interscript 0.1.4 → 0.1.5

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+ ---
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+ authority_id: ungegn
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+ id: 1930
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+ language: ara
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+ source_script: Arab
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+ destination_script: Latn
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+ name: ROMANIZATION OF ARABIC -- UNGEGN 2017 System
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+ url: http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ar.pdf
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+ creation_date: 1930
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+ confirmation date: 2018-06
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+ description: |
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+ The current United Nations recommended romanization
13
+ system was approved in 2017 (resolution XI/3), based on
14
+ the system adopted by Arabic experts at the conference
15
+ held in Beirut in 2007, the Unified Arabic
16
+ Transliteration System, taking into account the
17
+ practical amendments and corrections carried out and
18
+ agreed upon by the representatives of the Arabic-
19
+ speaking countries at the Fourth Arab Conference on
20
+ Geographical Names, held in Beirut in 2008, and some
21
+ clarifications and amendments agreed in Riyadh in 20171.
22
+ Previously, the United Nations had approved a
23
+ romanization system in 1972 (resolution II/8), based on the
24
+ system adopted by Arabic experts at the conference
25
+ held at Beirut in 1971 with the practical amendments carried out
26
+ and agreed upon by the representatives of the Arabic-speaking
27
+ countries at their conference. The table was published in volume
28
+ II of the conference report.
29
+ In UN resolution XI/3 it is specifically stated that the
30
+ system was recommended for the “romanization of the
31
+ geographical names within those Arabic-speaking countries
32
+ where this system is officially adopted”. There is
33
+ evidence of its partial implementation in Jordan, Oman and
34
+ Saudi Arabia. The UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization
35
+ Systems intends to continue monitoring the UN system’s
36
+ implementation across Arabic-speaking countries.
37
+ In some countries there exist local romanization schemes
38
+ or practices. The geographical names of Algeria, Djibouti,
39
+ Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia are generally rendered in
40
+ the traditional manner which conforms to the principles of
41
+ the French orthography.
42
+ The previous UN-approved system is still found in
43
+ considerable international usage.
44
+ Arabic is written from right to left. The Arabic script
45
+ usually omits vowel points and diacritical marks from
46
+ writing which makes it difficult to obtain uniform results
47
+ in the romanization of Arabic. It is essential to identify
48
+ correctly the words which appear in any particular name
49
+ and to know the standard Arabic-script spelling including
50
+ the relevant vowels. One must also take into account
51
+ dialectal and idiosyncratic deviations. The romanization
52
+ is generally reversible though there may be some ambiguous
53
+ letter sequences (dh, kh, sh, th) which may also point to
54
+ combinations of Arabic characters in addition to the
55
+ respective single characters.
56
+ notes:
57
+ - |
58
+ The Survey of Egypt System (SES) of romanization has the following correspondences with
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+ the UN system:
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+ á = a # ـَى fatha followed by ى which is ا not ي
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+ ā = â (a) # ـَا fatha followed by alef // آ
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+ -ah (ة- = (a # ة ta' marboota at the end of a sentence
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+ aw = ô (au) # ـَوْ
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+ ay = ei (ai) # ـَيْ
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+ ḏ = ḍ # ض
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+ dh = dh (z) # ذ
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+ d͟h = ẓ (d) # ظ
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+ ẖ = ḥ # ح
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+ ī = î
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+ j = g (j)
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+ q = q (k)
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+ s = s (c)
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+ s̱ = ṣ
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+ ṯ = ṭ
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+ th = th (t)
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+ ū = û
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+ ‘ = ‛
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+ - |
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+ The variants in parentheses are used depending on pronunciation and tradition. Not all the
80
+ variations have been given above. The article is always written el- (El-Kafr el-Qadîm, Sharm
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+ el-Sheikh).
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+ tests:
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+
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+ # Examples taken from:
85
+ # https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/
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+
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+ - source: شَرم الشَيْخ
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+ expected: sharm el-sheikh
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+
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+ - source: الكَفر القَدِيم
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+ expected: el-kafr el-qadîm
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+ map:
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+ inherit: "un-ara-Arab-Latn-2017"
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+ characters:
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+
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+
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+ # special pointed letters
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+ '\u0639\u064e' : '‛a' # عَ
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+ '\u0639\u0650' : '‛i' # عِ
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+ '\u0639\u064f' : '‛û' # عُ
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+ # handle MacOS regex difference
102
+ '\u0639\u064f\u0648' : '‛û' # عُو damma followed by و
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+ '\u0650\u064a' : 'î' # ـِي kasra followed by ي
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+ '\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e' : 'îy' # ـِيَّ
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+ '\u064f\u0648' : 'û' # ـُو damma followed by و
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+ '\u064e\u0627' : # ـَا fatha followed by ا
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+ - 'â'
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+ - 'a'
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+ '\u064e\u0649' : 'a' # ـَى fatha followed by ى which is ا not ي
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+ '\u064e\u0648\u0652' : # ـَوْ
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+ - 'ô'
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+ - 'au'
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+ '\u064e\u064a\u0652' : # ـَيْ
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+ - 'ei'
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+ - 'ai'
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+ '\u0622' : # آ
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+ - 'â'
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+ - 'a'
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+
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+ # ta' marboota
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+ '\u0629$' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{2})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{3})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{4})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{5})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{6})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{7})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{8})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{9})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{10})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{11})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{12})\u0629' : 'a'
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+ '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{13})\u0629' : 'a'
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+
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+
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+ # Sun letters
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u062a' : 'el-t' # الت
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u062b' : # الث
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+ - 'el-th'
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+ - 'el-t'
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u062f' : 'el-d' # الد
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0630' : # الذ
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+ - 'el-dh'
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+ - 'el-z'
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0631' : 'el-r' # الر
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0632' : 'el-z' # الز
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0633' : # الس
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+ - 'el-s'
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+ - 'el-c'
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0634' : 'el-sh' # الش
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0635' : 'el-ṣ' # الص
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0636' : 'el-ḍ' # الض
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0637' : 'el-ṭ' # الط
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0638' : # الظ
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+ - 'el-ẓ'
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+ - 'el-d'
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0644' : 'el-l' # الل
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0646' : 'el-n' # الن
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+
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+
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+ # shadda
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+ '\u062b\u0651' : # ث
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+ - 'thth'
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+ - 'tt'
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+ '\u062c\u0651' : # ج
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+ - 'gg'
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+ - 'jj'
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+ '\u062d\u0651' : 'ḥḥ' # ح
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+ '\u062e\u0651' : 'khkh' # خ
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+
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+ '\u0633\u0651' : # س
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+ - 'ss'
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+ - 'cc'
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+ '\u0635\u0651' : 'ṣṣ' # ص
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+ '\u0636\u0651' : 'ḍḍ' # ض
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+ '\u0637\u0651' : 'ṭṭ' # ط
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+ '\u0638\u0651' : # ظ
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+ - 'ẓẓ'
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+ - 'dd'
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+ '\u0642\u0651' : # ق
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+ - 'qq'
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+ - 'kk'
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+
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+ '\b\u0627\u0644' : 'el-' # ال
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+
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+ # normal letters
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+ '\u062c' : # ج
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+ - 'g'
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+ - 'j'
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+ '\ufe9f' : # ﺟ
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+ - 'g'
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+ - 'j'
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+ '\ufea0' : # ﺠ
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+ - 'g'
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+ - 'j'
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+ '\ufe9e' : # ﺞ
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+ - 'g'
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+ - 'j'
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+
200
+ '\u062d' : 'ḥ' # ح
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+ '\ufea3' : 'ḥ' # ﺣ
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+ '\ufea4' : 'ḥ' # ﺤ
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+ '\ufea2' : 'ḥ' # ﺢ
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+
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+ '\u062e' : 'kh' # خ
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+ '\ufea7' : 'kh' # ﺧ
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+ '\ufea8' : 'kh' # ﺨ
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+ '\ufea6' : 'kh' # ﺦ
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+
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+ '\u0630' : # ذ
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+ - 'dh'
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+ - 'z'
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+ '\ufeac' : # ﺬ
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+ - 'dh'
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+ - 'z'
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+
217
+
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+ '\u0633' : # س
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+ - 's'
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+ - 'c'
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+ '\ufeb3' : # ﺳ
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+ - 's'
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+ - 'c'
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+ '\ufeb4' : # ﺴ
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+ - 's'
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+ - 'c'
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+ '\ufeb2' : # ﺲ
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+ - 's'
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+ - 'c'
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+
231
+ '\u0635' : 'ṣ' # ص
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+ '\ufebb' : 'ṣ' # ﺻ
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+ '\ufebc' : 'ṣ' # ﺼ
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+ '\ufeba' : 'ṣ' # ﺺ
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+
236
+ '\u0636' : 'ḍ' # ض
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+ '\ufebf' : 'ḍ' # ﺿ
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+ '\ufec0' : 'ḍ' # ﻀ
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+ '\ufebe' : 'ḍ' # ﺾ
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+
241
+ '\u0637' : 'ṭ' # ط
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+ '\ufec3' : 'ṭ' # ﻃ
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+ '\ufec4' : 'ṭ' # ﻄ
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+ '\ufec2' : 'ṭ' # ﻂ
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+
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+ '\u0639' : '‛' # ع
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+ '\ufecb' : '‛' # ﻋ
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+ '\ufecc' : '‛' # ﻌ
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+ '\ufeca' : '‛' # ﻊ
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+
251
+ '\u0638' : # ظ
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+ - 'ẓ'
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+ - 'd'
254
+ '\ufec7' : # ظ
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+ - 'ẓ'
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+ - 'd'
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+ '\ufec8' : # ظ
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+ - 'ẓ'
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+ - 'd'
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+ '\ufec6' : # ظ
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+ - 'ẓ'
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+ - 'd'
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+
264
+ '\u0642' : # ق
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+ - 'q'
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+ - 'k'
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+ '\ufed7' : # ﻗ
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+ - 'q'
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+ - 'k'
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+ '\ufed8' : # ﻘ
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+ - 'q'
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+ - 'k'
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+ '\ufed6' : # ﻖ
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+ - 'q'
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+ - 'k'
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
1
+ ---
2
+ authority_id: ungegn
3
+ id: 1971
4
+ language: ara
5
+ source_script: Arab
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+ destination_script: Latn
7
+ name: 1971 "Beirut system"
8
+ url: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/2nd-uncsgn-docs/E_Conf61_4_Add1_e.pdf
9
+ creation_date: 1971
10
+ confirmation date: 2018-06
11
+ description: |
12
+ The current United Nations recommended romanization
13
+ system was approved in 2017 (resolution XI/3), based on
14
+ the system adopted by Arabic experts at the conference
15
+ held in Beirut in 2007, the Unified Arabic
16
+ Transliteration System, taking into account the
17
+ practical amendments and corrections carried out and
18
+ agreed upon by the representatives of the Arabic-
19
+ speaking countries at the Fourth Arab Conference on
20
+ Geographical Names, held in Beirut in 2008, and some
21
+ clarifications and amendments agreed in Riyadh in 20171.
22
+ Previously, the United Nations had approved a
23
+ romanization system in 1972 (resolution II/8), based on the
24
+ system adopted by Arabic experts at the conference
25
+ held at Beirut in 1971 with the practical amendments carried out
26
+ and agreed upon by the representatives of the Arabic-speaking
27
+ countries at their conference. The table was published in volume
28
+ II of the conference report.
29
+ In UN resolution XI/3 it is specifically stated that the
30
+ system was recommended for the “romanization of the
31
+ geographical names within those Arabic-speaking countries
32
+ where this system is officially adopted”. There is
33
+ evidence of its partial implementation in Jordan, Oman and
34
+ Saudi Arabia. The UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization
35
+ Systems intends to continue monitoring the UN system’s
36
+ implementation across Arabic-speaking countries.
37
+ In some countries there exist local romanization schemes
38
+ or practices. The geographical names of Algeria, Djibouti,
39
+ Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia are generally rendered in
40
+ the traditional manner which conforms to the principles of
41
+ the French orthography.
42
+ The previous UN-approved system is still found in
43
+ considerable international usage.
44
+ Arabic is written from right to left. The Arabic script
45
+ usually omits vowel points and diacritical marks from
46
+ writing which makes it difficult to obtain uniform results
47
+ in the romanization of Arabic. It is essential to identify
48
+ correctly the words which appear in any particular name
49
+ and to know the standard Arabic-script spelling including
50
+ the relevant vowels. One must also take into account
51
+ dialectal and idiosyncratic deviations. The romanization
52
+ is generally reversible though there may be some ambiguous
53
+ letter sequences (dh, kh, sh, th) which may also point to
54
+ combinations of Arabic characters in addition to the
55
+ respective single characters.
56
+ notes:
57
+ - |
58
+ ث is t͟h (th with sub marcon)
59
+ خ is k͟h (kh with sub marcon)
60
+ ذ is d͟h (dh with sub marcon)
61
+ ش is s͟h (sh with sub marcon)
62
+ ظ is z͟h (zh with sub marcon)
63
+ غ is g͟h (gh witg sub marcon)
64
+ The previous UN 1972 System had the following differences:
65
+ the character (ظ) was romanized as z̧ instead of d͟h;
66
+ the cedilla (¸) was used instead of sub-macron (_) in all characters with sub-macrons. - |
67
+
68
+ tests:
69
+
70
+ # Examples taken from:
71
+ # https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/2nd-uncsgn-docs/E_Conf61_4_Add1_e.pdf
72
+ # page 31 (38 digital)
73
+
74
+ - source: خَيبَر
75
+ expected: k͟haybar
76
+
77
+ - source: ظَهران
78
+ expected: z͟hahrān
79
+
80
+ - source: القُدس
81
+ expected: al quds
82
+
83
+ map:
84
+ inherit: "un-ara-Arab-Latn-2017"
85
+ characters:
86
+
87
+ # sun letters
88
+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u062b' : 'at͟h t͟h' # الث
89
+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0630' : 'ad͟h d͟h' # الذ
90
+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0634' : 'as͟h s͟h' # الش
91
+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0638' : 'az͟h z͟h' # الظ
92
+
93
+ # shadda
94
+ '\u062e\u0651' : 'k͟hk͟h' # خ
95
+ '\u0630\u0651' : 'd͟hd͟h' # ذ
96
+ '\u0634\u0651' : 's͟h' # ش
97
+ '\u0638\u0651' : 'z͟hz͟h' # ظ
98
+ '\u063a\u0651' : 'g͟hg͟h' # غ
99
+
100
+ '\u062b' : 't͟h' # ث
101
+ '\ufe9b' : 't͟h' # ﺛ
102
+ '\ufe9c' : 't͟h' # ﺜ
103
+ '\ufe9a' : 't͟h' # ﺚ
104
+
105
+ '\u062e' : 'k͟h' # خ
106
+ '\ufea7' : 'k͟h' # ﺧ
107
+ '\ufea8' : 'k͟h' # ﺨ
108
+ '\ufea6' : 'k͟h' # ﺦ
109
+
110
+ '\u063a' : 'g͟h' # غ
111
+ '\ufecf' : 'g͟h' # ﻏ
112
+ '\ufed0' : 'g͟h' # ﻐ
113
+ '\ufece' : 'g͟h' # ﻎ
114
+
115
+ '\u0630' : 'd͟h' # ذ
116
+ '\ufeac' : 'd͟h' # ﺬ
117
+
118
+ '\u0634' : 's͟h' # ش
119
+ '\ufeb7' : 's͟h' # ﺷ
120
+ '\ufeb8' : 's͟h' # ﺸ
121
+ '\ufeb6' : 's͟h' # ﺶ
122
+
123
+ '\u0638' : 'z͟h' # ظ
124
+ '\ufec7' : 'z͟h' # ﻇ
125
+ '\ufec8' : 'z͟h' # ﻈ
126
+ '\ufec6' : 'z͟h' # ﻆ
127
+
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
1
+ ---
2
+ authority_id: ungegn
3
+ id: 1972
4
+ language: ara
5
+ source_script: Arab
6
+ destination_script: Latn
7
+ name: ROMANIZATION OF ARABIC -- UNGEGN 1972 System
8
+ url: http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/obs_rom_vers/rom1_ar_v4_0.pdf
9
+ creation_date: 1972
10
+ confirmation date: 2018-06
11
+ description: |
12
+ The United Nations recommended romanization
13
+ system was approved in 1972 (resolution II/8),
14
+ based on the system adopted by Arabic experts at
15
+ the conference held at Beirut in 1971 with the
16
+ practical amendments carried out and agreed upon
17
+ by the representatives of the Arabic-speaking
18
+ countries at their conference. The table was
19
+ published in volume II of the conference report1
20
+ . In the UN resolution it was specifically
21
+ pointed out that the system was recommended "for
22
+ the romanization of the geographical names within
23
+ those Arabic-speaking countries where this system
24
+ is officially acknowledged". It cannot be
25
+ definitely ascertained which of the
26
+ Arabicspeaking countries have adopted this system
27
+ officially, especially since 2007 when there are
28
+ efforts by the Arabic Division to promote a
29
+ modification of the UN system (ADEGN
30
+ romanization, see the section on other
31
+ romanization systems below), with varying
32
+ success2 . Judging by the use of names in
33
+ international cartographic products which rely
34
+ mostly on national sources it appears that the UN
35
+ system or its modification is more or less
36
+ current in Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia3 ,
37
+ United Arab Emirates and Yemen, there and in some
38
+ other countries the system is often used without
39
+ diacritical marks. For the geographical names of
40
+ the Syrian Arab Republic international maps
41
+ favour the UN system while the local usage seems
42
+ to prefer a French-oriented romanization. Also in
43
+ Egypt and Sudan there exist local romanization
44
+ schemes or practices side by side with the UN
45
+ system. The geographical names of Algeria,
46
+ Djibouti, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia are
47
+ generally rendered in the traditional manner
48
+ which conforms to the principles of the French
49
+ orthography. Resolution 7 of the Seventh UN
50
+ Conference on the Standardization of Geographical
51
+ Names (1998) recommended that "the League of Arab
52
+ States should, through its specialized
53
+ structures, continue its efforts to organize a
54
+ conference with a view to considering the
55
+ difficulties encountered in applying the amended
56
+ Beirut system of 1972 for the romanization of
57
+ Arabic script, and submit, as soon as possible, a
58
+ solution to the United Nations Group of Experts
59
+ on Geographical Names". At the Eighth UN
60
+ Conference on the Standardization of Geographical
61
+ Names (2002), the Arabic Division of the UN Group
62
+ of Experts announced that it had finalised
63
+ proposed modifications to the UN recommended
64
+ romanization system. These proposals would be
65
+ submitted to the League of Arab States for
66
+ approval. Arabic is written from right to left.
67
+ The Arabic script usually omits vowel points and
68
+ diacritical marks from writing which makes it
69
+ difficult to obtain uniform results in the
70
+ romanization of Arabic. It is essential to
71
+ identify correctly the words which appear in any
72
+ particular name and to know the standard Arabic-
73
+ script spelling including proper pointing. One
74
+ must also take into account dialectal and
75
+ idiosyncratic deviations. The romanization is
76
+ generally reversible though there are some
77
+ ambiguous letter sequences (dh, kh, sh, th) which
78
+ may also point to combinations of Arabic
79
+ characters in addition to the respective single
80
+ characters.
81
+ notes:
82
+ - |
83
+ The previous UN 1972 System had the following differences:
84
+ the character (ظ) was romanized as z̧ instead of d͟h;
85
+ ح, ص, ض the cedilla (¸) was used instead of sub-macron (_) in all characters with sub-macrons. - |
86
+ When the definite article al precedes a word beginning with one of the "sun letters" (t,
87
+ th, d, dh, r, z, s, sh, ş, ḑ, ţ, z, l, n ̧ ) the l of the definite article is assimilated with the first
88
+ consonant of the word: ash-Sh الشارقة āriqah.
89
+
90
+
91
+ tests:
92
+
93
+ # Examples taken from:
94
+ # https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/
95
+
96
+ - source: مِصر
97
+ expected: mişr
98
+
99
+ - source: قَطَر
100
+ expected: qaţar
101
+
102
+ - source: الجُمهُورِيَّة العِراقِيَّة
103
+ expected: al jumhūrīyah al ‘irāqīyah
104
+
105
+ - source: جُمهُورِيَّة مِصر العَرَبِيَّة
106
+ expected: jumhūrīyat mişr al ‘arabīyah
107
+
108
+ - source: الرِيَاض
109
+ expected: ar riyāḑ
110
+
111
+ - source: الشارِقة
112
+ expected: ash shāriqah
113
+
114
+ map:
115
+ inherit: "un-ara-Arab-Latn-2017"
116
+ characters:
117
+
118
+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0635' : 'aş ş' # الص
119
+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0636' : 'aḑ ḑ' # الض
120
+ '\b\u0627\u0644\u0637' : 'aţ ţ' # الط
121
+
122
+ '\u062d\u0651' : 'ḩḩ' # ح
123
+ '\u0635\u0651' : 'şş' # ص
124
+ '\u0636\u0651' : 'ḑḑ' # ض
125
+ '\u0637\u0651' : 'ţţ' # ط
126
+ '\u0638\u0651' : 'z̧z̧' # ظ
127
+
128
+ '\u062d' : 'ḩ' # ح
129
+ '\ufea3' : 'ḩ' # ﺣ
130
+ '\ufea4' : 'ḩ' # ﺤ
131
+ '\ufea2' : 'ḩ' # ﺢ
132
+
133
+ '\u0635' : 'ş' # ص
134
+ '\ufebb' : 'ş' # ﺻ
135
+ '\ufebc' : 'ş' # ﺼ
136
+ '\ufeba' : 'ş' # ﺺ
137
+
138
+ '\u0636' : 'ḑ' # ض
139
+ '\ufebf' : 'ḑ' # ﺿ
140
+ '\ufec0' : 'ḑ' # ﻀ
141
+ '\ufebe' : 'ḑ' # ﺾ
142
+
143
+ '\u0637' : 'ţ' # ط
144
+ '\ufec3' : 'ţ' # ﻃ
145
+ '\ufec4' : 'ţ' # ﻄ
146
+ '\ufec2' : 'ţ' # ﻂ
147
+
148
+ '\u0638' : 'z̧' # ظ
149
+ '\ufec7' : 'z̧' # ﻇ
150
+ '\ufec8' : 'z̧' # ﻈ
151
+ '\ufec6' : 'z̧' # ﻆ
152
+