grpc 1.44.0.pre2 → 1.46.3

data/third_party/upb/upb/json_encode.c

@@ -0,0 +1,776 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009-2021, Google LLC
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google LLC nor the
+ *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
+ *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+ * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Google LLC BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
+ * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include "upb/json_encode.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <float.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "upb/decode.h"
+#include "upb/reflection.h"
+#include "upb/upb_internal.h"
+
+/* Must be last. */
+#include "upb/port_def.inc"
+
+typedef struct {
+  char *buf, *ptr, *end;
+  size_t overflow;
+  int indent_depth;
+  int options;
+  const upb_DefPool* ext_pool;
+  jmp_buf err;
+  upb_Status* status;
+  upb_Arena* arena;
+} jsonenc;
+
+static void jsonenc_msg(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                        const upb_MessageDef* m);
+static void jsonenc_scalar(jsonenc* e, upb_MessageValue val,
+                           const upb_FieldDef* f);
+static void jsonenc_msgfield(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                             const upb_MessageDef* m);
+static void jsonenc_msgfields(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m, bool first);
+static void jsonenc_value(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                          const upb_MessageDef* m);
+
+UPB_NORETURN static void jsonenc_err(jsonenc* e, const char* msg) {
+  upb_Status_SetErrorMessage(e->status, msg);
+  longjmp(e->err, 1);
+}
+
+UPB_PRINTF(2, 3)
+UPB_NORETURN static void jsonenc_errf(jsonenc* e, const char* fmt, ...) {
+  va_list argp;
+  va_start(argp, fmt);
+  upb_Status_VSetErrorFormat(e->status, fmt, argp);
+  va_end(argp);
+  longjmp(e->err, 1);
+}
+
+static upb_Arena* jsonenc_arena(jsonenc* e) {
+  /* Create lazily, since it's only needed for Any */
+  if (!e->arena) {
+    e->arena = upb_Arena_New();
+  }
+  return e->arena;
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_putbytes(jsonenc* e, const void* data, size_t len) {
+  size_t have = e->end - e->ptr;
+  if (UPB_LIKELY(have >= len)) {
+    memcpy(e->ptr, data, len);
+    e->ptr += len;
+  } else {
+    if (have) {
+      memcpy(e->ptr, data, have);
+      e->ptr += have;
+    }
+    e->overflow += (len - have);
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_putstr(jsonenc* e, const char* str) {
+  jsonenc_putbytes(e, str, strlen(str));
+}
+
+UPB_PRINTF(2, 3)
+static void jsonenc_printf(jsonenc* e, const char* fmt, ...) {
+  size_t n;
+  size_t have = e->end - e->ptr;
+  va_list args;
+
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  n = vsnprintf(e->ptr, have, fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+
+  if (UPB_LIKELY(have > n)) {
+    e->ptr += n;
+  } else {
+    e->ptr = UPB_PTRADD(e->ptr, have);
+    e->overflow += (n - have);
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_nanos(jsonenc* e, int32_t nanos) {
+  int digits = 9;
+
+  if (nanos == 0) return;
+  if (nanos < 0 || nanos >= 1000000000) {
+    jsonenc_err(e, "error formatting timestamp as JSON: invalid nanos");
+  }
+
+  while (nanos % 1000 == 0) {
+    nanos /= 1000;
+    digits -= 3;
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_printf(e, ".%.*" PRId32, digits, nanos);
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_timestamp(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* seconds_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_FieldDef* nanos_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+  int64_t seconds = upb_Message_Get(msg, seconds_f).int64_val;
+  int32_t nanos = upb_Message_Get(msg, nanos_f).int32_val;
+  int L, N, I, J, K, hour, min, sec;
+
+  if (seconds < -62135596800) {
+    jsonenc_err(e,
+                "error formatting timestamp as JSON: minimum acceptable value "
+                "is 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z");
+  } else if (seconds > 253402300799) {
+    jsonenc_err(e,
+                "error formatting timestamp as JSON: maximum acceptable value "
+                "is 9999-12-31T23:59:59Z");
+  }
+
+  /* Julian Day -> Y/M/D, Algorithm from:
+   * Fliegel, H. F., and Van Flandern, T. C., "A Machine Algorithm for
+   *   Processing Calendar Dates," Communications of the Association of
+   *   Computing Machines, vol. 11 (1968), p. 657.  */
+  seconds += 62135596800;  // Ensure seconds is positive.
+  L = (int)(seconds / 86400) - 719162 + 68569 + 2440588;
+  N = 4 * L / 146097;
+  L = L - (146097 * N + 3) / 4;
+  I = 4000 * (L + 1) / 1461001;
+  L = L - 1461 * I / 4 + 31;
+  J = 80 * L / 2447;
+  K = L - 2447 * J / 80;
+  L = J / 11;
+  J = J + 2 - 12 * L;
+  I = 100 * (N - 49) + I + L;
+
+  sec = seconds % 60;
+  min = (seconds / 60) % 60;
+  hour = (seconds / 3600) % 24;
+
+  jsonenc_printf(e, "\"%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d", I, J, K, hour, min, sec);
+  jsonenc_nanos(e, nanos);
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "Z\"");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_duration(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                             const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* seconds_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_FieldDef* nanos_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+  int64_t seconds = upb_Message_Get(msg, seconds_f).int64_val;
+  int32_t nanos = upb_Message_Get(msg, nanos_f).int32_val;
+
+  if (seconds > 315576000000 || seconds < -315576000000 ||
+      (seconds < 0) != (nanos < 0)) {
+    jsonenc_err(e, "bad duration");
+  }
+
+  if (nanos < 0) {
+    nanos = -nanos;
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_printf(e, "\"%" PRId64, seconds);
+  jsonenc_nanos(e, nanos);
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "s\"");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_enum(int32_t val, const upb_FieldDef* f, jsonenc* e) {
+  const upb_EnumDef* e_def = upb_FieldDef_EnumSubDef(f);
+
+  if (strcmp(upb_EnumDef_FullName(e_def), "google.protobuf.NullValue") == 0) {
+    jsonenc_putstr(e, "null");
+  } else {
+    const upb_EnumValueDef* ev = upb_EnumDef_FindValueByNumber(e_def, val);
+
+    if (ev) {
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "\"%s\"", upb_EnumValueDef_Name(ev));
+    } else {
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "%" PRId32, val);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_bytes(jsonenc* e, upb_StringView str) {
+  /* This is the regular base64, not the "web-safe" version. */
+  static const char base64[] =
+      "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+  const unsigned char* ptr = (unsigned char*)str.data;
+  const unsigned char* end = UPB_PTRADD(ptr, str.size);
+  char buf[4];
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"");
+
+  while (end - ptr >= 3) {
+    buf[0] = base64[ptr[0] >> 2];
+    buf[1] = base64[((ptr[0] & 0x3) << 4) | (ptr[1] >> 4)];
+    buf[2] = base64[((ptr[1] & 0xf) << 2) | (ptr[2] >> 6)];
+    buf[3] = base64[ptr[2] & 0x3f];
+    jsonenc_putbytes(e, buf, 4);
+    ptr += 3;
+  }
+
+  switch (end - ptr) {
+    case 2:
+      buf[0] = base64[ptr[0] >> 2];
+      buf[1] = base64[((ptr[0] & 0x3) << 4) | (ptr[1] >> 4)];
+      buf[2] = base64[(ptr[1] & 0xf) << 2];
+      buf[3] = '=';
+      jsonenc_putbytes(e, buf, 4);
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      buf[0] = base64[ptr[0] >> 2];
+      buf[1] = base64[((ptr[0] & 0x3) << 4)];
+      buf[2] = '=';
+      buf[3] = '=';
+      jsonenc_putbytes(e, buf, 4);
+      break;
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_stringbody(jsonenc* e, upb_StringView str) {
+  const char* ptr = str.data;
+  const char* end = UPB_PTRADD(ptr, str.size);
+
+  while (ptr < end) {
+    switch (*ptr) {
+      case '\n':
+        jsonenc_putstr(e, "\\n");
+        break;
+      case '\r':
+        jsonenc_putstr(e, "\\r");
+        break;
+      case '\t':
+        jsonenc_putstr(e, "\\t");
+        break;
+      case '\"':
+        jsonenc_putstr(e, "\\\"");
+        break;
+      case '\f':
+        jsonenc_putstr(e, "\\f");
+        break;
+      case '\b':
+        jsonenc_putstr(e, "\\b");
+        break;
+      case '\\':
+        jsonenc_putstr(e, "\\\\");
+        break;
+      default:
+        if ((uint8_t)*ptr < 0x20) {
+          jsonenc_printf(e, "\\u%04x", (int)(uint8_t)*ptr);
+        } else {
+          /* This could be a non-ASCII byte.  We rely on the string being valid
+           * UTF-8. */
+          jsonenc_putbytes(e, ptr, 1);
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    ptr++;
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_string(jsonenc* e, upb_StringView str) {
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"");
+  jsonenc_stringbody(e, str);
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"");
+}
+
+static bool upb_JsonEncode_HandleSpecialDoubles(jsonenc* e, double val) {
+  if (val == INFINITY) {
+    jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"Infinity\"");
+  } else if (val == -INFINITY) {
+    jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"-Infinity\"");
+  } else if (val != val) {
+    jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"NaN\"");
+  } else {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void upb_JsonEncode_Double(jsonenc* e, double val) {
+  if (upb_JsonEncode_HandleSpecialDoubles(e, val)) return;
+  char buf[32];
+  _upb_EncodeRoundTripDouble(val, buf, sizeof(buf));
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, buf);
+}
+
+static void upb_JsonEncode_Float(jsonenc* e, float val) {
+  if (upb_JsonEncode_HandleSpecialDoubles(e, val)) return;
+  char buf[32];
+  _upb_EncodeRoundTripFloat(val, buf, sizeof(buf));
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, buf);
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_wrapper(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                            const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  upb_MessageValue val = upb_Message_Get(msg, val_f);
+  jsonenc_scalar(e, val, val_f);
+}
+
+static const upb_MessageDef* jsonenc_getanymsg(jsonenc* e,
+                                               upb_StringView type_url) {
+  /* Find last '/', if any. */
+  const char* end = type_url.data + type_url.size;
+  const char* ptr = end;
+  const upb_MessageDef* ret;
+
+  if (!e->ext_pool) {
+    jsonenc_err(e, "Tried to encode Any, but no symtab was provided");
+  }
+
+  if (type_url.size == 0) goto badurl;
+
+  while (true) {
+    if (--ptr == type_url.data) {
+      /* Type URL must contain at least one '/', with host before. */
+      goto badurl;
+    }
+    if (*ptr == '/') {
+      ptr++;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ret = upb_DefPool_FindMessageByNameWithSize(e->ext_pool, ptr, end - ptr);
+
+  if (!ret) {
+    jsonenc_errf(e, "Couldn't find Any type: %.*s", (int)(end - ptr), ptr);
+  }
+
+  return ret;
+
+badurl:
+  jsonenc_errf(e, "Bad type URL: " UPB_STRINGVIEW_FORMAT,
+               UPB_STRINGVIEW_ARGS(type_url));
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_any(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                        const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* type_url_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_FieldDef* value_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+  upb_StringView type_url = upb_Message_Get(msg, type_url_f).str_val;
+  upb_StringView value = upb_Message_Get(msg, value_f).str_val;
+  const upb_MessageDef* any_m = jsonenc_getanymsg(e, type_url);
+  const upb_MiniTable* any_layout = upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(any_m);
+  upb_Arena* arena = jsonenc_arena(e);
+  upb_Message* any = upb_Message_New(any_m, arena);
+
+  if (upb_Decode(value.data, value.size, any, any_layout, NULL, 0, arena) !=
+      kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok) {
+    jsonenc_err(e, "Error decoding message in Any");
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "{\"@type\":");
+  jsonenc_string(e, type_url);
+
+  if (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(any_m) == kUpb_WellKnown_Unspecified) {
+    /* Regular messages: {"@type": "...","foo": 1, "bar": 2} */
+    jsonenc_msgfields(e, any, any_m, false);
+  } else {
+    /* Well-known type: {"@type": "...","value": <well-known encoding>} */
+    jsonenc_putstr(e, ",\"value\":");
+    jsonenc_msgfield(e, any, any_m);
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "}");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_putsep(jsonenc* e, const char* str, bool* first) {
+  if (*first) {
+    *first = false;
+  } else {
+    jsonenc_putstr(e, str);
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_fieldpath(jsonenc* e, upb_StringView path) {
+  const char* ptr = path.data;
+  const char* end = ptr + path.size;
+
+  while (ptr < end) {
+    char ch = *ptr;
+
+    if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') {
+      jsonenc_err(e, "Field mask element may not have upper-case letter.");
+    } else if (ch == '_') {
+      if (ptr == end - 1 || *(ptr + 1) < 'a' || *(ptr + 1) > 'z') {
+        jsonenc_err(e, "Underscore must be followed by a lowercase letter.");
+      }
+      ch = *++ptr - 32;
+    }
+
+    jsonenc_putbytes(e, &ch, 1);
+    ptr++;
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_fieldmask(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* paths_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_Array* paths = upb_Message_Get(msg, paths_f).array_val;
+  bool first = true;
+  size_t i, n = 0;
+
+  if (paths) n = upb_Array_Size(paths);
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"");
+
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    jsonenc_putsep(e, ",", &first);
+    jsonenc_fieldpath(e, upb_Array_Get(paths, i).str_val);
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_struct(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                           const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* fields_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_Map* fields = upb_Message_Get(msg, fields_f).map_val;
+  const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(fields_f);
+  const upb_FieldDef* value_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
+  size_t iter = kUpb_Map_Begin;
+  bool first = true;
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "{");
+
+  if (fields) {
+    while (upb_MapIterator_Next(fields, &iter)) {
+      upb_MessageValue key = upb_MapIterator_Key(fields, iter);
+      upb_MessageValue val = upb_MapIterator_Value(fields, iter);
+
+      jsonenc_putsep(e, ",", &first);
+      jsonenc_string(e, key.str_val);
+      jsonenc_putstr(e, ":");
+      jsonenc_value(e, val.msg_val, upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(value_f));
+    }
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "}");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_listvalue(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* values_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_MessageDef* values_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(values_f);
+  const upb_Array* values = upb_Message_Get(msg, values_f).array_val;
+  size_t i;
+  bool first = true;
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "[");
+
+  if (values) {
+    const size_t size = upb_Array_Size(values);
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+      upb_MessageValue elem = upb_Array_Get(values, i);
+
+      jsonenc_putsep(e, ",", &first);
+      jsonenc_value(e, elem.msg_val, values_m);
+    }
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "]");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_value(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                          const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  /* TODO(haberman): do we want a reflection method to get oneof case? */
+  size_t iter = kUpb_Message_Begin;
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+
+  if (!upb_Message_Next(msg, m, NULL, &f, &val, &iter)) {
+    jsonenc_err(e, "No value set in Value proto");
+  }
+
+  switch (upb_FieldDef_Number(f)) {
+    case 1:
+      jsonenc_putstr(e, "null");
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      upb_JsonEncode_Double(e, val.double_val);
+      break;
+    case 3:
+      jsonenc_string(e, val.str_val);
+      break;
+    case 4:
+      jsonenc_putstr(e, val.bool_val ? "true" : "false");
+      break;
+    case 5:
+      jsonenc_struct(e, val.msg_val, upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f));
+      break;
+    case 6:
+      jsonenc_listvalue(e, val.msg_val, upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f));
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_msgfield(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                             const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  switch (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m)) {
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Unspecified:
+      jsonenc_msg(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Any:
+      jsonenc_any(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_FieldMask:
+      jsonenc_fieldmask(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Duration:
+      jsonenc_duration(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Timestamp:
+      jsonenc_timestamp(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_DoubleValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_FloatValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Int64Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_UInt64Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Int32Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_UInt32Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_StringValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_BytesValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_BoolValue:
+      jsonenc_wrapper(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Value:
+      jsonenc_value(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_ListValue:
+      jsonenc_listvalue(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Struct:
+      jsonenc_struct(e, msg, m);
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_scalar(jsonenc* e, upb_MessageValue val,
+                           const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  switch (upb_FieldDef_CType(f)) {
+    case kUpb_CType_Bool:
+      jsonenc_putstr(e, val.bool_val ? "true" : "false");
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Float:
+      upb_JsonEncode_Float(e, val.float_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Double:
+      upb_JsonEncode_Double(e, val.double_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Int32:
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "%" PRId32, val.int32_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_UInt32:
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "%" PRIu32, val.uint32_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Int64:
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "\"%" PRId64 "\"", val.int64_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_UInt64:
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "\"%" PRIu64 "\"", val.uint64_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_String:
+      jsonenc_string(e, val.str_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Bytes:
+      jsonenc_bytes(e, val.str_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Enum:
+      jsonenc_enum(val.int32_val, f, e);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Message:
+      jsonenc_msgfield(e, val.msg_val, upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f));
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_mapkey(jsonenc* e, upb_MessageValue val,
+                           const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "\"");
+
+  switch (upb_FieldDef_CType(f)) {
+    case kUpb_CType_Bool:
+      jsonenc_putstr(e, val.bool_val ? "true" : "false");
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Int32:
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "%" PRId32, val.int32_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_UInt32:
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "%" PRIu32, val.uint32_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_Int64:
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "%" PRId64, val.int64_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_UInt64:
+      jsonenc_printf(e, "%" PRIu64, val.uint64_val);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_CType_String:
+      jsonenc_stringbody(e, val.str_val);
+      break;
+    default:
+      UPB_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "\":");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_array(jsonenc* e, const upb_Array* arr,
+                          const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  size_t i;
+  size_t size = arr ? upb_Array_Size(arr) : 0;
+  bool first = true;
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "[");
+
+  for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    jsonenc_putsep(e, ",", &first);
+    jsonenc_scalar(e, upb_Array_Get(arr, i), f);
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "]");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_map(jsonenc* e, const upb_Map* map, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  const upb_MessageDef* entry = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+  const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry, 1);
+  const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry, 2);
+  size_t iter = kUpb_Map_Begin;
+  bool first = true;
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "{");
+
+  if (map) {
+    while (upb_MapIterator_Next(map, &iter)) {
+      jsonenc_putsep(e, ",", &first);
+      jsonenc_mapkey(e, upb_MapIterator_Key(map, iter), key_f);
+      jsonenc_scalar(e, upb_MapIterator_Value(map, iter), val_f);
+    }
+  }
+
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "}");
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_fieldval(jsonenc* e, const upb_FieldDef* f,
+                             upb_MessageValue val, bool* first) {
+  const char* name;
+
+  jsonenc_putsep(e, ",", first);
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsExtension(f)) {
+    // TODO: For MessageSet, I would have expected this to print the message
+    // name here, but Python doesn't appear to do this. We should do more
+    // research here about what various implementations do.
+    jsonenc_printf(e, "\"[%s]\":", upb_FieldDef_FullName(f));
+  } else {
+    if (e->options & upb_JsonEncode_UseProtoNames) {
+      name = upb_FieldDef_Name(f);
+    } else {
+      name = upb_FieldDef_JsonName(f);
+    }
+    jsonenc_printf(e, "\"%s\":", name);
+  }
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+    jsonenc_map(e, val.map_val, f);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f)) {
+    jsonenc_array(e, val.array_val, f);
+  } else {
+    jsonenc_scalar(e, val, f);
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_msgfields(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m, bool first) {
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
+
+  if (e->options & upb_JsonEncode_EmitDefaults) {
+    /* Iterate over all fields. */
+    int i = 0;
+    int n = upb_MessageDef_FieldCount(m);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      f = upb_MessageDef_Field(m, i);
+      if (!upb_FieldDef_HasPresence(f) || upb_Message_Has(msg, f)) {
+        jsonenc_fieldval(e, f, upb_Message_Get(msg, f), &first);
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* Iterate over non-empty fields. */
+    size_t iter = kUpb_Message_Begin;
+    while (upb_Message_Next(msg, m, e->ext_pool, &f, &val, &iter)) {
+      jsonenc_fieldval(e, f, val, &first);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsonenc_msg(jsonenc* e, const upb_Message* msg,
+                        const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "{");
+  jsonenc_msgfields(e, msg, m, true);
+  jsonenc_putstr(e, "}");
+}
+
+static size_t jsonenc_nullz(jsonenc* e, size_t size) {
+  size_t ret = e->ptr - e->buf + e->overflow;
+
+  if (size > 0) {
+    if (e->ptr == e->end) e->ptr--;
+    *e->ptr = '\0';
+  }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+size_t upb_JsonEncode(const upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m,
+                      const upb_DefPool* ext_pool, int options, char* buf,
+                      size_t size, upb_Status* status) {
+  jsonenc e;
+
+  e.buf = buf;
+  e.ptr = buf;
+  e.end = UPB_PTRADD(buf, size);
+  e.overflow = 0;
+  e.options = options;
+  e.ext_pool = ext_pool;
+  e.status = status;
+  e.arena = NULL;
+
+  if (setjmp(e.err)) return -1;
+
+  jsonenc_msgfield(&e, msg, m);
+  if (e.arena) upb_Arena_Free(e.arena);
+  return jsonenc_nullz(&e, size);
+}