hecks 3.13.0 → 4.0.0

data/rust/host/src/expr_json.rs

@@ -32,50 +32,146 @@ pub enum BlockMode {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 pub enum Expr {
-    Or { left: Box<Expr>, right: Box<Expr> },
-    And { left: Box<Expr>, right: Box<Expr> },
-    Not { expr: Box<Expr> },
-    Compare { cmp: Comparison, left: Box<Expr>, right: Box<Expr> },
-    Include { haystack: Box<Expr>, needle: Box<Expr> },
-    Int { value: i64 },
-    Float { value: f64 },
-    Str { value: String },
-    Bool { value: bool },
+    Or {
+        left: Box<Self>,
+        right: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    And {
+        left: Box<Self>,
+        right: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Not {
+        expr: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Compare {
+        cmp: Comparison,
+        left: Box<Self>,
+        right: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Include {
+        haystack: Box<Self>,
+        needle: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Int {
+        value: i64,
+    },
+    Float {
+        value: f64,
+    },
+    Str {
+        value: String,
+    },
+    Bool {
+        value: bool,
+    },
     Nil,
-    Add { left: Box<Expr>, right: Box<Expr> },
-    Sub { left: Box<Expr>, right: Box<Expr> },
-    Mul { left: Box<Expr>, right: Box<Expr> },
-    Div { left: Box<Expr>, right: Box<Expr> },
-    SignTest { cmp: Comparison, receiver: Box<Expr> },
-    Empty { receiver: Box<Expr> },
-    ToS { receiver: Box<Expr> },
-    Modulo { receiver: Box<Expr>, divisor: Box<Expr> },
-    Size { receiver: Box<Expr> },
-    Lookup { path: Vec<String> },
-    BlockPredicate { mode: BlockMode, receiver: Box<Expr>, param: String, predicate: Box<Expr> },
-    Find { receiver: Box<Expr>, param: String, predicate: Box<Expr>, path: Vec<String> },
-    Array { elements: Vec<Expr> },
-    MatchesRegex { receiver: Box<Expr>, pattern: String, flags: String },
-    Presence { receiver: Box<Expr>, negated: bool },
-    Assignment { receiver: Box<Expr>, negated: bool },
-    Split { receiver: Box<Expr>, separator: String },
-    Strip { receiver: Box<Expr>, side: StripSide },
-    StartsWith { receiver: Box<Expr>, substring: String },
-    EndsWith { receiver: Box<Expr>, substring: String },
-    First { receiver: Box<Expr> },
-    Last { receiver: Box<Expr> },
+    Add {
+        left: Box<Self>,
+        right: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Sub {
+        left: Box<Self>,
+        right: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Mul {
+        left: Box<Self>,
+        right: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Div {
+        left: Box<Self>,
+        right: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    SignTest {
+        cmp: Comparison,
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Empty {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    ToS {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Modulo {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        divisor: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Size {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Lookup {
+        path: Vec<String>,
+    },
+    BlockPredicate {
+        mode: BlockMode,
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        param: String,
+        predicate: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Find {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        param: String,
+        predicate: Box<Self>,
+        path: Vec<String>,
+    },
+    Array {
+        elements: Vec<Self>,
+    },
+    MatchesRegex {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        pattern: String,
+        flags: String,
+    },
+    Presence {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        negated: bool,
+    },
+    Assignment {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        negated: bool,
+    },
+    Split {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        separator: String,
+    },
+    Strip {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        side: StripSide,
+    },
+    StartsWith {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        substring: String,
+    },
+    EndsWith {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+        substring: String,
+    },
+    First {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+    },
+    Last {
+        receiver: Box<Self>,
+    },
 }
 
 /// Parses an invariant's `ast` node into an `Expr`.
 ///
 /// An unrecognized `"op"`, or a malformed shape under a known one, is an `Err`.
 pub fn parse(json: &Json) -> Result<Expr, String> {
-    let op = json.get("op").and_then(Json::as_str).ok_or_else(|| format!("{json} has no string \"op\" field"))?;
-
-    let field = |name: &str| json.get(name).ok_or_else(|| format!("{op} node has no {name:?} field: {json}"));
+    let op = json
+        .get("op")
+        .and_then(Json::as_str)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("{json} has no string \"op\" field"))?;
+
+    let field = |name: &str| {
+        json.get(name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("{op} node has no {name:?} field: {json}"))
+    };
     let expr = |name: &str| parse(field(name)?);
     let str_field = |name: &str| -> Result<String, String> {
-        field(name)?.as_str().map(str::to_string).ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s {name:?} isn't a string: {json}"))
+        field(name)?
+            .as_str()
+            .map(str::to_string)
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s {name:?} isn't a string: {json}"))
     };
     // `lookup.path` and `find.path` are segment arrays, never dotted strings.
     let path_field = |name: &str| -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
@@ -83,45 +179,117 @@ pub fn parse(json: &Json) -> Result<Expr, String> {
             .as_array()
             .ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s {name:?} isn't an array: {json}"))?
             .iter()
-            .map(|v| v.as_str().map(str::to_string).ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s {name:?} has a non-string element: {json}")))
+            .map(|v| {
+                v.as_str()
+                    .map(str::to_string)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s {name:?} has a non-string element: {json}"))
+            })
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
     };
     let comparison = || -> Result<Comparison, String> {
         let cmp = field("cmp")?;
         Ok(Comparison {
-            less_than: cmp.get("less_than").and_then(Json::as_bool).ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s cmp has no less_than: {json}"))?,
-            equal: cmp.get("equal").and_then(Json::as_bool).ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s cmp has no equal: {json}"))?,
-            negated: cmp.get("negated").and_then(Json::as_bool).ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s cmp has no negated: {json}"))?,
+            less_than: cmp
+                .get("less_than")
+                .and_then(Json::as_bool)
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s cmp has no less_than: {json}"))?,
+            equal: cmp
+                .get("equal")
+                .and_then(Json::as_bool)
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s cmp has no equal: {json}"))?,
+            negated: cmp
+                .get("negated")
+                .and_then(Json::as_bool)
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("{op}'s cmp has no negated: {json}"))?,
         })
     };
 
     Ok(match op {
-        "or" => Expr::Or { left: Box::new(expr("left")?), right: Box::new(expr("right")?) },
-        "and" => Expr::And { left: Box::new(expr("left")?), right: Box::new(expr("right")?) },
-        "not" => Expr::Not { expr: Box::new(expr("expr")?) },
-        "compare" => Expr::Compare { cmp: comparison()?, left: Box::new(expr("left")?), right: Box::new(expr("right")?) },
-        "include" => Expr::Include { haystack: Box::new(expr("haystack")?), needle: Box::new(expr("needle")?) },
-        "int" => Expr::Int { value: field("value")?.as_i64().ok_or_else(|| format!("int's value isn't an integer: {json}"))? },
-        "float" => Expr::Float { value: field("value")?.as_f64().ok_or_else(|| format!("float's value isn't a number: {json}"))? },
-        "str" => Expr::Str { value: str_field("value")? },
-        "bool" => Expr::Bool { value: field("value")?.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| format!("bool's value isn't a boolean: {json}"))? },
+        "or" => Expr::Or {
+            left: Box::new(expr("left")?),
+            right: Box::new(expr("right")?),
+        },
+        "and" => Expr::And {
+            left: Box::new(expr("left")?),
+            right: Box::new(expr("right")?),
+        },
+        "not" => Expr::Not {
+            expr: Box::new(expr("expr")?),
+        },
+        "compare" => Expr::Compare {
+            cmp: comparison()?,
+            left: Box::new(expr("left")?),
+            right: Box::new(expr("right")?),
+        },
+        "include" => Expr::Include {
+            haystack: Box::new(expr("haystack")?),
+            needle: Box::new(expr("needle")?),
+        },
+        "int" => Expr::Int {
+            value: field("value")?
+                .as_i64()
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("int's value isn't an integer: {json}"))?,
+        },
+        "float" => Expr::Float {
+            value: field("value")?
+                .as_f64()
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("float's value isn't a number: {json}"))?,
+        },
+        "str" => Expr::Str {
+            value: str_field("value")?,
+        },
+        "bool" => Expr::Bool {
+            value: field("value")?
+                .as_bool()
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("bool's value isn't a boolean: {json}"))?,
+        },
         "nil" => Expr::Nil,
-        "add" => Expr::Add { left: Box::new(expr("left")?), right: Box::new(expr("right")?) },
-        "sub" => Expr::Sub { left: Box::new(expr("left")?), right: Box::new(expr("right")?) },
-        "mul" => Expr::Mul { left: Box::new(expr("left")?), right: Box::new(expr("right")?) },
-        "div" => Expr::Div { left: Box::new(expr("left")?), right: Box::new(expr("right")?) },
-        "sign_test" => Expr::SignTest { cmp: comparison()?, receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?) },
-        "empty" => Expr::Empty { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?) },
-        "to_s" => Expr::ToS { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?) },
-        "modulo" => Expr::Modulo { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?), divisor: Box::new(expr("divisor")?) },
-        "size" => Expr::Size { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?) },
-        "lookup" => Expr::Lookup { path: path_field("path")? },
+        "add" => Expr::Add {
+            left: Box::new(expr("left")?),
+            right: Box::new(expr("right")?),
+        },
+        "sub" => Expr::Sub {
+            left: Box::new(expr("left")?),
+            right: Box::new(expr("right")?),
+        },
+        "mul" => Expr::Mul {
+            left: Box::new(expr("left")?),
+            right: Box::new(expr("right")?),
+        },
+        "div" => Expr::Div {
+            left: Box::new(expr("left")?),
+            right: Box::new(expr("right")?),
+        },
+        "sign_test" => Expr::SignTest {
+            cmp: comparison()?,
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+        },
+        "empty" => Expr::Empty {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+        },
+        "to_s" => Expr::ToS {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+        },
+        "modulo" => Expr::Modulo {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+            divisor: Box::new(expr("divisor")?),
+        },
+        "size" => Expr::Size {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+        },
+        "lookup" => Expr::Lookup {
+            path: path_field("path")?,
+        },
         "block_predicate" => Expr::BlockPredicate {
             mode: match str_field("mode")?.as_str() {
                 "all" => BlockMode::All,
                 "any" => BlockMode::Any,
                 "none" => BlockMode::None,
-                other => return Err(format!("block_predicate's mode {other:?} is none of all/any/none: {json}")),
+                other => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "block_predicate's mode {other:?} is none of all/any/none: {json}"
+                    ))
+                }
             },
             receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
             param: str_field("param")?,
@@ -141,29 +309,54 @@ pub fn parse(json: &Json) -> Result<Expr, String> {
                 .map(parse)
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
         },
-        "matches_regex" => Expr::MatchesRegex { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?), pattern: str_field("pattern")?, flags: str_field("flags")? },
+        "matches_regex" => Expr::MatchesRegex {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+            pattern: str_field("pattern")?,
+            flags: str_field("flags")?,
+        },
         "presence" => Expr::Presence {
             receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
-            negated: field("negated")?.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| format!("presence's negated isn't a boolean: {json}"))?,
+            negated: field("negated")?
+                .as_bool()
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("presence's negated isn't a boolean: {json}"))?,
         },
         "assignment" => Expr::Assignment {
             receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
-            negated: field("negated")?.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| format!("assignment's negated isn't a boolean: {json}"))?,
+            negated: field("negated")?
+                .as_bool()
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("assignment's negated isn't a boolean: {json}"))?,
+        },
+        "split" => Expr::Split {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+            separator: str_field("separator")?,
         },
-        "split" => Expr::Split { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?), separator: str_field("separator")? },
         "strip" => Expr::Strip {
             receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
             side: match str_field("side")?.as_str() {
                 "both" => StripSide::Both,
                 "left" => StripSide::Left,
                 "right" => StripSide::Right,
-                other => return Err(format!("strip's side {other:?} is none of both/left/right: {json}")),
+                other => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "strip's side {other:?} is none of both/left/right: {json}"
+                    ))
+                }
             },
         },
-        "starts_with" => Expr::StartsWith { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?), substring: str_field("substring")? },
-        "ends_with" => Expr::EndsWith { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?), substring: str_field("substring")? },
-        "first" => Expr::First { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?) },
-        "last" => Expr::Last { receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?) },
+        "starts_with" => Expr::StartsWith {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+            substring: str_field("substring")?,
+        },
+        "ends_with" => Expr::EndsWith {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+            substring: str_field("substring")?,
+        },
+        "first" => Expr::First {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+        },
+        "last" => Expr::Last {
+            receiver: Box::new(expr("receiver")?),
+        },
         other => return Err(format!("unrecognized expression op {other:?}: {json}")),
     })
 }
@@ -180,7 +373,7 @@ pub enum Value {
     Str(String),
     Bool(bool),
     Nil,
-    Array(Vec<Value>),
+    Array(Vec<Self>),
     Object(Json),
 }
 
@@ -188,32 +381,33 @@ impl Value {
     /// Ruby truthiness: everything but `Nil` and `false`.
     ///
     /// Invariant results are checked for truthiness, not `== true`, as `given`/`ensures` are.
-    pub(crate) fn truthy(&self) -> bool {
-        !matches!(self, Value::Nil | Value::Bool(false))
+    pub(crate) const fn truthy(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(self, Self::Nil | Self::Bool(false))
     }
 
-    fn from_json(json: &Json) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    fn from_json(json: &Json) -> Result<Self, String> {
         match json {
-            Json::Null => Ok(Value::Nil),
-            Json::Bool(b) => Ok(Value::Bool(*b)),
-            Json::Number(n) => {
-                if let Some(i) = n.as_i64() {
-                    Ok(Value::Int(i))
-                } else if let Some(f) = n.as_f64() {
-                    Ok(Value::Float(f))
-                } else {
-                    Err(format!("{n} is a number this interpreter cannot represent"))
-                }
-            }
-            Json::String(s) => Ok(Value::Str(s.clone())),
-            Json::Array(items) => Ok(Value::Array(items.iter().map(Value::from_json).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?)),
-            Json::Object(_) => Ok(Value::Object(json.clone())),
+            Json::Null => Ok(Self::Nil),
+            Json::Bool(b) => Ok(Self::Bool(*b)),
+            Json::Number(n) => n
+                .as_i64()
+                .map(Self::Int)
+                .or_else(|| n.as_f64().map(Self::Float))
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("{n} is a number this interpreter cannot represent")),
+            Json::String(s) => Ok(Self::Str(s.clone())),
+            Json::Array(items) => Ok(Self::Array(
+                items
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(Self::from_json)
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
+            )),
+            Json::Object(_) => Ok(Self::Object(json.clone())),
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// The value as an `f64` when it is an `Int` or `Float`.
-fn numeric(v: &Value) -> Option<f64> {
+const fn numeric(v: &Value) -> Option<f64> {
     match v {
         Value::Int(i) => Some(*i as f64),
         Value::Float(f) => Some(*f),
@@ -223,23 +417,32 @@ fn numeric(v: &Value) -> Option<f64> {
 
 /// An `Int` and a `Float` are equal only when the float is a whole number that is that integer.
 fn int_equals_float(i: i64, f: f64) -> bool {
-    f.is_finite() && f.fract() == 0.0 && (-9.223_372_036_854_775_808e18..9.223_372_036_854_775_808e18).contains(&f) && f as i64 == i
+    f.is_finite()
+        && f.fract() == 0.0
+        && (-9.223_372_036_854_776e18..9.223_372_036_854_776e18).contains(&f)
+        && f as i64 == i
 }
 
 /// Ruby's `==` after `Evaluator.equal?`: numbers compare across kinds, and lists and objects
 /// compare element by element with the same rule, so `[1] == [1.0]`.
+#[allow(clippy::float_cmp)] // reason: Ruby's `Float#==` is exact, and this mirrors it
 fn values_equal(l: &Value, r: &Value) -> bool {
     match (l, r) {
         (Value::Int(a), Value::Int(b)) => a == b,
-        (Value::Int(i), Value::Float(f)) | (Value::Float(f), Value::Int(i)) => int_equals_float(*i, *f),
+        (Value::Int(i), Value::Float(f)) | (Value::Float(f), Value::Int(i)) => {
+            int_equals_float(*i, *f)
+        }
         (Value::Float(a), Value::Float(b)) => a == b,
-        (Value::Array(a), Value::Array(b)) => a.len() == b.len() && a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| values_equal(x, y)),
+        (Value::Array(a), Value::Array(b)) => {
+            a.len() == b.len() && a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| values_equal(x, y))
+        }
         (Value::Object(Json::Object(a)), Value::Object(Json::Object(b))) => {
             a.len() == b.len()
-                && a.iter().all(|(key, x)| match (b.get(key), Value::from_json(x)) {
-                    (Some(y), Ok(x)) => Value::from_json(y).is_ok_and(|y| values_equal(&x, &y)),
-                    _ => false,
-                })
+                && a.iter()
+                    .all(|(key, x)| match (b.get(key), Value::from_json(x)) {
+                        (Some(y), Ok(x)) => Value::from_json(y).is_ok_and(|y| values_equal(&x, &y)),
+                        _ => false,
+                    })
         }
         _ => l == r,
     }
@@ -253,14 +456,18 @@ fn less_than(l: &Value, r: &Value) -> Result<bool, String> {
             (Some(a), Some(b)) => Ok(a < b),
             _ => match (l, r) {
                 (Value::Str(a), Value::Str(b)) => Ok(a < b),
-                _ => Err(format!("comparison of {} with {} failed", class_of(l), describe(r))),
+                _ => Err(format!(
+                    "comparison of {} with {} failed",
+                    class_of(l),
+                    describe(r)
+                )),
             },
         },
     }
 }
 
 /// ORs `<` and `==`, then negates if the operator says so; `SignTest` reuses it against 0.
-fn apply_comparison(op: &Comparison, l: &Value, r: &Value) -> Result<bool, String> {
+fn apply_comparison(op: Comparison, l: &Value, r: &Value) -> Result<bool, String> {
     let lt = op.less_than && less_than(l, r)?;
     let eq = op.equal && values_equal(l, r);
     Ok(if op.negated { !(lt || eq) } else { lt || eq })
@@ -274,12 +481,15 @@ fn to_s(v: &Value) -> Result<String, String> {
         Value::Float(f) => Ok(ruby_float(*f)),
         Value::Bool(b) => Ok(b.to_string()),
         Value::Nil => Ok(String::new()),
-        Value::Array(_) | Value::Object(_) => Err(format!("to_s expects a scalar, got {}", describe(v))),
+        Value::Array(_) | Value::Object(_) => {
+            Err(format!("to_s expects a scalar, got {}", describe(v)))
+        }
     }
 }
 
 /// Ruby's `Float#to_s`: shortest round-trip digits, fixed notation for exponents -4 through 14,
 /// `d.ddde+XX` outside that.
+#[allow(clippy::expect_used)] // reason: Rust's exponent format always has `e` and an integer exponent
 fn ruby_float(f: f64) -> String {
     if f.is_nan() {
         return "NaN".to_string();
@@ -292,8 +502,10 @@ fn ruby_float(f: f64) -> String {
         return format!("{sign}0.0");
     }
     let scientific = format!("{:e}", f.abs());
-    let (mantissa, exponent) = scientific.split_once('e').expect("`{:e}` always has an exponent");
-    let exponent: i32 = exponent.parse().expect("`{:e}` exponent is an integer");
+    let (mantissa, exponent) = scientific
+        .split_once('e')
+        .expect("exponent form always has an exponent");
+    let exponent: i32 = exponent.parse().expect("exponent is an integer");
     let digits: String = mantissa.chars().filter(|c| *c != '.').collect();
     if (-4..15).contains(&exponent) {
         if exponent >= 0 {
@@ -301,7 +513,10 @@ fn ruby_float(f: f64) -> String {
             let (int_part, frac_part) = if digits.len() > whole {
                 (digits[..whole].to_string(), digits[whole..].to_string())
             } else {
-                (format!("{digits}{}", "0".repeat(whole - digits.len())), "0".to_string())
+                (
+                    format!("{digits}{}", "0".repeat(whole - digits.len())),
+                    "0".to_string(),
+                )
             };
             format!("{sign}{int_part}.{frac_part}")
         } else {
@@ -309,12 +524,18 @@ fn ruby_float(f: f64) -> String {
         }
     } else {
         let frac = if digits.len() > 1 { &digits[1..] } else { "0" };
-        format!("{sign}{}.{frac}e{}{:02}", &digits[..1], if exponent < 0 { '-' } else { '+' }, exponent.abs())
+        format!(
+            "{sign}{}.{frac}e{}{:02}",
+            &digits[..1],
+            if exponent < 0 { '-' } else { '+' },
+            exponent.abs()
+        )
     }
 }
 
 /// Ruby's `String#inspect` for a UTF-8 string.
 fn ruby_inspect(s: &str) -> String {
+    use std::fmt::Write;
     let mut out = String::from("\"");
     let mut chars = s.chars().peekable();
     while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
@@ -330,7 +551,9 @@ fn ruby_inspect(s: &str) -> String {
             '\u{0c}' => out.push_str("\\f"),
             '\u{1b}' => out.push_str("\\e"),
             '#' if matches!(chars.peek(), Some('{' | '$' | '@')) => out.push_str("\\#"),
-            c if (c as u32) < 0x20 || c as u32 == 0x7f => out.push_str(&format!("\\u{:04X}", c as u32)),
+            c if (c as u32) < 0x20 || c as u32 == 0x7f => {
+                let _ = write!(out, "\\u{:04X}", c as u32); // writing to a String cannot fail
+            }
             c => out.push(c),
         }
     }
@@ -346,7 +569,10 @@ fn generate(v: &Value) -> String {
         Value::Int(i) => i.to_string(),
         Value::Float(f) => ruby_float(*f),
         Value::Str(s) => Json::String(s.clone()).to_string(),
-        Value::Array(items) => format!("[{}]", items.iter().map(generate).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(",")),
+        Value::Array(items) => format!(
+            "[{}]",
+            items.iter().map(generate).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(",")
+        ),
         Value::Object(json) => json.to_string(),
     }
 }
@@ -361,7 +587,7 @@ fn describe(v: &Value) -> String {
 }
 
 /// The Ruby class name an error message gives for a value; `nil` for nil, as `class_of` does.
-fn class_of(v: &Value) -> &'static str {
+const fn class_of(v: &Value) -> &'static str {
     match v {
         Value::Nil => "nil",
         Value::Int(_) => "Integer",
@@ -379,7 +605,10 @@ fn class_of(v: &Value) -> &'static str {
 fn require_number(v: &Value, operation: &str) -> Result<Value, String> {
     match v {
         Value::Int(_) | Value::Float(_) => Ok(v.clone()),
-        other => Err(format!("{operation} expects a number, got {}", describe(other))),
+        other => Err(format!(
+            "{operation} expects a number, got {}",
+            describe(other)
+        )),
     }
 }
 
@@ -388,13 +617,19 @@ fn add(left: &Value, right: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let lhs = require_number(left, "addition")?;
     let rhs = require_number(right, "addition")?;
     if let (Value::Int(a), Value::Int(b)) = (&lhs, &rhs) {
-        return a.checked_add(*b).map(Value::Int).ok_or_else(|| format!("addition overflowed: {a} + {b} does not fit in a 64-bit integer"));
+        return a.checked_add(*b).map(Value::Int).ok_or_else(|| {
+            format!("addition overflowed: {a} + {b} does not fit in a 64-bit integer")
+        });
     }
     let sum = numeric(&lhs).unwrap_or_default() + numeric(&rhs).unwrap_or_default();
     if sum.is_finite() {
         Ok(Value::Float(sum))
     } else {
-        Err(format!("addition overflowed: {} + {} is not a finite number", to_s(&lhs)?, to_s(&rhs)?))
+        Err(format!(
+            "addition overflowed: {} + {} is not a finite number",
+            to_s(&lhs)?,
+            to_s(&rhs)?
+        ))
     }
 }
 
@@ -411,15 +646,22 @@ fn arithmetic(
     let lhs = require_number(left, name)?;
     let rhs = require_number(right, name)?;
     if let (Value::Int(a), Value::Int(b)) = (&lhs, &rhs) {
-        return int_op(*a, *b)
-            .map(Value::Int)
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("{name} overflowed: {a} {symbol} {b} does not fit in a 64-bit integer"));
-    }
-    let result = float_op(numeric(&lhs).unwrap_or_default(), numeric(&rhs).unwrap_or_default());
+        return int_op(*a, *b).map(Value::Int).ok_or_else(|| {
+            format!("{name} overflowed: {a} {symbol} {b} does not fit in a 64-bit integer")
+        });
+    }
+    let result = float_op(
+        numeric(&lhs).unwrap_or_default(),
+        numeric(&rhs).unwrap_or_default(),
+    );
     if result.is_finite() {
         Ok(Value::Float(result))
     } else {
-        Err(format!("{name} overflowed: {} {symbol} {} is not a finite number", to_s(&lhs)?, to_s(&rhs)?))
+        Err(format!(
+            "{name} overflowed: {} {symbol} {} is not a finite number",
+            to_s(&lhs)?,
+            to_s(&rhs)?
+        ))
     }
 }
 
@@ -434,7 +676,11 @@ fn divide(left: &Value, right: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
 /// Floored integer division; `None` only for `i64::MIN / -1`, which does not fit in 64 bits.
 fn floor_div(a: i64, b: i64) -> Option<i64> {
     let quotient = a.checked_div(b)?;
-    Some(if a % b != 0 && ((a < 0) != (b < 0)) { quotient - 1 } else { quotient })
+    Some(if a % b != 0 && ((a < 0) != (b < 0)) {
+        quotient - 1
+    } else {
+        quotient
+    })
 }
 
 /// `Resolver.apply_modulo`: floored like Ruby's `%`, so the result takes the divisor's sign.
@@ -450,12 +696,24 @@ fn modulo(receiver: &Value, divisor: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
             return Ok(Value::Int(0));
         }
         let raw = r % d;
-        return Ok(Value::Int(if raw != 0 && (raw < 0) != (*d < 0) { raw + d } else { raw }));
+        return Ok(Value::Int(if raw != 0 && (raw < 0) != (*d < 0) {
+            raw + d
+        } else {
+            raw
+        }));
     }
     let x = numeric(&receiver).unwrap_or_default();
     let y = numeric(&divisor).unwrap_or_default();
-    let remainder = if y.is_infinite() && !x.is_infinite() { x } else { x % y };
-    Ok(Value::Float(if y * remainder < 0.0 { remainder + y } else { remainder }))
+    let remainder = if y.is_infinite() && !x.is_infinite() {
+        x
+    } else {
+        x % y
+    };
+    Ok(Value::Float(if y * remainder < 0.0 {
+        remainder + y
+    } else {
+        remainder
+    }))
 }
 
 /// `Resolver.blank?`: nil, false, and an empty string, list or object.
@@ -467,7 +725,7 @@ fn blank(v: &Value) -> bool {
         Value::Nil | Value::Bool(false) => true,
         Value::Str(s) => s.is_empty(),
         Value::Array(items) => items.is_empty(),
-        Value::Object(json) => json.as_object().is_some_and(|fields| fields.is_empty()),
+        Value::Object(json) => json.as_object().is_some_and(serde_json::Map::is_empty),
         _ => false,
     }
 }
@@ -476,7 +734,11 @@ fn blank(v: &Value) -> bool {
 /// characters, anything else on the literal text; trailing empty fields are dropped.
 fn split(text: &str, separator: &str) -> Vec<Value> {
     let mut parts: Vec<String> = match separator {
-        " " => text.split([' ', '\t', '\n', '\u{0b}', '\u{0c}', '\r']).filter(|p| !p.is_empty()).map(str::to_string).collect(),
+        " " => text
+            .split([' ', '\t', '\n', '\u{0b}', '\u{0c}', '\r'])
+            .filter(|p| !p.is_empty())
+            .map(str::to_string)
+            .collect(),
         "" => text.chars().map(String::from).collect(),
         sep => text.split(sep).map(str::to_string).collect(),
     };
@@ -504,6 +766,7 @@ fn strip(text: &str, side: StripSide) -> String {
 /// the classes as Unicode and the anchors as text anchors, so both are rewritten. `m` is
 /// Ruby's dot-matches-newline; `\Z` (end, or before a final newline) becomes `\n?\z`.
 fn ruby_regex(pattern: &str, flags: &str) -> Result<regex::Regex, String> {
+    use std::fmt::Write;
     let mut source = String::new();
     let mut in_class = false;
     let mut class_start = 0;
@@ -535,7 +798,9 @@ fn ruby_regex(pattern: &str, flags: &str) -> Result<regex::Regex, String> {
             };
             match (next.is_ascii_uppercase(), in_class) {
                 (false, true) => source.push_str(positive),
-                (false, false) => source.push_str(&format!("[{positive}]")),
+                (false, false) => {
+                    let _ = write!(source, "[{positive}]"); // writing to a String cannot fail
+                }
                 (true, _) => source.push_str(negative),
             }
             continue;
@@ -564,14 +829,19 @@ fn ruby_regex(pattern: &str, flags: &str) -> Result<regex::Regex, String> {
         .dot_matches_new_line(flags.contains('m'))
         .ignore_whitespace(flags.contains('x'))
         .build()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("match? given an invalid pattern {} — {e}", ruby_inspect(pattern)))
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            format!(
+                "match? given an invalid pattern {} — {e}",
+                ruby_inspect(pattern)
+            )
+        })
 }
 
 /// One block parameter bound to its element, innermost first; `attrs` in `Resolver#fetch`.
 struct Scope<'a> {
     name: &'a str,
     value: Value,
-    outer: Option<&'a Scope<'a>>,
+    outer: Option<&'a Self>,
 }
 
 impl Scope<'_> {
@@ -601,52 +871,91 @@ fn eval(expr: &Expr, instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>) -> Result<Value, St
         Expr::Str { value } => Ok(Value::Str(value.clone())),
         Expr::Bool { value } => Ok(Value::Bool(*value)),
         Expr::Nil => Ok(Value::Nil),
-        Expr::Array { elements } => Ok(Value::Array(elements.iter().map(recur).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?)),
+        Expr::Array { elements } => Ok(Value::Array(
+            elements.iter().map(recur).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
+        )),
         Expr::Lookup { path } => lookup(path, instance, scope),
-        Expr::Or { left, right } => Ok(Value::Bool(recur(left)?.truthy() || recur(right)?.truthy())),
-        Expr::And { left, right } => Ok(Value::Bool(recur(left)?.truthy() && recur(right)?.truthy())),
+        Expr::Or { left, right } => {
+            Ok(Value::Bool(recur(left)?.truthy() || recur(right)?.truthy()))
+        }
+        Expr::And { left, right } => {
+            Ok(Value::Bool(recur(left)?.truthy() && recur(right)?.truthy()))
+        }
         Expr::Not { expr } => Ok(Value::Bool(!recur(expr)?.truthy())),
-        Expr::Compare { cmp, left, right } => Ok(Value::Bool(apply_comparison(cmp, &recur(left)?, &recur(right)?)?)),
+        Expr::Compare { cmp, left, right } => Ok(Value::Bool(apply_comparison(
+            *cmp,
+            &recur(left)?,
+            &recur(right)?,
+        )?)),
         // The needle resolves before the haystack, as `Evaluator.includes?` does.
         Expr::Include { haystack, needle } => {
             let wanted = recur(needle)?;
             match recur(haystack)? {
-                Value::Array(items) => Ok(Value::Bool(items.iter().any(|item| values_equal(item, &wanted)))),
+                Value::Array(items) => Ok(Value::Bool(
+                    items.iter().any(|item| values_equal(item, &wanted)),
+                )),
                 Value::Str(text) => match &wanted {
                     Value::Str(part) => Ok(Value::Bool(text.contains(part.as_str()))),
-                    other => Err(format!("no implicit conversion of {} into String", class_of(other))),
+                    other => Err(format!(
+                        "no implicit conversion of {} into String",
+                        class_of(other)
+                    )),
                 },
                 _ => Ok(Value::Bool(false)),
             }
         }
         Expr::Add { left, right } => add(&recur(left)?, &recur(right)?),
-        Expr::Sub { left, right } => {
-            arithmetic("subtraction", "-", &recur(left)?, &recur(right)?, i64::checked_sub, |a, b| a - b)
-        }
-        Expr::Mul { left, right } => {
-            arithmetic("multiplication", "*", &recur(left)?, &recur(right)?, i64::checked_mul, |a, b| a * b)
-        }
+        Expr::Sub { left, right } => arithmetic(
+            "subtraction",
+            "-",
+            &recur(left)?,
+            &recur(right)?,
+            i64::checked_sub,
+            |a, b| a - b,
+        ),
+        Expr::Mul { left, right } => arithmetic(
+            "multiplication",
+            "*",
+            &recur(left)?,
+            &recur(right)?,
+            i64::checked_mul,
+            |a, b| a * b,
+        ),
         Expr::Div { left, right } => divide(&recur(left)?, &recur(right)?),
         Expr::Modulo { receiver, divisor } => modulo(&recur(receiver)?, &recur(divisor)?),
         Expr::SignTest { cmp, receiver } => {
             let v = recur(receiver)?;
             if numeric(&v).is_none() {
-                return Err(format!("{} expects a number, got {}", sign_test_name(cmp), describe(&v)));
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "{} expects a number, got {}",
+                    sign_test_name(*cmp),
+                    describe(&v)
+                ));
             }
-            Ok(Value::Bool(apply_comparison(cmp, &v, &Value::Int(0))?))
+            Ok(Value::Bool(apply_comparison(*cmp, &v, &Value::Int(0))?))
         }
         Expr::Empty { receiver } => match recur(receiver)? {
             Value::Str(s) => Ok(Value::Bool(s.is_empty())),
             Value::Array(items) => Ok(Value::Bool(items.is_empty())),
-            other => Err(format!("empty? expects a list or string, got {}", describe(&other))),
+            other => Err(format!(
+                "empty? expects a list or string, got {}",
+                describe(&other)
+            )),
         },
         Expr::Size { receiver } => match recur(receiver)? {
             Value::Str(s) => Ok(Value::Int(s.chars().count() as i64)),
             Value::Array(items) => Ok(Value::Int(items.len() as i64)),
-            other => Err(format!("size expects a list or string, got {}", describe(&other))),
+            other => Err(format!(
+                "size expects a list or string, got {}",
+                describe(&other)
+            )),
         },
         Expr::ToS { receiver } => Ok(Value::Str(to_s(&recur(receiver)?)?)),
-        Expr::MatchesRegex { receiver, pattern, flags } => {
+        Expr::MatchesRegex {
+            receiver,
+            pattern,
+            flags,
+        } => {
             let text = match recur(receiver)? {
                 Value::Str(s) => s,
                 v @ (Value::Int(_) | Value::Float(_)) => to_s(&v)?,
@@ -655,9 +964,16 @@ fn eval(expr: &Expr, instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>) -> Result<Value, St
             };
             Ok(Value::Bool(ruby_regex(pattern, flags)?.is_match(&text)))
         }
-        Expr::Presence { receiver, negated } => Ok(Value::Bool(blank(&recur(receiver)?) == *negated)),
-        Expr::Assignment { receiver, negated } => Ok(Value::Bool((recur(receiver)? == Value::Nil) == *negated)),
-        Expr::Split { receiver, separator } => match recur(receiver)? {
+        Expr::Presence { receiver, negated } => {
+            Ok(Value::Bool(blank(&recur(receiver)?) == *negated))
+        }
+        Expr::Assignment { receiver, negated } => {
+            Ok(Value::Bool((recur(receiver)? == Value::Nil) == *negated))
+        }
+        Expr::Split {
+            receiver,
+            separator,
+        } => match recur(receiver)? {
             Value::Str(text) => Ok(Value::Array(split(&text, separator))),
             other => Err(format!("split expects a string, got {}", describe(&other))),
         },
@@ -673,17 +989,34 @@ fn eval(expr: &Expr, instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>) -> Result<Value, St
             Value::Str(text) => Ok(Value::Str(strip(&text, *side))),
             other => Err(format!("strip expects a string, got {}", describe(&other))),
         },
-        Expr::StartsWith { receiver, substring } => match recur(receiver)? {
+        Expr::StartsWith {
+            receiver,
+            substring,
+        } => match recur(receiver)? {
             Value::Str(text) => Ok(Value::Bool(text.starts_with(substring.as_str()))),
-            other => Err(format!("start_with? expects a string, got {}", describe(&other))),
+            other => Err(format!(
+                "start_with? expects a string, got {}",
+                describe(&other)
+            )),
         },
-        Expr::EndsWith { receiver, substring } => match recur(receiver)? {
+        Expr::EndsWith {
+            receiver,
+            substring,
+        } => match recur(receiver)? {
             Value::Str(text) => Ok(Value::Bool(text.ends_with(substring.as_str()))),
-            other => Err(format!("end_with? expects a string, got {}", describe(&other))),
+            other => Err(format!(
+                "end_with? expects a string, got {}",
+                describe(&other)
+            )),
         },
         // Every element is evaluated before aggregating, so an error on any element surfaces as
         // it does in Ruby.
-        Expr::BlockPredicate { mode, receiver, param, predicate } => {
+        Expr::BlockPredicate {
+            mode,
+            receiver,
+            param,
+            predicate,
+        } => {
             let mode_name = match mode {
                 BlockMode::All => "all",
                 BlockMode::Any => "any",
@@ -691,7 +1024,12 @@ fn eval(expr: &Expr, instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>) -> Result<Value, St
             };
             let items = match recur(receiver)? {
                 Value::Array(items) => items,
-                other => return Err(format!("{mode_name}? expects a list, got {}", describe(&other))),
+                other => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "{mode_name}? expects a list, got {}",
+                        describe(&other)
+                    ))
+                }
             };
             let mut outcomes = Vec::with_capacity(items.len());
             for item in items {
@@ -704,14 +1042,23 @@ fn eval(expr: &Expr, instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>) -> Result<Value, St
             }))
         }
         // The first accepted element ends the scan; a miss is nil, not an error.
-        Expr::Find { receiver, param, predicate, path } => {
+        Expr::Find {
+            receiver,
+            param,
+            predicate,
+            path,
+        } => {
             let items = match recur(receiver)? {
                 Value::Array(items) => items,
                 other => return Err(format!("find expects a list, got {}", describe(&other))),
             };
             for item in items {
                 if bound(param, item.clone(), instance, scope, predicate)?.truthy() {
-                    return if path.is_empty() { Ok(unwrap_scalar(item)) } else { Ok(unwrap_scalar(walk_path(item, path)?)) };
+                    return if path.is_empty() {
+                        Ok(unwrap_scalar(item))
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(unwrap_scalar(walk_path(item, path)?))
+                    };
                 }
             }
             Ok(Value::Nil)
@@ -720,14 +1067,24 @@ fn eval(expr: &Expr, instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>) -> Result<Value, St
 }
 
 /// Evaluates a block's `predicate` with `param` bound to `item`, shadowing any same-named field.
-fn bound(param: &str, item: Value, instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>, predicate: &Expr) -> Result<Value, String> {
-    let inner = Scope { name: param, value: item, outer: scope };
+fn bound(
+    param: &str,
+    item: Value,
+    instance: &Json,
+    scope: Option<&Scope>,
+    predicate: &Expr,
+) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let inner = Scope {
+        name: param,
+        value: item,
+        outer: scope,
+    };
     eval(predicate, instance, Some(&inner))
 }
 
 /// The `sign_test` a comparison's flags spell, for the error message: `positive?` is
 /// `!(< 0 || == 0)`, `negative?` is `< 0`, `zero?` is `== 0`.
-fn sign_test_name(cmp: &Comparison) -> &'static str {
+const fn sign_test_name(cmp: Comparison) -> &'static str {
     match (cmp.less_than, cmp.equal) {
         (true, true) => "positive?",
         (true, false) => "negative?",
@@ -738,7 +1095,10 @@ fn sign_test_name(cmp: &Comparison) -> &'static str {
 /// `Resolver.unwrap_scalar`: a one-field value object reads as its one value.
 fn unwrap_scalar(v: Value) -> Value {
     let sole = match &v {
-        Value::Object(Json::Object(fields)) if fields.len() == 1 => fields.values().next().and_then(|only| Value::from_json(only).ok()),
+        Value::Object(Json::Object(fields)) if fields.len() == 1 => fields
+            .values()
+            .next()
+            .and_then(|only| Value::from_json(only).ok()),
         _ => None,
     };
     sole.unwrap_or(v)
@@ -758,7 +1118,13 @@ fn walk_path(start: Value, segments: &[String]) -> Result<Value, String> {
             },
             Value::Str(text) if text.contains(segment.as_str()) => Value::Str(segment.clone()),
             Value::Str(_) => Value::Nil,
-            Value::Array(_) | Value::Int(_) => return Err(format!("cannot read {} from {}", ruby_inspect(segment), describe(&current))),
+            Value::Array(_) | Value::Int(_) => {
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "cannot read {} from {}",
+                    ruby_inspect(segment),
+                    describe(&current)
+                ))
+            }
             _ => return Ok(Value::Nil),
         };
     }
@@ -773,9 +1139,12 @@ fn lookup(path: &[String], instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>) -> Result<Val
     };
     let start = match scope.and_then(|s| s.get(head)) {
         Some(value) => value.clone(),
-        None => Value::from_json(
-            instance.get(head).ok_or_else(|| format!("cannot resolve {} — no such attribute or argument", ruby_inspect(head)))?,
-        )?,
+        None => Value::from_json(instance.get(head).ok_or_else(|| {
+            format!(
+                "cannot resolve {} — no such attribute or argument",
+                ruby_inspect(head)
+            )
+        })?)?,
     };
     Ok(unwrap_scalar(walk_path(start, rest)?))
 }
@@ -784,6 +1153,7 @@ fn lookup(path: &[String], instance: &Json, scope: Option<&Scope>) -> Result<Val
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)] // reason: test helper called with inline literals
     fn field(name: &str, value: Json) -> Json {
         serde_json::json!({ name: value })
     }
@@ -795,15 +1165,30 @@ mod tests {
             "left":{"op":"lookup","path":["cents"]},"right":{"op":"int","value":0}});
         let expr = parse(&ast).expect("valid Expr JSON");
 
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("cents", serde_json::json!(1200))), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("cents", serde_json::json!(0))), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("cents", serde_json::json!(-1))), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("cents", serde_json::json!(1200))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("cents", serde_json::json!(0))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("cents", serde_json::json!(-1))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn a_compound_and_of_four_comparisons_matches_chess_square_bounds() {
         // `file >= 0 && file <= 7 && rank >= 0 && rank <= 7`, chess.bluebook's `Square`.
-        fn cmp(less_than: bool, equal: bool, negated: bool, field: &str, n: i64) -> serde_json::Value {
+        fn cmp(
+            less_than: bool,
+            equal: bool,
+            negated: bool,
+            field: &str,
+            n: i64,
+        ) -> serde_json::Value {
             serde_json::json!({"op":"compare","cmp":{"less_than":less_than,"equal":equal,"negated":negated},
                 "left":{"op":"lookup","path":[field]},"right":{"op":"int","value":n}})
         }
@@ -826,8 +1211,14 @@ mod tests {
         let ast = serde_json::json!({"op":"not","expr":{"op":"empty","receiver":{"op":"to_s","receiver":{"op":"lookup","path":["value"]}}}});
         let expr = parse(&ast).expect("valid Expr JSON");
 
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!("Margherita"))), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!(""))), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!("Margherita"))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!(""))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -836,9 +1227,18 @@ mod tests {
         let ast = serde_json::json!({"op":"sign_test","cmp":{"less_than":true,"equal":true,"negated":true},"receiver":{"op":"lookup","path":["value"]}});
         let expr = parse(&ast).expect("valid Expr JSON");
 
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!(5))), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!(0))), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!(-5))), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!(5))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!(0))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("value", serde_json::json!(-5))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -847,7 +1247,10 @@ mod tests {
             "left":{"op":"lookup","path":["cents"]},"right":{"op":"float","value":3.0}});
         let expr = parse(&ast).expect("valid Expr JSON");
 
-        assert_eq!(interpret(&expr, &field("cents", serde_json::json!(3))), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            interpret(&expr, &field("cents", serde_json::json!(3))),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -861,6 +1264,7 @@ mod tests {
     // differential spec `spec/rust_host_expr_json_conformance_spec.rb` re-checks them live.
     use serde_json::json;
 
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)] // reason: test helper called with inline literals
     fn run(ast: Json, instance: Json) -> Result<Value, String> {
         interpret(&parse(&ast).expect("valid Expr JSON"), &instance)
     }
@@ -877,10 +1281,12 @@ mod tests {
         json!({"op":"str","value":s})
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)] // reason: test helper called with inline literals
     fn call(op: &str, receiver: Json) -> Json {
         json!({"op":op,"receiver":receiver})
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)] // reason: test helper called with inline literals
     fn eq(left: Json, right: Json) -> Json {
         json!({"op":"compare","cmp":{"less_than":false,"equal":true,"negated":false},"left":left,"right":right})
     }
@@ -893,19 +1299,37 @@ mod tests {
     fn add_sums_numbers_and_promotes_to_float() {
         let add = |l: Json, r: Json| json!({"op":"add","left":l,"right":r});
         assert_eq!(run(add(int(2), int(3)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Int(5)));
-        assert_eq!(run(add(int(2), json!({"op":"float","value":1.5})), json!({})), Ok(Value::Float(3.5)));
-        assert_eq!(run(add(lookup_of("a"), int(1)), json!({"a": 9})), Ok(Value::Int(10)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(add(int(2), json!({"op":"float","value":1.5})), json!({})),
+            Ok(Value::Float(3.5))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(add(lookup_of("a"), int(1)), json!({"a": 9})),
+            Ok(Value::Int(10))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn add_refuses_a_non_number_and_an_overflow_with_rubys_words() {
         let add = |l: Json, r: Json| json!({"op":"add","left":l,"right":r});
-        assert_eq!(run(add(string("a"), int(1)), json!({})), Err("addition expects a number, got \"a\"".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(add(lookup_of("a"), int(1)), json!({"a": null})), Err("addition expects a number, got nil".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(add(int(1), lookup_of("a")), json!({"a": [1]})), Err("addition expects a number, got [1]".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(add(string("a"), int(1)), json!({})),
+            Err("addition expects a number, got \"a\"".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(add(lookup_of("a"), int(1)), json!({"a": null})),
+            Err("addition expects a number, got nil".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(add(int(1), lookup_of("a")), json!({"a": [1]})),
+            Err("addition expects a number, got [1]".to_string())
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             run(add(int(i64::MAX), int(1)), json!({})),
-            Err("addition overflowed: 9223372036854775807 + 1 does not fit in a 64-bit integer".to_string())
+            Err(
+                "addition overflowed: 9223372036854775807 + 1 does not fit in a 64-bit integer"
+                    .to_string()
+            )
         );
         let huge = json!({"op":"float","value":1.7e308});
         assert_eq!(
@@ -918,19 +1342,40 @@ mod tests {
     fn sub_mul_div_follow_rubys_limits_and_floor_integer_division() {
         let op = |name: &str, l: Json, r: Json| json!({"op":name,"left":l,"right":r});
         assert_eq!(run(op("sub", int(5), int(2)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Int(3)));
-        assert_eq!(run(op("mul", int(6), json!({"op":"float","value":0.5})), json!({})), Ok(Value::Float(3.0)));
-        assert_eq!(run(op("div", int(-7), int(2)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Int(-4)));
-        assert_eq!(run(op("div", int(7), int(-2)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Int(-4)));
-        assert_eq!(run(op("div", int(7), int(0)), json!({})), Err("divided by 0".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                op("mul", int(6), json!({"op":"float","value":0.5})),
+                json!({})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Float(3.0))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(op("div", int(-7), int(2)), json!({})),
+            Ok(Value::Int(-4))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(op("div", int(7), int(-2)), json!({})),
+            Ok(Value::Int(-4))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(op("div", int(7), int(0)), json!({})),
+            Err("divided by 0".to_string())
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             run(op("mul", int(i64::MAX), int(2)), json!({})),
             Err("multiplication overflowed: 9223372036854775807 * 2 does not fit in a 64-bit integer".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
             run(op("div", int(i64::MIN), int(-1)), json!({})),
-            Err("division overflowed: -9223372036854775808 / -1 does not fit in a 64-bit integer".to_string())
+            Err(
+                "division overflowed: -9223372036854775808 / -1 does not fit in a 64-bit integer"
+                    .to_string()
+            )
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(op("sub", lookup_of("a"), int(1)), json!({"a": null})),
+            Err("subtraction expects a number, got nil".to_string())
         );
-        assert_eq!(run(op("sub", lookup_of("a"), int(1)), json!({"a": null})), Err("subtraction expects a number, got nil".to_string()));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -938,39 +1383,117 @@ mod tests {
         let modulo = |r: Json, d: Json| json!({"op":"modulo","receiver":r,"divisor":d});
         assert_eq!(run(modulo(int(-7), int(3)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Int(2)));
         assert_eq!(run(modulo(int(7), int(-3)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Int(-2)));
-        assert_eq!(run(modulo(int(i64::MIN), int(-1)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Int(0)));
-        assert_eq!(run(modulo(json!({"op":"float","value":5.5}), int(2)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Float(1.5)));
-        assert_eq!(run(modulo(int(7), json!({"op":"float","value":-2.5})), json!({})), Ok(Value::Float(-0.5)));
-        assert_eq!(run(modulo(json!({"op":"float","value":-1.0}), int(2)), json!({})), Ok(Value::Float(1.0)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(modulo(int(i64::MIN), int(-1)), json!({})),
+            Ok(Value::Int(0))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(modulo(json!({"op":"float","value":5.5}), int(2)), json!({})),
+            Ok(Value::Float(1.5))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                modulo(int(7), json!({"op":"float","value":-2.5})),
+                json!({})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Float(-0.5))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                modulo(json!({"op":"float","value":-1.0}), int(2)),
+                json!({})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Float(1.0))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn modulo_refuses_a_zero_divisor_and_a_non_number() {
         let modulo = |r: Json, d: Json| json!({"op":"modulo","receiver":r,"divisor":d});
-        assert_eq!(run(modulo(int(5), int(0)), json!({})), Err("divided by 0".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(modulo(int(5), json!({"op":"float","value":0.0})), json!({})), Err("divided by 0".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(modulo(string("a"), int(2)), json!({})), Err("modulo expects a number, got \"a\"".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(modulo(int(2), lookup_of("d")), json!({"d": null})), Err("modulo expects a number, got nil".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(modulo(int(5), int(0)), json!({})),
+            Err("divided by 0".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(modulo(int(5), json!({"op":"float","value":0.0})), json!({})),
+            Err("divided by 0".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(modulo(string("a"), int(2)), json!({})),
+            Err("modulo expects a number, got \"a\"".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(modulo(int(2), lookup_of("d")), json!({"d": null})),
+            Err("modulo expects a number, got nil".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn include_tests_list_membership_with_numeric_coercion_and_substrings() {
         let include = |h: Json, n: Json| json!({"op":"include","haystack":h,"needle":n});
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("tags"), string("b")), json!({"tags": ["a", "b"]})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("tags"), string("z")), json!({"tags": ["a", "b"]})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("n"), json!({"op":"float","value":2.0})), json!({"n": [1, 2]})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("n"), lookup_of("m")), json!({"n": [1, null], "m": null})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("s"), string("ell")), json!({"s": "hello"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("s"), string("")), json!({"s": "hello"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                include(lookup_of("tags"), string("b")),
+                json!({"tags": ["a", "b"]})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                include(lookup_of("tags"), string("z")),
+                json!({"tags": ["a", "b"]})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                include(lookup_of("n"), json!({"op":"float","value":2.0})),
+                json!({"n": [1, 2]})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                include(lookup_of("n"), lookup_of("m")),
+                json!({"n": [1, null], "m": null})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                include(lookup_of("s"), string("ell")),
+                json!({"s": "hello"})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(include(lookup_of("s"), string("")), json!({"s": "hello"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn include_on_anything_but_a_list_or_string_is_false_and_a_string_needs_a_string() {
         let include = |h: Json, n: Json| json!({"op":"include","haystack":h,"needle":n});
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("s"), string("a")), json!({"s": null})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("s"), string("a")), json!({"s": 5})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("s"), int(1)), json!({"s": "abc"})), Err("no implicit conversion of Integer into String".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(include(lookup_of("s"), lookup_of("n")), json!({"s": "abc", "n": null})), Err("no implicit conversion of nil into String".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(include(lookup_of("s"), string("a")), json!({"s": null})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(include(lookup_of("s"), string("a")), json!({"s": 5})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(include(lookup_of("s"), int(1)), json!({"s": "abc"})),
+            Err("no implicit conversion of Integer into String".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                include(lookup_of("s"), lookup_of("n")),
+                json!({"s": "abc", "n": null})
+            ),
+            Err("no implicit conversion of nil into String".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -978,42 +1501,108 @@ mod tests {
         let array = json!({"op":"array","elements":[int(1), json!({"op":"float","value":2.5}), string("a"), json!({"op":"nil"})]});
         assert_eq!(
             run(array.clone(), json!({})),
-            Ok(Value::Array(vec![Value::Int(1), Value::Float(2.5), Value::Str("a".to_string()), Value::Nil]))
+            Ok(Value::Array(vec![
+                Value::Int(1),
+                Value::Float(2.5),
+                Value::Str("a".to_string()),
+                Value::Nil
+            ]))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(call("first", array.clone()), json!({})),
+            Ok(Value::Int(1))
         );
-        assert_eq!(run(call("first", array.clone()), json!({})), Ok(Value::Int(1)));
         assert_eq!(run(call("last", array), json!({})), Ok(Value::Nil));
-        assert_eq!(run(json!({"op":"array","elements":[]}), json!({})), Ok(Value::Array(vec![])));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(json!({"op":"array","elements":[]}), json!({})),
+            Ok(Value::Array(vec![]))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn matches_regex_reads_ruby_anchors_flags_and_ascii_classes() {
         let matches = |pattern: &str, flags: &str| json!({"op":"matches_regex","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"pattern":pattern,"flags":flags});
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("^b$", ""), json!({"x": "a\nb"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("\\Ab\\z", ""), json!({"x": "a\nb"})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("a.b", ""), json!({"x": "a\nb"})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("a.b", "m"), json!({"x": "a\nb"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("A", "i"), json!({"x": "a"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("\\d", ""), json!({"x": "\u{663}"})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("\\A[\\w.]+\\z", ""), json!({"x": "a.b_c"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("a b", "x"), json!({"x": "ab"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches("\\Aa\\Z", ""), json!({"x": "a\n"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("^b$", ""), json!({"x": "a\nb"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("\\Ab\\z", ""), json!({"x": "a\nb"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("a.b", ""), json!({"x": "a\nb"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("a.b", "m"), json!({"x": "a\nb"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("A", "i"), json!({"x": "a"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("\\d", ""), json!({"x": "\u{663}"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("\\A[\\w.]+\\z", ""), json!({"x": "a.b_c"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("a b", "x"), json!({"x": "ab"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches("\\Aa\\Z", ""), json!({"x": "a\n"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn matches_regex_coerces_scalars_and_refuses_the_rest_by_class() {
         let matches = json!({"op":"matches_regex","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"pattern":"\\A[0-9.]+\\z","flags":""});
-        assert_eq!(run(matches.clone(), json!({"x": 12})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches.clone(), json!({"x": 1.5})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(json!({"op":"matches_regex","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"pattern":"\\A\\z","flags":""}), json!({"x": null})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches.clone(), json!({"x": true})), Err("match? expects a scalar, got TrueClass".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches.clone(), json!({"x": false})), Err("match? expects a scalar, got FalseClass".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(matches, json!({"x": [1]})), Err("match? expects a scalar, got Array".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches.clone(), json!({"x": 12})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches.clone(), json!({"x": 1.5})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                json!({"op":"matches_regex","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"pattern":"\\A\\z","flags":""}),
+                json!({"x": null})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches.clone(), json!({"x": true})),
+            Err("match? expects a scalar, got TrueClass".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches.clone(), json!({"x": false})),
+            Err("match? expects a scalar, got FalseClass".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(matches, json!({"x": [1]})),
+            Err("match? expects a scalar, got Array".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn matches_regex_refuses_an_invalid_pattern_by_name() {
-        let err = run(json!({"op":"matches_regex","receiver":string("a"),"pattern":"(","flags":""}), json!({})).unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.starts_with("match? given an invalid pattern \"(\" — "), "{err}");
+        let err = run(
+            json!({"op":"matches_regex","receiver":string("a"),"pattern":"(","flags":""}),
+            json!({}),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            err.starts_with("match? given an invalid pattern \"(\" — "),
+            "{err}"
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1037,15 +1626,24 @@ mod tests {
         // `all?` would stop at the first false in a short-circuit loop; Ruby maps first.
         let ast = json!({"op":"block_predicate","mode":"all","receiver":lookup_of("xs"),"param":"x",
             "predicate":json!({"op":"sign_test","cmp":{"less_than":true,"equal":true,"negated":true},"receiver":lookup_of("x")})});
-        assert_eq!(run(ast, json!({"xs": [-1, "a"]})), Err("positive? expects a number, got \"a\"".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(ast, json!({"xs": [-1, "a"]})),
+            Err("positive? expects a number, got \"a\"".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn a_block_predicate_over_a_non_list_refuses_with_the_mode_named() {
         for (mode, word) in [("all", "all?"), ("any", "any?"), ("none", "none?")] {
             let ast = json!({"op":"block_predicate","mode":mode,"receiver":lookup_of("x"),"param":"y","predicate":{"op":"bool","value":true}});
-            assert_eq!(run(ast.clone(), json!({"x": 5})), Err(format!("{word} expects a list, got 5")));
-            assert_eq!(run(ast, json!({"x": null})), Err(format!("{word} expects a list, got nil")));
+            assert_eq!(
+                run(ast.clone(), json!({"x": 5})),
+                Err(format!("{word} expects a list, got 5"))
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                run(ast, json!({"x": null})),
+                Err(format!("{word} expects a list, got nil"))
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -1053,8 +1651,14 @@ mod tests {
     fn the_block_parameter_shadows_a_same_named_field_only_inside_the_block() {
         let ast = json!({"op":"block_predicate","mode":"any","receiver":lookup_of("xs"),"param":"n",
             "predicate":{"op":"and","left":eq(lookup_of("n"), int(2)),"right":eq(lookup_of("m"), int(9))}});
-        assert_eq!(run(ast.clone(), json!({"xs": [1, 2], "m": 9, "n": 100})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(ast, json!({"xs": [1, 2], "m": 8})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(ast.clone(), json!({"xs": [1, 2], "m": 9, "n": 100})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(ast, json!({"xs": [1, 2], "m": 8})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1069,7 +1673,10 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn an_unbound_name_in_a_block_refuses_as_ruby_does() {
         let ast = json!({"op":"block_predicate","mode":"any","receiver":lookup_of("xs"),"param":"x","predicate":lookup_of("ghost")});
-        assert_eq!(run(ast, json!({"xs": [1]})), Err("cannot resolve \"ghost\" — no such attribute or argument".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(ast, json!({"xs": [1]})),
+            Err("cannot resolve \"ghost\" — no such attribute or argument".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1079,11 +1686,23 @@ mod tests {
                 "predicate":eq(json!({"op":"lookup","path":["l","open"]}), json!({"op":"bool","value":wanted}))})
         };
         let legs = json!({"legs": [{"to": "A", "open": false}, {"to": "B", "open": true}, {"to": "C", "open": true}]});
-        assert_eq!(run(find(true, &["to"]), legs.clone()), Ok(Value::Str("B".to_string())));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(find(true, &["to"]), legs.clone()),
+            Ok(Value::Str("B".to_string()))
+        );
         assert_eq!(run(find(true, &["nope"]), legs.clone()), Ok(Value::Nil));
-        assert!(matches!(run(find(true, &[]), legs.clone()), Ok(Value::Object(_))));
-        assert_eq!(run(find(true, &["to"]), json!({"legs": [{"to": "A", "open": false}]})), Ok(Value::Nil));
-        assert_eq!(run(find(true, &["to"]), json!({"legs": []})), Ok(Value::Nil));
+        assert!(matches!(run(find(true, &[]), legs), Ok(Value::Object(_))));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                find(true, &["to"]),
+                json!({"legs": [{"to": "A", "open": false}]})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Nil)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(find(true, &["to"]), json!({"legs": []})),
+            Ok(Value::Nil)
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1092,13 +1711,18 @@ mod tests {
         let ast = json!({"op":"find","receiver":lookup_of("xs"),"param":"x","path":[],
             "predicate":json!({"op":"sign_test","cmp":{"less_than":true,"equal":true,"negated":true},"receiver":lookup_of("x")})});
         assert_eq!(run(ast.clone(), json!({"xs": [3, "a"]})), Ok(Value::Int(3)));
-        assert_eq!(run(ast, json!({"xs": "abc"})), Err("find expects a list, got \"abc\"".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(ast, json!({"xs": "abc"})),
+            Err("find expects a list, got \"abc\"".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn presence_and_assignment_follow_blank_and_nil() {
-        let presence = |negated: bool| json!({"op":"presence","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"negated":negated});
-        let assignment = |negated: bool| json!({"op":"assignment","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"negated":negated});
+        let presence =
+            |negated: bool| json!({"op":"presence","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"negated":negated});
+        let assignment =
+            |negated: bool| json!({"op":"assignment","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"negated":negated});
         for (value, present) in [
             (json!(null), false),
             (json!(false), false),
@@ -1109,46 +1733,104 @@ mod tests {
             (json!(true), true),
             (json!([0]), true),
         ] {
-            assert_eq!(run(presence(false), json!({"x": value.clone()})), Ok(Value::Bool(present)), "present? of {value}");
-            assert_eq!(run(presence(true), json!({"x": value.clone()})), Ok(Value::Bool(!present)), "blank? of {value}");
+            assert_eq!(
+                run(presence(false), json!({"x": value.clone()})),
+                Ok(Value::Bool(present)),
+                "present? of {value}"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                run(presence(true), json!({"x": value.clone()})),
+                Ok(Value::Bool(!present)),
+                "blank? of {value}"
+            );
         }
         // `set?` asks only `!nil?`: an assigned empty or false value is set.
-        assert_eq!(run(assignment(false), json!({"x": ""})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(assignment(false), json!({"x": false})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(assignment(false), json!({"x": null})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(run(assignment(true), json!({"x": null})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(assignment(false), json!({"x": ""})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(assignment(false), json!({"x": false})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(assignment(false), json!({"x": null})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(assignment(true), json!({"x": null})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn split_follows_ruby_for_awk_empty_and_literal_separators() {
         let split = |sep: &str| json!({"op":"split","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"separator":sep});
-        assert_eq!(run(split(" "), json!({"x": "  a b  c "})), Ok(strs(&["a", "b", "c"])));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(split(" "), json!({"x": "  a b  c "})),
+            Ok(strs(&["a", "b", "c"]))
+        );
         assert_eq!(run(split(""), json!({"x": "aé"})), Ok(strs(&["a", "é"])));
-        assert_eq!(run(split(","), json!({"x": "a,b,,"})), Ok(strs(&["a", "b"])));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(split(","), json!({"x": "a,b,,"})),
+            Ok(strs(&["a", "b"]))
+        );
         assert_eq!(run(split(","), json!({"x": ",a"})), Ok(strs(&["", "a"])));
         assert_eq!(run(split(","), json!({"x": ""})), Ok(strs(&[])));
-        assert_eq!(run(split(","), json!({"x": 5})), Err("split expects a string, got 5".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(split(","), json!({"x": null})), Err("split expects a string, got nil".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(split(","), json!({"x": 5})),
+            Err("split expects a string, got 5".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(split(","), json!({"x": null})),
+            Err("split expects a string, got nil".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn first_and_last_answer_nil_for_an_empty_list_and_refuse_a_non_list() {
-        assert_eq!(run(call("first", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": [7, 8]})), Ok(Value::Int(7)));
-        assert_eq!(run(call("last", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": [7, 8]})), Ok(Value::Int(8)));
-        assert_eq!(run(call("first", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": []})), Ok(Value::Nil));
-        assert_eq!(run(call("last", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": "abc"})), Err("last expects a list, got \"abc\"".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(call("first", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": null})), Err("first expects a list, got nil".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(call("first", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": [7, 8]})),
+            Ok(Value::Int(7))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(call("last", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": [7, 8]})),
+            Ok(Value::Int(8))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(call("first", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": []})),
+            Ok(Value::Nil)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(call("last", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": "abc"})),
+            Err("last expects a list, got \"abc\"".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(call("first", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": null})),
+            Err("first expects a list, got nil".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn strip_trims_rubys_whitespace_and_needs_a_string() {
-        let strip_of = |side: &str, text: &str| run(json!({"op":"strip","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"side":side}), json!({"x": text}));
+        let strip_of = |side: &str, text: &str| {
+            run(
+                json!({"op":"strip","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"side":side}),
+                json!({"x": text}),
+            )
+        };
         assert_eq!(strip_of("both", " \t a b \0"), Ok(Value::Str("a b".into())));
         assert_eq!(strip_of("left", "  a "), Ok(Value::Str("a ".into())));
         assert_eq!(strip_of("right", " a  "), Ok(Value::Str(" a".into())));
-        assert_eq!(strip_of("both", "\u{a0}a"), Ok(Value::Str("\u{a0}a".into())));
         assert_eq!(
-            run(json!({"op":"strip","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"side":"both"}), json!({"x": null})),
+            strip_of("both", "\u{a0}a"),
+            Ok(Value::Str("\u{a0}a".into()))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                json!({"op":"strip","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"side":"both"}),
+                json!({"x": null})
+            ),
             Err("strip expects a string, got nil".to_string())
         );
     }
@@ -1157,46 +1839,100 @@ mod tests {
     fn starts_with_and_ends_with_need_a_string() {
         let starts = json!({"op":"starts_with","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"substring":"ab"});
         let ends = json!({"op":"ends_with","receiver":lookup_of("x"),"substring":"bc"});
-        assert_eq!(run(starts.clone(), json!({"x": "abc"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
-        assert_eq!(run(ends.clone(), json!({"x": "abc"})), Ok(Value::Bool(true)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(starts.clone(), json!({"x": "abc"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(ends.clone(), json!({"x": "abc"})),
+            Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        );
         assert_eq!(run(ends, json!({"x": "abd"})), Ok(Value::Bool(false)));
-        assert_eq!(run(starts.clone(), json!({"x": null})), Err("start_with? expects a string, got nil".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(starts, json!({"x": [1]})), Err("start_with? expects a string, got [1]".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(starts.clone(), json!({"x": null})),
+            Err("start_with? expects a string, got nil".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(starts, json!({"x": [1]})),
+            Err("start_with? expects a string, got [1]".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn a_path_through_a_string_list_or_integer_walks_like_ruby() {
         let path = |segments: &[&str]| json!({"op":"lookup","path":segments});
         // `String#[]` answers the segment when it is a substring.
-        assert_eq!(run(path(&["x", "foo"]), json!({"x": "abcfoo"})), Ok(Value::Str("foo".to_string())));
-        assert_eq!(run(path(&["x", "nil?"]), json!({"x": "abc"})), Ok(Value::Nil));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(path(&["x", "foo"]), json!({"x": "abcfoo"})),
+            Ok(Value::Str("foo".to_string()))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(path(&["x", "nil?"]), json!({"x": "abc"})),
+            Ok(Value::Nil)
+        );
         assert_eq!(run(path(&["x", "a"]), json!({"x": 1.5})), Ok(Value::Nil));
         assert_eq!(run(path(&["x", "a"]), json!({"x": true})), Ok(Value::Nil));
-        assert_eq!(run(path(&["x", "a"]), json!({"x": [1]})), Err("cannot read \"a\" from [1]".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(path(&["x", "a"]), json!({"x": 5})), Err("cannot read \"a\" from 5".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(path(&["x", "a"]), json!({"x": [1]})),
+            Err("cannot read \"a\" from [1]".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(path(&["x", "a"]), json!({"x": 5})),
+            Err("cannot read \"a\" from 5".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn a_one_field_object_reads_as_its_value_and_a_wider_one_stays_an_object() {
-        assert_eq!(run(lookup_of("x"), json!({"x": {"value": 7}})), Ok(Value::Int(7)));
-        assert!(matches!(run(lookup_of("x"), json!({"x": {"a": 1, "b": 2}})), Ok(Value::Object(_))));
-        assert_eq!(run(json!({"op":"lookup","path":["x","b"]}), json!({"x": {"a": 1, "b": 2}})), Ok(Value::Int(2)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(lookup_of("x"), json!({"x": {"value": 7}})),
+            Ok(Value::Int(7))
+        );
+        assert!(matches!(
+            run(lookup_of("x"), json!({"x": {"a": 1, "b": 2}})),
+            Ok(Value::Object(_))
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                json!({"op":"lookup","path":["x","b"]}),
+                json!({"x": {"a": 1, "b": 2}})
+            ),
+            Ok(Value::Int(2))
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn errors_are_worded_as_rubys_describe() {
-        assert_eq!(run(call("size", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": 5})), Err("size expects a list or string, got 5".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(call("empty", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": null})), Err("empty? expects a list or string, got nil".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(run(call("to_s", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": [1, "a"]})), Err("to_s expects a scalar, got [1,\"a\"]".to_string()));
         assert_eq!(
-            run(json!({"op":"compare","cmp":{"less_than":true,"equal":false,"negated":false},"left":lookup_of("x"),"right":int(1)}), json!({"x": "a"})),
+            run(call("size", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": 5})),
+            Err("size expects a list or string, got 5".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(call("empty", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": null})),
+            Err("empty? expects a list or string, got nil".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(call("to_s", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": [1, "a"]})),
+            Err("to_s expects a scalar, got [1,\"a\"]".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(
+                json!({"op":"compare","cmp":{"less_than":true,"equal":false,"negated":false},"left":lookup_of("x"),"right":int(1)}),
+                json!({"x": "a"})
+            ),
             Err("comparison of String with 1 failed".to_string())
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            run(json!({"op":"sign_test","cmp":{"less_than":false,"equal":true,"negated":false},"receiver":lookup_of("x")}), json!({"x": "a"})),
+            run(
+                json!({"op":"sign_test","cmp":{"less_than":false,"equal":true,"negated":false},"receiver":lookup_of("x")}),
+                json!({"x": "a"})
+            ),
             Err("zero? expects a number, got \"a\"".to_string())
         );
-        assert_eq!(run(lookup_of("ghost"), json!({})), Err("cannot resolve \"ghost\" — no such attribute or argument".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(lookup_of("ghost"), json!({})),
+            Err("cannot resolve \"ghost\" — no such attribute or argument".to_string())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1205,30 +1941,42 @@ mod tests {
             (3.0, "3.0"),
             (0.5, "0.5"),
             (-0.0, "-0.0"),
-            (100000000000000.0, "100000000000000.0"),
-            (999999999999999.9, "999999999999999.9"),
+            (100_000_000_000_000.0, "100000000000000.0"),
+            (999_999_999_999_999.9, "999999999999999.9"),
             (1e15, "1.0e+15"),
             (1.5e15, "1.5e+15"),
             (1e20, "1.0e+20"),
             (0.0001, "0.0001"),
             (0.00001, "1.0e-05"),
             (1.5e-7, "1.5e-07"),
-            (123456789.123456789, "123456789.12345679"),
+            (123_456_789.123_456_79, "123456789.12345679"),
         ] {
             assert_eq!(ruby_float(f), text);
-            assert_eq!(run(call("to_s", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": f})), Ok(Value::Str(text.to_string())));
+            assert_eq!(
+                run(call("to_s", lookup_of("x")), json!({"x": f})),
+                Ok(Value::Str(text.to_string()))
+            );
         }
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn strings_inspect_as_ruby_inspects_them() {
-        assert_eq!(ruby_inspect("a\"b\\c\n\u{1}#{x}\u{7f}é"), "\"a\\\"b\\\\c\\n\\u0001\\#{x}\\u007Fé\"");
+        assert_eq!(
+            ruby_inspect("a\"b\\c\n\u{1}#{x}\u{7f}é"),
+            "\"a\\\"b\\\\c\\n\\u0001\\#{x}\\u007Fé\""
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn equality_compares_nested_numbers_across_kinds_like_ruby() {
-        assert!(values_equal(&Value::Array(vec![Value::Int(1)]), &Value::Array(vec![Value::Float(1.0)])));
-        assert!(!values_equal(&Value::Int(9_007_199_254_740_993), &Value::Float(9_007_199_254_740_992.0)));
+        assert!(values_equal(
+            &Value::Array(vec![Value::Int(1)]),
+            &Value::Array(vec![Value::Float(1.0)])
+        ));
+        assert!(!values_equal(
+            &Value::Int(9_007_199_254_740_993),
+            &Value::Float(9_007_199_254_740_992.0)
+        ));
         assert!(values_equal(&Value::Int(3), &Value::Float(3.0)));
         assert!(!values_equal(&Value::Int(3), &Value::Float(3.5)));
     }