grpc 1.50.0-x86_64-linux → 1.51.0-x86_64-linux

data/src/core/lib/surface/call.cc

@@ -20,24 +20,31 @@
 
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/call.h"
 
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
+#include <memory>
 #include <new>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "absl/base/thread_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/cleanup/cleanup.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/status/status.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/types/variant.h"
 
 #include <grpc/byte_buffer.h>
 #include <grpc/compression.h>
+#include <grpc/event_engine/event_engine.h>
 #include <grpc/grpc.h>
 #include <grpc/impl/codegen/gpr_types.h>
 #include <grpc/impl/codegen/propagation_bits.h>
@@ -49,24 +56,37 @@
 #include <grpc/support/log.h>
 #include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
 
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/call_finalization.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channelz.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/context.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/status_util.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/compression/compression_internal.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/debug/stats.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/stats_data.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/alloc.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/time_precise.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/bitset.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/cpp_impl_of.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/debug_location.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/status_helper.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/call_combiner.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/polling_entity.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/promise/activity.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/promise/arena_promise.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/promise/context.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/promise/latch.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/promise/pipe.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/promise/poll.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/resource_quota/arena.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_buffer.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_refcount.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/api_trace.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/call_test_only.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
@@ -79,9 +99,14 @@
 
 grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_call_error_trace(false, "call_error");
 grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_compression_trace(false, "compression");
+grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_call_trace(false, "call");
+grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_call_refcount_trace(false, "call_refcount");
 
 namespace grpc_core {
 
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Call
+
 class Call : public CppImplOf<Call, grpc_call> {
  public:
   Arena* arena() { return arena_; }
@@ -94,7 +119,7 @@ class Call : public CppImplOf<Call, grpc_call> {
   void CancelWithStatus(grpc_status_code status, const char* description);
   virtual void CancelWithError(grpc_error_handle error) = 0;
   virtual void SetCompletionQueue(grpc_completion_queue* cq) = 0;
-  virtual char* GetPeer() = 0;
+  char* GetPeer();
   virtual grpc_call_error StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
                                      void* notify_tag,
                                      bool is_notify_tag_closure) = 0;
@@ -116,12 +141,19 @@ class Call : public CppImplOf<Call, grpc_call> {
   // for that functionality be invented)
   virtual grpc_call_stack* call_stack() = 0;
 
+  gpr_atm* peer_string_atm_ptr() { return &peer_string_; }
+
  protected:
-  Call(Arena* arena, bool is_client, Timestamp send_deadline)
-      : arena_(arena), send_deadline_(send_deadline), is_client_(is_client) {
-    GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(arena_ != nullptr);
-  }
-  ~Call() = default;
+  // The maximum number of concurrent batches possible.
+  // Based upon the maximum number of individually queueable ops in the batch
+  // api:
+  //    - initial metadata send
+  //    - message send
+  //    - status/close send (depending on client/server)
+  //    - initial metadata recv
+  //    - message recv
+  //    - status/close recv (depending on client/server)
+  static constexpr size_t kMaxConcurrentBatches = 6;
 
   struct ParentCall {
     Mutex child_list_mu;
@@ -138,8 +170,25 @@ class Call : public CppImplOf<Call, grpc_call> {
     Call* sibling_prev = nullptr;
   };
 
+  Call(Arena* arena, bool is_client, Timestamp send_deadline,
+       RefCountedPtr<Channel> channel)
+      : channel_(std::move(channel)),
+        arena_(arena),
+        send_deadline_(send_deadline),
+        is_client_(is_client) {
+    GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(arena_ != nullptr);
+    GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(channel_ != nullptr);
+  }
+  virtual ~Call() = default;
+
+  void DeleteThis();
+
   ParentCall* GetOrCreateParentCall();
   ParentCall* parent_call();
+  Channel* channel() {
+    GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(channel_ != nullptr);
+    return channel_.get();
+  }
 
   absl::Status InitParent(Call* parent, uint32_t propagation_mask);
   void PublishToParent(Call* parent);
@@ -151,7 +200,10 @@ class Call : public CppImplOf<Call, grpc_call> {
     send_deadline_ = send_deadline;
   }
 
+  void ClearPeerString() { gpr_atm_rel_store(&peer_string_, 0); }
+
  private:
+  RefCountedPtr<Channel> channel_;
   Arena* const arena_;
   std::atomic<ParentCall*> parent_call_{nullptr};
   ChildCall* child_ = nullptr;
@@ -159,11 +211,150 @@ class Call : public CppImplOf<Call, grpc_call> {
   const bool is_client_;
   // flag indicating that cancellation is inherited
   bool cancellation_is_inherited_ = false;
+  // A char* indicating the peer name.
+  gpr_atm peer_string_ = 0;
 };
 
+Call::ParentCall* Call::GetOrCreateParentCall() {
+  ParentCall* p = parent_call_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+  if (p == nullptr) {
+    p = arena_->New<ParentCall>();
+    ParentCall* expected = nullptr;
+    if (!parent_call_.compare_exchange_strong(expected, p,
+                                              std::memory_order_release,
+                                              std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      p->~ParentCall();
+      p = expected;
+    }
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+Call::ParentCall* Call::parent_call() {
+  return parent_call_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+absl::Status Call::InitParent(Call* parent, uint32_t propagation_mask) {
+  child_ = arena()->New<ChildCall>(parent);
+
+  parent->InternalRef("child");
+  GPR_ASSERT(is_client_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(!parent->is_client_);
+
+  if (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEADLINE) {
+    send_deadline_ = std::min(send_deadline_, parent->send_deadline_);
+  }
+  /* for now GRPC_PROPAGATE_TRACING_CONTEXT *MUST* be passed with
+   * GRPC_PROPAGATE_STATS_CONTEXT */
+  /* TODO(ctiller): This should change to use the appropriate census start_op
+   * call. */
+  if (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_CENSUS_TRACING_CONTEXT) {
+    if (0 == (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_CENSUS_STATS_CONTEXT)) {
+      return absl::UnknownError(
+          "Census tracing propagation requested without Census context "
+          "propagation");
+    }
+    ContextSet(GRPC_CONTEXT_TRACING, parent->ContextGet(GRPC_CONTEXT_TRACING),
+               nullptr);
+  } else if (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_CENSUS_STATS_CONTEXT) {
+    return absl::UnknownError(
+        "Census context propagation requested without Census tracing "
+        "propagation");
+  }
+  if (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_CANCELLATION) {
+    cancellation_is_inherited_ = true;
+  }
+  return absl::OkStatus();
+}
+
+void Call::PublishToParent(Call* parent) {
+  ChildCall* cc = child_;
+  ParentCall* pc = parent->GetOrCreateParentCall();
+  MutexLock lock(&pc->child_list_mu);
+  if (pc->first_child == nullptr) {
+    pc->first_child = this;
+    cc->sibling_next = cc->sibling_prev = this;
+  } else {
+    cc->sibling_next = pc->first_child;
+    cc->sibling_prev = pc->first_child->child_->sibling_prev;
+    cc->sibling_next->child_->sibling_prev =
+        cc->sibling_prev->child_->sibling_next = this;
+  }
+  if (parent->Completed()) {
+    CancelWithError(absl::CancelledError());
+  }
+}
+
+void Call::MaybeUnpublishFromParent() {
+  ChildCall* cc = child_;
+  if (cc == nullptr) return;
+
+  ParentCall* pc = cc->parent->parent_call();
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&pc->child_list_mu);
+    if (this == pc->first_child) {
+      pc->first_child = cc->sibling_next;
+      if (this == pc->first_child) {
+        pc->first_child = nullptr;
+      }
+    }
+    cc->sibling_prev->child_->sibling_next = cc->sibling_next;
+    cc->sibling_next->child_->sibling_prev = cc->sibling_prev;
+  }
+  cc->parent->InternalUnref("child");
+}
+
+void Call::CancelWithStatus(grpc_status_code status, const char* description) {
+  // copying 'description' is needed to ensure the grpc_call_cancel_with_status
+  // guarantee that can be short-lived.
+  CancelWithError(grpc_error_set_int(
+      grpc_error_set_str(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(description),
+                         StatusStrProperty::kGrpcMessage, description),
+      StatusIntProperty::kRpcStatus, status));
+}
+
+void Call::PropagateCancellationToChildren() {
+  ParentCall* pc = parent_call();
+  if (pc != nullptr) {
+    Call* child;
+    MutexLock lock(&pc->child_list_mu);
+    child = pc->first_child;
+    if (child != nullptr) {
+      do {
+        Call* next_child_call = child->child_->sibling_next;
+        if (child->cancellation_is_inherited_) {
+          child->InternalRef("propagate_cancel");
+          child->CancelWithError(absl::CancelledError());
+          child->InternalUnref("propagate_cancel");
+        }
+        child = next_child_call;
+      } while (child != pc->first_child);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+char* Call::GetPeer() {
+  char* peer_string = reinterpret_cast<char*>(gpr_atm_acq_load(&peer_string_));
+  if (peer_string != nullptr) return gpr_strdup(peer_string);
+  peer_string = grpc_channel_get_target(channel_->c_ptr());
+  if (peer_string != nullptr) return peer_string;
+  return gpr_strdup("unknown");
+}
+
+void Call::DeleteThis() {
+  RefCountedPtr<Channel> channel = std::move(channel_);
+  Arena* arena = arena_;
+  this->~Call();
+  channel->UpdateCallSizeEstimate(arena->Destroy());
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// FilterStackCall
+// To be removed once promise conversion is complete
+
 class FilterStackCall final : public Call {
  public:
-  ~FilterStackCall() {
+  ~FilterStackCall() override {
     for (int i = 0; i < GRPC_CONTEXT_COUNT; ++i) {
       if (context_[i].destroy) {
         context_[i].destroy(context_[i].value);
@@ -198,7 +389,6 @@ class FilterStackCall final : public Call {
 
   void CancelWithError(grpc_error_handle error) override;
   void SetCompletionQueue(grpc_completion_queue* cq) override;
-  char* GetPeer() override;
   grpc_call_error StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops, void* notify_tag,
                              bool is_notify_tag_closure) override;
   void ExternalRef() override { ext_ref_.Ref(); }
@@ -256,17 +446,6 @@ class FilterStackCall final : public Call {
   }
 
  private:
-  // The maximum number of concurrent batches possible.
-  // Based upon the maximum number of individually queueable ops in the batch
-  // api:
-  //    - initial metadata send
-  //    - message send
-  //    - status/close send (depending on client/server)
-  //    - initial metadata recv
-  //    - message recv
-  //    - status/close recv (depending on client/server)
-  static constexpr size_t kMaxConcurrentBatches = 6;
-
   static constexpr gpr_atm kRecvNone = 0;
   static constexpr gpr_atm kRecvInitialMetadataFirst = 1;
 
@@ -314,9 +493,9 @@ class FilterStackCall final : public Call {
   };
 
   FilterStackCall(Arena* arena, const grpc_call_create_args& args)
-      : Call(arena, args.server_transport_data == nullptr, args.send_deadline),
+      : Call(arena, args.server_transport_data == nullptr, args.send_deadline,
+             args.channel->Ref()),
         cq_(args.cq),
-        channel_(args.channel->Ref()),
         stream_op_payload_(context_) {}
 
   static void ReleaseCall(void* call, grpc_error_handle);
@@ -347,7 +526,6 @@ class FilterStackCall final : public Call {
   CallCombiner call_combiner_;
   grpc_completion_queue* cq_;
   grpc_polling_entity pollent_;
-  RefCountedPtr<Channel> channel_;
   gpr_cycle_counter start_time_ = gpr_get_cycle_counter();
 
   /** has grpc_call_unref been called */
@@ -376,9 +554,6 @@ class FilterStackCall final : public Call {
      Element 0 is initial metadata, element 1 is trailing metadata. */
   grpc_metadata_array* buffered_metadata_[2] = {};
 
-  // A char* indicating the peer name.
-  gpr_atm peer_string_ = 0;
-
   /* Call data useful used for reporting. Only valid after the call has
    * completed */
   grpc_call_final_info final_info_;
@@ -443,95 +618,25 @@ class FilterStackCall final : public Call {
   gpr_atm recv_state_ = 0;
 };
 
-Call::ParentCall* Call::GetOrCreateParentCall() {
-  ParentCall* p = parent_call_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
-  if (p == nullptr) {
-    p = arena_->New<ParentCall>();
-    ParentCall* expected = nullptr;
-    if (!parent_call_.compare_exchange_strong(expected, p,
-                                              std::memory_order_release,
-                                              std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-      p->~ParentCall();
-      p = expected;
-    }
-  }
-  return p;
-}
-
-Call::ParentCall* Call::parent_call() {
-  return parent_call_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
-}
-
-absl::Status Call::InitParent(Call* parent, uint32_t propagation_mask) {
-  child_ = arena()->New<ChildCall>(parent);
-
-  parent->InternalRef("child");
-  GPR_ASSERT(is_client_);
-  GPR_ASSERT(!parent->is_client_);
-
-  if (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEADLINE) {
-    send_deadline_ = std::min(send_deadline_, parent->send_deadline_);
-  }
-  /* for now GRPC_PROPAGATE_TRACING_CONTEXT *MUST* be passed with
-   * GRPC_PROPAGATE_STATS_CONTEXT */
-  /* TODO(ctiller): This should change to use the appropriate census start_op
-   * call. */
-  if (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_CENSUS_TRACING_CONTEXT) {
-    if (0 == (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_CENSUS_STATS_CONTEXT)) {
-      return absl::UnknownError(
-          "Census tracing propagation requested without Census context "
-          "propagation");
-    }
-    ContextSet(GRPC_CONTEXT_TRACING, parent->ContextGet(GRPC_CONTEXT_TRACING),
-               nullptr);
-  } else if (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_CENSUS_STATS_CONTEXT) {
-    return absl::UnknownError(
-        "Census context propagation requested without Census tracing "
-        "propagation");
-  }
-  if (propagation_mask & GRPC_PROPAGATE_CANCELLATION) {
-    cancellation_is_inherited_ = true;
-  }
-  return absl::OkStatus();
-}
-
-void Call::PublishToParent(Call* parent) {
-  ChildCall* cc = child_;
-  ParentCall* pc = parent->GetOrCreateParentCall();
-  MutexLock lock(&pc->child_list_mu);
-  if (pc->first_child == nullptr) {
-    pc->first_child = this;
-    cc->sibling_next = cc->sibling_prev = this;
-  } else {
-    cc->sibling_next = pc->first_child;
-    cc->sibling_prev = pc->first_child->child_->sibling_prev;
-    cc->sibling_next->child_->sibling_prev =
-        cc->sibling_prev->child_->sibling_next = this;
-  }
-  if (parent->Completed()) {
-    CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED);
-  }
-}
-
 grpc_error_handle FilterStackCall::Create(grpc_call_create_args* args,
                                           grpc_call** out_call) {
   Channel* channel = args->channel.get();
 
   auto add_init_error = [](grpc_error_handle* composite,
                            grpc_error_handle new_err) {
-    if (GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(new_err)) return;
-    if (GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(*composite)) {
-      *composite = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Call creation failed");
+    if (new_err.ok()) return;
+    if (composite->ok()) {
+      *composite = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE("Call creation failed");
     }
     *composite = grpc_error_add_child(*composite, new_err);
   };
 
   Arena* arena;
   FilterStackCall* call;
-  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
   grpc_channel_stack* channel_stack = channel->channel_stack();
   size_t initial_size = channel->CallSizeEstimate();
-  GRPC_STATS_INC_CALL_INITIAL_SIZE(initial_size);
+  global_stats().IncrementCallInitialSize(initial_size);
   size_t call_alloc_size =
       GPR_ROUND_UP_TO_ALIGNMENT_SIZE(sizeof(FilterStackCall)) +
       channel_stack->call_stack_size;
@@ -548,8 +653,8 @@ grpc_error_handle FilterStackCall::Create(grpc_call_create_args* args,
     call->final_op_.client.status_details = nullptr;
     call->final_op_.client.status = nullptr;
     call->final_op_.client.error_string = nullptr;
-    GRPC_STATS_INC_CLIENT_CALLS_CREATED();
-    path = grpc_slice_ref_internal(args->path->c_slice());
+    global_stats().IncrementClientCallsCreated();
+    path = CSliceRef(args->path->c_slice());
     call->send_initial_metadata_.Set(HttpPathMetadata(),
                                      std::move(*args->path));
     if (args->authority.has_value()) {
@@ -557,7 +662,7 @@ grpc_error_handle FilterStackCall::Create(grpc_call_create_args* args,
                                        std::move(*args->authority));
     }
   } else {
-    GRPC_STATS_INC_SERVER_CALLS_CREATED();
+    global_stats().IncrementServerCallsCreated();
     call->final_op_.server.cancelled = nullptr;
     call->final_op_.server.core_server = args->server;
   }
@@ -580,8 +685,8 @@ grpc_error_handle FilterStackCall::Create(grpc_call_create_args* args,
     call->PublishToParent(parent);
   }
 
-  if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error)) {
-    call->CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  if (!error.ok()) {
+    call->CancelWithError(error);
   }
   if (args->cq != nullptr) {
     GPR_ASSERT(args->pollset_set_alternative == nullptr &&
@@ -613,7 +718,7 @@ grpc_error_handle FilterStackCall::Create(grpc_call_create_args* args,
     }
   }
 
-  grpc_slice_unref_internal(path);
+  CSliceUnref(path);
 
   return error;
 }
@@ -632,11 +737,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::SetCompletionQueue(grpc_completion_queue* cq) {
 }
 
 void FilterStackCall::ReleaseCall(void* call, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
-  auto* c = static_cast<FilterStackCall*>(call);
-  RefCountedPtr<Channel> channel = std::move(c->channel_);
-  Arena* arena = c->arena();
-  c->~FilterStackCall();
-  channel->UpdateCallSizeEstimate(arena->Destroy());
+  static_cast<FilterStackCall*>(call)->DeleteThis();
 }
 
 void FilterStackCall::DestroyCall(void* call, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
@@ -656,7 +757,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::DestroyCall(void* call, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
   grpc_error_get_status(status_error, c->send_deadline(),
                         &c->final_info_.final_status, nullptr, nullptr,
                         &(c->final_info_.error_string));
-  c->status_error_.set(GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  c->status_error_.set(absl::OkStatus());
   c->final_info_.stats.latency =
       gpr_cycle_counter_sub(gpr_get_cycle_counter(), c->start_time_);
   grpc_call_stack_destroy(c->call_stack(), &c->final_info_,
@@ -664,25 +765,6 @@ void FilterStackCall::DestroyCall(void* call, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
                                             grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
 }
 
-void Call::MaybeUnpublishFromParent() {
-  ChildCall* cc = child_;
-  if (cc == nullptr) return;
-
-  ParentCall* pc = cc->parent->parent_call();
-  {
-    MutexLock lock(&pc->child_list_mu);
-    if (this == pc->first_child) {
-      pc->first_child = cc->sibling_next;
-      if (this == pc->first_child) {
-        pc->first_child = nullptr;
-      }
-    }
-    cc->sibling_prev->child_->sibling_next = cc->sibling_next;
-    cc->sibling_next->child_->sibling_prev = cc->sibling_prev;
-  }
-  cc->parent->InternalUnref("child");
-}
-
 void FilterStackCall::ExternalUnref() {
   if (GPR_LIKELY(!ext_ref_.Unref())) return;
 
@@ -697,7 +779,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::ExternalUnref() {
   destroy_called_ = true;
   bool cancel = gpr_atm_acq_load(&received_final_op_atm_) == 0;
   if (cancel) {
-    CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED);
+    CancelWithError(absl::CancelledError());
   } else {
     // Unset the call combiner cancellation closure.  This has the
     // effect of scheduling the previously set cancellation closure, if
@@ -708,14 +790,6 @@ void FilterStackCall::ExternalUnref() {
   InternalUnref("destroy");
 }
 
-char* FilterStackCall::GetPeer() {
-  char* peer_string = reinterpret_cast<char*>(gpr_atm_acq_load(&peer_string_));
-  if (peer_string != nullptr) return gpr_strdup(peer_string);
-  peer_string = grpc_channel_get_target(channel_->c_ptr());
-  if (peer_string != nullptr) return peer_string;
-  return gpr_strdup("unknown");
-}
-
 // start_batch_closure points to a caller-allocated closure to be used
 // for entering the call combiner.
 void FilterStackCall::ExecuteBatch(grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch,
@@ -735,7 +809,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::ExecuteBatch(grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch,
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(start_batch_closure, execute_batch_in_call_combiner, batch,
                     grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
   GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_START(call_combiner(), start_batch_closure,
-                           GRPC_ERROR_NONE, "executing batch");
+                           absl::OkStatus(), "executing batch");
 }
 
 namespace {
@@ -758,16 +832,15 @@ static void done_termination(void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
 
 void FilterStackCall::CancelWithError(grpc_error_handle error) {
   if (!gpr_atm_rel_cas(&cancelled_with_error_, 0, 1)) {
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
     return;
   }
-  gpr_atm_rel_store(&peer_string_, 0);
+  ClearPeerString();
   InternalRef("termination");
   // Inform the call combiner of the cancellation, so that it can cancel
   // any in-flight asynchronous actions that may be holding the call
   // combiner.  This ensures that the cancel_stream batch can be sent
   // down the filter stack in a timely manner.
-  call_combiner_.Cancel(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  call_combiner_.Cancel(error);
   CancelState* state = new CancelState;
   state->call = this;
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&state->finish_batch, done_termination, state,
@@ -779,19 +852,10 @@ void FilterStackCall::CancelWithError(grpc_error_handle error) {
   ExecuteBatch(op, &state->start_batch);
 }
 
-void Call::CancelWithStatus(grpc_status_code status, const char* description) {
-  // copying 'description' is needed to ensure the grpc_call_cancel_with_status
-  // guarantee that can be short-lived.
-  CancelWithError(grpc_error_set_int(
-      grpc_error_set_str(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(description),
-                         GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE, description),
-      GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, status));
-}
-
 void FilterStackCall::SetFinalStatus(grpc_error_handle error) {
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_call_error_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "set_final_status %s", is_client() ? "CLI" : "SVR");
-    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%s", grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%s", StatusToString(error).c_str());
   }
   if (is_client()) {
     std::string status_details;
@@ -801,8 +865,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::SetFinalStatus(grpc_error_handle error) {
     *final_op_.client.status_details =
         grpc_slice_from_cpp_string(std::move(status_details));
     status_error_.set(error);
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
-    channelz::ChannelNode* channelz_channel = channel_->channelz_node();
+    channelz::ChannelNode* channelz_channel = channel()->channelz_node();
     if (channelz_channel != nullptr) {
       if (*final_op_.client.status != GRPC_STATUS_OK) {
         channelz_channel->RecordCallFailed();
@@ -812,7 +875,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::SetFinalStatus(grpc_error_handle error) {
     }
   } else {
     *final_op_.server.cancelled =
-        !GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error) || !sent_server_trailing_metadata_;
+        !error.ok() || !sent_server_trailing_metadata_;
     channelz::ServerNode* channelz_node =
         final_op_.server.core_server->channelz_node();
     if (channelz_node != nullptr) {
@@ -822,7 +885,6 @@ void FilterStackCall::SetFinalStatus(grpc_error_handle error) {
         channelz_node->RecordCallSucceeded();
       }
     }
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
   }
 }
 
@@ -848,8 +910,7 @@ bool FilterStackCall::PrepareApplicationMetadata(size_t count,
       // Filter "content-length metadata"
       continue;
     }
-    batch->Append(StringViewFromSlice(md->key),
-                  Slice(grpc_slice_ref_internal(md->value)),
+    batch->Append(StringViewFromSlice(md->key), Slice(CSliceRef(md->value)),
                   [md](absl::string_view error, const Slice& value) {
                     gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "Append error: %s",
                             absl::StrCat("key=", StringViewFromSlice(md->key),
@@ -945,39 +1006,37 @@ void FilterStackCall::RecvInitialFilter(grpc_metadata_batch* b) {
 
 void FilterStackCall::RecvTrailingFilter(grpc_metadata_batch* b,
                                          grpc_error_handle batch_error) {
-  if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(batch_error)) {
+  if (!batch_error.ok()) {
     SetFinalStatus(batch_error);
   } else {
     absl::optional<grpc_status_code> grpc_status =
         b->Take(GrpcStatusMetadata());
     if (grpc_status.has_value()) {
       grpc_status_code status_code = *grpc_status;
-      grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      grpc_error_handle error;
       if (status_code != GRPC_STATUS_OK) {
         char* peer = GetPeer();
         error = grpc_error_set_int(
-            GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
-                absl::StrCat("Error received from peer ", peer)),
-            GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, static_cast<intptr_t>(status_code));
+            GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(absl::StrCat("Error received from peer ", peer)),
+            StatusIntProperty::kRpcStatus, static_cast<intptr_t>(status_code));
         gpr_free(peer);
       }
       auto grpc_message = b->Take(GrpcMessageMetadata());
       if (grpc_message.has_value()) {
-        error = grpc_error_set_str(error, GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE,
+        error = grpc_error_set_str(error, StatusStrProperty::kGrpcMessage,
                                    grpc_message->as_string_view());
-      } else if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error)) {
-        error = grpc_error_set_str(error, GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE, "");
+      } else if (!error.ok()) {
+        error = grpc_error_set_str(error, StatusStrProperty::kGrpcMessage, "");
       }
-      SetFinalStatus(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
-      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+      SetFinalStatus(error);
     } else if (!is_client()) {
-      SetFinalStatus(GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+      SetFinalStatus(absl::OkStatus());
     } else {
       gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
               "Received trailing metadata with no error and no status");
-      SetFinalStatus(grpc_error_set_int(
-          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("No status received"),
-          GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_UNKNOWN));
+      SetFinalStatus(grpc_error_set_int(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE("No status received"),
+                                        StatusIntProperty::kRpcStatus,
+                                        GRPC_STATUS_UNKNOWN));
     }
   }
   PublishAppMetadata(b, true);
@@ -1041,38 +1100,17 @@ FilterStackCall::BatchControl* FilterStackCall::ReuseOrAllocateBatchControl(
   return bctl;
 }
 
-void Call::PropagateCancellationToChildren() {
-  ParentCall* pc = parent_call();
-  if (pc != nullptr) {
-    Call* child;
-    MutexLock lock(&pc->child_list_mu);
-    child = pc->first_child;
-    if (child != nullptr) {
-      do {
-        Call* next_child_call = child->child_->sibling_next;
-        if (child->cancellation_is_inherited_) {
-          child->InternalRef("propagate_cancel");
-          child->CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED);
-          child->InternalUnref("propagate_cancel");
-        }
-        child = next_child_call;
-      } while (child != pc->first_child);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::PostCompletion() {
   FilterStackCall* call = call_;
-  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(batch_error_.get());
+  grpc_error_handle error = batch_error_.get();
 
   if (op_.send_initial_metadata) {
     call->send_initial_metadata_.Clear();
   }
   if (op_.send_message) {
-    if (op_.payload->send_message.stream_write_closed &&
-        GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error)) {
+    if (op_.payload->send_message.stream_write_closed && error.ok()) {
       error = grpc_error_add_child(
-          error, GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          error, GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(
                      "Attempt to send message after stream was closed."));
     }
     call->sending_message_ = false;
@@ -1085,15 +1123,13 @@ void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::PostCompletion() {
     /* propagate cancellation to any interested children */
     gpr_atm_rel_store(&call->received_final_op_atm_, 1);
     call->PropagateCancellationToChildren();
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
-    error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    error = absl::OkStatus();
   }
-  if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error) && op_.recv_message &&
-      *call->receiving_buffer_ != nullptr) {
+  if (!error.ok() && op_.recv_message && *call->receiving_buffer_ != nullptr) {
     grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(*call->receiving_buffer_);
     *call->receiving_buffer_ = nullptr;
   }
-  batch_error_.set(GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  batch_error_.set(absl::OkStatus());
 
   if (completion_data_.notify_tag.is_closure) {
     /* unrefs error */
@@ -1149,18 +1185,17 @@ void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::ProcessDataAfterMetadata() {
 void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::ReceivingStreamReady(
     grpc_error_handle error) {
   FilterStackCall* call = call_;
-  if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error)) {
+  if (!error.ok()) {
     call->receiving_slice_buffer_.reset();
     if (batch_error_.ok()) {
       batch_error_.set(error);
     }
-    call->CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    call->CancelWithError(error);
   }
   /* If recv_state is kRecvNone, we will save the batch_control
    * object with rel_cas, and will not use it after the cas. Its corresponding
    * acq_load is in receiving_initial_metadata_ready() */
-  if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error) ||
-      !call->receiving_slice_buffer_.has_value() ||
+  if (!error.ok() || !call->receiving_slice_buffer_.has_value() ||
       !gpr_atm_rel_cas(&call->recv_state_, kRecvNone,
                        reinterpret_cast<gpr_atm>(this))) {
     ProcessDataAfterMetadata();
@@ -1192,7 +1227,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::ValidateFilteredMetadata() {
   FilterStackCall* call = call_;
 
   const grpc_compression_options compression_options =
-      call->channel_->compression_options();
+      call->channel()->compression_options();
   const grpc_compression_algorithm compression_algorithm =
       call->incoming_compression_algorithm_;
   if (GPR_UNLIKELY(!CompressionAlgorithmSet::FromUint32(
@@ -1217,7 +1252,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::ReceivingInitialMetadataReady(
 
   GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_STOP(call->call_combiner(), "recv_initial_metadata_ready");
 
-  if (GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error)) {
+  if (error.ok()) {
     grpc_metadata_batch* md = &call->recv_initial_metadata_;
     call->RecvInitialFilter(md);
 
@@ -1232,7 +1267,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::ReceivingInitialMetadataReady(
     if (batch_error_.ok()) {
       batch_error_.set(error);
     }
-    call->CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    call->CancelWithError(error);
   }
 
   grpc_closure* saved_rsr_closure = nullptr;
@@ -1263,7 +1298,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::ReceivingInitialMetadataReady(
     }
   }
   if (saved_rsr_closure != nullptr) {
-    Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, saved_rsr_closure, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, saved_rsr_closure, error);
   }
 
   FinishStep();
@@ -1274,7 +1309,7 @@ void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::ReceivingTrailingMetadataReady(
   GRPC_CALL_COMBINER_STOP(call_->call_combiner(),
                           "recv_trailing_metadata_ready");
   grpc_metadata_batch* md = &call_->recv_trailing_metadata_;
-  call_->RecvTrailingFilter(md, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  call_->RecvTrailingFilter(md, error);
   FinishStep();
 }
 
@@ -1283,12 +1318,30 @@ void FilterStackCall::BatchControl::FinishBatch(grpc_error_handle error) {
   if (batch_error_.ok()) {
     batch_error_.set(error);
   }
-  if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error)) {
-    call_->CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  if (!error.ok()) {
+    call_->CancelWithError(error);
   }
   FinishStep();
 }
 
+namespace {
+void EndOpImmediately(grpc_completion_queue* cq, void* notify_tag,
+                      bool is_notify_tag_closure) {
+  if (!is_notify_tag_closure) {
+    GPR_ASSERT(grpc_cq_begin_op(cq, notify_tag));
+    grpc_cq_end_op(
+        cq, notify_tag, absl::OkStatus(),
+        [](void*, grpc_cq_completion* completion) { gpr_free(completion); },
+        nullptr,
+        static_cast<grpc_cq_completion*>(
+            gpr_malloc(sizeof(grpc_cq_completion))));
+  } else {
+    Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, static_cast<grpc_closure*>(notify_tag),
+                 absl::OkStatus());
+  }
+}
+}  // namespace
+
 grpc_call_error FilterStackCall::StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
                                             void* notify_tag,
                                             bool is_notify_tag_closure) {
@@ -1312,18 +1365,7 @@ grpc_call_error FilterStackCall::StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
   GRPC_CALL_LOG_BATCH(GPR_INFO, ops, nops);
 
   if (nops == 0) {
-    if (!is_notify_tag_closure) {
-      GPR_ASSERT(grpc_cq_begin_op(cq_, notify_tag));
-      grpc_cq_end_op(
-          cq_, notify_tag, GRPC_ERROR_NONE,
-          [](void*, grpc_cq_completion* completion) { gpr_free(completion); },
-          nullptr,
-          static_cast<grpc_cq_completion*>(
-              gpr_malloc(sizeof(grpc_cq_completion))));
-    } else {
-      Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, static_cast<grpc_closure*>(notify_tag),
-                   GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
-    }
+    EndOpImmediately(cq_, notify_tag, is_notify_tag_closure);
     error = GRPC_CALL_OK;
     goto done;
   }
@@ -1371,7 +1413,7 @@ grpc_call_error FilterStackCall::StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
           level_set = true;
         } else {
           const grpc_compression_options copts =
-              channel_->compression_options();
+              channel()->compression_options();
           if (copts.default_level.is_set) {
             level_set = true;
             effective_compression_level = copts.default_level.level;
@@ -1416,7 +1458,8 @@ grpc_call_error FilterStackCall::StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
         stream_op_payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata =
             &send_initial_metadata_;
         if (is_client()) {
-          stream_op_payload->send_initial_metadata.peer_string = &peer_string_;
+          stream_op_payload->send_initial_metadata.peer_string =
+              peer_string_atm_ptr();
         }
         has_send_ops = true;
         break;
@@ -1505,11 +1548,10 @@ grpc_call_error FilterStackCall::StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
 
         grpc_error_handle status_error =
             op->data.send_status_from_server.status == GRPC_STATUS_OK
-                ? GRPC_ERROR_NONE
+                ? absl::OkStatus()
                 : grpc_error_set_int(
-                      GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
-                          "Server returned error"),
-                      GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS,
+                      GRPC_ERROR_CREATE("Server returned error"),
+                      StatusIntProperty::kRpcStatus,
                       static_cast<intptr_t>(
                           op->data.send_status_from_server.status));
         if (op->data.send_status_from_server.status_details != nullptr) {
@@ -1517,16 +1559,15 @@ grpc_call_error FilterStackCall::StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
               GrpcMessageMetadata(),
               Slice(grpc_slice_copy(
                   *op->data.send_status_from_server.status_details)));
-          if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(status_error)) {
+          if (!status_error.ok()) {
             status_error = grpc_error_set_str(
-                status_error, GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE,
+                status_error, StatusStrProperty::kGrpcMessage,
                 StringViewFromSlice(
                     *op->data.send_status_from_server.status_details));
           }
         }
 
         status_error_.set(status_error);
-        GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(status_error);
 
         send_trailing_metadata_.Set(GrpcStatusMetadata(),
                                     op->data.send_status_from_server.status);
@@ -1569,7 +1610,8 @@ grpc_call_error FilterStackCall::StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
           stream_op_payload->recv_initial_metadata.trailing_metadata_available =
               &is_trailers_only_;
         } else {
-          stream_op_payload->recv_initial_metadata.peer_string = &peer_string_;
+          stream_op_payload->recv_initial_metadata.peer_string =
+              peer_string_atm_ptr();
         }
         ++num_recv_ops;
         break;
@@ -1740,8 +1782,1085 @@ void FilterStackCall::ContextSet(grpc_context_index elem, void* value,
   context_[elem].destroy = destroy;
 }
 
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Metadata validation helpers
+
+namespace {
+bool ValidateMetadata(size_t count, grpc_metadata* metadata) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    grpc_metadata* md = &metadata[i];
+    if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("validate_metadata",
+                           grpc_validate_header_key_is_legal(md->key))) {
+      return false;
+    } else if (!grpc_is_binary_header_internal(md->key) &&
+               !GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(
+                   "validate_metadata",
+                   grpc_validate_header_nonbin_value_is_legal(md->value))) {
+      return false;
+    } else if (GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(md->value) >= UINT32_MAX) {
+      // HTTP2 hpack encoding has a maximum limit.
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// PromiseBasedCall
+// Will be folded into Call once the promise conversion is done
+
+class PromiseBasedCall : public Call, public Activity, public Wakeable {
+ public:
+  PromiseBasedCall(Arena* arena, const grpc_call_create_args& args);
+
+  void ContextSet(grpc_context_index elem, void* value,
+                  void (*destroy)(void* value)) override;
+  void* ContextGet(grpc_context_index elem) const override;
+  void SetCompletionQueue(grpc_completion_queue* cq) override;
+
+  // Implementation of call refcounting: move this to DualRefCounted once we
+  // don't need to maintain FilterStackCall compatibility
+  void ExternalRef() final {
+    refs_.fetch_add(MakeRefPair(1, 0), std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+  void ExternalUnref() final {
+    const uint64_t prev_ref_pair =
+        refs_.fetch_add(MakeRefPair(-1, 1), std::memory_order_acq_rel);
+    const uint32_t strong_refs = GetStrongRefs(prev_ref_pair);
+    if (GPR_UNLIKELY(strong_refs == 1)) {
+      Orphan();
+    }
+    // Now drop the weak ref.
+    InternalUnref("external_ref");
+  }
+  void InternalRef(const char*) final {
+    refs_.fetch_add(MakeRefPair(0, 1), std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+  void InternalUnref(const char*) final {
+    const uint64_t prev_ref_pair =
+        refs_.fetch_sub(MakeRefPair(0, 1), std::memory_order_acq_rel);
+    if (GPR_UNLIKELY(prev_ref_pair == MakeRefPair(0, 1))) {
+      DeleteThis();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Activity methods
+  void ForceImmediateRepoll() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_) override;
+  Waker MakeOwningWaker() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_) override {
+    InternalRef("wakeup");
+// If ASAN is defined, we leverage it to detect dropped Waker objects.
+// Usually Waker must be destroyed or woken up, but (especially with arenas)
+// it's not uncommon to create a Waker and then do neither. In that case it's
+// incredibly fraught to diagnose where the dropped reference to this object was
+// created. Instead, leverage ASAN and create a new object per expected wakeup.
+// Now when we drop such an object ASAN will fail and we'll get a callstack to
+// the creation of the waker in question.
+#if defined(__has_feature)
+#if __has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+#define GRPC_CALL_USES_ASAN_WAKER
+    class AsanWaker final : public Wakeable {
+     public:
+      explicit AsanWaker(PromiseBasedCall* call) : call_(call) {}
+
+      void Wakeup() override {
+        call_->Wakeup();
+        delete this;
+      }
+
+      void Drop() override {
+        call_->Drop();
+        delete this;
+      }
+
+      std::string ActivityDebugTag() const override {
+        return call_->DebugTag();
+      }
+
+     private:
+      PromiseBasedCall* call_;
+    };
+    return Waker(new AsanWaker(this));
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifndef GRPC_CALL_USES_ASAN_WAKER
+    return Waker(this);
+#endif
+  }
+  Waker MakeNonOwningWaker() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_) override;
+
+  // Wakeable methods
+  void Wakeup() override {
+    channel()->event_engine()->Run([this] {
+      ApplicationCallbackExecCtx app_exec_ctx;
+      ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+      {
+        ScopedContext activity_context(this);
+        MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+        Update();
+      }
+      InternalUnref("wakeup");
+    });
+  }
+  void Drop() override { InternalUnref("wakeup"); }
+
+  void RunInContext(absl::AnyInvocable<void()> fn) {
+    if (Activity::current() == this) {
+      fn();
+    } else {
+      InternalRef("in_context");
+      channel()->event_engine()->Run([this, fn = std::move(fn)]() mutable {
+        ApplicationCallbackExecCtx app_exec_ctx;
+        ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+        {
+          ScopedContext activity_context(this);
+          MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+          fn();
+          Update();
+        }
+        InternalUnref("in_context");
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  grpc_compression_algorithm test_only_compression_algorithm() override {
+    abort();
+  }
+  uint32_t test_only_message_flags() override { abort(); }
+  uint32_t test_only_encodings_accepted_by_peer() override { abort(); }
+  grpc_compression_algorithm compression_for_level(
+      grpc_compression_level) override {
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  // This should return nullptr for the promise stack (and alternative means
+  // for that functionality be invented)
+  grpc_call_stack* call_stack() override { return nullptr; }
+
+ protected:
+  class ScopedContext
+      : public ScopedActivity,
+        public promise_detail::Context<Arena>,
+        public promise_detail::Context<grpc_call_context_element>,
+        public promise_detail::Context<CallContext>,
+        public promise_detail::Context<CallFinalization> {
+   public:
+    explicit ScopedContext(PromiseBasedCall* call)
+        : ScopedActivity(call),
+          promise_detail::Context<Arena>(call->arena()),
+          promise_detail::Context<grpc_call_context_element>(call->context_),
+          promise_detail::Context<CallContext>(&call->call_context_),
+          promise_detail::Context<CallFinalization>(&call->finalization_) {}
+  };
+
+  class Completion {
+   public:
+    Completion() : index_(kNullIndex) {}
+    ~Completion() { GPR_ASSERT(index_ == kNullIndex); }
+    explicit Completion(uint8_t index) : index_(index) {}
+    Completion(const Completion& other) = delete;
+    Completion& operator=(const Completion& other) = delete;
+    Completion(Completion&& other) noexcept : index_(other.index_) {
+      other.index_ = kNullIndex;
+    }
+    Completion& operator=(Completion&& other) noexcept {
+      GPR_ASSERT(index_ == kNullIndex);
+      index_ = other.index_;
+      other.index_ = kNullIndex;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    uint8_t index() const { return index_; }
+    uint8_t TakeIndex() { return std::exchange(index_, kNullIndex); }
+    bool has_value() const { return index_ != kNullIndex; }
+
+    std::string ToString() const {
+      return index_ == kNullIndex ? "null"
+                                  : std::to_string(static_cast<int>(index_));
+    }
+
+   private:
+    enum : uint8_t { kNullIndex = 0xff };
+    uint8_t index_;
+  };
+
+  ~PromiseBasedCall() override {
+    if (non_owning_wakeable_) non_owning_wakeable_->DropActivity();
+    if (cq_) GRPC_CQ_INTERNAL_UNREF(cq_, "bind");
+  }
+
+  // Enumerates why a Completion is still pending
+  enum class PendingOp {
+    // We're in the midst of starting a batch of operations
+    kStartingBatch = 0,
+    // The following correspond with the batch operations from above
+    kReceiveInitialMetadata,
+    kReceiveStatusOnClient,
+    kSendMessage,
+    kReceiveMessage,
+  };
+
+  static constexpr const char* PendingOpString(PendingOp reason) {
+    switch (reason) {
+      case PendingOp::kStartingBatch:
+        return "StartingBatch";
+      case PendingOp::kReceiveInitialMetadata:
+        return "ReceiveInitialMetadata";
+      case PendingOp::kReceiveStatusOnClient:
+        return "ReceiveStatusOnClient";
+      case PendingOp::kSendMessage:
+        return "SendMessage";
+      case PendingOp::kReceiveMessage:
+        return "ReceiveMessage";
+    }
+    return "Unknown";
+  }
+
+  static constexpr uint8_t PendingOpBit(PendingOp reason) {
+    return 1 << static_cast<int>(reason);
+  }
+
+  Mutex* mu() const ABSL_LOCK_RETURNED(mu_) { return &mu_; }
+
+  // Begin work on a completion, recording the tag/closure to notify.
+  // Use the op selected in \a ops to determine the index to allocate into.
+  // Starts the "StartingBatch" PendingOp immediately.
+  // Assumes at least one operation in \a ops.
+  Completion StartCompletion(void* tag, bool is_closure, const grpc_op* ops)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_);
+  // Add one pending op to the completion, and return it.
+  Completion AddOpToCompletion(const Completion& completion, PendingOp reason)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_);
+  // Finish one op on the completion. Must have been previously been added.
+  // The completion as a whole finishes when all pending ops finish.
+  void FinishOpOnCompletion(Completion* completion, PendingOp reason)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_);
+  // Mark the completion as failed. Does not finish it.
+  void FailCompletion(const Completion& completion);
+  // Run the promise polling loop until it stalls.
+  void Update() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_);
+  // Update the promise state once.
+  virtual void UpdateOnce() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_) = 0;
+  // Accept the stats from the context (call once we have proof the transport is
+  // done with them).
+  // Right now this means that promise based calls do not record correct stats
+  // with census if they are cancelled.
+  // TODO(ctiller): this should be remedied before promise  based calls are
+  // dexperimentalized.
+  void AcceptTransportStatsFromContext() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_) {
+    final_stats_ = *call_context_.call_stats();
+  }
+
+  grpc_completion_queue* cq() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu_) { return cq_; }
+
+  void CToMetadata(grpc_metadata* metadata, size_t count,
+                   grpc_metadata_batch* batch);
+
+  std::string ActivityDebugTag() const override { return DebugTag(); }
+
+  // At the end of the call run any finalization actions.
+  void RunFinalization(grpc_status_code status, const char* status_details) {
+    grpc_call_final_info final_info;
+    final_info.stats = final_stats_;
+    final_info.final_status = status;
+    final_info.error_string = status_details;
+    finalization_.Run(&final_info);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  union CompletionInfo {
+    struct Pending {
+      // Bitmask of PendingOps
+      uint8_t pending_op_bits;
+      bool is_closure;
+      bool success;
+      void* tag;
+    } pending;
+    grpc_cq_completion completion;
+  };
+
+  class NonOwningWakable final : public Wakeable {
+   public:
+    explicit NonOwningWakable(PromiseBasedCall* call) : call_(call) {}
+
+    // Ref the Handle (not the activity).
+    void Ref() { refs_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed); }
+
+    // Activity is going away... drop its reference and sever the connection
+    // back.
+    void DropActivity() ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(mu_) {
+      auto unref = absl::MakeCleanup([this]() { Unref(); });
+      MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+      GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+      call_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // Activity needs to wake up (if it still exists!) - wake it up, and drop
+    // the ref that was kept for this handle.
+    void Wakeup() override ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(mu_) {
+      // Drop the ref to the handle at end of scope (we have one ref = one
+      // wakeup semantics).
+      auto unref = absl::MakeCleanup([this]() { Unref(); });
+      ReleasableMutexLock lock(&mu_);
+      // Note that activity refcount can drop to zero, but we could win the lock
+      // against DropActivity, so we need to only increase activities refcount
+      // if it is non-zero.
+      if (call_ != nullptr && call_->RefIfNonZero()) {
+        PromiseBasedCall* call = call_;
+        lock.Release();
+        // Activity still exists and we have a reference: wake it up, which will
+        // drop the ref.
+        call->Wakeup();
+      }
+    }
+
+    std::string ActivityDebugTag() const override {
+      MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+      return call_ == nullptr ? "<unknown>" : call_->DebugTag();
+    }
+
+    void Drop() override { Unref(); }
+
+   private:
+    // Unref the Handle (not the activity).
+    void Unref() {
+      if (1 == refs_.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_acq_rel)) {
+        delete this;
+      }
+    }
+
+    mutable Mutex mu_;
+    // We have two initial refs: one for the wakeup that this is created for,
+    // and will be dropped by Wakeup, and the other for the activity which is
+    // dropped by DropActivity.
+    std::atomic<size_t> refs_{2};
+    PromiseBasedCall* call_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
+  };
+
+  static void OnDestroy(void* arg, grpc_error_handle) {
+    auto* call = static_cast<PromiseBasedCall*>(arg);
+    ScopedContext context(call);
+    call->DeleteThis();
+  }
+
+  // First 32 bits are strong refs, next 32 bits are weak refs.
+  static uint64_t MakeRefPair(uint32_t strong, uint32_t weak) {
+    return (static_cast<uint64_t>(strong) << 32) + static_cast<int64_t>(weak);
+  }
+  static uint32_t GetStrongRefs(uint64_t ref_pair) {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(ref_pair >> 32);
+  }
+  static uint32_t GetWeakRefs(uint64_t ref_pair) {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(ref_pair & 0xffffffffu);
+  }
+
+  bool RefIfNonZero() {
+    uint64_t prev_ref_pair = refs_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    do {
+      const uint32_t strong_refs = GetStrongRefs(prev_ref_pair);
+      if (strong_refs == 0) return false;
+    } while (!refs_.compare_exchange_weak(
+        prev_ref_pair, prev_ref_pair + MakeRefPair(1, 0),
+        std::memory_order_acq_rel, std::memory_order_acquire));
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  mutable Mutex mu_;
+  std::atomic<uint64_t> refs_{MakeRefPair(1, 0)};
+  CallContext call_context_{this};
+  bool keep_polling_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu()) = false;
+
+  /* Contexts for various subsystems (security, tracing, ...). */
+  grpc_call_context_element context_[GRPC_CONTEXT_COUNT] = {};
+  grpc_completion_queue* cq_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
+  NonOwningWakable* non_owning_wakeable_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_) = nullptr;
+  CompletionInfo completion_info_[6];
+  grpc_call_stats final_stats_{};
+  CallFinalization finalization_;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+grpc_error_handle MakePromiseBasedCall(grpc_call_create_args* args,
+                                       grpc_call** out_call) {
+  Channel* channel = args->channel.get();
+
+  auto alloc = Arena::CreateWithAlloc(channel->CallSizeEstimate(), sizeof(T),
+                                      channel->allocator());
+  PromiseBasedCall* call = new (alloc.second) T(alloc.first, args);
+  *out_call = call->c_ptr();
+  GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(Call::FromC(*out_call) == call);
+  return absl::OkStatus();
+}
+
+PromiseBasedCall::PromiseBasedCall(Arena* arena,
+                                   const grpc_call_create_args& args)
+    : Call(arena, args.server_transport_data == nullptr, args.send_deadline,
+           args.channel->Ref()),
+      cq_(args.cq) {
+  if (args.cq != nullptr) {
+    GPR_ASSERT(args.pollset_set_alternative == nullptr &&
+               "Only one of 'cq' and 'pollset_set_alternative' should be "
+               "non-nullptr.");
+    GRPC_CQ_INTERNAL_REF(args.cq, "bind");
+    call_context_.pollent_ =
+        grpc_polling_entity_create_from_pollset(grpc_cq_pollset(args.cq));
+  }
+  if (args.pollset_set_alternative != nullptr) {
+    call_context_.pollent_ = grpc_polling_entity_create_from_pollset_set(
+        args.pollset_set_alternative);
+  }
+}
+
+Waker PromiseBasedCall::MakeNonOwningWaker() {
+  if (non_owning_wakeable_ == nullptr) {
+    non_owning_wakeable_ = new NonOwningWakable(this);
+  } else {
+    non_owning_wakeable_->Ref();
+  }
+  return Waker(non_owning_wakeable_);
+}
+
+void PromiseBasedCall::CToMetadata(grpc_metadata* metadata, size_t count,
+                                   grpc_metadata_batch* b) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    grpc_metadata* md = &metadata[i];
+    auto key = StringViewFromSlice(md->key);
+    // Filter "content-length metadata"
+    if (key == "content-length") continue;
+    b->Append(key, Slice(CSliceRef(md->value)),
+              [md](absl::string_view error, const Slice& value) {
+                gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "Append error: %s",
+                        absl::StrCat("key=", StringViewFromSlice(md->key),
+                                     " error=", error,
+                                     " value=", value.as_string_view())
+                            .c_str());
+              });
+  }
+}
+
+void PromiseBasedCall::ContextSet(grpc_context_index elem, void* value,
+                                  void (*destroy)(void*)) {
+  if (context_[elem].destroy != nullptr) {
+    context_[elem].destroy(context_[elem].value);
+  }
+  context_[elem].value = value;
+  context_[elem].destroy = destroy;
+}
+
+void* PromiseBasedCall::ContextGet(grpc_context_index elem) const {
+  return context_[elem].value;
+}
+
+PromiseBasedCall::Completion PromiseBasedCall::StartCompletion(
+    void* tag, bool is_closure, const grpc_op* ops) {
+  Completion c(BatchSlotForOp(ops[0].op));
+  if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%sStartCompletion %s tag=%p", DebugTag().c_str(),
+            c.ToString().c_str(), tag);
+  }
+  if (!is_closure) {
+    grpc_cq_begin_op(cq(), tag);
+  }
+  completion_info_[c.index()].pending = {
+      PendingOpBit(PendingOp::kStartingBatch), is_closure, true, tag};
+  return c;
+}
+
+PromiseBasedCall::Completion PromiseBasedCall::AddOpToCompletion(
+    const Completion& completion, PendingOp reason) {
+  if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%sAddOpToCompletion %s %s", DebugTag().c_str(),
+            completion.ToString().c_str(), PendingOpString(reason));
+  }
+  auto& pending_op_bits =
+      completion_info_[completion.index()].pending.pending_op_bits;
+  GPR_ASSERT((pending_op_bits & PendingOpBit(reason)) == 0);
+  pending_op_bits |= PendingOpBit(reason);
+  return Completion(completion.index());
+}
+
+void PromiseBasedCall::FailCompletion(const Completion& completion) {
+  if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%sFailCompletion %s", DebugTag().c_str(),
+            completion.ToString().c_str());
+  }
+  completion_info_[completion.index()].pending.success = false;
+}
+
+void PromiseBasedCall::FinishOpOnCompletion(Completion* completion,
+                                            PendingOp reason) {
+  if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+    auto pending_op_bits =
+        completion_info_[completion->index()].pending.pending_op_bits;
+    bool success = completion_info_[completion->index()].pending.success;
+    std::vector<const char*> pending;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 8 * sizeof(pending_op_bits); i++) {
+      if (static_cast<PendingOp>(i) == reason) continue;
+      if (pending_op_bits & (1 << i)) {
+        pending.push_back(PendingOpString(static_cast<PendingOp>(i)));
+      }
+    }
+    gpr_log(
+        GPR_INFO, "%sFinishOpOnCompletion %s %s %s", DebugTag().c_str(),
+        completion->ToString().c_str(), PendingOpString(reason),
+        (pending.empty()
+             ? (success ? std::string("done") : std::string("failed"))
+             : absl::StrFormat("pending_ops={%s}", absl::StrJoin(pending, ",")))
+            .c_str());
+  }
+  const uint8_t i = completion->TakeIndex();
+  GPR_ASSERT(i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(completion_info_));
+  CompletionInfo::Pending& pending = completion_info_[i].pending;
+  GPR_ASSERT(pending.pending_op_bits & PendingOpBit(reason));
+  pending.pending_op_bits &= ~PendingOpBit(reason);
+  auto error = pending.success ? absl::OkStatus() : absl::CancelledError();
+  if (pending.pending_op_bits == 0) {
+    if (pending.is_closure) {
+      ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, static_cast<grpc_closure*>(pending.tag),
+                   error);
+    } else {
+      grpc_cq_end_op(
+          cq(), pending.tag, error, [](void*, grpc_cq_completion*) {}, nullptr,
+          &completion_info_[i].completion);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void PromiseBasedCall::Update() {
+  keep_polling_ = false;
+  do {
+    UpdateOnce();
+  } while (std::exchange(keep_polling_, false));
+}
+
+void PromiseBasedCall::ForceImmediateRepoll() { keep_polling_ = true; }
+
+void PromiseBasedCall::SetCompletionQueue(grpc_completion_queue* cq) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  cq_ = cq;
+  GRPC_CQ_INTERNAL_REF(cq, "bind");
+  call_context_.pollent_ =
+      grpc_polling_entity_create_from_pollset(grpc_cq_pollset(cq));
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// CallContext
+
+void CallContext::RunInContext(absl::AnyInvocable<void()> fn) {
+  call_->RunInContext(std::move(fn));
+}
+
+void CallContext::IncrementRefCount(const char* reason) {
+  call_->InternalRef(reason);
+}
+
+void CallContext::Unref(const char* reason) { call_->InternalUnref(reason); }
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ClientPromiseBasedCall
+
+class ClientPromiseBasedCall final : public PromiseBasedCall {
+ public:
+  ClientPromiseBasedCall(Arena* arena, grpc_call_create_args* args)
+      : PromiseBasedCall(arena, *args) {
+    global_stats().IncrementClientCallsCreated();
+    ScopedContext context(this);
+    send_initial_metadata_ =
+        GetContext<Arena>()->MakePooled<ClientMetadata>(GetContext<Arena>());
+    send_initial_metadata_->Set(HttpPathMetadata(), std::move(*args->path));
+    if (args->authority.has_value()) {
+      send_initial_metadata_->Set(HttpAuthorityMetadata(),
+                                  std::move(*args->authority));
+    }
+    if (auto* channelz_channel = channel()->channelz_node()) {
+      channelz_channel->RecordCallStarted();
+    }
+  }
+
+  ~ClientPromiseBasedCall() override {
+    ScopedContext context(this);
+    send_initial_metadata_.reset();
+    recv_status_on_client_ = absl::monostate();
+    promise_ = ArenaPromise<ServerMetadataHandle>();
+    // Need to destroy the pipes under the ScopedContext above, so we move them
+    // out here and then allow the destructors to run at end of scope, but
+    // before context.
+    auto c2s = std::move(client_to_server_messages_);
+    auto s2c = std::move(server_to_client_messages_);
+  }
+
+  absl::string_view GetServerAuthority() const override { abort(); }
+  void CancelWithError(grpc_error_handle error) override;
+  bool Completed() override;
+  void Orphan() override {
+    MutexLock lock(mu());
+    ScopedContext ctx(this);
+    if (!completed_) Finish(ServerMetadataFromStatus(absl::CancelledError()));
+  }
+  bool is_trailers_only() const override {
+    MutexLock lock(mu());
+    return is_trailers_only_;
+  }
+  bool failed_before_recv_message() const override { abort(); }
+
+  grpc_call_error StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops, void* notify_tag,
+                             bool is_notify_tag_closure) override;
+
+  std::string DebugTag() const override {
+    return absl::StrFormat("CLIENT_CALL[%p]: ", this);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Poll the underlying promise (and sundry objects) once.
+  void UpdateOnce() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu()) override;
+  // Finish the call with the given status/trailing metadata.
+  void Finish(ServerMetadataHandle trailing_metadata)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu());
+  // Validate that a set of ops is valid for a client call.
+  grpc_call_error ValidateBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops) const
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu());
+  // Commit a valid batch of operations to be executed.
+  void CommitBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
+                   const Completion& completion)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu());
+  // Start the underlying promise.
+  void StartPromise(ClientMetadataHandle client_initial_metadata)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu());
+  // Publish some metadata out to the application.
+  static void PublishMetadataArray(grpc_metadata_array* array,
+                                   ServerMetadata* md);
+  // Publish status out to the application.
+  void PublishStatus(
+      grpc_op::grpc_op_data::grpc_op_recv_status_on_client op_args,
+      ServerMetadataHandle trailing_metadata)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu());
+  // Publish server initial metadata out to the application.
+  void PublishInitialMetadata(ServerMetadata* metadata)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(mu());
+
+  ArenaPromise<ServerMetadataHandle> promise_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  Latch<ServerMetadata*> server_initial_metadata_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  Pipe<MessageHandle> client_to_server_messages_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu()){arena()};
+  Pipe<MessageHandle> server_to_client_messages_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu()){arena()};
+
+  ClientMetadataHandle send_initial_metadata_;
+  grpc_metadata_array* recv_initial_metadata_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu()) = nullptr;
+  grpc_byte_buffer** recv_message_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu()) = nullptr;
+  absl::variant<absl::monostate,
+                grpc_op::grpc_op_data::grpc_op_recv_status_on_client,
+                ServerMetadataHandle>
+      recv_status_on_client_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  absl::optional<PipeSender<MessageHandle>::PushType> outstanding_send_
+      ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  absl::optional<PipeReceiver<MessageHandle>::NextType> outstanding_recv_
+      ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  absl::optional<Latch<ServerMetadata*>::WaitPromise>
+      server_initial_metadata_ready_;
+  absl::optional<grpc_compression_algorithm> incoming_compression_algorithm_;
+  Completion recv_initial_metadata_completion_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  Completion recv_status_on_client_completion_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  Completion send_message_completion_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  Completion recv_message_completion_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+  bool completed_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu()) = false;
+  bool is_trailers_only_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu());
+};
+
+void ClientPromiseBasedCall::StartPromise(
+    ClientMetadataHandle client_initial_metadata) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(!promise_.has_value());
+  promise_ = channel()->channel_stack()->MakeClientCallPromise(CallArgs{
+      std::move(client_initial_metadata),
+      &server_initial_metadata_,
+      &client_to_server_messages_.receiver,
+      &server_to_client_messages_.sender,
+  });
+}
+
+void ClientPromiseBasedCall::CancelWithError(grpc_error_handle error) {
+  MutexLock lock(mu());
+  ScopedContext context(this);
+  Finish(ServerMetadataFromStatus(grpc_error_to_absl_status(error)));
+}
+
+grpc_call_error ClientPromiseBasedCall::ValidateBatch(const grpc_op* ops,
+                                                      size_t nops) const {
+  BitSet<8> got_ops;
+  for (size_t op_idx = 0; op_idx < nops; op_idx++) {
+    const grpc_op& op = ops[op_idx];
+    switch (op.op) {
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA:
+        if (!AreInitialMetadataFlagsValid(op.flags)) {
+          return GRPC_CALL_ERROR_INVALID_FLAGS;
+        }
+        if (!ValidateMetadata(op.data.send_initial_metadata.count,
+                              op.data.send_initial_metadata.metadata)) {
+          return GRPC_CALL_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA;
+        }
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE:
+        if (!AreWriteFlagsValid(op.flags)) {
+          return GRPC_CALL_ERROR_INVALID_FLAGS;
+        }
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA:
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE:
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_CLOSE_FROM_CLIENT:
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT:
+        if (op.flags != 0) return GRPC_CALL_ERROR_INVALID_FLAGS;
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_CLOSE_ON_SERVER:
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_STATUS_FROM_SERVER:
+        return GRPC_CALL_ERROR_NOT_ON_CLIENT;
+    }
+    if (got_ops.is_set(op.op)) return GRPC_CALL_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPERATIONS;
+    got_ops.set(op.op);
+  }
+  return GRPC_CALL_OK;
+}
+
+void ClientPromiseBasedCall::CommitBatch(const grpc_op* ops, size_t nops,
+                                         const Completion& completion) {
+  for (size_t op_idx = 0; op_idx < nops; op_idx++) {
+    const grpc_op& op = ops[op_idx];
+    switch (op.op) {
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA: {
+        // compression not implemented
+        GPR_ASSERT(
+            !op.data.send_initial_metadata.maybe_compression_level.is_set);
+        if (!completed_) {
+          CToMetadata(op.data.send_initial_metadata.metadata,
+                      op.data.send_initial_metadata.count,
+                      send_initial_metadata_.get());
+          StartPromise(std::move(send_initial_metadata_));
+        }
+      } break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA: {
+        recv_initial_metadata_ =
+            op.data.recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata;
+        server_initial_metadata_ready_ = server_initial_metadata_.Wait();
+        recv_initial_metadata_completion_ =
+            AddOpToCompletion(completion, PendingOp::kReceiveInitialMetadata);
+      } break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT: {
+        recv_status_on_client_completion_ =
+            AddOpToCompletion(completion, PendingOp::kReceiveStatusOnClient);
+        if (auto* finished_metadata =
+                absl::get_if<ServerMetadataHandle>(&recv_status_on_client_)) {
+          PublishStatus(op.data.recv_status_on_client,
+                        std::move(*finished_metadata));
+        } else {
+          recv_status_on_client_ = op.data.recv_status_on_client;
+        }
+      } break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE: {
+        GPR_ASSERT(!outstanding_send_.has_value());
+        if (!completed_) {
+          send_message_completion_ =
+              AddOpToCompletion(completion, PendingOp::kSendMessage);
+          SliceBuffer send;
+          grpc_slice_buffer_swap(
+              &op.data.send_message.send_message->data.raw.slice_buffer,
+              send.c_slice_buffer());
+          outstanding_send_.emplace(client_to_server_messages_.sender.Push(
+              GetContext<Arena>()->MakePooled<Message>(std::move(send),
+                                                       op.flags)));
+        } else {
+          FailCompletion(completion);
+        }
+      } break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE: {
+        GPR_ASSERT(!outstanding_recv_.has_value());
+        recv_message_ = op.data.recv_message.recv_message;
+        recv_message_completion_ =
+            AddOpToCompletion(completion, PendingOp::kReceiveMessage);
+        outstanding_recv_.emplace(server_to_client_messages_.receiver.Next());
+      } break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_CLOSE_FROM_CLIENT: {
+        client_to_server_messages_.sender.Close();
+      } break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_STATUS_FROM_SERVER:
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_CLOSE_ON_SERVER:
+        abort();  // unreachable
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_call_error ClientPromiseBasedCall::StartBatch(const grpc_op* ops,
+                                                   size_t nops,
+                                                   void* notify_tag,
+                                                   bool is_notify_tag_closure) {
+  MutexLock lock(mu());
+  ScopedContext activity_context(this);
+  if (nops == 0) {
+    EndOpImmediately(cq(), notify_tag, is_notify_tag_closure);
+    return GRPC_CALL_OK;
+  }
+  const grpc_call_error validation_result = ValidateBatch(ops, nops);
+  if (validation_result != GRPC_CALL_OK) {
+    return validation_result;
+  }
+  Completion completion =
+      StartCompletion(notify_tag, is_notify_tag_closure, ops);
+  CommitBatch(ops, nops, completion);
+  Update();
+  FinishOpOnCompletion(&completion, PendingOp::kStartingBatch);
+  return GRPC_CALL_OK;
+}
+
+void ClientPromiseBasedCall::PublishInitialMetadata(ServerMetadata* metadata) {
+  incoming_compression_algorithm_ =
+      metadata->Take(GrpcEncodingMetadata()).value_or(GRPC_COMPRESS_NONE);
+  server_initial_metadata_ready_.reset();
+  GPR_ASSERT(recv_initial_metadata_ != nullptr);
+  PublishMetadataArray(std::exchange(recv_initial_metadata_, nullptr),
+                       metadata);
+  FinishOpOnCompletion(&recv_initial_metadata_completion_,
+                       PendingOp::kReceiveInitialMetadata);
+}
+
+void ClientPromiseBasedCall::UpdateOnce() {
+  if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+    auto present_and_completion_text =
+        [](const char* caption, bool has,
+           const Completion& completion) -> std::string {
+      if (has) {
+        if (completion.has_value()) {
+          return absl::StrCat(caption, ":",
+                              static_cast<int>(completion.index()), " ");
+        } else {
+          return absl::StrCat(caption,
+                              ":!!BUG:operation is present, no completion!! ");
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (!completion.has_value()) {
+          return "";
+        } else {
+          return absl::StrCat(
+              caption, ":no-op:", static_cast<int>(completion.index()), " ");
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    gpr_log(
+        GPR_INFO, "%sUpdateOnce: %s%s%shas_promise=%s", DebugTag().c_str(),
+        present_and_completion_text("server_initial_metadata_ready",
+                                    server_initial_metadata_ready_.has_value(),
+                                    recv_initial_metadata_completion_)
+            .c_str(),
+        present_and_completion_text("outstanding_send",
+                                    outstanding_send_.has_value(),
+                                    send_message_completion_)
+            .c_str(),
+        present_and_completion_text("outstanding_recv",
+                                    outstanding_recv_.has_value(),
+                                    recv_message_completion_)
+            .c_str(),
+        promise_.has_value() ? "true" : "false");
+  }
+  if (send_message_completion_.has_value()) {
+    FinishOpOnCompletion(&send_message_completion_, PendingOp::kSendMessage);
+  }
+  if (server_initial_metadata_ready_.has_value()) {
+    Poll<ServerMetadata**> r = (*server_initial_metadata_ready_)();
+    if (ServerMetadata*** server_initial_metadata =
+            absl::get_if<ServerMetadata**>(&r)) {
+      PublishInitialMetadata(**server_initial_metadata);
+    } else if (completed_) {
+      ServerMetadata no_metadata{GetContext<Arena>()};
+      PublishInitialMetadata(&no_metadata);
+    }
+  }
+  if (outstanding_send_.has_value()) {
+    Poll<bool> r = (*outstanding_send_)();
+    if (const bool* result = absl::get_if<bool>(&r)) {
+      outstanding_send_.reset();
+      if (!*result) {
+        FailCompletion(send_message_completion_);
+        Finish(ServerMetadataFromStatus(absl::Status(
+            absl::StatusCode::kInternal, "Failed to send message to server")));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (promise_.has_value()) {
+    Poll<ServerMetadataHandle> r = promise_();
+    if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%sUpdateOnce: promise returns %s", DebugTag().c_str(),
+              PollToString(r, [](const ServerMetadataHandle& h) {
+                return h->DebugString();
+              }).c_str());
+    }
+    if (auto* result = absl::get_if<ServerMetadataHandle>(&r)) {
+      AcceptTransportStatsFromContext();
+      Finish(std::move(*result));
+    }
+  }
+  if (incoming_compression_algorithm_.has_value() &&
+      outstanding_recv_.has_value()) {
+    Poll<NextResult<MessageHandle>> r = (*outstanding_recv_)();
+    if (auto* result = absl::get_if<NextResult<MessageHandle>>(&r)) {
+      outstanding_recv_.reset();
+      if (result->has_value()) {
+        MessageHandle& message = **result;
+        if ((message->flags() & GRPC_WRITE_INTERNAL_COMPRESS) &&
+            (incoming_compression_algorithm_ != GRPC_COMPRESS_NONE)) {
+          *recv_message_ = grpc_raw_compressed_byte_buffer_create(
+              nullptr, 0, *incoming_compression_algorithm_);
+        } else {
+          *recv_message_ = grpc_raw_byte_buffer_create(nullptr, 0);
+        }
+        grpc_slice_buffer_move_into(message->payload()->c_slice_buffer(),
+                                    &(*recv_message_)->data.raw.slice_buffer);
+        if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                  "%sUpdateOnce: outstanding_recv finishes: received %" PRIdPTR
+                  " byte message",
+                  DebugTag().c_str(),
+                  (*recv_message_)->data.raw.slice_buffer.length);
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+          gpr_log(
+              GPR_INFO,
+              "%sUpdateOnce: outstanding_recv finishes: received end-of-stream",
+              DebugTag().c_str());
+        }
+        *recv_message_ = nullptr;
+      }
+      FinishOpOnCompletion(&recv_message_completion_,
+                           PendingOp::kReceiveMessage);
+    } else if (completed_) {
+      if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "%sUpdateOnce: outstanding_recv finishes: promise has "
+                "completed without queuing a message, forcing end-of-stream",
+                DebugTag().c_str());
+      }
+      outstanding_recv_.reset();
+      *recv_message_ = nullptr;
+      FinishOpOnCompletion(&recv_message_completion_,
+                           PendingOp::kReceiveMessage);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void ClientPromiseBasedCall::Finish(ServerMetadataHandle trailing_metadata) {
+  if (grpc_call_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%sFinish: %s", DebugTag().c_str(),
+            trailing_metadata->DebugString().c_str());
+  }
+  promise_ = ArenaPromise<ServerMetadataHandle>();
+  completed_ = true;
+  if (recv_initial_metadata_ != nullptr) {
+    ForceImmediateRepoll();
+  }
+  const bool pending_initial_metadata =
+      server_initial_metadata_ready_.has_value();
+  server_initial_metadata_ready_.reset();
+  Poll<ServerMetadata**> r = server_initial_metadata_.Wait()();
+  if (auto* result = absl::get_if<ServerMetadata**>(&r)) {
+    if (pending_initial_metadata) PublishInitialMetadata(**result);
+    is_trailers_only_ = false;
+  } else {
+    if (pending_initial_metadata) {
+      ServerMetadata no_metadata{GetContext<Arena>()};
+      PublishInitialMetadata(&no_metadata);
+    }
+    is_trailers_only_ = true;
+  }
+  if (auto* channelz_channel = channel()->channelz_node()) {
+    if (trailing_metadata->get(GrpcStatusMetadata())
+            .value_or(GRPC_STATUS_UNKNOWN) == GRPC_STATUS_OK) {
+      channelz_channel->RecordCallSucceeded();
+    } else {
+      channelz_channel->RecordCallFailed();
+    }
+  }
+  if (auto* status_request =
+          absl::get_if<grpc_op::grpc_op_data::grpc_op_recv_status_on_client>(
+              &recv_status_on_client_)) {
+    PublishStatus(*status_request, std::move(trailing_metadata));
+  } else {
+    recv_status_on_client_ = std::move(trailing_metadata);
+  }
+}
+
+namespace {
+std::string MakeErrorString(const ServerMetadata* trailing_metadata) {
+  std::string out = absl::StrCat(
+      trailing_metadata->get(GrpcStatusFromWire()).value_or(false)
+          ? "Error received from peer"
+          : "Error generated by client",
+      "grpc_status: ",
+      grpc_status_code_to_string(trailing_metadata->get(GrpcStatusMetadata())
+                                     .value_or(GRPC_STATUS_UNKNOWN)));
+  if (const Slice* message =
+          trailing_metadata->get_pointer(GrpcMessageMetadata())) {
+    absl::StrAppend(&out, "\ngrpc_message: ", message->as_string_view());
+  }
+  if (auto annotations = trailing_metadata->get_pointer(GrpcStatusContext())) {
+    absl::StrAppend(&out, "\nStatus Context:");
+    for (const std::string& annotation : *annotations) {
+      absl::StrAppend(&out, "\n  ", annotation);
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+void ClientPromiseBasedCall::PublishStatus(
+    grpc_op::grpc_op_data::grpc_op_recv_status_on_client op_args,
+    ServerMetadataHandle trailing_metadata) {
+  const grpc_status_code status = trailing_metadata->get(GrpcStatusMetadata())
+                                      .value_or(GRPC_STATUS_UNKNOWN);
+  *op_args.status = status;
+  absl::string_view message_string;
+  if (Slice* message = trailing_metadata->get_pointer(GrpcMessageMetadata())) {
+    message_string = message->as_string_view();
+    *op_args.status_details = message->Ref().TakeCSlice();
+  } else {
+    *op_args.status_details = grpc_empty_slice();
+  }
+  if (message_string.empty()) {
+    RunFinalization(status, nullptr);
+  } else {
+    std::string error_string(message_string);
+    RunFinalization(status, error_string.c_str());
+  }
+  if (op_args.error_string != nullptr && status != GRPC_STATUS_OK) {
+    *op_args.error_string =
+        gpr_strdup(MakeErrorString(trailing_metadata.get()).c_str());
+  }
+  PublishMetadataArray(op_args.trailing_metadata, trailing_metadata.get());
+  FinishOpOnCompletion(&recv_status_on_client_completion_,
+                       PendingOp::kReceiveStatusOnClient);
+}
+
+void ClientPromiseBasedCall::PublishMetadataArray(grpc_metadata_array* array,
+                                                  ServerMetadata* md) {
+  const auto md_count = md->count();
+  if (md_count > array->capacity) {
+    array->capacity =
+        std::max(array->capacity + md->count(), array->capacity * 3 / 2);
+    array->metadata = static_cast<grpc_metadata*>(
+        gpr_realloc(array->metadata, sizeof(grpc_metadata) * array->capacity));
+  }
+  PublishToAppEncoder encoder(array);
+  md->Encode(&encoder);
+}
+
+bool ClientPromiseBasedCall::Completed() {
+  MutexLock lock(mu());
+  return completed_;
+}
+
+gpr_atm* CallContext::peer_string_atm_ptr() {
+  return call_->peer_string_atm_ptr();
+}
+
 }  // namespace grpc_core
 
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// C-based API
+
 void* grpc_call_arena_alloc(grpc_call* call, size_t size) {
   grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   return grpc_core::Call::FromC(call)->arena()->Alloc(size);
@@ -1753,6 +2872,13 @@ size_t grpc_call_get_initial_size_estimate() {
 
 grpc_error_handle grpc_call_create(grpc_call_create_args* args,
                                    grpc_call** out_call) {
+  if (grpc_core::IsPromiseBasedClientCallEnabled() &&
+      args->channel->is_promising()) {
+    if (args->server_transport_data == nullptr) {
+      return grpc_core::MakePromiseBasedCall<grpc_core::ClientPromiseBasedCall>(
+          args, out_call);
+    }
+  }
   return grpc_core::FilterStackCall::Create(args, out_call);
 }
 
@@ -1764,6 +2890,7 @@ void grpc_call_set_completion_queue(grpc_call* call,
 void grpc_call_ref(grpc_call* c) { grpc_core::Call::FromC(c)->ExternalRef(); }
 
 void grpc_call_unref(grpc_call* c) {
+  grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   grpc_core::Call::FromC(c)->ExternalUnref();
 }
 
@@ -1780,7 +2907,7 @@ grpc_call_error grpc_call_cancel(grpc_call* call, void* reserved) {
   GPR_ASSERT(reserved == nullptr);
   grpc_core::ApplicationCallbackExecCtx callback_exec_ctx;
   grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-  grpc_core::Call::FromC(call)->CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED);
+  grpc_core::Call::FromC(call)->CancelWithError(absl::CancelledError());
   return GRPC_CALL_OK;
 }
 
@@ -1800,7 +2927,7 @@ grpc_call_error grpc_call_cancel_with_status(grpc_call* c,
 }
 
 void grpc_call_cancel_internal(grpc_call* call) {
-  grpc_core::Call::FromC(call)->CancelWithError(GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED);
+  grpc_core::Call::FromC(call)->CancelWithError(absl::CancelledError());
 }
 
 grpc_compression_algorithm grpc_call_test_only_get_compression_algorithm(