorithm passing context ensuring that the compaction result uses the @graph keyword (or its alias) at the top-level, even if the context is empty or if there is only one element to put in the @graph array. This ensures that the returned document has a deterministic structure.
-          compacted = as_array(compact(flattened))
-          kwgraph = self.context.compact_iri('@graph', vocab: true)
-          flattened = self.context.
-            serialize(provided_context: context).
-            merge(kwgraph => compacted)
+          if context && !flattened.empty?
+            # Otherwise, return the result of compacting flattened according the Compaction algorithm passing context ensuring that the compaction result uses the @graph keyword (or its alias) at the top-level, even if the context is empty or if there is only one element to put in the @graph array. This ensures that the returned document has a deterministic structure.
+            compacted = as_array(compact(flattened))
+            kwgraph = self.context.compact_iri('@graph', vocab: true)
+            flattened = self.context
+              .serialize(provided_context: context)
+              .merge(kwgraph => compacted)
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      flattened = serializer.call(flattened, **options) if serializer
-      block_given? ? yield(flattened) : flattened
-    end
+        flattened = serializer.call(flattened, **options) if serializer
+        block_given? ? yield(flattened) : flattened
+      end
 
-    ##
-    # Frames the given input using the frame according to the steps in the Framing Algorithm. The input is used to build the framed output and is returned if there are no errors. If there are no matches for the frame, null must be returned. Exceptions must be thrown if there are errors.
-    #
-    # The resulting `Array` is either returned, or yielded if a block is given.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
-    #   The JSON-LD object to copy and perform the framing on.
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] frame
-    #   The frame to use when re-arranging the data.
-    # @param [Boolean] expanded (false) Input is already expanded
-    # @option options (see #initialize)
-    # @option options ['@always', '@link', '@once', '@never'] :embed ('@once')
-    #   a flag specifying that objects should be directly embedded in the output, instead of being referred to by their IRI.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :explicit (false)
-    #   a flag specifying that for properties to be included in the output, they must be explicitly declared in the framing context.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :requireAll (false)
-    #   A flag specifying that all properties present in the input frame must either have a default value or be present in the JSON-LD input for the frame to match.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :omitDefault (false)
-    #   a flag specifying that properties that are missing from the JSON-LD input should be omitted from the output.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :pruneBlankNodeIdentifiers (true) removes blank node identifiers that are only used once.
-    # @option options [Boolean] :omitGraph does not use `@graph` at top level unless necessary to describe multiple objects, defaults to `true` if processingMode is 1.1, otherwise `false`.
-    # @yield jsonld
-    # @yieldparam [Hash] jsonld
-    #   The framed JSON-LD document
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
-    # @return [Object, Hash]
-    #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the framed JSON-LD document
-    # @raise [InvalidFrame]
-    # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#framing-algorithm
-    def self.frame(input, frame, expanded: false, serializer: nil, **options)
-      result = nil
-      options = {
-        base:                       (RDF::URI(input) if input.is_a?(String)),
-        compactArrays:              true,
-        compactToRelative:          true,
-        embed:                      '@once',
-        explicit:                   false,
-        requireAll:                 false,
-        omitDefault:                false,
-      }.merge(options)
-
-      framing_state = {
-        graphMap:     {},
-        graphStack:   [],
-        subjectStack: [],
-        link:         {},
-        embedded:     false # False at the top-level
-      }
+      ##
+      # Frames the given input using the frame according to the steps in the Framing Algorithm. The input is used to build the framed output and is returned if there are no errors. If there are no matches for the frame, null must be returned. Exceptions must be thrown if there are errors.
+      #
+      # The resulting `Array` is either returned, or yielded if a block is given.
+      #
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
+      #   The JSON-LD object to copy and perform the framing on.
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] frame
+      #   The frame to use when re-arranging the data.
+      # @param [Boolean] expanded (false) Input is already expanded
+      # @option options (see #initialize)
+      # @option options ['@always', '@link', '@once', '@never'] :embed ('@once')
+      #   a flag specifying that objects should be directly embedded in the output, instead of being referred to by their IRI.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :explicit (false)
+      #   a flag specifying that for properties to be included in the output, they must be explicitly declared in the framing context.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :requireAll (false)
+      #   A flag specifying that all properties present in the input frame must either have a default value or be present in the JSON-LD input for the frame to match.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :omitDefault (false)
+      #   a flag specifying that properties that are missing from the JSON-LD input should be omitted from the output.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :pruneBlankNodeIdentifiers (true) removes blank node identifiers that are only used once.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :omitGraph does not use `@graph` at top level unless necessary to describe multiple objects, defaults to `true` if processingMode is 1.1, otherwise `false`.
+      # @yield jsonld
+      # @yieldparam [Hash] jsonld
+      #   The framed JSON-LD document
+      # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
+      # @return [Object, Hash]
+      #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the framed JSON-LD document
+      # @raise [InvalidFrame]
+      # @see https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/#framing-algorithm
+      def self.frame(input, frame, expanded: false, serializer: nil, **options)
+        result = nil
+        options = {
+          base: (RDF::URI(input) if input.is_a?(String)),
+          compactArrays: true,
+          compactToRelative: true,
+          embed: '@once',
+          explicit: false,
+          requireAll: false,
+          omitDefault: false
+        }.merge(options)
+
+        framing_state = {
+          graphMap: {},
+          graphStack: [],
+          subjectStack: [],
+          link: {},
+          embedded: false # False at the top-level
+        }
+
+        # de-reference frame to create the framing object
+        frame = case frame
+        when Hash then frame.dup
+        when IO, StringIO, String
+          remote_doc = loadRemoteDocument(frame,
+            profile: 'http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#frame',
+            requestProfile: 'http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#frame',
+                                          **options)
+          if remote_doc.document.is_a?(String)
+            mj_opts = options.keep_if { |k, v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v) }
+            MultiJson.load(remote_doc.document, **mj_opts)
+          else
+            remote_doc.document
+          end
+        end
 
-      # de-reference frame to create the framing object
-      frame = case frame
-      when Hash then frame.dup
-      when IO, StringIO, String
-        remote_doc = loadRemoteDocument(frame,
-                                        profile: 'http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#frame',
-                                        requestProfile: 'http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#frame',
-                                        **options)
-        if remote_doc.document.is_a?(String)
-          mj_opts = options.keep_if {|k,v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v)}
-          MultiJson.load(remote_doc.document, **mj_opts)
+        # Expand input to simplify processing
+        expanded_input = if expanded
+          input
         else
-          remote_doc.document
+          API.expand(input, ordered: false, **options) do |res, base_iri|
+            options[:base] ||= RDF::URI(base_iri) if base_iri && options[:compactToRelative]
+            res
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      # Expand input to simplify processing
-      expanded_input = expanded ? input : API.expand(input, ordered: false, **options) do |res, base_iri|
-        options[:base] ||= RDF::URI(base_iri) if base_iri && options[:compactToRelative]
-        res
-      end
+        # Expand frame to simplify processing
+        expanded_frame = API.expand(frame, framing: true, ordered: false, **options)
 
-      # Expand frame to simplify processing
-      expanded_frame = API.expand(frame, framing: true, ordered: false, **options)
+        # Initialize input using frame as context
+        API.new(expanded_input, frame['@context'], no_default_base: true, **options) do
+          # log_debug(".frame") {"expanded input: #{expanded_input.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
+          # log_debug(".frame") {"expanded frame: #{expanded_frame.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
 
-      # Initialize input using frame as context
-      API.new(expanded_input, frame['@context'], no_default_base: true, **options) do
-        log_debug(".frame") {"expanded input: #{expanded_input.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
-        log_debug(".frame") {"expanded frame: #{expanded_frame.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
+          if %w[@first @last].include?(options[:embed]) && context.processingMode('json-ld-1.1')
+            if @options[:validate]
+              raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::InvalidEmbedValue,
+                "#{options[:embed]} is not a valid value of @embed in 1.1 mode"
+            end
 
-        if %w(@first @last).include?(options[:embed]) && context.processingMode('json-ld-1.1')
-          raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::InvalidEmbedValue, "#{options[:embed]} is not a valid value of @embed in 1.1 mode" if @options[:validate]
-          warn "[DEPRECATION] #{options[:embed]}  is not a valid value of @embed in 1.1 mode.\n"
-        end
+            warn "[DEPRECATION] #{options[:embed]}  is not a valid value of @embed in 1.1 mode.\n"
+          end
 
-        # Set omitGraph option, if not present, based on processingMode
-        unless options.key?(:omitGraph)
-          options[:omitGraph] = context.processingMode('json-ld-1.1')
-        end
+          # Set omitGraph option, if not present, based on processingMode
+          options[:omitGraph] = context.processingMode('json-ld-1.1') unless options.key?(:omitGraph)
 
-        # Rename blank nodes recusively. Note that this does not create new blank node identifiers where none exist, which is performed in the node map generation algorithm.
-        @value = rename_bnodes(@value)
+          # Rename blank nodes recusively. Note that this does not create new blank node identifiers where none exist, which is performed in the node map generation algorithm.
+          @value = rename_bnodes(@value)
 
-        # Get framing nodes from expanded input, replacing Blank Node identifiers as necessary
-        create_node_map(value, framing_state[:graphMap], active_graph: '@default')
+          # Get framing nodes from expanded input, replacing Blank Node identifiers as necessary
+          create_node_map(value, framing_state[:graphMap], active_graph: '@default')
 
-        frame_keys = frame.keys.map {|k| context.expand_iri(k, vocab: true)}
-        if frame_keys.include?('@graph')
-          # If frame contains @graph, it matches the default graph.
-          framing_state[:graph] = '@default'
-        else
-          # If frame does not contain @graph used the merged graph.
-          framing_state[:graph] = '@merged'
-          framing_state[:link]['@merged'] = {}
-          framing_state[:graphMap]['@merged'] = merge_node_map_graphs(framing_state[:graphMap])
-        end
+          frame_keys = frame.keys.map { |k| context.expand_iri(k, vocab: true) }
+          if frame_keys.include?('@graph')
+            # If frame contains @graph, it matches the default graph.
+            framing_state[:graph] = '@default'
+          else
+            # If frame does not contain @graph used the merged graph.
+            framing_state[:graph] = '@merged'
+            framing_state[:link]['@merged'] = {}
+            framing_state[:graphMap]['@merged'] = merge_node_map_graphs(framing_state[:graphMap])
+          end
 
-        framing_state[:subjects] = framing_state[:graphMap][framing_state[:graph]]
+          framing_state[:subjects] = framing_state[:graphMap][framing_state[:graph]]
 
-        result = []
-        frame(framing_state, framing_state[:subjects].keys.opt_sort(ordered: @options[:ordered]), (expanded_frame.first || {}), parent: result, **options)
+          result = []
+          frame(framing_state, framing_state[:subjects].keys.opt_sort(ordered: @options[:ordered]),
+            (expanded_frame.first || {}), parent: result, **options)
 
-        # Default to based on processinMode
-        if !options.key?(:pruneBlankNodeIdentifiers)
-          options[:pruneBlankNodeIdentifiers] = context.processingMode('json-ld-1.1')
-        end
+          # Default to based on processinMode
+          unless options.key?(:pruneBlankNodeIdentifiers)
+            options[:pruneBlankNodeIdentifiers] = context.processingMode('json-ld-1.1')
+          end
 
-        # Count blank node identifiers used in the document, if pruning
-        if options[:pruneBlankNodeIdentifiers]
-          bnodes_to_clear = count_blank_node_identifiers(result).collect {|k, v| k if v == 1}.compact
-          result = prune_bnodes(result, bnodes_to_clear)
-        end
+          # Count blank node identifiers used in the document, if pruning
+          if options[:pruneBlankNodeIdentifiers]
+            bnodes_to_clear = count_blank_node_identifiers(result).collect { |k, v| k if v == 1 }.compact
+            result = prune_bnodes(result, bnodes_to_clear)
+          end
 
-        # Replace values with `@preserve` with the content of its entry.
-        result = cleanup_preserve(result)
-        log_debug(".frame") {"expanded result: #{result.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
+          # Replace values with `@preserve` with the content of its entry.
+          result = cleanup_preserve(result)
+          # log_debug(".frame") {"expanded result: #{result.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
 
-        # Compact result
-        compacted = compact(result)
+          # Compact result
+          compacted = compact(result)
 
-        # @replace `@null` with nil, compacting arrays
-        compacted = cleanup_null(compacted)
-        compacted = [compacted] unless options[:omitGraph] || compacted.is_a?(Array)
+          # @replace `@null` with nil, compacting arrays
+          compacted = cleanup_null(compacted)
+          compacted = [compacted] unless options[:omitGraph] || compacted.is_a?(Array)
 
-        # Add the given context to the output
-        result = if !compacted.is_a?(Array)
-          compacted
-        else
-          kwgraph = context.compact_iri('@graph', vocab: true)
-          {kwgraph => compacted}
+          # Add the given context to the output
+          result = if compacted.is_a?(Array)
+            kwgraph = context.compact_iri('@graph', vocab: true)
+            { kwgraph => compacted }
+          else
+            compacted
+          end
+          # Only add context if one was provided
+          result = context.serialize(provided_context: frame).merge(result) if frame['@context']
+
+          # log_debug(".frame") {"after compact: #{result.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
+          result
         end
-        # Only add context if one was provided
-        result = context.serialize(provided_context: frame).merge(result) if frame['@context']
-        
-        log_debug(".frame") {"after compact: #{result.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
-        result
-      end
 
-      result = serializer.call(result, **options) if serializer
-      block_given? ? yield(result) : result
-    end
+        result = serializer.call(result, **options) if serializer
+        block_given? ? yield(result) : result
+      end
 
-    ##
-    # Processes the input according to the RDF Conversion Algorithm, calling the provided callback for each triple generated.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
-    #   The JSON-LD object to process when outputting statements.
-    # @param [Boolean] expanded (false) Input is already expanded
-    # @option options (see #initialize)
-    # @option options [Boolean] :produceGeneralizedRdf (false)
-    #   If true, output will include statements having blank node predicates, otherwise they are dropped.
-    # @raise [JsonLdError]
-    # @yield statement
-    # @yieldparam [RDF::Statement] statement
-    # @return [RDF::Enumerable] set of statements, unless a block is given.
-    def self.toRdf(input, expanded: false, **options, &block)
-      unless block_given?
-        results = []
-        results.extend(RDF::Enumerable)
-        self.toRdf(input, expanded: expanded, **options) do |stmt|
-          results << stmt
+      ##
+      # Processes the input according to the RDF Conversion Algorithm, calling the provided callback for each triple generated.
+      #
+      # @param [String, #read, Hash, Array] input
+      #   The JSON-LD object to process when outputting statements.
+      # @param [Boolean] expanded (false) Input is already expanded
+      # @option options (see #initialize)
+      # @option options [Boolean] :produceGeneralizedRdf (false)
+      #   If true, output will include statements having blank node predicates, otherwise they are dropped.
+      # @raise [JsonLdError]
+      # @yield statement
+      # @yieldparam [RDF::Statement] statement
+      # @return [RDF::Enumerable] set of statements, unless a block is given.
+      def self.toRdf(input, expanded: false, **options)
+        unless block_given?
+          results = []
+          results.extend(RDF::Enumerable)
+          toRdf(input, expanded: expanded, **options) do |stmt|
+            results << stmt
+          end
+          return results
         end
-        return results
-      end
 
-      options = {
-        extractAllScripts:  true,
-      }.merge(options)
+        options = {
+          extractAllScripts: true
+        }.merge(options)
 
-      # Flatten input to simplify processing
-      flattened_input = API.flatten(input, nil, expanded: expanded, ordered: false, **options)
+        # Flatten input to simplify processing
+        flattened_input = API.flatten(input, nil, expanded: expanded, ordered: false, **options)
 
-      API.new(flattened_input, nil, **options) do
-        # 1) Perform the Expansion Algorithm on the JSON-LD input.
-        #    This removes any existing context to allow the given context to be cleanly applied.
-        log_debug(".toRdf") {"flattened input: #{flattened_input.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
+        API.new(flattened_input, nil, **options) do
+          # 1) Perform the Expansion Algorithm on the JSON-LD input.
+          #    This removes any existing context to allow the given context to be cleanly applied.
+          # log_debug(".toRdf") {"flattened input: #{flattened_input.to_json(JSON_STATE) rescue 'malformed json'}"}
 
-        # Recurse through input
-        flattened_input.each do |node|
-          item_to_rdf(node) do |statement|
-            next if statement.predicate.node? && !options[:produceGeneralizedRdf]
+          # Recurse through input
+          flattened_input.each do |node|
+            item_to_rdf(node) do |statement|
+              next if statement.predicate.node? && !options[:produceGeneralizedRdf]
 
-            # Drop invalid statements (other than IRIs)
-            unless statement.valid_extended?
-              log_debug(".toRdf") {"drop invalid statement: #{statement.to_nquads}"}
-              next
-            end
+              # Drop invalid statements (other than IRIs)
+              unless statement.valid_extended?
+                # log_debug(".toRdf") {"drop invalid statement: #{statement.to_nquads}"}
+                next
+              end
 
-            yield statement
+              yield statement
+            end
           end
         end
       end
-    end
-    
-    ##
-    # Take an ordered list of RDF::Statements and turn them into a JSON-LD document.
-    #
-    # The resulting `Array` is either returned or yielded, if a block is given.
-    #
-    # @param [RDF::Enumerable] input
-    # @param [Boolean] useRdfType (false)
-    #   If set to `true`, the JSON-LD processor will treat `rdf:type` like a normal property instead of using `@type`.
-    # @param [Boolean] useNativeTypes (false) use native representations
-    # @param [Proc] serializer (nil)
-    #   A Serializer instance used for generating the JSON serialization of the result. If absent, the internal Ruby objects are returned, which can be transformed to JSON externally via `#to_json`.
-    #   See {JSON::LD::API.serializer}.
-    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
-    # @option options (see #initialize)
-    # @yield jsonld
-    # @yieldparam [Hash] jsonld
-    #   The JSON-LD document in expanded form
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
-    # @return [Object, Hash]
-    #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the expanded JSON-LD document
-    def self.fromRdf(input, useRdfType: false, useNativeTypes: false, serializer: nil, **options, &block)
-      result = nil
-
-      API.new(nil, nil, **options) do
-        result = from_statements(input,
-          useRdfType: useRdfType,
-          useNativeTypes: useNativeTypes)
-      end
 
-      result = serializer.call(result, **options) if serializer
-      block_given? ? yield(result) : result
-    end
+      ##
+      # Take an ordered list of RDF::Statements and turn them into a JSON-LD document.
+      #
+      # The resulting `Array` is either returned or yielded, if a block is given.
+      #
+      # @param [RDF::Enumerable] input
+      # @param [Boolean] useRdfType (false)
+      #   If set to `true`, the JSON-LD processor will treat `rdf:type` like a normal property instead of using `@type`.
+      # @param [Boolean] useNativeTypes (false) use native representations
+      # @param [Proc] serializer (nil)
+      #   A Serializer instance used for generating the JSON serialization of the result. If absent, the internal Ruby objects are returned, which can be transformed to JSON externally via `#to_json`.
+      #   See {JSON::LD::API.serializer}.
+      # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
+      # @option options (see #initialize)
+      # @yield jsonld
+      # @yieldparam [Hash] jsonld
+      #   The JSON-LD document in expanded form
+      # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
+      # @return [Object, Hash]
+      #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the expanded JSON-LD document
+      def self.fromRdf(input, useRdfType: false, useNativeTypes: false, serializer: nil, **options)
+        result = nil
+
+        API.new(nil, nil, **options) do
+          result = from_statements(input,
+            extendedRepresentation: options[:extendedRepresentation],
+            useRdfType: useRdfType,
+            useNativeTypes: useNativeTypes)
+        end
 
-    ##
-    # Uses built-in or provided documentLoader to retrieve a parsed document.
-    #
-    # @param [RDF::URI, String] url
-    # @param [String, RDF::URI] base
-    #   Location to use as documentUrl instead of `url`.
-    # @option options [Proc] :documentLoader
-    #   The callback of the loader to be used to retrieve remote documents and contexts.
-    # @param [Boolean] extractAllScripts
-    #   If set to `true`, when extracting JSON-LD script elements from HTML, unless a specific fragment identifier is targeted, extracts all encountered JSON-LD script elements using an array form, if necessary.
-    # @param [String] profile
-    #   When the resulting `contentType` is `text/html` or `application/xhtml+xml`, this option determines the profile to use for selecting a JSON-LD script elements.
-    # @param [String] requestProfile
-    #   One or more IRIs to use in the request as a profile parameter.
-    # @param [Boolean] validate (false)
-    #   Allow only appropriate content types
-    # @param [Hash<Symbol => Object>] options
-    # @yield remote_document
-    # @yieldparam [RemoteDocumentRemoteDocument, RDF::Util::File::RemoteDocument] remote_document
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
-    # @return [Object, RemoteDocument]
-    #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the retrieved remote document and context information unless block given
-    # @raise [JsonLdError]
-    def self.loadRemoteDocument(url,
-                                base: nil,
-                                documentLoader: nil,
-                                extractAllScripts: false,
-                                profile: nil,
-                                requestProfile: nil,
-                                validate: false,
-                                **options)
-      documentLoader ||= self.method(:documentLoader)
-      options = OPEN_OPTS.merge(options)
-      if requestProfile
-        # Add any request profile
-        options[:headers]['Accept'] = options[:headers]['Accept'].sub('application/ld+json,', "application/ld+json;profile=#{requestProfile}, application/ld+json;q=0.9,")
+        result = serializer.call(result, **options) if serializer
+        block_given? ? yield(result) : result
       end
-      documentLoader.call(url, **options) do |remote_doc|
-        case remote_doc
-        when RDF::Util::File::RemoteDocument
-          # Convert to RemoteDocument
-          context_url = if remote_doc.content_type != 'application/ld+json' &&
-                           (remote_doc.content_type == 'application/json' ||
-                            remote_doc.content_type.to_s.match?(%r(application/\w+\+json)))
-            # Get context link(s)
-            # Note, we can't simply use #find_link, as we need to detect multiple
-            links = remote_doc.links.links.select do |link|
-              link.attr_pairs.include?(LINK_REL_CONTEXT)
+
+      ##
+      # Uses built-in or provided documentLoader to retrieve a parsed document.
+      #
+      # @param [RDF::URI, String] url
+      # @param [Regexp] allowed_content_types
+      #   A regular expression matching other content types allowed
+      #   beyond types for JSON and HTML.
+      # @param [String, RDF::URI] base
+      #   Location to use as documentUrl instead of `url`.
+      # @option options [Proc] :documentLoader
+      #   The callback of the loader to be used to retrieve remote documents and contexts.
+      # @param [Boolean] extractAllScripts
+      #   If set to `true`, when extracting JSON-LD script elements from HTML, unless a specific fragment identifier is targeted, extracts all encountered JSON-LD script elements using an array form, if necessary.
+      # @param [String] profile
+      #   When the resulting `contentType` is `text/html` or `application/xhtml+xml`, this option determines the profile to use for selecting a JSON-LD script elements.
+      # @param [String] requestProfile
+      #   One or more IRIs to use in the request as a profile parameter.
+      # @param [Boolean] validate (false)
+      #   Allow only appropriate content types
+      # @param [Hash<Symbol => Object>] options
+      # @yield remote_document
+      # @yieldparam [RemoteDocumentRemoteDocument, RDF::Util::File::RemoteDocument] remote_document
+      # @yieldreturn [Object] returned object
+      # @return [Object, RemoteDocument]
+      #   If a block is given, the result of evaluating the block is returned, otherwise, the retrieved remote document and context information unless block given
+      # @raise [JsonLdError]
+      def self.loadRemoteDocument(url,
+                                  allowed_content_types: nil,
+                                  base: nil,
+                                  documentLoader: nil,
+                                  extractAllScripts: false,
+                                  profile: nil,
+                                  requestProfile: nil,
+                                  validate: false,
+                                  **options)
+        documentLoader ||= method(:documentLoader)
+        options = OPEN_OPTS.merge(options)
+        if requestProfile
+          # Add any request profile
+          options[:headers]['Accept'] =
+            options[:headers]['Accept'].sub('application/ld+json,',
+              "application/ld+json;profile=#{requestProfile}, application/ld+json;q=0.9,")
+        end
+        documentLoader.call(url, **options) do |remote_doc|
+          case remote_doc
+          when RDF::Util::File::RemoteDocument
+            # Convert to RemoteDocument
+            context_url = if remote_doc.content_type != 'application/ld+json' &&
+                             (remote_doc.content_type == 'application/json' ||
+                              remote_doc.content_type.to_s.match?(%r{application/\w+\+json}))
+              # Get context link(s)
+              # Note, we can't simply use #find_link, as we need to detect multiple
+              links = remote_doc.links.links.select do |link|
+                link.attr_pairs.include?(LINK_REL_CONTEXT)
+              end
+              if links.length > 1
+                raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::MultipleContextLinkHeaders,
+                  "expected at most 1 Link header with rel=jsonld:context, got #{links.length}"
+              end
+              Array(links.first).first
             end
-            raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::MultipleContextLinkHeaders,
-              "expected at most 1 Link header with rel=jsonld:context, got #{links.length}" if links.length > 1
-            Array(links.first).first
-          end
 
-          # If content-type is not application/ld+json, nor any other +json and a link with rel=alternate and type='application/ld+json' is found, use that instead
-          alternate = !remote_doc.content_type.match?(%r(application/(\w*\+)?json)) && remote_doc.links.links.detect do |link|
-            link.attr_pairs.include?(LINK_REL_ALTERNATE) &&
-            link.attr_pairs.include?(LINK_TYPE_JSONLD)
-          end
+            # If content-type is not application/ld+json, nor any other +json and a link with rel=alternate and type='application/ld+json' is found, use that instead
+            alternate = !remote_doc.content_type.match?(%r{application/(\w*\+)?json}) && remote_doc.links.links.detect do |link|
+              link.attr_pairs.include?(LINK_REL_ALTERNATE) &&
+                link.attr_pairs.include?(LINK_TYPE_JSONLD)
+            end
 
-          remote_doc = if alternate
-            # Load alternate relative to URL
-            loadRemoteDocument(RDF::URI(url).join(alternate.href),
+            remote_doc = if alternate
+              # Load alternate relative to URL
+              loadRemoteDocument(RDF::URI(url).join(alternate.href),
                 extractAllScripts: extractAllScripts,
                 profile: profile,
                 requestProfile: requestProfile,
                 validate: validate,
                 base: base,
-                **options)
+                  **options)
+            else
+              RemoteDocument.new(remote_doc.read,
+                documentUrl: remote_doc.base_uri,
+                contentType: remote_doc.content_type,
+                contextUrl: context_url)
+            end
+          when RemoteDocument
+            # Pass through
           else
-            RemoteDocument.new(remote_doc.read,
-              documentUrl: remote_doc.base_uri,
-              contentType: remote_doc.content_type,
-              contextUrl: context_url)
+            raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed,
+              "unknown result from documentLoader: #{remote_doc.class}"
           end
-        when RemoteDocument
-          # Pass through
-        else
-          raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "unknown result from documentLoader: #{remote_doc.class}"
-        end
 
-        # Use specified document location
-        remote_doc.documentUrl = base if base
-
-        # Parse any HTML
-        if remote_doc.document.is_a?(String)
-          remote_doc.document = case remote_doc.contentType
-          when 'text/html', 'application/xhtml+xml'
-            load_html(remote_doc.document,
-                      url: remote_doc.documentUrl,
-                      extractAllScripts: extractAllScripts,
-                      profile: profile,
-                      **options) do |base|
-              remote_doc.documentUrl = base
+          # Use specified document location
+          remote_doc.documentUrl = base if base
+
+          # Parse any HTML
+          if remote_doc.document.is_a?(String)
+            remote_doc.document = case remote_doc.contentType
+            when 'text/html', 'application/xhtml+xml'
+              load_html(remote_doc.document,
+                url: remote_doc.documentUrl,
+                extractAllScripts: extractAllScripts,
+                profile: profile,
+                        **options) do |base|
+                remote_doc.documentUrl = base
+              end
+            else
+              validate_input(remote_doc.document, url: remote_doc.documentUrl) if validate
+              mj_opts = options.keep_if { |k, v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v) }
+              MultiJson.load(remote_doc.document, **mj_opts)
             end
-          else
-            validate_input(remote_doc.document, url: remote_doc.documentUrl) if validate
-            mj_opts = options.keep_if {|k,v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v)}
-            MultiJson.load(remote_doc.document, **mj_opts)
           end
-        end
 
-        if remote_doc.contentType && validate
-          raise IOError, "url: #{url}, contentType: #{remote_doc.contentType}" unless
-            remote_doc.contentType.match?(/application\/(.+\+)?json|text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml/)
+          if remote_doc.contentType && validate && !(remote_doc.contentType.match?(%r{application/(.+\+)?json|text/html|application/xhtml\+xml}) ||
+              (allowed_content_types && remote_doc.contentType.match?(allowed_content_types)))
+            raise IOError, "url: #{url}, contentType: #{remote_doc.contentType}"
+          end
+
+          block_given? ? yield(remote_doc) : remote_doc
         end
-        block_given? ? yield(remote_doc) : remote_doc
+      rescue IOError, MultiJson::ParseError => e
+        raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, e.message
       end
-    rescue IOError, MultiJson::ParseError => e
-      raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, e.message
-    end
 
-    ##
-    # Default document loader.
-    # @param [RDF::URI, String] url
-    # @param [Boolean] extractAllScripts
-    #   If set to `true`, when extracting JSON-LD script elements from HTML, unless a specific fragment identifier is targeted, extracts all encountered JSON-LD script elements using an array form, if necessary.
-    # @param [String] profile
-    #   When the resulting `contentType` is `text/html` or `application/xhtml+xml`, this option determines the profile to use for selecting a JSON-LD script elements.
-    # @param [String] requestProfile
-    #   One or more IRIs to use in the request as a profile parameter.
-    # @param [Hash<Symbol => Object>] options
-    # @yield remote_document
-    # @yieldparam [RemoteDocument, RDF::Util::File::RemoteDocument] remote_document
-    # @raise [IOError]
-    def self.documentLoader(url, extractAllScripts: false, profile: nil, requestProfile: nil, **options, &block)
-      case url
-      when IO, StringIO
-        base_uri = options[:base]
-        base_uri ||= url.base_uri if url.respond_to?(:base_uri)
-        content_type = options[:content_type]
-        content_type ||= url.content_type if url.respond_to?(:content_type)
-        context_url = if url.respond_to?(:links) && url.links &&
-         (content_type == 'application/json' || content_type.match?(%r(application/(^ld)+json)))
-          link = url.links.find_link(LINK_REL_CONTEXT)
-          link.href if link
-        end
+      ##
+      # Default document loader.
+      # @param [RDF::URI, String] url
+      # @param [Boolean] extractAllScripts
+      #   If set to `true`, when extracting JSON-LD script elements from HTML, unless a specific fragment identifier is targeted, extracts all encountered JSON-LD script elements using an array form, if necessary.
+      # @param [String] profile
+      #   When the resulting `contentType` is `text/html` or `application/xhtml+xml`, this option determines the profile to use for selecting a JSON-LD script elements.
+      # @param [String] requestProfile
+      #   One or more IRIs to use in the request as a profile parameter.
+      # @param [Hash<Symbol => Object>] options
+      # @yield remote_document
+      # @yieldparam [RemoteDocument, RDF::Util::File::RemoteDocument] remote_document
+      # @raise [IOError]
+      def self.documentLoader(url, extractAllScripts: false, profile: nil, requestProfile: nil, **options, &block)
+        case url
+        when IO, StringIO
+          base_uri = options[:base]
+          base_uri ||= url.base_uri if url.respond_to?(:base_uri)
+          content_type = options[:content_type]
+          content_type ||= url.content_type if url.respond_to?(:content_type)
+          context_url = if url.respond_to?(:links) && url.links &&
+                           (content_type == 'application/json' || content_type.match?(%r{application/(^ld)+json}))
+            link = url.links.find_link(LINK_REL_CONTEXT)
+            link&.href
+          end
 
-        block.call(RemoteDocument.new(url.read,
-          documentUrl: base_uri,
-          contentType: content_type,
-          contextUrl: context_url))
-      else
-        RDF::Util::File.open_file(url, **options, &block)
+          yield(RemoteDocument.new(url.read,
+            documentUrl: base_uri,
+            contentType: content_type,
+            contextUrl: context_url))
+        else
+          RDF::Util::File.open_file(url, **options, &block)
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Add class method aliases for backwards compatibility
-    class << self
-      alias :toRDF :toRdf
-      alias :fromRDF :fromRdf
-    end
+      # Add class method aliases for backwards compatibility
+      class << self
+        alias toRDF toRdf
+        alias fromRDF fromRdf
+      end
 
-    ##
-    # Load one or more script tags from an HTML source.
-    # Unescapes and uncomments input, returns the internal representation
-    # Yields document base
-    # @param [String] input
-    # @param [String] url   Original URL
-    # @param [:nokogiri, :rexml] library (nil)
-    # @param [Boolean] extractAllScripts (false)
-    # @param [Boolean] profile (nil) Optional priortized profile when loading a single script by type.
-    # @param [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
-    def self.load_html(input, url:,
+      ##
+      # Load one or more script tags from an HTML source.
+      # Unescapes and uncomments input, returns the internal representation
+      # Yields document base
+      # @param [String] input
+      # @param [String] url   Original URL
+      # @param [:nokogiri, :rexml] library (nil)
+      # @param [Boolean] extractAllScripts (false)
+      # @param [Boolean] profile (nil) Optional priortized profile when loading a single script by type.
+      # @param [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
+      def self.load_html(input, url:,
                          library: nil,
                          extractAllScripts: false,
                          profile: nil,
                          **options)
 
-      if input.is_a?(String)
-        library ||= begin
-          require 'nokogiri'
-          :nokogiri
-        rescue LoadError
-          :rexml
-        end
-        require "json/ld/html/#{library}"
+        if input.is_a?(String)
+          library ||= begin
+            require 'nokogiri'
+            :nokogiri
+          rescue LoadError
+            :rexml
+          end
+          require "json/ld/html/#{library}"
 
-        # Parse HTML using the appropriate library
-        implementation = case library
-        when :nokogiri then Nokogiri
-        when :rexml then REXML
-        end
-        self.extend(implementation)
+          # Parse HTML using the appropriate library
+          implementation = case library
+          when :nokogiri then Nokogiri
+          when :rexml then REXML
+          end
+          extend(implementation)
 
-        input = begin
-          self.send("initialize_html_#{library}".to_sym, input, **options)
-        rescue
-          raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "Malformed HTML document: #{$!.message}"
-        end
+          input = begin
+            send("initialize_html_#{library}".to_sym, input, **options)
+          rescue StandardError
+            raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "Malformed HTML document: #{$ERROR_INFO.message}"
+          end
 
-        # Potentially update options[:base]
-        if html_base = input.at_xpath("/html/head/base/@href")
-          base = RDF::URI(url) if url
-          html_base = RDF::URI(html_base)
-          html_base = base.join(html_base) if base
-          yield html_base
+          # Potentially update options[:base]
+          if (html_base = input.at_xpath("/html/head/base/@href"))
+            base = RDF::URI(url) if url
+            html_base = RDF::URI(html_base)
+            html_base = base.join(html_base) if base
+            yield html_base
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      url = RDF::URI.parse(url)
-      if url.fragment
-        id = CGI.unescape(url.fragment)
-        # Find script with an ID based on that fragment.
-        element = input.at_xpath("//script[@id='#{id}']")
-        raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "No script tag found with id=#{id}" unless element
-        raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "Script tag has type=#{element.attributes['type']}" unless element.attributes['type'].to_s.start_with?('application/ld+json')
-        content = element.inner_html
-        validate_input(content, url: url) if options[:validate]
-        mj_opts = options.keep_if {|k,v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v)}
-        MultiJson.load(content, **mj_opts)
-      elsif extractAllScripts
-        res = []
-        elements = if profile
-          es = input.xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json;profile=#{profile}')]")
-          # If no profile script, just take a single script without profile
-          es = [input.at_xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json')]")].compact if es.empty?
-          es
-        else
-          input.xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json')]")
-        end
-        elements.each do |element|
+        url = RDF::URI.parse(url)
+        if url.fragment
+          id = CGI.unescape(url.fragment)
+          # Find script with an ID based on that fragment.
+          element = input.at_xpath("//script[@id='#{id}']")
+          raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "No script tag found with id=#{id}" unless element
+
+          unless element.attributes['type'].to_s.start_with?('application/ld+json')
+            raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed,
+              "Script tag has type=#{element.attributes['type']}"
+          end
+
           content = element.inner_html
           validate_input(content, url: url) if options[:validate]
-          mj_opts = options.keep_if {|k,v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v)}
-          r = MultiJson.load(content, **mj_opts)
-          if r.is_a?(Hash)
-            res << r
-          elsif r.is_a?(Array)
-            res = res.concat(r)
+          mj_opts = options.keep_if { |k, v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v) }
+          MultiJson.load(content, **mj_opts)
+        elsif extractAllScripts
+          res = []
+          elements = if profile
+            es = input.xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json;profile=#{profile}')]")
+            # If no profile script, just take a single script without profile
+            es = [input.at_xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json')]")].compact if es.empty?
+            es
+          else
+            input.xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json')]")
+          end
+          elements.each do |element|
+            content = element.inner_html
+            validate_input(content, url: url) if options[:validate]
+            mj_opts = options.keep_if { |k, v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v) }
+            r = MultiJson.load(content, **mj_opts)
+            if r.is_a?(Hash)
+              res << r
+            elsif r.is_a?(Array)
+              res.concat(r)
+            end
           end
+          res
+        else
+          # Find the first script with type application/ld+json.
+          element = input.at_xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json;profile=#{profile}')]") if profile
+          element ||= input.at_xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json')]")
+          raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "No script tag found" unless element
+
+          content = element.inner_html
+          validate_input(content, url: url) if options[:validate]
+          mj_opts = options.keep_if { |k, v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v) }
+          MultiJson.load(content, **mj_opts)
         end
-        res
-      else
-        # Find the first script with type application/ld+json.
-        element = input.at_xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json;profile=#{profile}')]") if profile
-        element ||= input.at_xpath("//script[starts-with(@type, 'application/ld+json')]")
-        raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "No script tag found" unless element
-        content = element.inner_html
-        validate_input(content, url: url) if options[:validate]
-        mj_opts = options.keep_if {|k,v| k != :adapter || MUTLI_JSON_ADAPTERS.include?(v)}
-        MultiJson.load(content, **mj_opts)
+      rescue MultiJson::ParseError => e
+        raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::InvalidScriptElement, e.message
       end
-    rescue MultiJson::ParseError => e
-      raise JSON::LD::JsonLdError::InvalidScriptElement, e.message
-    end
 
-    ##
-    # The default serializer for serialzing Ruby Objects to JSON.
-    #
-    # Defaults to `MultiJson.dump`
-    #
-    # @param [Object] object
-    # @param [Array<Object>] args
-    #   other arguments that may be passed for some specific implementation.
-    # @param [Hash<Symbol, Object>] options
-    #   options passed from the invoking context.
-    # @option options [Object] :serializer_opts (JSON_STATE)
-    def self.serializer(object, *args, **options)
-      serializer_opts = options.fetch(:serializer_opts, JSON_STATE)
-      MultiJson.dump(object, serializer_opts)
-    end
+      ##
+      # The default serializer for serialzing Ruby Objects to JSON.
+      #
+      # Defaults to `MultiJson.dump`
+      #
+      # @param [Object] object
+      # @param [Array<Object>] args
+      #   other arguments that may be passed for some specific implementation.
+      # @param [Hash<Symbol, Object>] options
+      #   options passed from the invoking context.
+      # @option options [Object] :serializer_opts (JSON_STATE)
+      def self.serializer(object, *_args, **options)
+        serializer_opts = options.fetch(:serializer_opts, JSON_STATE)
+        MultiJson.dump(object, serializer_opts)
+      end
 
-    ##
-    # Validate JSON using JsonLint, if loaded
-    private
-    def self.validate_input(input, url:)
-      return unless defined?(JsonLint)
-      jsonlint = JsonLint::Linter.new
-      input = StringIO.new(input) unless input.respond_to?(:read)
-      unless jsonlint.check_stream(input)
-        raise JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "url: #{url}\n" + jsonlint.errors[''].join("\n")
+      ##
+      # Validate JSON using JsonLint, if loaded
+
+      def self.validate_input(input, url:)
+        return unless defined?(JsonLint)
+
+        jsonlint = JsonLint::Linter.new
+        input = StringIO.new(input) unless input.respond_to?(:read)
+        unless jsonlint.check_stream(input)
+          raise JsonLdError::LoadingDocumentFailed, "url: #{url}\n" + jsonlint.errors[''].join("\n")
+        end
+
+        input.rewind
       end
-      input.rewind
-    end
 
-    ##
-    # A {RemoteDocument} is returned from a {documentLoader}.
-    class RemoteDocument
-      # The final URL of the loaded document. This is important to handle HTTP redirects properly.
-      # @return [String]
-      attr_accessor :documentUrl
-
-      # The Content-Type of the loaded document, exclusive of any optional parameters.
-      # @return [String]
-      attr_reader :contentType
-
-      # @return [String]
-      #   The URL of a remote context as specified by an HTTP Link header with rel=`http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context`
-      attr_accessor :contextUrl
-
-      # The parsed retrieved document.
-      # @return [Array<Hash>, Hash]
-      attr_accessor :document
-
-      # The value of any profile parameter retrieved as part of the original contentType.
-      # @return [String]
-      attr_accessor :profile
-
-      # @param [RDF::Util::File::RemoteDocument] document
-      # @param [String] documentUrl
-      #   The final URL of the loaded document. This is important to handle HTTP redirects properly.
-      # @param [String] contentType
-      #   The Content-Type of the loaded document, exclusive of any optional parameters.
-      # @param [String] contextUrl
-      #   The URL of a remote context as specified by an HTTP Link header with rel=`http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context`
-      # @param [String] profile
-      #   The value of any profile parameter retrieved as part of the original contentType.
-      # @option options [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
-      def initialize(document, documentUrl: nil, contentType: nil, contextUrl: nil, profile: nil, **options)
-        @document = document
-        @documentUrl = documentUrl || options[:base_uri]
-        @contentType = contentType || options[:content_type]
-        @contextUrl = contextUrl
-        @profile = profile
+      ##
+      # A {RemoteDocument} is returned from a {documentLoader}.
+      class RemoteDocument
+        # The final URL of the loaded document. This is important to handle HTTP redirects properly.
+        # @return [String]
+        attr_accessor :documentUrl
+
+        # The Content-Type of the loaded document, exclusive of any optional parameters.
+        # @return [String]
+        attr_reader :contentType
+
+        # @return [String]
+        #   The URL of a remote context as specified by an HTTP Link header with rel=`http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context`
+        attr_accessor :contextUrl
+
+        # The parsed retrieved document.
+        # @return [Array<Hash>, Hash]
+        attr_accessor :document
+
+        # The value of any profile parameter retrieved as part of the original contentType.
+        # @return [String]
+        attr_accessor :profile
+
+        # @param [RDF::Util::File::RemoteDocument] document
+        # @param [String] documentUrl
+        #   The final URL of the loaded document. This is important to handle HTTP redirects properly.
+        # @param [String] contentType
+        #   The Content-Type of the loaded document, exclusive of any optional parameters.
+        # @param [String] contextUrl
+        #   The URL of a remote context as specified by an HTTP Link header with rel=`http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context`
+        # @param [String] profile
+        #   The value of any profile parameter retrieved as part of the original contentType.
+        # @option options [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
+        def initialize(document, documentUrl: nil, contentType: nil, contextUrl: nil, profile: nil, **options)
+          @document = document
+          @documentUrl = documentUrl || options[:base_uri]
+          @contentType = contentType || options[:content_type]
+          @contextUrl = contextUrl
+          @profile = profile
+        end
       end
     end
   end
 end
-