grpc 1.42.0 → 1.49.1

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb.cc

@@ -53,54 +53,94 @@
 
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb.h"
 
+#include <grpc/event_engine/event_engine.h>
+
+// IWYU pragma: no_include <sys/socket.h>
+
 #include <inttypes.h>
-#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/status/status.h"
+#include "absl/status/statusor.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/strings/strip.h"
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
+#include "absl/types/variant.h"
 #include "upb/upb.hpp"
 
+#include <grpc/byte_buffer.h>
 #include <grpc/byte_buffer_reader.h>
 #include <grpc/grpc.h>
+#include <grpc/impl/codegen/connectivity_state.h>
+#include <grpc/impl/codegen/grpc_types.h>
+#include <grpc/impl/codegen/propagation_bits.h>
+#include <grpc/slice.h>
+#include <grpc/status.h>
 #include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
-#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
-#include <grpc/support/time.h>
+#include <grpc/support/log.h>
 
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/child_policy_handler.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/client_load_reporting_filter.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb_balancer_addresses.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb_channel.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb_client_stats.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/load_balancer_api.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy_factory.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy_registry.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/fake/fake_resolver.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/server_address.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack_builder.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channelz.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/config/core_configuration.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/trace.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/event_engine/default_event_engine.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/manual_constructor.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/memory.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/debug_location.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/orphanable.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/work_serializer.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/closure.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/resolved_address.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/socket_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/json/json.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/load_balancing/lb_policy.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/load_balancing/lb_policy_factory.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/load_balancing/lb_policy_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/load_balancing/subchannel_interface.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/resolver/resolver.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/resolver/server_address.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/security/credentials/credentials.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_refcount.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_string_helpers.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/call.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/transport/static_metadata.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel_init.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel_stack_type.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/connectivity_state.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/metadata_batch.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/uri/uri_parser.h"
 
 #define GRPC_GRPCLB_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS 1
 #define GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER 1.6
@@ -113,14 +153,14 @@ namespace grpc_core {
 
 TraceFlag grpc_lb_glb_trace(false, "glb");
 
-const char kGrpcLbClientStatsMetadataKey[] = "grpclb_client_stats";
-const char kGrpcLbLbTokenMetadataKey[] = "lb-token";
-
 const char kGrpcLbAddressAttributeKey[] = "grpclb";
 
 namespace {
 
-constexpr char kGrpclb[] = "grpclb";
+using ::grpc_event_engine::experimental::EventEngine;
+using ::grpc_event_engine::experimental::GetDefaultEventEngine;
+
+constexpr absl::string_view kGrpclb = "grpclb";
 
 class GrpcLbConfig : public LoadBalancingPolicy::Config {
  public:
@@ -128,7 +168,8 @@ class GrpcLbConfig : public LoadBalancingPolicy::Config {
                std::string service_name)
       : child_policy_(std::move(child_policy)),
         service_name_(std::move(service_name)) {}
-  const char* name() const override { return kGrpclb; }
+
+  absl::string_view name() const override { return kGrpclb; }
 
   RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> child_policy() const {
     return child_policy_;
@@ -145,7 +186,7 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
  public:
   explicit GrpcLb(Args args);
 
-  const char* name() const override { return kGrpclb; }
+  absl::string_view name() const override { return kGrpclb; }
 
   void UpdateLocked(UpdateArgs args) override;
   void ResetBackoffLocked() override;
@@ -177,13 +218,14 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
     void ScheduleNextClientLoadReportLocked();
     void SendClientLoadReportLocked();
 
-    static void MaybeSendClientLoadReport(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    // EventEngine callbacks
+    void MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked();
+
     static void ClientLoadReportDone(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
     static void OnInitialRequestSent(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
     static void OnBalancerMessageReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
     static void OnBalancerStatusReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
 
-    void MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
     void ClientLoadReportDoneLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
     void OnInitialRequestSentLocked();
     void OnBalancerMessageReceivedLocked();
@@ -217,14 +259,12 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
     // The stats for client-side load reporting associated with this LB call.
     // Created after the first serverlist is received.
     RefCountedPtr<GrpcLbClientStats> client_stats_;
-    grpc_millis client_stats_report_interval_ = 0;
-    grpc_timer client_load_report_timer_;
-    bool client_load_report_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+    Duration client_stats_report_interval_;
+    absl::optional<EventEngine::TaskHandle> client_load_report_handle_;
     bool last_client_load_report_counters_were_zero_ = false;
     bool client_load_report_is_due_ = false;
-    // The closure used for either the load report timer or the callback for
-    // completion of sending the load report.
-    grpc_closure client_load_report_closure_;
+    // The closure used for the completion of sending the load report.
+    grpc_closure client_load_report_done_closure_;
   };
 
   class SubchannelWrapper : public DelegatingSubchannel {
@@ -339,6 +379,39 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
     PickResult Pick(PickArgs args) override;
 
    private:
+    // A subchannel call tracker that unrefs the GrpcLbClientStats object
+    // in the case where the subchannel call is never actually started,
+    // since the client load reporting filter will not be able to do it
+    // in that case.
+    class SubchannelCallTracker : public SubchannelCallTrackerInterface {
+     public:
+      SubchannelCallTracker(
+          RefCountedPtr<GrpcLbClientStats> client_stats,
+          std::unique_ptr<SubchannelCallTrackerInterface> original_call_tracker)
+          : client_stats_(std::move(client_stats)),
+            original_call_tracker_(std::move(original_call_tracker)) {}
+
+      void Start() override {
+        if (original_call_tracker_ != nullptr) {
+          original_call_tracker_->Start();
+        }
+        // If we're actually starting the subchannel call, then the
+        // client load reporting filter will take ownership of the ref
+        // passed down to it via metadata.
+        client_stats_.release();
+      }
+
+      void Finish(FinishArgs args) override {
+        if (original_call_tracker_ != nullptr) {
+          original_call_tracker_->Finish(args);
+        }
+      }
+
+     private:
+      RefCountedPtr<GrpcLbClientStats> client_stats_;
+      std::unique_ptr<SubchannelCallTrackerInterface> original_call_tracker_;
+    };
+
     // Serverlist to be used for determining drops.
     RefCountedPtr<Serverlist> serverlist_;
 
@@ -352,7 +425,7 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
         : parent_(std::move(parent)) {}
 
     RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> CreateSubchannel(
-        ServerAddress address, const grpc_channel_args& args) override;
+        ServerAddress address, const ChannelArgs& args) override;
     void UpdateState(grpc_connectivity_state state, const absl::Status& status,
                      std::unique_ptr<SubchannelPicker> picker) override;
     void RequestReresolution() override;
@@ -396,15 +469,10 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
     RefCountedPtr<GrpcLb> parent_;
   };
 
-  ~GrpcLb() override;
-
   void ShutdownLocked() override;
 
   // Helper functions used in UpdateLocked().
-  void ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(const ServerAddressList& addresses,
-                                            const grpc_channel_args& args);
-  static ServerAddressList AddNullLbTokenToAddresses(
-      const ServerAddressList& addresses);
+  void UpdateBalancerChannelLocked(const ChannelArgs& args);
 
   void CancelBalancerChannelConnectivityWatchLocked();
 
@@ -420,10 +488,10 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   void OnBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
 
   // Methods for dealing with the child policy.
-  grpc_channel_args* CreateChildPolicyArgsLocked(
+  ChannelArgs CreateChildPolicyArgsLocked(
       bool is_backend_from_grpclb_load_balancer);
   OrphanablePtr<LoadBalancingPolicy> CreateChildPolicyLocked(
-      const grpc_channel_args* args);
+      const ChannelArgs& args);
   void CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked();
 
   // Subchannel caching.
@@ -439,7 +507,7 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   RefCountedPtr<GrpcLbConfig> config_;
 
   // Current channel args from the resolver.
-  grpc_channel_args* args_ = nullptr;
+  ChannelArgs args_;
 
   // Internal state.
   bool shutting_down_ = false;
@@ -458,8 +526,8 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   // is shutting down, or the LB call has ended). A non-NULL lb_calld_ always
   // contains a non-NULL lb_call_.
   OrphanablePtr<BalancerCallState> lb_calld_;
-  // Timeout in milliseconds for the LB call. 0 means no deadline.
-  const int lb_call_timeout_ms_ = 0;
+  // Timeout for the LB call. 0 means no deadline.
+  const Duration lb_call_timeout_;
   // Balancer call retry state.
   BackOff lb_call_backoff_;
   bool retry_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
@@ -473,11 +541,14 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   // Whether we're in fallback mode.
   bool fallback_mode_ = false;
   // The backend addresses from the resolver.
-  ServerAddressList fallback_backend_addresses_;
+  absl::StatusOr<ServerAddressList> fallback_backend_addresses_;
+  // The last resolution note from our parent.
+  // To be passed to child policy when fallback_backend_addresses_ is empty.
+  std::string resolution_note_;
   // State for fallback-at-startup checks.
   // Timeout after startup after which we will go into fallback mode if
   // we have not received a serverlist from the balancer.
-  const int fallback_at_startup_timeout_ = 0;
+  const Duration fallback_at_startup_timeout_;
   bool fallback_at_startup_checks_pending_ = false;
   grpc_timer lb_fallback_timer_;
   grpc_closure lb_on_fallback_;
@@ -488,8 +559,8 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   bool child_policy_ready_ = false;
 
   // Deleted subchannel caching.
-  const grpc_millis subchannel_cache_interval_ms_;
-  std::map<grpc_millis /*deletion time*/,
+  const Duration subchannel_cache_interval_;
+  std::map<Timestamp /*deletion time*/,
            std::vector<RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface>>>
       cached_subchannels_;
   grpc_timer subchannel_cache_timer_;
@@ -537,7 +608,8 @@ std::string GrpcLb::Serverlist::AsText() const {
     } else {
       grpc_resolved_address addr;
       ParseServer(server, &addr);
-      ipport = grpc_sockaddr_to_string(&addr, false);
+      auto addr_str = grpc_sockaddr_to_string(&addr, false);
+      ipport = addr_str.ok() ? *addr_str : addr_str.status().ToString();
     }
     entries.push_back(absl::StrFormat("  %" PRIuPTR ": %s token=%s\n", i,
                                       ipport, server.load_balance_token));
@@ -585,10 +657,12 @@ ServerAddressList GrpcLb::Serverlist::GetServerAddressList(
         server.load_balance_token, GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(server.load_balance_token));
     std::string lb_token(server.load_balance_token, lb_token_length);
     if (lb_token.empty()) {
+      auto addr_uri = grpc_sockaddr_to_uri(&addr);
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "Missing LB token for backend address '%s'. The empty token will "
               "be used instead",
-              grpc_sockaddr_to_uri(&addr).c_str());
+              addr_uri.ok() ? addr_uri->c_str()
+                            : addr_uri.status().ToString().c_str());
     }
     // Attach attribute to address containing LB token and stats object.
     std::map<const char*, std::unique_ptr<ServerAddress::AttributeInterface>>
@@ -597,7 +671,7 @@ ServerAddressList GrpcLb::Serverlist::GetServerAddressList(
         absl::make_unique<TokenAndClientStatsAttribute>(std::move(lb_token),
                                                         stats);
     // Add address.
-    addresses.emplace_back(addr, /*args=*/nullptr, std::move(attributes));
+    addresses.emplace_back(addr, ChannelArgs(), std::move(attributes));
   }
   return addresses;
 }
@@ -648,12 +722,15 @@ GrpcLb::PickResult GrpcLb::Picker::Pick(PickArgs args) {
     // client_load_reporting filter.
     GrpcLbClientStats* client_stats = subchannel_wrapper->client_stats();
     if (client_stats != nullptr) {
-      client_stats->Ref().release();  // Ref passed via metadata.
+      complete_pick->subchannel_call_tracker =
+          absl::make_unique<SubchannelCallTracker>(
+              client_stats->Ref(),
+              std::move(complete_pick->subchannel_call_tracker));
       // The metadata value is a hack: we pretend the pointer points to
       // a string and rely on the client_load_reporting filter to know
       // how to interpret it.
       args.initial_metadata->Add(
-          kGrpcLbClientStatsMetadataKey,
+          GrpcLbClientStatsMetadata::key(),
           absl::string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(client_stats), 0));
       // Update calls-started.
       client_stats->AddCallStarted();
@@ -666,7 +743,7 @@ GrpcLb::PickResult GrpcLb::Picker::Pick(PickArgs args) {
       char* lb_token = static_cast<char*>(
           args.call_state->Alloc(subchannel_wrapper->lb_token().size() + 1));
       strcpy(lb_token, subchannel_wrapper->lb_token().c_str());
-      args.initial_metadata->Add(kGrpcLbLbTokenMetadataKey, lb_token);
+      args.initial_metadata->Add(LbTokenMetadata::key(), lb_token);
     }
     // Unwrap subchannel to pass up to the channel.
     complete_pick->subchannel = subchannel_wrapper->wrapped_subchannel();
@@ -679,7 +756,7 @@ GrpcLb::PickResult GrpcLb::Picker::Pick(PickArgs args) {
 //
 
 RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> GrpcLb::Helper::CreateSubchannel(
-    ServerAddress address, const grpc_channel_args& args) {
+    ServerAddress address, const ChannelArgs& args) {
   if (parent_->shutting_down_) return nullptr;
   const TokenAndClientStatsAttribute* attribute =
       static_cast<const TokenAndClientStatsAttribute*>(
@@ -785,16 +862,16 @@ GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::BalancerCallState(
                     OnBalancerMessageReceived, this, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&lb_on_balancer_status_received_, OnBalancerStatusReceived,
                     this, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&client_load_report_closure_, MaybeSendClientLoadReport,
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&client_load_report_done_closure_, ClientLoadReportDone,
                     this, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-  const grpc_millis deadline =
-      grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_ms_ == 0
-          ? GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE
-          : ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_ms_;
+  const Timestamp deadline =
+      grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_ == Duration::Zero()
+          ? Timestamp::InfFuture()
+          : ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_;
   lb_call_ = grpc_channel_create_pollset_set_call(
       grpclb_policy()->lb_channel_, nullptr, GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEFAULTS,
       grpclb_policy_->interested_parties(),
-      GRPC_MDSTR_SLASH_GRPC_DOT_LB_DOT_V1_DOT_LOADBALANCER_SLASH_BALANCELOAD,
+      Slice::FromStaticString("/grpc.lb.v1.LoadBalancer/BalanceLoad").c_slice(),
       nullptr, deadline, nullptr);
   // Init the LB call request payload.
   upb::Arena arena;
@@ -828,8 +905,9 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::Orphan() {
   // up. Otherwise, we are here because grpclb_policy has to orphan a failed
   // call, then the following cancellation will be a no-op.
   grpc_call_cancel_internal(lb_call_);
-  if (client_load_report_timer_callback_pending_) {
-    grpc_timer_cancel(&client_load_report_timer_);
+  if (client_load_report_handle_.has_value() &&
+      GetDefaultEventEngine()->Cancel(client_load_report_handle_.value())) {
+    Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "client_load_report cancelled");
   }
   // Note that the initial ref is hold by lb_on_balancer_status_received_
   // instead of the caller of this function. So the corresponding unref happens
@@ -913,34 +991,19 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::StartQuery() {
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::ScheduleNextClientLoadReportLocked() {
-  // InvalidateNow to avoid getting stuck re-initializing this timer
-  // in a loop while draining the currently-held WorkSerializer.
-  // Also see https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/26079.
-  ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
-  const grpc_millis next_client_load_report_time =
-      ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + client_stats_report_interval_;
-  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&client_load_report_closure_, MaybeSendClientLoadReport,
-                    this, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-  grpc_timer_init(&client_load_report_timer_, next_client_load_report_time,
-                  &client_load_report_closure_);
-  client_load_report_timer_callback_pending_ = true;
-}
-
-void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::MaybeSendClientLoadReport(
-    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
-  BalancerCallState* lb_calld = static_cast<BalancerCallState*>(arg);
-  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
-  lb_calld->grpclb_policy()->work_serializer()->Run(
-      [lb_calld, error]() { lb_calld->MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked(error); },
-      DEBUG_LOCATION);
+  client_load_report_handle_ =
+      GetDefaultEventEngine()->RunAfter(client_stats_report_interval_, [this] {
+        ApplicationCallbackExecCtx callback_exec_ctx;
+        ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+        grpclb_policy()->work_serializer()->Run(
+            [this] { MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked(); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
+      });
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked(
-    grpc_error_handle error) {
-  client_load_report_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || this != grpclb_policy()->lb_calld_.get()) {
+void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked() {
+  client_load_report_handle_.reset();
+  if (this != grpclb_policy()->lb_calld_.get()) {
     Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "client_load_report");
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
     return;
   }
   // If we've already sent the initial request, then we can go ahead and send
@@ -993,10 +1056,8 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::SendClientLoadReportLocked() {
   memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
   op.op = GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE;
   op.data.send_message.send_message = send_message_payload_;
-  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&client_load_report_closure_, ClientLoadReportDone, this,
-                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
   grpc_call_error call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
-      lb_call_, &op, 1, &client_load_report_closure_);
+      lb_call_, &op, 1, &client_load_report_done_closure_);
   if (GPR_UNLIKELY(call_error != GRPC_CALL_OK)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
             "[grpclb %p] lb_calld=%p call_error=%d sending client load report",
@@ -1018,7 +1079,7 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::ClientLoadReportDoneLocked(
     grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
   send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || this != grpclb_policy()->lb_calld_.get()) {
+  if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error) || this != grpclb_policy()->lb_calld_.get()) {
     Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "client_load_report");
     GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
     return;
@@ -1080,15 +1141,16 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerMessageReceivedLocked() {
   } else {
     switch (response.type) {
       case response.INITIAL: {
-        if (response.client_stats_report_interval != 0) {
+        if (response.client_stats_report_interval != Duration::Zero()) {
           client_stats_report_interval_ = std::max(
-              int64_t(GPR_MS_PER_SEC), response.client_stats_report_interval);
+              Duration::Seconds(1), response.client_stats_report_interval);
           if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
             gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                     "[grpclb %p] lb_calld=%p: Received initial LB response "
                     "message; client load reporting interval = %" PRId64
                     " milliseconds",
-                    grpclb_policy(), this, client_stats_report_interval_);
+                    grpclb_policy(), this,
+                    client_stats_report_interval_.millis());
           }
         } else if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
           gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
@@ -1114,7 +1176,8 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerMessageReceivedLocked() {
         seen_serverlist_ = true;
         // Start sending client load report only after we start using the
         // serverlist returned from the current LB call.
-        if (client_stats_report_interval_ > 0 && client_stats_ == nullptr) {
+        if (client_stats_report_interval_ > Duration::Zero() &&
+            client_stats_ == nullptr) {
           client_stats_ = MakeRefCounted<GrpcLbClientStats>();
           // Ref held by callback.
           Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "client_load_report").release();
@@ -1237,6 +1300,7 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerStatusReceivedLocked(
     // If the fallback-at-startup checks are pending, go into fallback mode
     // immediately.  This short-circuits the timeout for the fallback-at-startup
     // case.
+    grpclb_policy()->lb_calld_.reset();
     if (grpclb_policy()->fallback_at_startup_checks_pending_) {
       GPR_ASSERT(!seen_serverlist_);
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
@@ -1252,7 +1316,6 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerStatusReceivedLocked(
       // This handles the fallback-after-startup case.
       grpclb_policy()->MaybeEnterFallbackModeAfterStartup();
     }
-    grpclb_policy()->lb_calld_.reset();
     GPR_ASSERT(!grpclb_policy()->shutting_down_);
     grpclb_policy()->channel_control_helper()->RequestReresolution();
     if (seen_initial_response_) {
@@ -1273,7 +1336,7 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerStatusReceivedLocked(
 // helper code for creating balancer channel
 //
 
-ServerAddressList ExtractBalancerAddresses(const grpc_channel_args& args) {
+ServerAddressList ExtractBalancerAddresses(const ChannelArgs& args) {
   const ServerAddressList* addresses =
       FindGrpclbBalancerAddressesInChannelArgs(args);
   if (addresses != nullptr) return *addresses;
@@ -1287,91 +1350,99 @@ ServerAddressList ExtractBalancerAddresses(const grpc_channel_args& args) {
  *   - \a response_generator: in order to propagate updates from the resolver
  *   above the grpclb policy.
  *   - \a args: other args inherited from the grpclb policy. */
-grpc_channel_args* BuildBalancerChannelArgs(
+ChannelArgs BuildBalancerChannelArgs(
     FakeResolverResponseGenerator* response_generator,
-    const grpc_channel_args* args) {
-  // Channel args to remove.
-  static const char* args_to_remove[] = {
+    const ChannelArgs& args) {
+  // Create channel args for channel credentials that does not contain bearer
+  // token credentials.
+  auto* channel_credentials = args.GetObject<grpc_channel_credentials>();
+  GPR_ASSERT(channel_credentials != nullptr);
+  RefCountedPtr<grpc_channel_credentials> creds_sans_call_creds =
+      channel_credentials->duplicate_without_call_credentials();
+  GPR_ASSERT(creds_sans_call_creds != nullptr);
+  return args
       // LB policy name, since we want to use the default (pick_first) in
       // the LB channel.
-      GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME,
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME)
       // Strip out the service config, since we don't want the LB policy
       // config specified for the parent channel to affect the LB channel.
-      GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG,
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG)
       // The channel arg for the server URI, since that will be different for
       // the LB channel than for the parent channel.  The client channel
       // factory will re-add this arg with the right value.
-      GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI,
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI)
       // The fake resolver response generator, because we are replacing it
       // with the one from the grpclb policy, used to propagate updates to
       // the LB channel.
-      GRPC_ARG_FAKE_RESOLVER_RESPONSE_GENERATOR,
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_FAKE_RESOLVER_RESPONSE_GENERATOR)
       // The LB channel should use the authority indicated by the target
       // authority table (see \a ModifyGrpclbBalancerChannelArgs),
       // as opposed to the authority from the parent channel.
-      GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY,
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY)
       // Just as for \a GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY, the LB channel should be
       // treated as a stand-alone channel and not inherit this argument from the
       // args of the parent channel.
-      GRPC_SSL_TARGET_NAME_OVERRIDE_ARG,
+      .Remove(GRPC_SSL_TARGET_NAME_OVERRIDE_ARG)
       // Don't want to pass down channelz node from parent; the balancer
       // channel will get its own.
-      GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_CHANNEL_NODE,
-  };
-  // Channel args to add.
-  absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 3> args_to_add = {
-      // The fake resolver response generator, which we use to inject
-      // address updates into the LB channel.
-      grpc_core::FakeResolverResponseGenerator::MakeChannelArg(
-          response_generator),
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_CHANNEL_NODE)
+      // Remove the channel args for channel credentials and replace it
+      // with a version that does not contain call credentials. The loadbalancer
+      // is not necessarily trusted to handle bearer token credentials.
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_CHANNEL_CREDENTIALS)
       // A channel arg indicating the target is a grpclb load balancer.
-      grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
-          const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_ADDRESS_IS_GRPCLB_LOAD_BALANCER), 1),
+      .Set(GRPC_ARG_ADDRESS_IS_GRPCLB_LOAD_BALANCER, 1)
       // Tells channelz that this is an internal channel.
-      grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
-          const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_IS_INTERNAL_CHANNEL), 1),
-  };
-  // Construct channel args.
-  grpc_channel_args* new_args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add_and_remove(
-      args, args_to_remove, GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(args_to_remove), args_to_add.data(),
-      args_to_add.size());
-  // Make any necessary modifications for security.
-  return ModifyGrpclbBalancerChannelArgs(new_args);
+      .Set(GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_IS_INTERNAL_CHANNEL, 1)
+      // A channel args for new channel credentials that does not contain bearer
+      // tokens.
+      .SetObject(creds_sans_call_creds)
+      // The fake resolver response generator, which we use to inject
+      // address updates into the LB channel.
+      .SetObject(response_generator->Ref());
 }
 
 //
 // ctor and dtor
 //
 
-std::string GetServerNameFromChannelArgs(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
-  const char* server_uri =
-      grpc_channel_args_find_string(args, GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
-  GPR_ASSERT(server_uri != nullptr);
-  absl::StatusOr<URI> uri = URI::Parse(server_uri);
+std::string GetServerNameFromChannelArgs(const ChannelArgs& args) {
+  absl::StatusOr<URI> uri =
+      URI::Parse(args.GetString(GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI).value());
   GPR_ASSERT(uri.ok() && !uri->path().empty());
   return std::string(absl::StripPrefix(uri->path(), "/"));
 }
 
 GrpcLb::GrpcLb(Args args)
     : LoadBalancingPolicy(std::move(args)),
-      server_name_(GetServerNameFromChannelArgs(args.args)),
+      server_name_(GetServerNameFromChannelArgs(channel_args())),
       response_generator_(MakeRefCounted<FakeResolverResponseGenerator>()),
-      lb_call_timeout_ms_(grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
-          args.args, GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS, {0, 0, INT_MAX})),
+      lb_call_timeout_(std::max(
+          Duration::Zero(),
+          channel_args()
+              .GetDurationFromIntMillis(GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS)
+              .value_or(Duration::Zero()))),
       lb_call_backoff_(
           BackOff::Options()
-              .set_initial_backoff(GRPC_GRPCLB_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS *
-                                   1000)
+              .set_initial_backoff(Duration::Seconds(
+                  GRPC_GRPCLB_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS))
               .set_multiplier(GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER)
               .set_jitter(GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_JITTER)
-              .set_max_backoff(GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS *
-                               1000)),
-      fallback_at_startup_timeout_(grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
-          args.args, GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
-          {GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, 0, INT_MAX})),
-      subchannel_cache_interval_ms_(grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
-          args.args, GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_SUBCHANNEL_CACHE_INTERVAL_MS,
-          {GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_SUBCHANNEL_DELETION_DELAY_MS, 0, INT_MAX})) {
+              .set_max_backoff(Duration::Seconds(
+                  GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS))),
+      fallback_at_startup_timeout_(std::max(
+          Duration::Zero(),
+          channel_args()
+              .GetDurationFromIntMillis(GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS)
+              .value_or(Duration::Milliseconds(
+                  GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS)))),
+      subchannel_cache_interval_(std::max(
+          Duration::Zero(),
+          channel_args()
+              .GetDurationFromIntMillis(
+                  GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_SUBCHANNEL_CACHE_INTERVAL_MS)
+              .value_or(Duration::Milliseconds(
+                  GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_SUBCHANNEL_DELETION_DELAY_MS)))) {
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "[grpclb %p] Will use '%s' as the server name for LB request.",
@@ -1386,8 +1457,6 @@ GrpcLb::GrpcLb(Args args)
                     nullptr);
 }
 
-GrpcLb::~GrpcLb() { grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_); }
-
 void GrpcLb::ShutdownLocked() {
   shutting_down_ = true;
   lb_calld_.reset();
@@ -1442,21 +1511,34 @@ void GrpcLb::UpdateLocked(UpdateArgs args) {
   const bool is_initial_update = lb_channel_ == nullptr;
   config_ = args.config;
   GPR_ASSERT(config_ != nullptr);
-  ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(args.addresses, *args.args);
-  // Update the existing child policy.
+  // Update fallback address list.
+  fallback_backend_addresses_ = std::move(args.addresses);
+  if (fallback_backend_addresses_.ok()) {
+    // Add null LB token attributes.
+    for (ServerAddress& address : *fallback_backend_addresses_) {
+      address = address.WithAttribute(
+          kGrpcLbAddressAttributeKey,
+          absl::make_unique<TokenAndClientStatsAttribute>("", nullptr));
+    }
+  }
+  resolution_note_ = std::move(args.resolution_note);
+  // Update balancer channel.
+  UpdateBalancerChannelLocked(args.args);
+  // Update the existing child policy, if any.
   if (child_policy_ != nullptr) CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked();
   // If this is the initial update, start the fallback-at-startup checks
   // and the balancer call.
   if (is_initial_update) {
     fallback_at_startup_checks_pending_ = true;
     // Start timer.
-    grpc_millis deadline = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + fallback_at_startup_timeout_;
+    Timestamp deadline = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + fallback_at_startup_timeout_;
     Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "on_fallback_timer").release();  // Ref for callback
     grpc_timer_init(&lb_fallback_timer_, deadline, &lb_on_fallback_);
     // Start watching the channel's connectivity state.  If the channel
     // goes into state TRANSIENT_FAILURE before the timer fires, we go into
     // fallback mode even if the fallback timeout has not elapsed.
-    ClientChannel* client_channel = ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(lb_channel_);
+    ClientChannel* client_channel =
+        ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(Channel::FromC(lb_channel_));
     GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
     // Ref held by callback.
     watcher_ = new StateWatcher(Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "StateWatcher"));
@@ -1472,45 +1554,28 @@ void GrpcLb::UpdateLocked(UpdateArgs args) {
 // helpers for UpdateLocked()
 //
 
-ServerAddressList GrpcLb::AddNullLbTokenToAddresses(
-    const ServerAddressList& addresses) {
-  ServerAddressList addresses_out;
-  for (const ServerAddress& address : addresses) {
-    addresses_out.emplace_back(address.WithAttribute(
-        kGrpcLbAddressAttributeKey,
-        absl::make_unique<TokenAndClientStatsAttribute>("", nullptr)));
-  }
-  return addresses_out;
-}
-
-void GrpcLb::ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(
-    const ServerAddressList& addresses, const grpc_channel_args& args) {
-  // Update fallback address list.
-  fallback_backend_addresses_ = AddNullLbTokenToAddresses(addresses);
+void GrpcLb::UpdateBalancerChannelLocked(const ChannelArgs& args) {
   // Make sure that GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME is set in channel args,
   // since we use this to trigger the client_load_reporting filter.
-  static const char* args_to_remove[] = {GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME};
-  grpc_arg new_arg = grpc_channel_arg_string_create(
-      const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME), const_cast<char*>("grpclb"));
-  grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_);
-  args_ = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add_and_remove(
-      &args, args_to_remove, GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(args_to_remove), &new_arg, 1);
+  args_ = args.Set(GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME, "grpclb");
   // Construct args for balancer channel.
   ServerAddressList balancer_addresses = ExtractBalancerAddresses(args);
-  grpc_channel_args* lb_channel_args =
-      BuildBalancerChannelArgs(response_generator_.get(), &args);
+  ChannelArgs lb_channel_args =
+      BuildBalancerChannelArgs(response_generator_.get(), args);
   // Create balancer channel if needed.
   if (lb_channel_ == nullptr) {
     std::string uri_str = absl::StrCat("fake:///", server_name_);
-    lb_channel_ =
-        CreateGrpclbBalancerChannel(uri_str.c_str(), *lb_channel_args);
+    auto* creds = lb_channel_args.GetObject<grpc_channel_credentials>();
+    GPR_ASSERT(creds != nullptr);
+    lb_channel_ = grpc_channel_create(
+        uri_str.c_str(), creds,
+        lb_channel_args.Remove(GRPC_ARG_CHANNEL_CREDENTIALS).ToC().get());
     GPR_ASSERT(lb_channel_ != nullptr);
     // Set up channelz linkage.
     channelz::ChannelNode* child_channelz_node =
         grpc_channel_get_channelz_node(lb_channel_);
     channelz::ChannelNode* parent_channelz_node =
-        grpc_channel_args_find_pointer<channelz::ChannelNode>(
-            &args, GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_CHANNEL_NODE);
+        args.GetObject<channelz::ChannelNode>();
     if (child_channelz_node != nullptr && parent_channelz_node != nullptr) {
       parent_channelz_node->AddChildChannel(child_channelz_node->uuid());
       parent_channelz_node_ = parent_channelz_node->Ref();
@@ -1525,7 +1590,8 @@ void GrpcLb::ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::CancelBalancerChannelConnectivityWatchLocked() {
-  ClientChannel* client_channel = ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(lb_channel_);
+  ClientChannel* client_channel =
+      ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(Channel::FromC(lb_channel_));
   GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
   client_channel->RemoveConnectivityWatcher(watcher_);
 }
@@ -1549,13 +1615,13 @@ void GrpcLb::StartBalancerCallLocked() {
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::StartBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked() {
-  grpc_millis next_try = lb_call_backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
+  Timestamp next_try = lb_call_backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] Connection to LB server lost...", this);
-    grpc_millis timeout = next_try - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
-    if (timeout > 0) {
+    Duration timeout = next_try - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    if (timeout > Duration::Zero()) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] ... retry_timer_active in %" PRId64 "ms.",
-              this, timeout);
+              this, timeout.millis());
     } else {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] ... retry_timer_active immediately.",
               this);
@@ -1582,7 +1648,7 @@ void GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
 
 void GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
   retry_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
-  if (!shutting_down_ && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE && lb_calld_ == nullptr) {
+  if (!shutting_down_ && GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error) && lb_calld_ == nullptr) {
     if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] Restarting call to LB server", this);
     }
@@ -1626,7 +1692,7 @@ void GrpcLb::OnFallbackTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
   // If we receive a serverlist after the timer fires but before this callback
   // actually runs, don't fall back.
   if (fallback_at_startup_checks_pending_ && !shutting_down_ &&
-      error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "[grpclb %p] No response from balancer after fallback timeout; "
             "entering fallback mode",
@@ -1644,22 +1710,19 @@ void GrpcLb::OnFallbackTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
 // code for interacting with the child policy
 //
 
-grpc_channel_args* GrpcLb::CreateChildPolicyArgsLocked(
+ChannelArgs GrpcLb::CreateChildPolicyArgsLocked(
     bool is_backend_from_grpclb_load_balancer) {
-  absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 2> args_to_add;
-  args_to_add.emplace_back(grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
-      const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_ADDRESS_IS_BACKEND_FROM_GRPCLB_LOAD_BALANCER),
-      is_backend_from_grpclb_load_balancer));
+  ChannelArgs r =
+      args_.Set(GRPC_ARG_ADDRESS_IS_BACKEND_FROM_GRPCLB_LOAD_BALANCER,
+                is_backend_from_grpclb_load_balancer);
   if (is_backend_from_grpclb_load_balancer) {
-    args_to_add.emplace_back(grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
-        const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_INHIBIT_HEALTH_CHECKING), 1));
+    r = r.Set(GRPC_ARG_INHIBIT_HEALTH_CHECKING, 1);
   }
-  return grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add(args_, args_to_add.data(),
-                                        args_to_add.size());
+  return r;
 }
 
 OrphanablePtr<LoadBalancingPolicy> GrpcLb::CreateChildPolicyLocked(
-    const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+    const ChannelArgs& args) {
   LoadBalancingPolicy::Args lb_policy_args;
   lb_policy_args.work_serializer = work_serializer();
   lb_policy_args.args = args;
@@ -1688,9 +1751,14 @@ void GrpcLb::CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked() {
     // If CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked() is invoked when we haven't
     // received any serverlist from the balancer, we use the fallback backends
     // returned by the resolver. Note that the fallback backend list may be
-    // empty, in which case the new round_robin policy will keep the requested
-    // picks pending.
+    // empty, in which case the new child policy will fail the picks.
     update_args.addresses = fallback_backend_addresses_;
+    if (fallback_backend_addresses_.ok() &&
+        fallback_backend_addresses_->empty()) {
+      update_args.resolution_note = absl::StrCat(
+          "grpclb in fallback mode without any balancer addresses: ",
+          resolution_note_);
+    }
   } else {
     update_args.addresses = serverlist_->GetServerAddressList(
         lb_calld_ == nullptr ? nullptr : lb_calld_->client_stats());
@@ -1698,7 +1766,7 @@ void GrpcLb::CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked() {
   }
   update_args.args =
       CreateChildPolicyArgsLocked(is_backend_from_grpclb_load_balancer);
-  GPR_ASSERT(update_args.args != nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(update_args.args != ChannelArgs());
   update_args.config = config_->child_policy();
   // Create child policy if needed.
   if (child_policy_ == nullptr) {
@@ -1718,8 +1786,7 @@ void GrpcLb::CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked() {
 
 void GrpcLb::CacheDeletedSubchannelLocked(
     RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> subchannel) {
-  grpc_millis deletion_time =
-      ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + subchannel_cache_interval_ms_;
+  Timestamp deletion_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + subchannel_cache_interval_;
   cached_subchannels_[deletion_time].push_back(std::move(subchannel));
   if (!subchannel_cache_timer_pending_) {
     Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "OnSubchannelCacheTimer").release();
@@ -1743,7 +1810,7 @@ void GrpcLb::OnSubchannelCacheTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::OnSubchannelCacheTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
-  if (subchannel_cache_timer_pending_ && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+  if (subchannel_cache_timer_pending_ && GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error)) {
     auto it = cached_subchannels_.begin();
     if (it != cached_subchannels_.end()) {
       if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
@@ -1774,28 +1841,27 @@ class GrpcLbFactory : public LoadBalancingPolicyFactory {
     return MakeOrphanable<GrpcLb>(std::move(args));
   }
 
-  const char* name() const override { return kGrpclb; }
+  absl::string_view name() const override { return kGrpclb; }
 
-  RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> ParseLoadBalancingConfig(
-      const Json& json, grpc_error_handle* error) const override {
-    GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(error != nullptr && *error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  absl::StatusOr<RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config>>
+  ParseLoadBalancingConfig(const Json& json) const override {
     if (json.type() == Json::Type::JSON_NULL) {
       return MakeRefCounted<GrpcLbConfig>(nullptr, "");
     }
-    std::vector<grpc_error_handle> error_list;
-    Json child_policy_config_json_tmp;
-    const Json* child_policy_config_json;
+    std::vector<std::string> error_list;
     std::string service_name;
     auto it = json.object_value().find("serviceName");
     if (it != json.object_value().end()) {
       const Json& service_name_json = it->second;
       if (service_name_json.type() != Json::Type::STRING) {
-        error_list.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
-            "field:serviceName error:type should be string"));
+        error_list.emplace_back(
+            "field:serviceName error:type should be string");
       } else {
         service_name = service_name_json.string_value();
       }
     }
+    Json child_policy_config_json_tmp;
+    const Json* child_policy_config_json;
     it = json.object_value().find("childPolicy");
     if (it == json.object_value().end()) {
       child_policy_config_json_tmp = Json::Array{Json::Object{
@@ -1805,22 +1871,21 @@ class GrpcLbFactory : public LoadBalancingPolicyFactory {
     } else {
       child_policy_config_json = &it->second;
     }
-    grpc_error_handle parse_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-    RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> child_policy_config =
+    auto child_policy_config =
         LoadBalancingPolicyRegistry::ParseLoadBalancingConfig(
-            *child_policy_config_json, &parse_error);
-    if (parse_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-      std::vector<grpc_error_handle> child_errors;
-      child_errors.push_back(parse_error);
-      error_list.push_back(
-          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("field:childPolicy", &child_errors));
+            *child_policy_config_json);
+    if (!child_policy_config.ok()) {
+      error_list.emplace_back(
+          absl::StrCat("error parsing childPolicy field: ",
+                       child_policy_config.status().message()));
     }
     if (error_list.empty()) {
-      return MakeRefCounted<GrpcLbConfig>(std::move(child_policy_config),
+      return MakeRefCounted<GrpcLbConfig>(std::move(*child_policy_config),
                                           std::move(service_name));
     } else {
-      *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("GrpcLb Parser", &error_list);
-      return nullptr;
+      return absl::InvalidArgumentError(
+          absl::StrCat("errors parsing grpclb LB policy config: [",
+                       absl::StrJoin(error_list, "; "), "]"));
     }
   }
 };
@@ -1845,20 +1910,15 @@ namespace grpc_core {
 void RegisterGrpcLbLoadReportingFilter(CoreConfiguration::Builder* builder) {
   builder->channel_init()->RegisterStage(
       GRPC_CLIENT_SUBCHANNEL, GRPC_CHANNEL_INIT_BUILTIN_PRIORITY,
-      [](grpc_channel_stack_builder* builder) {
-        const grpc_channel_args* args =
-            grpc_channel_stack_builder_get_channel_arguments(builder);
-        const grpc_arg* channel_arg =
-            grpc_channel_args_find(args, GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME);
-        if (channel_arg != nullptr && channel_arg->type == GRPC_ARG_STRING &&
-            strcmp(channel_arg->value.string, "grpclb") == 0) {
+      [](ChannelStackBuilder* builder) {
+        if (builder->channel_args().GetString(GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME) ==
+            "grpclb") {
           // TODO(roth): When we get around to re-attempting
           // https://github.com/grpc/grpc/pull/16214, we should try to keep
           // this filter at the very top of the subchannel stack, since that
           // will minimize the number of metadata elements that the filter
           // needs to iterate through to find the ClientStats object.
-          return grpc_channel_stack_builder_prepend_filter(
-              builder, &grpc_client_load_reporting_filter, nullptr, nullptr);
+          builder->PrependFilter(&grpc_client_load_reporting_filter);
         }
         return true;
       });