grpc 1.45.0 → 1.53.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel.cc

@@ -22,40 +22,49 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
+#include <new>
+#include <utility>
 
-#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/status/statusor.h"
+#include "absl/strings/cord.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
+#include <grpc/grpc.h>
+#include <grpc/slice.h>
 #include <grpc/status.h>
-#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
-#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+#include <grpc/support/log.h>
 
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/health/health_check_client.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/proxy_mapper_registry.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_pool_interface.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_stream_client.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/channel/connected_channel.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack_builder_impl.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_trace.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channelz.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/config/core_configuration.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/debug/stats.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/stats_data.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/trace.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/alloc.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/debug_location.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/manual_constructor.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/status_helper.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/handshaker/proxy_mapper_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel_init.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel_stack_type.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/init_internally.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/connectivity_state.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/error_utils.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/uri/uri_parser.h"
-
-// Strong and weak refs.
-#define INTERNAL_REF_BITS 16
-#define STRONG_REF_MASK (~(gpr_atm)((1 << INTERNAL_REF_BITS) - 1))
 
 // Backoff parameters.
 #define GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS 1
@@ -74,6 +83,8 @@
 
 namespace grpc_core {
 
+using ::grpc_event_engine::experimental::EventEngine;
+
 TraceFlag grpc_trace_subchannel(false, "subchannel");
 DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_subchannel_refcount(false, "subchannel_refcount");
 
@@ -82,18 +93,17 @@ DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_subchannel_refcount(false, "subchannel_refcount");
 //
 
 ConnectedSubchannel::ConnectedSubchannel(
-    grpc_channel_stack* channel_stack, const grpc_channel_args* args,
+    grpc_channel_stack* channel_stack, const ChannelArgs& args,
     RefCountedPtr<channelz::SubchannelNode> channelz_subchannel)
     : RefCounted<ConnectedSubchannel>(
           GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_subchannel_refcount)
               ? "ConnectedSubchannel"
               : nullptr),
       channel_stack_(channel_stack),
-      args_(grpc_channel_args_copy(args)),
+      args_(args),
       channelz_subchannel_(std::move(channelz_subchannel)) {}
 
 ConnectedSubchannel::~ConnectedSubchannel() {
-  grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_);
   GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(channel_stack_, "connected_subchannel_dtor");
 }
 
@@ -141,19 +151,19 @@ SubchannelCall::SubchannelCall(Args args, grpc_error_handle* error)
       deadline_(args.deadline) {
   grpc_call_stack* callstk = SUBCHANNEL_CALL_TO_CALL_STACK(this);
   const grpc_call_element_args call_args = {
-      callstk,             /* call_stack */
-      nullptr,             /* server_transport_data */
-      args.context,        /* context */
-      args.path.c_slice(), /* path */
-      args.start_time,     /* start_time */
-      args.deadline,       /* deadline */
-      args.arena,          /* arena */
-      args.call_combiner   /* call_combiner */
+      callstk,              // call_stack
+      nullptr,              // server_transport_data
+      args.context,         // context
+      args.path.c_slice(),  // path
+      args.start_time,      // start_time
+      args.deadline,        // deadline
+      args.arena,           // arena
+      args.call_combiner    // call_combiner
   };
   *error = grpc_call_stack_init(connected_subchannel_->channel_stack(), 1,
                                 SubchannelCall::Destroy, this, &call_args);
-  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "error: %s", grpc_error_std_string(*error).c_str());
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(!error->ok())) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "error: %s", StatusToString(*error).c_str());
     return;
   }
   grpc_call_stack_set_pollset_or_pollset_set(callstk, args.pollent);
@@ -165,7 +175,6 @@ SubchannelCall::SubchannelCall(Args args, grpc_error_handle* error)
 
 void SubchannelCall::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
     grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("subchannel_call_process_op", 0);
   MaybeInterceptRecvTrailingMetadata(batch);
   grpc_call_stack* call_stack = SUBCHANNEL_CALL_TO_CALL_STACK(this);
   grpc_call_element* top_elem = grpc_call_stack_element(call_stack, 0);
@@ -204,7 +213,6 @@ void SubchannelCall::Unref(const DebugLocation& /*location*/,
 }
 
 void SubchannelCall::Destroy(void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("subchannel_call_destroy", 0);
   SubchannelCall* self = static_cast<SubchannelCall*>(arg);
   // Keep some members before destroying the subchannel call.
   grpc_closure* after_call_stack_destroy = self->after_call_stack_destroy_;
@@ -249,12 +257,11 @@ namespace {
 // Sets *status based on the rest of the parameters.
 void GetCallStatus(grpc_status_code* status, Timestamp deadline,
                    grpc_metadata_batch* md_batch, grpc_error_handle error) {
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+  if (!error.ok()) {
     grpc_error_get_status(error, deadline, status, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
   } else {
     *status = md_batch->get(GrpcStatusMetadata()).value_or(GRPC_STATUS_UNKNOWN);
   }
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -264,8 +271,7 @@ void SubchannelCall::RecvTrailingMetadataReady(void* arg,
   SubchannelCall* call = static_cast<SubchannelCall*>(arg);
   GPR_ASSERT(call->recv_trailing_metadata_ != nullptr);
   grpc_status_code status = GRPC_STATUS_OK;
-  GetCallStatus(&status, call->deadline_, call->recv_trailing_metadata_,
-                GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  GetCallStatus(&status, call->deadline_, call->recv_trailing_metadata_, error);
   channelz::SubchannelNode* channelz_subchannel =
       call->connected_subchannel_->channelz_subchannel();
   GPR_ASSERT(channelz_subchannel != nullptr);
@@ -274,8 +280,7 @@ void SubchannelCall::RecvTrailingMetadataReady(void* arg,
   } else {
     channelz_subchannel->RecordCallFailed();
   }
-  Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, call->original_recv_trailing_metadata_,
-               GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, call->original_recv_trailing_metadata_, error);
 }
 
 void SubchannelCall::IncrementRefCount() {
@@ -306,77 +311,44 @@ class Subchannel::ConnectedSubchannelStateWatcher
   void OnConnectivityStateChange(grpc_connectivity_state new_state,
                                  const absl::Status& status) override {
     Subchannel* c = subchannel_.get();
-    MutexLock lock(&c->mu_);
-    switch (new_state) {
-      case GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE:
-      case GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN: {
-        if (!c->disconnected_ && c->connected_subchannel_ != nullptr) {
-          if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_subchannel)) {
-            gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-                    "subchannel %p %s: Connected subchannel %p has gone into "
-                    "%s. Attempting to reconnect.",
-                    c, c->key_.ToString().c_str(),
-                    c->connected_subchannel_.get(),
-                    ConnectivityStateName(new_state));
-          }
-          c->connected_subchannel_.reset();
-          if (c->channelz_node() != nullptr) {
-            c->channelz_node()->SetChildSocket(nullptr);
-          }
-          // We need to construct our own status if the underlying state was
-          // shutdown since the accompanying status will be StatusCode::OK
-          // otherwise.
-          c->SetConnectivityStateLocked(
-              GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE,
-              new_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN
-                  ? absl::Status(absl::StatusCode::kUnavailable,
-                                 "Subchannel has disconnected.")
-                  : status);
-          c->backoff_begun_ = false;
-          c->backoff_.Reset();
+    {
+      MutexLock lock(&c->mu_);
+      // If we're either shutting down or have already seen this connection
+      // failure (i.e., c->connected_subchannel_ is null), do nothing.
+      //
+      // The transport reports TRANSIENT_FAILURE upon GOAWAY but SHUTDOWN
+      // upon connection close.  So if the server gracefully shuts down,
+      // we will see TRANSIENT_FAILURE followed by SHUTDOWN, but if not, we
+      // will see only SHUTDOWN.  Either way, we react to the first one we
+      // see, ignoring anything that happens after that.
+      if (c->connected_subchannel_ == nullptr) return;
+      if (new_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE ||
+          new_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN) {
+        if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_subchannel)) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                  "subchannel %p %s: Connected subchannel %p reports %s: %s", c,
+                  c->key_.ToString().c_str(), c->connected_subchannel_.get(),
+                  ConnectivityStateName(new_state), status.ToString().c_str());
         }
-        break;
-      }
-      default: {
-        // In principle, this should never happen.  We should not get
-        // a callback for READY, because that was the state we started
-        // this watch from.  And a connected subchannel should never go
-        // from READY to CONNECTING or IDLE.
-        c->SetConnectivityStateLocked(new_state, status);
+        c->connected_subchannel_.reset();
+        if (c->channelz_node() != nullptr) {
+          c->channelz_node()->SetChildSocket(nullptr);
+        }
+        // Even though we're reporting IDLE instead of TRANSIENT_FAILURE here,
+        // pass along the status from the transport, since it may have
+        // keepalive info attached to it that the channel needs.
+        // TODO(roth): Consider whether there's a cleaner way to do this.
+        c->SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE, status);
+        c->backoff_.Reset();
       }
     }
+    // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+    c->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
   }
 
   WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> subchannel_;
 };
 
-// Asynchronously notifies the \a watcher of a change in the connectvity state
-// of \a subchannel to the current \a state. Deletes itself when done.
-class Subchannel::AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked {
- public:
-  AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked(
-      RefCountedPtr<Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher,
-      grpc_connectivity_state state, const absl::Status& status)
-      : watcher_(std::move(watcher)) {
-    watcher_->PushConnectivityStateChange({state, status});
-    ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION,
-                 GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(
-                     &closure_,
-                     [](void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
-                       auto* self =
-                           static_cast<AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked*>(arg);
-                       self->watcher_->OnConnectivityStateChange();
-                       delete self;
-                     },
-                     this, nullptr),
-                 GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
-  }
-
- private:
-  RefCountedPtr<Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher_;
-  grpc_closure closure_;
-};
-
 //
 // Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherList
 //
@@ -394,7 +366,11 @@ void Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherList::RemoveWatcherLocked(
 void Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherList::NotifyLocked(
     grpc_connectivity_state state, const absl::Status& status) {
   for (const auto& p : watchers_) {
-    new AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked(p.second, state, status);
+    subchannel_->work_serializer_.Schedule(
+        [watcher = p.second->Ref(), state, status]() {
+          watcher->OnConnectivityStateChange(state, status);
+        },
+        DEBUG_LOCATION);
   }
 }
 
@@ -413,7 +389,8 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
         health_check_service_name_(std::move(health_check_service_name)),
         state_(subchannel_->state_ == GRPC_CHANNEL_READY
                    ? GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING
-                   : subchannel_->state_) {
+                   : subchannel_->state_),
+        watcher_list_(subchannel_.get()) {
     // If the subchannel is already connected, start health checking.
     if (subchannel_->state_ == GRPC_CHANNEL_READY) StartHealthCheckingLocked();
   }
@@ -429,11 +406,12 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
   grpc_connectivity_state state() const { return state_; }
 
   void AddWatcherLocked(
-      grpc_connectivity_state initial_state,
       RefCountedPtr<Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher) {
-    if (state_ != initial_state) {
-      new AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked(watcher, state_, status_);
-    }
+    subchannel_->work_serializer_.Schedule(
+        [watcher = watcher->Ref(), state = state_, status = status_]() {
+          watcher->OnConnectivityStateChange(state, status);
+        },
+        DEBUG_LOCATION);
     watcher_list_.AddWatcherLocked(std::move(watcher));
   }
 
@@ -476,25 +454,30 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
  private:
   void OnConnectivityStateChange(grpc_connectivity_state new_state,
                                  const absl::Status& status) override {
-    MutexLock lock(&subchannel_->mu_);
-    if (new_state != GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN && health_check_client_ != nullptr) {
-      state_ = new_state;
-      status_ = status;
-      watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(new_state, status);
+    {
+      MutexLock lock(&subchannel_->mu_);
+      if (new_state != GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN &&
+          health_check_client_ != nullptr) {
+        state_ = new_state;
+        status_ = status;
+        watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(new_state, status);
+      }
     }
+    // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+    subchannel_->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
   }
 
   void StartHealthCheckingLocked()
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(subchannel_->mu_) {
     GPR_ASSERT(health_check_client_ == nullptr);
-    health_check_client_ = MakeOrphanable<HealthCheckClient>(
+    health_check_client_ = MakeHealthCheckClient(
         health_check_service_name_, subchannel_->connected_subchannel_,
         subchannel_->pollset_set_, subchannel_->channelz_node_, Ref());
   }
 
   WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> subchannel_;
   std::string health_check_service_name_;
-  OrphanablePtr<HealthCheckClient> health_check_client_;
+  OrphanablePtr<SubchannelStreamClient> health_check_client_;
   grpc_connectivity_state state_;
   absl::Status status_;
   ConnectivityStateWatcherList watcher_list_;
@@ -506,7 +489,6 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
 
 void Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::AddWatcherLocked(
     WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> subchannel,
-    grpc_connectivity_state initial_state,
     const std::string& health_check_service_name,
     RefCountedPtr<ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher) {
   // If the health check service name is not already present in the map,
@@ -522,7 +504,7 @@ void Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::AddWatcherLocked(
     health_watcher = it->second.get();
   }
   // Add the watcher to the entry.
-  health_watcher->AddWatcherLocked(initial_state, std::move(watcher));
+  health_watcher->AddWatcherLocked(std::move(watcher));
 }
 
 void Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::RemoveWatcherLocked(
@@ -568,114 +550,87 @@ void Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::ShutdownLocked() { map_.clear(); }
 
 namespace {
 
-BackOff::Options ParseArgsForBackoffValues(const grpc_channel_args* args,
+BackOff::Options ParseArgsForBackoffValues(const ChannelArgs& args,
                                            Duration* min_connect_timeout) {
-  Duration initial_backoff =
-      Duration::Seconds(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS);
+  const absl::optional<Duration> fixed_reconnect_backoff =
+      args.GetDurationFromIntMillis("grpc.testing.fixed_reconnect_backoff_ms");
+  if (fixed_reconnect_backoff.has_value()) {
+    const Duration backoff =
+        std::max(Duration::Milliseconds(100), *fixed_reconnect_backoff);
+    *min_connect_timeout = backoff;
+    return BackOff::Options()
+        .set_initial_backoff(backoff)
+        .set_multiplier(1.0)
+        .set_jitter(0.0)
+        .set_max_backoff(backoff);
+  }
+  const Duration initial_backoff = std::max(
+      Duration::Milliseconds(100),
+      args.GetDurationFromIntMillis(GRPC_ARG_INITIAL_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MS)
+          .value_or(Duration::Seconds(
+              GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS)));
   *min_connect_timeout =
-      Duration::Seconds(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_RECONNECT_MIN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS);
-  Duration max_backoff =
-      Duration::Seconds(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS);
-  bool fixed_reconnect_backoff = false;
-  if (args != nullptr) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < args->num_args; i++) {
-      if (0 == strcmp(args->args[i].key,
-                      "grpc.testing.fixed_reconnect_backoff_ms")) {
-        fixed_reconnect_backoff = true;
-        initial_backoff = *min_connect_timeout = max_backoff =
-            Duration::Milliseconds(grpc_channel_arg_get_integer(
-                &args->args[i],
-                {static_cast<int>(initial_backoff.millis()), 100, INT_MAX}));
-      } else if (0 ==
-                 strcmp(args->args[i].key, GRPC_ARG_MIN_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MS)) {
-        fixed_reconnect_backoff = false;
-        *min_connect_timeout =
-            Duration::Milliseconds(grpc_channel_arg_get_integer(
-                &args->args[i],
-                {static_cast<int>(min_connect_timeout->millis()), 100,
-                 INT_MAX}));
-      } else if (0 ==
-                 strcmp(args->args[i].key, GRPC_ARG_MAX_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MS)) {
-        fixed_reconnect_backoff = false;
-        max_backoff = Duration::Milliseconds(grpc_channel_arg_get_integer(
-            &args->args[i],
-            {static_cast<int>(max_backoff.millis()), 100, INT_MAX}));
-      } else if (0 == strcmp(args->args[i].key,
-                             GRPC_ARG_INITIAL_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MS)) {
-        fixed_reconnect_backoff = false;
-        initial_backoff = Duration::Milliseconds(grpc_channel_arg_get_integer(
-            &args->args[i],
-            {static_cast<int>(initial_backoff.millis()), 100, INT_MAX}));
-      }
-    }
-  }
+      std::max(Duration::Milliseconds(100),
+               args.GetDurationFromIntMillis(GRPC_ARG_MIN_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MS)
+                   .value_or(Duration::Seconds(
+                       GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_RECONNECT_MIN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)));
+  const Duration max_backoff =
+      std::max(Duration::Milliseconds(100),
+               args.GetDurationFromIntMillis(GRPC_ARG_MAX_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MS)
+                   .value_or(Duration::Seconds(
+                       GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS)));
   return BackOff::Options()
       .set_initial_backoff(initial_backoff)
-      .set_multiplier(fixed_reconnect_backoff
-                          ? 1.0
-                          : GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER)
-      .set_jitter(fixed_reconnect_backoff ? 0.0
-                                          : GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_RECONNECT_JITTER)
+      .set_multiplier(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER)
+      .set_jitter(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_RECONNECT_JITTER)
       .set_max_backoff(max_backoff);
 }
 
 }  // namespace
 
-void Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface::PushConnectivityStateChange(
-    ConnectivityStateChange state_change) {
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  connectivity_state_queue_.push_back(std::move(state_change));
-}
-
-Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface::ConnectivityStateChange
-Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface::PopConnectivityStateChange() {
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  GPR_ASSERT(!connectivity_state_queue_.empty());
-  ConnectivityStateChange state_change = connectivity_state_queue_.front();
-  connectivity_state_queue_.pop_front();
-  return state_change;
-}
-
 Subchannel::Subchannel(SubchannelKey key,
                        OrphanablePtr<SubchannelConnector> connector,
-                       const grpc_channel_args* args)
+                       const ChannelArgs& args)
     : DualRefCounted<Subchannel>(
           GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_subchannel_refcount) ? "Subchannel"
                                                                   : nullptr),
       key_(std::move(key)),
+      args_(args),
       pollset_set_(grpc_pollset_set_create()),
       connector_(std::move(connector)),
-      backoff_(ParseArgsForBackoffValues(args, &min_connect_timeout_)) {
-  GRPC_STATS_INC_CLIENT_SUBCHANNELS_CREATED();
+      watcher_list_(this),
+      backoff_(ParseArgsForBackoffValues(args_, &min_connect_timeout_)),
+      event_engine_(args_.GetObjectRef<EventEngine>()) {
+  // A grpc_init is added here to ensure that grpc_shutdown does not happen
+  // until the subchannel is destroyed. Subchannels can persist longer than
+  // channels because they maybe reused/shared among multiple channels. As a
+  // result the subchannel destruction happens asynchronously to channel
+  // destruction. If the last channel destruction triggers a grpc_shutdown
+  // before the last subchannel destruction, then there maybe race conditions
+  // triggering segmentation faults. To prevent this issue, we call a grpc_init
+  // here and a grpc_shutdown in the subchannel destructor.
+  InitInternally();
+  global_stats().IncrementClientSubchannelsCreated();
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_connecting_finished_, OnConnectingFinished, this,
                     grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
   // Check proxy mapper to determine address to connect to and channel
   // args to use.
-  address_for_connect_ = key_.address();
-  grpc_resolved_address* new_address = nullptr;
-  grpc_channel_args* new_args = nullptr;
-  if (ProxyMapperRegistry::MapAddress(address_for_connect_, args, &new_address,
-                                      &new_args)) {
-    GPR_ASSERT(new_address != nullptr);
-    address_for_connect_ = *new_address;
-    gpr_free(new_address);
-  }
-  if (new_args != nullptr) {
-    args_ = new_args;
-  } else {
-    args_ = grpc_channel_args_copy(args);
-  }
+  address_for_connect_ = CoreConfiguration::Get()
+                             .proxy_mapper_registry()
+                             .MapAddress(key_.address(), &args_)
+                             .value_or(key_.address());
   // Initialize channelz.
-  const bool channelz_enabled = grpc_channel_args_find_bool(
-      args_, GRPC_ARG_ENABLE_CHANNELZ, GRPC_ENABLE_CHANNELZ_DEFAULT);
+  const bool channelz_enabled = args_.GetBool(GRPC_ARG_ENABLE_CHANNELZ)
+                                    .value_or(GRPC_ENABLE_CHANNELZ_DEFAULT);
   if (channelz_enabled) {
-    const size_t channel_tracer_max_memory =
-        static_cast<size_t>(grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
-            args_, GRPC_ARG_MAX_CHANNEL_TRACE_EVENT_MEMORY_PER_NODE,
-            {GRPC_MAX_CHANNEL_TRACE_EVENT_MEMORY_PER_NODE_DEFAULT, 0,
-             INT_MAX}));
+    const size_t channel_tracer_max_memory = Clamp(
+        args_.GetInt(GRPC_ARG_MAX_CHANNEL_TRACE_EVENT_MEMORY_PER_NODE)
+            .value_or(GRPC_MAX_CHANNEL_TRACE_EVENT_MEMORY_PER_NODE_DEFAULT),
+        0, INT_MAX);
     channelz_node_ = MakeRefCounted<channelz::SubchannelNode>(
-        grpc_sockaddr_to_uri(&key_.address()), channel_tracer_max_memory);
+        grpc_sockaddr_to_uri(&key_.address())
+            .value_or("<unknown address type>"),
+        channel_tracer_max_memory);
     channelz_node_->AddTraceEvent(
         channelz::ChannelTrace::Severity::Info,
         grpc_slice_from_static_string("subchannel created"));
@@ -689,17 +644,17 @@ Subchannel::~Subchannel() {
         grpc_slice_from_static_string("Subchannel destroyed"));
     channelz_node_->UpdateConnectivityState(GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN);
   }
-  grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_);
   connector_.reset();
   grpc_pollset_set_destroy(pollset_set_);
+  // grpc_shutdown is called here because grpc_init is called in the ctor.
+  ShutdownInternally();
 }
 
 RefCountedPtr<Subchannel> Subchannel::Create(
     OrphanablePtr<SubchannelConnector> connector,
-    const grpc_resolved_address& address, const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+    const grpc_resolved_address& address, const ChannelArgs& args) {
   SubchannelKey key(address, args);
-  SubchannelPoolInterface* subchannel_pool =
-      SubchannelPoolInterface::GetSubchannelPoolFromChannelArgs(args);
+  auto* subchannel_pool = args.GetObject<SubchannelPoolInterface>();
   GPR_ASSERT(subchannel_pool != nullptr);
   RefCountedPtr<Subchannel> c = subchannel_pool->FindSubchannel(key);
   if (c != nullptr) {
@@ -725,13 +680,7 @@ void Subchannel::ThrottleKeepaliveTime(int new_keepalive_time) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "subchannel %p %s: throttling keepalive time to %d",
               this, key_.ToString().c_str(), new_keepalive_time);
     }
-    const grpc_arg arg_to_add = grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
-        const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_KEEPALIVE_TIME_MS), new_keepalive_time);
-    const char* arg_to_remove = GRPC_ARG_KEEPALIVE_TIME_MS;
-    grpc_channel_args* new_args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add_and_remove(
-        args_, &arg_to_remove, 1, &arg_to_add, 1);
-    grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_);
-    args_ = new_args;
+    args_ = args_.Set(GRPC_ARG_KEEPALIVE_TIME_MS, new_keepalive_time);
   }
 }
 
@@ -739,68 +688,81 @@ channelz::SubchannelNode* Subchannel::channelz_node() {
   return channelz_node_.get();
 }
 
-grpc_connectivity_state Subchannel::CheckConnectivityState(
-    const absl::optional<std::string>& health_check_service_name) {
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  if (health_check_service_name.has_value()) {
-    return health_watcher_map_.CheckConnectivityStateLocked(
-        this, *health_check_service_name);
-  }
-  return state_;
-}
-
 void Subchannel::WatchConnectivityState(
-    grpc_connectivity_state initial_state,
     const absl::optional<std::string>& health_check_service_name,
     RefCountedPtr<ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher) {
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties = watcher->interested_parties();
-  if (interested_parties != nullptr) {
-    grpc_pollset_set_add_pollset_set(pollset_set_, interested_parties);
-  }
-  if (!health_check_service_name.has_value()) {
-    if (state_ != initial_state) {
-      new AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked(watcher, state_, status_);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties = watcher->interested_parties();
+    if (interested_parties != nullptr) {
+      grpc_pollset_set_add_pollset_set(pollset_set_, interested_parties);
+    }
+    if (!health_check_service_name.has_value()) {
+      work_serializer_.Schedule(
+          [watcher = watcher->Ref(), state = state_, status = status_]() {
+            watcher->OnConnectivityStateChange(state, status);
+          },
+          DEBUG_LOCATION);
+      watcher_list_.AddWatcherLocked(std::move(watcher));
+    } else {
+      health_watcher_map_.AddWatcherLocked(
+          WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "health_watcher"), *health_check_service_name,
+          std::move(watcher));
     }
-    watcher_list_.AddWatcherLocked(std::move(watcher));
-  } else {
-    health_watcher_map_.AddWatcherLocked(
-        WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "health_watcher"), initial_state,
-        *health_check_service_name, std::move(watcher));
   }
+  // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+  work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
 }
 
 void Subchannel::CancelConnectivityStateWatch(
     const absl::optional<std::string>& health_check_service_name,
     ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface* watcher) {
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties = watcher->interested_parties();
-  if (interested_parties != nullptr) {
-    grpc_pollset_set_del_pollset_set(pollset_set_, interested_parties);
-  }
-  if (!health_check_service_name.has_value()) {
-    watcher_list_.RemoveWatcherLocked(watcher);
-  } else {
-    health_watcher_map_.RemoveWatcherLocked(*health_check_service_name,
-                                            watcher);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties = watcher->interested_parties();
+    if (interested_parties != nullptr) {
+      grpc_pollset_set_del_pollset_set(pollset_set_, interested_parties);
+    }
+    if (!health_check_service_name.has_value()) {
+      watcher_list_.RemoveWatcherLocked(watcher);
+    } else {
+      health_watcher_map_.RemoveWatcherLocked(*health_check_service_name,
+                                              watcher);
+    }
   }
+  // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+  // (Shouldn't actually be necessary in this case, but better safe than sorry.)
+  work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
 }
 
-void Subchannel::AttemptToConnect() {
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  MaybeStartConnectingLocked();
+void Subchannel::RequestConnection() {
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    if (state_ == GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE) {
+      StartConnectingLocked();
+    }
+  }
+  // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+  work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
 }
 
 void Subchannel::ResetBackoff() {
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  backoff_.Reset();
-  if (have_retry_alarm_) {
-    retry_immediately_ = true;
-    grpc_timer_cancel(&retry_alarm_);
-  } else {
-    backoff_begun_ = false;
-    MaybeStartConnectingLocked();
+  // Hold a ref to ensure cancellation and subsequent deletion of the closure
+  // does not eliminate the last ref and destroy the Subchannel before the
+  // method returns.
+  auto self = WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ResetBackoff");
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    backoff_.Reset();
+    if (state_ == GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE &&
+        event_engine_->Cancel(retry_timer_handle_)) {
+      OnRetryTimerLocked();
+    } else if (state_ == GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING) {
+      next_attempt_time_ = Timestamp::Now();
+    }
   }
+  // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+  work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
 }
 
 void Subchannel::Orphan() {
@@ -810,191 +772,177 @@ void Subchannel::Orphan() {
     subchannel_pool_->UnregisterSubchannel(key_, this);
     subchannel_pool_.reset();
   }
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  GPR_ASSERT(!disconnected_);
-  disconnected_ = true;
-  connector_.reset();
-  connected_subchannel_.reset();
-  health_watcher_map_.ShutdownLocked();
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    GPR_ASSERT(!shutdown_);
+    shutdown_ = true;
+    connector_.reset();
+    connected_subchannel_.reset();
+    health_watcher_map_.ShutdownLocked();
+  }
+  // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+  work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
 }
 
-namespace {
-
-// Returns a string indicating the subchannel's connectivity state change to
-// \a state.
-const char* SubchannelConnectivityStateChangeString(
-    grpc_connectivity_state state) {
-  switch (state) {
-    case GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE:
-      return "Subchannel state change to IDLE";
-    case GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING:
-      return "Subchannel state change to CONNECTING";
-    case GRPC_CHANNEL_READY:
-      return "Subchannel state change to READY";
-    case GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE:
-      return "Subchannel state change to TRANSIENT_FAILURE";
-    case GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN:
-      return "Subchannel state change to SHUTDOWN";
-  }
-  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "UNKNOWN");
+void Subchannel::GetOrAddDataProducer(
+    UniqueTypeName type,
+    std::function<void(DataProducerInterface**)> get_or_add) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  auto it = data_producer_map_.emplace(type, nullptr).first;
+  get_or_add(&it->second);
 }
 
-}  // namespace
+void Subchannel::RemoveDataProducer(DataProducerInterface* data_producer) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  auto it = data_producer_map_.find(data_producer->type());
+  if (it != data_producer_map_.end() && it->second == data_producer) {
+    data_producer_map_.erase(it);
+  }
+}
 
 // Note: Must be called with a state that is different from the current state.
 void Subchannel::SetConnectivityStateLocked(grpc_connectivity_state state,
                                             const absl::Status& status) {
   state_ = state;
-  status_ = status;
+  if (status.ok()) {
+    status_ = status;
+  } else {
+    // Augment status message to include IP address.
+    status_ = absl::Status(status.code(),
+                           absl::StrCat(grpc_sockaddr_to_uri(&key_.address())
+                                            .value_or("<unknown address type>"),
+                                        ": ", status.message()));
+    status.ForEachPayload(
+        [this](absl::string_view key, const absl::Cord& value)
+        // Want to use ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&mu_) here,
+        // but that won't work, because we can't pass the lock
+        // annotation through absl::Status::ForEachPayload().
+        ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS { status_.SetPayload(key, value); });
+  }
   if (channelz_node_ != nullptr) {
     channelz_node_->UpdateConnectivityState(state);
     channelz_node_->AddTraceEvent(
         channelz::ChannelTrace::Severity::Info,
-        grpc_slice_from_static_string(
-            SubchannelConnectivityStateChangeString(state)));
+        grpc_slice_from_cpp_string(absl::StrCat(
+            "Subchannel connectivity state changed to ",
+            ConnectivityStateName(state),
+            status.ok() ? "" : absl::StrCat(": ", status_.ToString()))));
   }
   // Notify non-health watchers.
-  watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(state, status);
+  watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(state, status_);
   // Notify health watchers.
-  health_watcher_map_.NotifyLocked(state, status);
+  health_watcher_map_.NotifyLocked(state, status_);
 }
 
-void Subchannel::MaybeStartConnectingLocked() {
-  if (disconnected_) {
-    // Don't try to connect if we're already disconnected.
-    return;
-  }
-  if (connecting_) {
-    // Already connecting: don't restart.
-    return;
-  }
-  if (connected_subchannel_ != nullptr) {
-    // Already connected: don't restart.
-    return;
-  }
-  connecting_ = true;
-  WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "connecting")
-      .release();  // ref held by pending connect
-  if (!backoff_begun_) {
-    backoff_begun_ = true;
-    ContinueConnectingLocked();
-  } else {
-    GPR_ASSERT(!have_retry_alarm_);
-    have_retry_alarm_ = true;
-    const Duration time_til_next =
-        next_attempt_deadline_ - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
-    if (time_til_next <= Duration::Zero()) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "subchannel %p %s: Retry immediately", this,
-              key_.ToString().c_str());
-    } else {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "subchannel %p %s: Retry in %" PRId64 " milliseconds",
-              this, key_.ToString().c_str(), time_til_next.millis());
-    }
-    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_retry_alarm_, OnRetryAlarm, this,
-                      grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-    grpc_timer_init(&retry_alarm_, next_attempt_deadline_, &on_retry_alarm_);
+void Subchannel::OnRetryTimer() {
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    OnRetryTimerLocked();
   }
+  // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+  work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
 }
 
-void Subchannel::OnRetryAlarm(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
-  WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> c(static_cast<Subchannel*>(arg));
-  MutexLock lock(&c->mu_);
-  c->have_retry_alarm_ = false;
-  if (c->disconnected_) {
-    error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Disconnected",
-                                                             &error, 1);
-  } else if (c->retry_immediately_) {
-    c->retry_immediately_ = false;
-    error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  } else {
-    (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
-  }
-  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-            "subchannel %p %s: failed to connect to channel, retrying", c.get(),
-            c->key_.ToString().c_str());
-    c->ContinueConnectingLocked();
-    // Still connecting, keep ref around. Note that this stolen ref won't
-    // be dropped without first acquiring c->mu_.
-    c.release();
-  }
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+void Subchannel::OnRetryTimerLocked() {
+  if (shutdown_) return;
+  gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "subchannel %p %s: backoff delay elapsed, reporting IDLE",
+          this, key_.ToString().c_str());
+  SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE, absl::OkStatus());
 }
 
-void Subchannel::ContinueConnectingLocked() {
+void Subchannel::StartConnectingLocked() {
+  // Set next attempt time.
+  const Timestamp min_deadline = min_connect_timeout_ + Timestamp::Now();
+  next_attempt_time_ = backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
+  // Report CONNECTING.
+  SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING, absl::OkStatus());
+  // Start connection attempt.
   SubchannelConnector::Args args;
   args.address = &address_for_connect_;
   args.interested_parties = pollset_set_;
-  const Timestamp min_deadline = min_connect_timeout_ + ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
-  next_attempt_deadline_ = backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
-  args.deadline = std::max(next_attempt_deadline_, min_deadline);
+  args.deadline = std::max(next_attempt_time_, min_deadline);
   args.channel_args = args_;
-  SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING, absl::Status());
+  WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Connect").release();  // Ref held by callback.
   connector_->Connect(args, &connecting_result_, &on_connecting_finished_);
 }
 
 void Subchannel::OnConnectingFinished(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> c(static_cast<Subchannel*>(arg));
-  const grpc_channel_args* delete_channel_args =
-      c->connecting_result_.channel_args;
   {
     MutexLock lock(&c->mu_);
-    c->connecting_ = false;
-    if (c->connecting_result_.transport != nullptr &&
-        c->PublishTransportLocked()) {
-      // Do nothing, transport was published.
-    } else if (!c->disconnected_) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "subchannel %p %s: connect failed: %s", c.get(),
-              c->key_.ToString().c_str(), grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
-      c->SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE,
-                                    grpc_error_to_absl_status(error));
-    }
+    c->OnConnectingFinishedLocked(error);
   }
-  grpc_channel_args_destroy(delete_channel_args);
-  c.reset(DEBUG_LOCATION, "connecting");
+  // Drain any connectivity state notifications after releasing the mutex.
+  c->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+  c.reset(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Connect");
 }
 
-namespace {
-
-void ConnectionDestroy(void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
-  grpc_channel_stack* stk = static_cast<grpc_channel_stack*>(arg);
-  grpc_channel_stack_destroy(stk);
-  gpr_free(stk);
+void Subchannel::OnConnectingFinishedLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
+  if (shutdown_) {
+    connecting_result_.Reset();
+    return;
+  }
+  // If we didn't get a transport or we fail to publish it, report
+  // TRANSIENT_FAILURE and start the retry timer.
+  // Note that if the connection attempt took longer than the backoff
+  // time, then the timer will fire immediately, and we will quickly
+  // transition back to IDLE.
+  if (connecting_result_.transport == nullptr || !PublishTransportLocked()) {
+    const Duration time_until_next_attempt =
+        next_attempt_time_ - Timestamp::Now();
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "subchannel %p %s: connect failed (%s), backing off for %" PRId64
+            " ms",
+            this, key_.ToString().c_str(), StatusToString(error).c_str(),
+            time_until_next_attempt.millis());
+    SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE,
+                               grpc_error_to_absl_status(error));
+    retry_timer_handle_ = event_engine_->RunAfter(
+        time_until_next_attempt,
+        [self = WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryTimer")]() mutable {
+          {
+            ApplicationCallbackExecCtx callback_exec_ctx;
+            ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+            self->OnRetryTimer();
+            // Subchannel deletion might require an active ExecCtx. So if
+            // self.reset() is not called here, the WeakRefCountedPtr destructor
+            // may run after the ExecCtx declared in the callback is destroyed.
+            // Since subchannel may get destroyed when the WeakRefCountedPtr
+            // destructor runs, it may not have an active ExecCtx - thus leading
+            // to crashes.
+            self.reset();
+          }
+        });
+  }
 }
 
-}  // namespace
-
 bool Subchannel::PublishTransportLocked() {
   // Construct channel stack.
-  ChannelStackBuilder builder("subchannel");
-  builder.SetChannelArgs(connecting_result_.channel_args)
-      .SetTransport(connecting_result_.transport);
-  if (!CoreConfiguration::Get().channel_init().CreateStack(
-          &builder, GRPC_CLIENT_SUBCHANNEL)) {
+  ChannelStackBuilderImpl builder("subchannel", GRPC_CLIENT_SUBCHANNEL,
+                                  connecting_result_.channel_args);
+  builder.SetTransport(connecting_result_.transport);
+  if (!CoreConfiguration::Get().channel_init().CreateStack(&builder)) {
     return false;
   }
-  grpc_channel_stack* stk;
-  grpc_error_handle error = builder.Build(0, 1, ConnectionDestroy, nullptr,
-                                          reinterpret_cast<void**>(&stk));
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    grpc_transport_destroy(connecting_result_.transport);
+  absl::StatusOr<RefCountedPtr<grpc_channel_stack>> stk = builder.Build();
+  if (!stk.ok()) {
+    auto error = absl_status_to_grpc_error(stk.status());
+    connecting_result_.Reset();
     gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
             "subchannel %p %s: error initializing subchannel stack: %s", this,
-            key_.ToString().c_str(), grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+            key_.ToString().c_str(), StatusToString(error).c_str());
     return false;
   }
+  // Release the ownership since it is now owned by the connected filter in the
+  // channel stack (published).
+  connecting_result_.transport = nullptr;
   RefCountedPtr<channelz::SocketNode> socket =
       std::move(connecting_result_.socket_node);
   connecting_result_.Reset();
-  if (disconnected_) {
-    grpc_channel_stack_destroy(stk);
-    gpr_free(stk);
-    return false;
-  }
+  if (shutdown_) return false;
   // Publish.
   connected_subchannel_.reset(
-      new ConnectedSubchannel(stk, args_, channelz_node_));
+      new ConnectedSubchannel(stk->release(), args_, channelz_node_));
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_subchannel)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "subchannel %p %s: new connected subchannel at %p", this,
             key_.ToString().c_str(), connected_subchannel_.get());