graphql 0.16.0 → 2.0.15

data/lib/graphql/schema.rb

@@ -1,127 +1,1202 @@
-require "graphql/schema/catchall_middleware"
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require "graphql/schema/addition"
+require "graphql/schema/base_64_encoder"
+require "graphql/schema/find_inherited_value"
+require "graphql/schema/finder"
 require "graphql/schema/invalid_type_error"
-require "graphql/schema/middleware_chain"
-require "graphql/schema/rescue_middleware"
-require "graphql/schema/possible_types"
-require "graphql/schema/reduce_types"
-require "graphql/schema/timeout_middleware"
+require "graphql/schema/introspection_system"
+require "graphql/schema/late_bound_type"
+require "graphql/schema/null_mask"
+require "graphql/schema/timeout"
 require "graphql/schema/type_expression"
-require "graphql/schema/type_map"
-require "graphql/schema/validation"
+require "graphql/schema/unique_within_type"
+require "graphql/schema/warden"
+require "graphql/schema/build_from_definition"
+
+require "graphql/schema/validator"
+require "graphql/schema/member"
+require "graphql/schema/wrapper"
+require "graphql/schema/list"
+require "graphql/schema/non_null"
+require "graphql/schema/argument"
+require "graphql/schema/enum_value"
+require "graphql/schema/enum"
+require "graphql/schema/field_extension"
+require "graphql/schema/field"
+require "graphql/schema/input_object"
+require "graphql/schema/interface"
+require "graphql/schema/scalar"
+require "graphql/schema/object"
+require "graphql/schema/union"
+require "graphql/schema/directive"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/deprecated"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/include"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/one_of"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/skip"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/feature"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/flagged"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/transform"
+require "graphql/schema/type_membership"
+
+require "graphql/schema/resolver"
+require "graphql/schema/mutation"
+require "graphql/schema/relay_classic_mutation"
+require "graphql/schema/subscription"
 
 module GraphQL
   # A GraphQL schema which may be queried with {GraphQL::Query}.
+  #
+  # The {Schema} contains:
+  #
+  #  - types for exposing your application
+  #  - query analyzers for assessing incoming queries (including max depth & max complexity restrictions)
+  #  - execution strategies for running incoming queries
+  #
+  # Schemas start with root types, {Schema#query}, {Schema#mutation} and {Schema#subscription}.
+  # The schema will traverse the tree of fields & types, using those as starting points.
+  # Any undiscoverable types may be provided with the `types` configuration.
+  #
+  # Schemas can restrict large incoming queries with `max_depth` and `max_complexity` configurations.
+  # (These configurations can be overridden by specific calls to {Schema#execute})
+  #
+  # Schemas can specify how queries should be executed against them.
+  # `query_execution_strategy`, `mutation_execution_strategy` and `subscription_execution_strategy`
+  # each apply to corresponding root types.
+  #  #
+  # @example defining a schema
+  #   class MySchema < GraphQL::Schema
+  #     query QueryType
+  #     # If types are only connected by way of interfaces, they must be added here
+  #     orphan_types ImageType, AudioType
+  #   end
+  #
   class Schema
-    extend Forwardable
-
-    DIRECTIVES = [GraphQL::Directive::SkipDirective, GraphQL::Directive::IncludeDirective]
-    DYNAMIC_FIELDS = ["__type", "__typename", "__schema"]
-
-    attr_reader :query, :mutation, :subscription, :directives, :static_validator, :query_analyzers
-    attr_accessor :max_depth
-    attr_accessor :max_complexity
-
-    # Override these if you don't want the default executor:
-    attr_accessor :query_execution_strategy,
-      :mutation_execution_strategy,
-      :subscription_execution_strategy
-
-    # @return [Array<#call>] Middlewares suitable for MiddlewareChain, applied to fields during execution
-    attr_reader :middleware
-
-    # @param query [GraphQL::ObjectType]  the query root for the schema
-    # @param mutation [GraphQL::ObjectType] the mutation root for the schema
-    # @param subscription [GraphQL::ObjectType] the subscription root for the schema
-    # @param max_depth [Integer] maximum query nesting (if it's greater, raise an error)
-    # @param types [Array<GraphQL::BaseType>] additional types to include in this schema
-    def initialize(query:, mutation: nil, subscription: nil, max_depth: nil, max_complexity: nil, types: [])
-      @query    = query
-      @mutation = mutation
-      @subscription = subscription
-      @max_depth = max_depth
-      @max_complexity = max_complexity
-      @orphan_types = types
-      @directives = DIRECTIVES.reduce({}) { |m, d| m[d.name] = d; m }
-      @static_validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(schema: self)
-      @rescue_middleware = GraphQL::Schema::RescueMiddleware.new
-      @middleware = [@rescue_middleware]
-      @query_analyzers = []
-      # Default to the built-in execution strategy:
-      self.query_execution_strategy = GraphQL::Query::SerialExecution
-      self.mutation_execution_strategy = GraphQL::Query::SerialExecution
-      self.subscription_execution_strategy = GraphQL::Query::SerialExecution
-    end
-
-    def_delegators :@rescue_middleware, :rescue_from, :remove_handler
+    extend GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasAstNode
+    extend GraphQL::Schema::FindInheritedValue
 
-    # @return [GraphQL::Schema::TypeMap] `{ name => type }` pairs of types in this schema
-    def types
-      @types ||= begin
-        all_types = @orphan_types + [query, mutation, subscription, GraphQL::Introspection::SchemaType]
-        GraphQL::Schema::ReduceTypes.reduce(all_types.compact)
+    class DuplicateNamesError < GraphQL::Error
+      attr_reader :duplicated_name
+      def initialize(duplicated_name:, duplicated_definition_1:, duplicated_definition_2:)
+        @duplicated_name = duplicated_name
+        super(
+          "Found two visible definitions for `#{duplicated_name}`: #{duplicated_definition_1}, #{duplicated_definition_2}"
+        )
       end
     end
 
-    # Execute a query on itself.
-    # See {Query#initialize} for arguments.
-    # @return [Hash] query result, ready to be serialized as JSON
-    def execute(*args)
-      query = GraphQL::Query.new(self, *args)
-      query.result
+    class UnresolvedLateBoundTypeError < GraphQL::Error
+      attr_reader :type
+      def initialize(type:)
+        @type = type
+        super("Late bound type was never found: #{type.inspect}")
+      end
     end
 
-    # Resolve field named `field_name` for type `parent_type`.
-    # Handles dynamic fields `__typename`, `__type` and `__schema`, too
-    def get_field(parent_type, field_name)
-      defined_field = parent_type.get_field(field_name)
-      if defined_field
-        defined_field
-      elsif field_name == "__typename"
-        GraphQL::Introspection::TypenameField.create(parent_type)
-      elsif field_name == "__schema" && parent_type == query
-        GraphQL::Introspection::SchemaField.create(self)
-      elsif field_name == "__type" && parent_type == query
-        GraphQL::Introspection::TypeByNameField.create(self.types)
-      else
+    # Error that is raised when [#Schema#from_definition] is passed an invalid schema definition string.
+    class InvalidDocumentError < Error; end;
+
+    class << self
+      # Create schema with the result of an introspection query.
+      # @param introspection_result [Hash] A response from {GraphQL::Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}
+      # @return [Class<GraphQL::Schema>] the schema described by `input`
+      def from_introspection(introspection_result)
+        GraphQL::Schema::Loader.load(introspection_result)
+      end
+
+      # Create schema from an IDL schema or file containing an IDL definition.
+      # @param definition_or_path [String] A schema definition string, or a path to a file containing the definition
+      # @param default_resolve [<#call(type, field, obj, args, ctx)>] A callable for handling field resolution
+      # @param parser [Object] An object for handling definition string parsing (must respond to `parse`)
+      # @param using [Hash] Plugins to attach to the created schema with `use(key, value)`
+      # @return [Class] the schema described by `document`
+      def from_definition(definition_or_path, default_resolve: nil, parser: GraphQL.default_parser, using: {})
+        # If the file ends in `.graphql` or `.graphqls`, treat it like a filepath
+        if definition_or_path.end_with?(".graphql") || definition_or_path.end_with?(".graphqls")
+          GraphQL::Schema::BuildFromDefinition.from_definition_path(
+            self,
+            definition_or_path,
+            default_resolve: default_resolve,
+            parser: parser,
+            using: using,
+          )
+        else
+          GraphQL::Schema::BuildFromDefinition.from_definition(
+            self,
+            definition_or_path,
+            default_resolve: default_resolve,
+            parser: parser,
+            using: using,
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deprecated_graphql_definition
+        graphql_definition(silence_deprecation_warning: true)
+      end
+
+      # @return [GraphQL::Subscriptions]
+      def subscriptions(inherited: true)
+        defined?(@subscriptions) ? @subscriptions : (inherited ? find_inherited_value(:subscriptions, nil) : nil)
+      end
+
+      def subscriptions=(new_implementation)
+        @subscriptions = new_implementation
+      end
+
+      # Returns the JSON response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
+      # @see {#as_json}
+      # @return [String]
+      def to_json(**args)
+        JSON.pretty_generate(as_json(**args))
+      end
+
+      # Return the Hash response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
+      # @param context [Hash]
+      # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @return [Hash] GraphQL result
+      def as_json(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
+        execute(Introspection.query(include_deprecated_args: true), only: only, except: except, context: context).to_h
+      end
+
+      # Return the GraphQL IDL for the schema
+      # @param context [Hash]
+      # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @return [String]
+      def to_definition(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
+        GraphQL::Schema::Printer.print_schema(self, only: only, except: except, context: context)
+      end
+
+      # Return the GraphQL::Language::Document IDL AST for the schema
+      # @return [GraphQL::Language::Document]
+      def to_document
+        GraphQL::Language::DocumentFromSchemaDefinition.new(self).document
+      end
+
+      # @return [String, nil]
+      def description(new_description = nil)
+        if new_description
+          @description = new_description
+        elsif defined?(@description)
+          @description
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:description, nil)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find(path)
+        if !@finder
+          @find_cache = {}
+          @finder ||= GraphQL::Schema::Finder.new(self)
+        end
+        @find_cache[path] ||= @finder.find(path)
+      end
+
+      def default_filter
+        GraphQL::Filter.new(except: default_mask)
+      end
+
+      def default_mask(new_mask = nil)
+        if new_mask
+          @own_default_mask = new_mask
+        else
+          @own_default_mask || find_inherited_value(:default_mask, Schema::NullMask)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def static_validator
+        GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(schema: self)
+      end
+
+      def use(plugin, **kwargs)
+        if kwargs.any?
+          plugin.use(self, **kwargs)
+        else
+          plugin.use(self)
+        end
+        own_plugins << [plugin, kwargs]
+      end
+
+      def plugins
+        find_inherited_value(:plugins, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_plugins
+      end
+
+      # Build a map of `{ name => type }` and return it
+      # @return [Hash<String => Class>] A dictionary of type classes by their GraphQL name
+      # @see get_type Which is more efficient for finding _one type_ by name, because it doesn't merge hashes.
+      def types(context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        all_types = non_introspection_types.merge(introspection_system.types)
+        visible_types = {}
+        all_types.each do |k, v|
+          visible_types[k] =if v.is_a?(Array)
+            visible_t = nil
+            v.each do |t|
+              if t.visible?(context)
+                if visible_t.nil?
+                  visible_t = t
+                else
+                  raise DuplicateNamesError.new(
+                    duplicated_name: k, duplicated_definition_1: visible_t.inspect, duplicated_definition_2: t.inspect
+                  )
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            visible_t
+          else
+            v
+          end
+        end
+        visible_types
+      end
+
+      # @param type_name [String]
+      # @return [Module, nil] A type, or nil if there's no type called `type_name`
+      def get_type(type_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        local_entry = own_types[type_name]
+        type_defn = case local_entry
+        when nil
+          nil
+        when Array
+          visible_t = nil
+          warden = Warden.from_context(context)
+          local_entry.each do |t|
+            if warden.visible_type?(t, context)
+              if visible_t.nil?
+                visible_t = t
+              else
+                raise DuplicateNamesError.new(
+                  duplicated_name: type_name, duplicated_definition_1: visible_t.inspect, duplicated_definition_2: t.inspect
+                )
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          visible_t
+        when Module
+          local_entry
+        else
+          raise "Invariant: unexpected own_types[#{type_name.inspect}]: #{local_entry.inspect}"
+        end
+
+        type_defn ||
+          introspection_system.types[type_name] || # todo context-specific introspection?
+          (superclass.respond_to?(:get_type) ? superclass.get_type(type_name, context) : nil)
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      attr_writer :connections
+
+      # @return [GraphQL::Pagination::Connections] if installed
+      def connections
+        if defined?(@connections)
+          @connections
+        else
+          inherited_connections = find_inherited_value(:connections, nil)
+          # This schema is part of an inheritance chain which is using new connections,
+          # make a new instance, so we don't pollute the upstream one.
+          if inherited_connections
+            @connections = Pagination::Connections.new(schema: self)
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def new_connections?
+        !!connections
+      end
+
+      def query(new_query_object = nil)
+        if new_query_object
+          if @query_object
+            raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `query(...)` (#{new_query_object.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@query_object.inspect}"
+          else
+            @query_object = new_query_object
+            add_type_and_traverse(new_query_object, root: true)
+            nil
+          end
+        else
+          @query_object || find_inherited_value(:query)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def mutation(new_mutation_object = nil)
+        if new_mutation_object
+          if @mutation_object
+            raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `mutation(...)` (#{new_mutation_object.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@mutation_object.inspect}"
+          else
+            @mutation_object = new_mutation_object
+            add_type_and_traverse(new_mutation_object, root: true)
+            nil
+          end
+        else
+          @mutation_object || find_inherited_value(:mutation)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def subscription(new_subscription_object = nil)
+        if new_subscription_object
+          if @subscription_object
+            raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `subscription(...)` (#{new_subscription_object.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@subscription_object.inspect}"
+          else
+            @subscription_object = new_subscription_object
+            add_subscription_extension_if_necessary
+            add_type_and_traverse(new_subscription_object, root: true)
+            nil
+          end
+        else
+          @subscription_object || find_inherited_value(:subscription)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to root types
+      # @return [GraphQL::ObjectType, nil]
+      def root_type_for_operation(operation)
+        case operation
+        when "query"
+          query
+        when "mutation"
+          mutation
+        when "subscription"
+          subscription
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "unknown operation type: #{operation}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def root_types
+        @root_types
+      end
+
+      # @param type [Module] The type definition whose possible types you want to see
+      # @return [Hash<String, Module>] All possible types, if no `type` is given.
+      # @return [Array<Module>] Possible types for `type`, if it's given.
+      def possible_types(type = nil, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        if type
+          # TODO duck-typing `.possible_types` would probably be nicer here
+          if type.kind.union?
+            type.possible_types(context: context)
+          else
+            stored_possible_types = own_possible_types[type.graphql_name]
+            visible_possible_types = if stored_possible_types && type.kind.interface?
+              stored_possible_types.select do |possible_type|
+                possible_type.interfaces(context).include?(type)
+              end
+            else
+              stored_possible_types
+            end
+            visible_possible_types ||
+              introspection_system.possible_types[type.graphql_name] ||
+              (
+                superclass.respond_to?(:possible_types) ?
+                  superclass.possible_types(type, context) :
+                  EMPTY_ARRAY
+              )
+          end
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:possible_types, EMPTY_HASH)
+            .merge(own_possible_types)
+            .merge(introspection_system.possible_types)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def union_memberships(type = nil)
+        if type
+          own_um = own_union_memberships.fetch(type.graphql_name, EMPTY_ARRAY)
+          inherited_um = find_inherited_value(:union_memberships, EMPTY_HASH).fetch(type.graphql_name, EMPTY_ARRAY)
+          own_um + inherited_um
+        else
+          joined_um = own_union_memberships.dup
+          find_inherited_value(:union_memberhips, EMPTY_HASH).each do |k, v|
+            um = joined_um[k] ||= []
+            um.concat(v)
+          end
+          joined_um
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # @see GraphQL::Dataloader
+      def dataloader_class
+        @dataloader_class || GraphQL::Dataloader::NullDataloader
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :dataloader_class
+
+      def references_to(to_type = nil, from: nil)
+        @own_references_to ||= Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+        if to_type
+          if !to_type.is_a?(String)
+            to_type = to_type.graphql_name
+          end
+
+          if from
+            @own_references_to[to_type] << from
+          else
+            own_refs = @own_references_to[to_type]
+            inherited_refs = find_inherited_value(:references_to, EMPTY_HASH)[to_type] || EMPTY_ARRAY
+            own_refs + inherited_refs
+          end
+        else
+          # `@own_references_to` can be quite large for big schemas,
+          # and generally speaking, we won't inherit any values.
+          # So optimize the most common case -- don't create a duplicate Hash.
+          inherited_value = find_inherited_value(:references_to, EMPTY_HASH)
+          if inherited_value.any?
+            inherited_value.merge(@own_references_to)
+          else
+            @own_references_to
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_from_ast(ast_node, context: nil)
+        type_owner = context ? context.warden : self
+        GraphQL::Schema::TypeExpression.build_type(type_owner, ast_node)
+      end
+
+      def get_field(type_or_name, field_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        parent_type = case type_or_name
+        when LateBoundType
+          get_type(type_or_name.name, context)
+        when String
+          get_type(type_or_name, context)
+        when Module
+          type_or_name
+        else
+          raise GraphQL::InvariantError, "Unexpected field owner for #{field_name.inspect}: #{type_or_name.inspect} (#{type_or_name.class})"
+        end
+
+        if parent_type.kind.fields? && (field = parent_type.get_field(field_name, context))
+          field
+        elsif parent_type == query && (entry_point_field = introspection_system.entry_point(name: field_name))
+          entry_point_field
+        elsif (dynamic_field = introspection_system.dynamic_field(name: field_name))
+          dynamic_field
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def get_fields(type, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        type.fields(context)
+      end
+
+      def introspection(new_introspection_namespace = nil)
+        if new_introspection_namespace
+          @introspection = new_introspection_namespace
+          # reset this cached value:
+          @introspection_system = nil
+        else
+          @introspection || find_inherited_value(:introspection)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def introspection_system
+        if !@introspection_system
+          @introspection_system = Schema::IntrospectionSystem.new(self)
+          @introspection_system.resolve_late_bindings
+        end
+        @introspection_system
+      end
+
+      def cursor_encoder(new_encoder = nil)
+        if new_encoder
+          @cursor_encoder = new_encoder
+        end
+        @cursor_encoder || find_inherited_value(:cursor_encoder, Base64Encoder)
+      end
+
+      def default_max_page_size(new_default_max_page_size = nil)
+        if new_default_max_page_size
+          @default_max_page_size = new_default_max_page_size
+        else
+          @default_max_page_size || find_inherited_value(:default_max_page_size)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_page_size(new_default_page_size = nil)
+        if new_default_page_size
+          @default_page_size = new_default_page_size
+        else
+          @default_page_size || find_inherited_value(:default_page_size)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def query_execution_strategy(new_query_execution_strategy = nil)
+        if new_query_execution_strategy
+          @query_execution_strategy = new_query_execution_strategy
+        else
+          @query_execution_strategy || find_inherited_value(:query_execution_strategy, self.default_execution_strategy)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def mutation_execution_strategy(new_mutation_execution_strategy = nil)
+        if new_mutation_execution_strategy
+          @mutation_execution_strategy = new_mutation_execution_strategy
+        else
+          @mutation_execution_strategy || find_inherited_value(:mutation_execution_strategy, self.default_execution_strategy)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def subscription_execution_strategy(new_subscription_execution_strategy = nil)
+        if new_subscription_execution_strategy
+          @subscription_execution_strategy = new_subscription_execution_strategy
+        else
+          @subscription_execution_strategy || find_inherited_value(:subscription_execution_strategy, self.default_execution_strategy)
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :validate_timeout
+
+      def validate_timeout(new_validate_timeout = nil)
+        if new_validate_timeout
+          @validate_timeout = new_validate_timeout
+        elsif defined?(@validate_timeout)
+          @validate_timeout
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:validate_timeout)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validate a query string according to this schema.
+      # @param string_or_document [String, GraphQL::Language::Nodes::Document]
+      # @return [Array<GraphQL::StaticValidation::Error >]
+      def validate(string_or_document, rules: nil, context: nil)
+        doc = if string_or_document.is_a?(String)
+          GraphQL.parse(string_or_document)
+        else
+          string_or_document
+        end
+        query = GraphQL::Query.new(self, document: doc, context: context)
+        validator_opts = { schema: self }
+        rules && (validator_opts[:rules] = rules)
+        validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(**validator_opts)
+        res = validator.validate(query, timeout: validate_timeout, max_errors: validate_max_errors)
+        res[:errors]
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :validate_max_errors
+
+      def validate_max_errors(new_validate_max_errors = nil)
+        if new_validate_max_errors
+          @validate_max_errors = new_validate_max_errors
+        elsif defined?(@validate_max_errors)
+          @validate_max_errors
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:validate_max_errors)
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :max_complexity
+
+      def max_complexity(max_complexity = nil)
+        if max_complexity
+          @max_complexity = max_complexity
+        elsif defined?(@max_complexity)
+          @max_complexity
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:max_complexity)
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :analysis_engine
+
+      def analysis_engine
+        @analysis_engine || find_inherited_value(:analysis_engine, self.default_analysis_engine)
+      end
+
+      def using_ast_analysis?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def interpreter?
+        true
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :interpreter
+
+      def error_bubbling(new_error_bubbling = nil)
+        if !new_error_bubbling.nil?
+          @error_bubbling = new_error_bubbling
+        else
+          @error_bubbling.nil? ? find_inherited_value(:error_bubbling) : @error_bubbling
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :error_bubbling
+
+      attr_writer :max_depth
+
+      def max_depth(new_max_depth = nil)
+        if new_max_depth
+          @max_depth = new_max_depth
+        elsif defined?(@max_depth)
+          @max_depth
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:max_depth)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def disable_introspection_entry_points
+        @disable_introspection_entry_points = true
+        # TODO: this clears the cache made in `def types`. But this is not a great solution.
+        @introspection_system = nil
+      end
+
+      def disable_schema_introspection_entry_point
+        @disable_schema_introspection_entry_point = true
+        # TODO: this clears the cache made in `def types`. But this is not a great solution.
+        @introspection_system = nil
+      end
+
+      def disable_type_introspection_entry_point
+        @disable_type_introspection_entry_point = true
+        # TODO: this clears the cache made in `def types`. But this is not a great solution.
+        @introspection_system = nil
+      end
+
+      def disable_introspection_entry_points?
+        if instance_variable_defined?(:@disable_introspection_entry_points)
+          @disable_introspection_entry_points
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:disable_introspection_entry_points?, false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def disable_schema_introspection_entry_point?
+        if instance_variable_defined?(:@disable_schema_introspection_entry_point)
+          @disable_schema_introspection_entry_point
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:disable_schema_introspection_entry_point?, false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def disable_type_introspection_entry_point?
+        if instance_variable_defined?(:@disable_type_introspection_entry_point)
+          @disable_type_introspection_entry_point
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:disable_type_introspection_entry_point?, false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def orphan_types(*new_orphan_types)
+        if new_orphan_types.any?
+          new_orphan_types = new_orphan_types.flatten
+          add_type_and_traverse(new_orphan_types, root: false)
+          own_orphan_types.concat(new_orphan_types.flatten)
+        end
+
+        find_inherited_value(:orphan_types, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_orphan_types
+      end
+
+      def default_execution_strategy
+        if superclass <= GraphQL::Schema
+          superclass.default_execution_strategy
+        else
+          @default_execution_strategy ||= GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_analysis_engine
+        if superclass <= GraphQL::Schema
+          superclass.default_analysis_engine
+        else
+          @default_analysis_engine ||= GraphQL::Analysis::AST
+        end
+      end
+
+      def context_class(new_context_class = nil)
+        if new_context_class
+          @context_class = new_context_class
+        else
+          @context_class || find_inherited_value(:context_class, GraphQL::Query::Context)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def rescue_from(*err_classes, &handler_block)
+        err_classes.each do |err_class|
+          Execution::Errors.register_rescue_from(err_class, error_handlers[:subclass_handlers], handler_block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      NEW_HANDLER_HASH = ->(h, k) {
+        h[k] = {
+          class: k,
+          handler: nil,
+          subclass_handlers: Hash.new(&NEW_HANDLER_HASH),
+         }
+      }
+
+      def error_handlers
+        @error_handlers ||= {
+          class: nil,
+          handler: nil,
+          subclass_handlers: Hash.new(&NEW_HANDLER_HASH),
+        }
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def handle_or_reraise(context, err)
+        handler = Execution::Errors.find_handler_for(self, err.class)
+        if handler
+          obj = context[:current_object]
+          args = context[:current_arguments]
+          args = args && args.keyword_arguments
+          field = context[:current_field]
+          if obj.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Object)
+            obj = obj.object
+          end
+          handler[:handler].call(err, obj, args, context, field)
+        else
+          raise err
+        end
+      end
+
+      # rubocop:disable Lint/DuplicateMethods
+      module ResolveTypeWithType
+        def resolve_type(type, obj, ctx)
+          maybe_lazy_resolve_type_result = if type.is_a?(Module) && type.respond_to?(:resolve_type)
+            type.resolve_type(obj, ctx)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+
+          after_lazy(maybe_lazy_resolve_type_result) do |resolve_type_result|
+            if resolve_type_result.is_a?(Array) && resolve_type_result.size == 2
+              resolved_type = resolve_type_result[0]
+              resolved_value = resolve_type_result[1]
+            else
+              resolved_type = resolve_type_result
+              resolved_value = obj
+            end
+
+            if resolved_type.nil? || (resolved_type.is_a?(Module) && resolved_type.respond_to?(:kind))
+              if resolved_value
+                [resolved_type, resolved_value]
+              else
+                resolved_type
+              end
+            else
+              raise ".resolve_type should return a type definition, but got #{resolved_type.inspect} (#{resolved_type.class}) from `resolve_type(#{type}, #{obj}, #{ctx})`"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_type(type, obj, ctx)
+        if type.kind.object?
+          type
+        else
+          raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "#{self.name}.resolve_type(type, obj, ctx) must be implemented to use Union types or Interface types (tried to resolve: #{type.name})"
+        end
+      end
+      # rubocop:enable Lint/DuplicateMethods
+
+      def inherited(child_class)
+        if self == GraphQL::Schema
+          child_class.directives(default_directives.values)
+        end
+        child_class.singleton_class.prepend(ResolveTypeWithType)
+        super
+      end
+
+      def object_from_id(node_id, ctx)
+        raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "#{self.name}.object_from_id(node_id, ctx) must be implemented to load by ID (tried to load from id `#{node_id}`)"
+      end
+
+      def id_from_object(object, type, ctx)
+        raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "#{self.name}.id_from_object(object, type, ctx) must be implemented to create global ids (tried to create an id for `#{object.inspect}`)"
+      end
+
+      def visible?(member, ctx)
+        member.visible?(ctx)
+      end
+
+      def accessible?(member, ctx)
+        member.accessible?(ctx)
+      end
+
+      def schema_directive(dir_class, **options)
+        @own_schema_directives ||= []
+        Member::HasDirectives.add_directive(self, @own_schema_directives, dir_class, options)
+      end
+
+      def schema_directives
+        Member::HasDirectives.get_directives(self, @own_schema_directives, :schema_directives)
+      end
+
+      # This hook is called when a client tries to access one or more
+      # fields that fail the `accessible?` check.
+      #
+      # By default, an error is added to the response. Override this hook to
+      # track metrics or return a different error to the client.
+      #
+      # @param error [InaccessibleFieldsError] The analysis error for this check
+      # @return [AnalysisError, nil] Return an error to skip the query
+      def inaccessible_fields(error)
+        error
+      end
+
+      # This hook is called when an object fails an `authorized?` check.
+      # You might report to your bug tracker here, so you can correct
+      # the field resolvers not to return unauthorized objects.
+      #
+      # By default, this hook just replaces the unauthorized object with `nil`.
+      #
+      # Whatever value is returned from this method will be used instead of the
+      # unauthorized object (accessible as `unauthorized_error.object`). If an
+      # error is raised, then `nil` will be used.
+      #
+      # If you want to add an error to the `"errors"` key, raise a {GraphQL::ExecutionError}
+      # in this hook.
+      #
+      # @param unauthorized_error [GraphQL::UnauthorizedError]
+      # @return [Object] The returned object will be put in the GraphQL response
+      def unauthorized_object(unauthorized_error)
         nil
       end
-    end
 
-    def type_from_ast(ast_node)
-      GraphQL::Schema::TypeExpression.build_type(self, ast_node)
-    end
+      # This hook is called when a field fails an `authorized?` check.
+      #
+      # By default, this hook implements the same behavior as unauthorized_object.
+      #
+      # Whatever value is returned from this method will be used instead of the
+      # unauthorized field . If an error is raised, then `nil` will be used.
+      #
+      # If you want to add an error to the `"errors"` key, raise a {GraphQL::ExecutionError}
+      # in this hook.
+      #
+      # @param unauthorized_error [GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError]
+      # @return [Field] The returned field will be put in the GraphQL response
+      def unauthorized_field(unauthorized_error)
+        unauthorized_object(unauthorized_error)
+      end
 
-    # @param type_defn [GraphQL::InterfaceType, GraphQL::UnionType] the type whose members you want to retrieve
-    # @return [Array<GraphQL::ObjectType>] types which belong to `type_defn` in this schema
-    def possible_types(type_defn)
-      @interface_possible_types ||= GraphQL::Schema::PossibleTypes.new(self)
-      @interface_possible_types.possible_types(type_defn)
-    end
+      def type_error(type_error, ctx)
+        case type_error
+        when GraphQL::InvalidNullError
+          ctx.errors << type_error
+        when GraphQL::UnresolvedTypeError, GraphQL::StringEncodingError, GraphQL::IntegerEncodingError
+          raise type_error
+        when GraphQL::IntegerDecodingError
+          nil
+        end
+      end
 
-    def root_type_for_operation(operation)
-      case operation
-      when "query"
-        query
-      when "mutation"
-        mutation
-      when "subscription"
-        subscription
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "unknown operation type: #{operation}"
+      # A function to call when {#execute} receives an invalid query string
+      #
+      # The default is to add the error to `context.errors`
+      # @param err [GraphQL::ParseError] The error encountered during parsing
+      # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the query where the error occurred
+      # @return void
+      def parse_error(parse_err, ctx)
+        ctx.errors.push(parse_err)
+      end
+
+      def lazy_resolve(lazy_class, value_method)
+        lazy_methods.set(lazy_class, value_method)
+      end
+
+      def instrument(instrument_step, instrumenter, options = {})
+        own_instrumenters[instrument_step] << instrumenter
+      end
+
+      # Add several directives at once
+      # @param new_directives [Class]
+      def directives(*new_directives)
+        if new_directives.any?
+          new_directives.flatten.each { |d| directive(d) }
+        end
+
+        find_inherited_value(:directives, default_directives).merge(own_directives)
+      end
+
+      # Attach a single directive to this schema
+      # @param new_directive [Class]
+      # @return void
+      def directive(new_directive)
+        add_type_and_traverse(new_directive, root: false)
+      end
+
+      def default_directives
+        @default_directives ||= {
+          "include" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Include,
+          "skip" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Skip,
+          "deprecated" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Deprecated,
+          "oneOf" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::OneOf,
+        }.freeze
+      end
+
+      def tracer(new_tracer)
+        own_tracers << new_tracer
+      end
+
+      def tracers
+        find_inherited_value(:tracers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_tracers
+      end
+
+      def query_analyzer(new_analyzer)
+        own_query_analyzers << new_analyzer
+      end
+
+      def query_analyzers
+        find_inherited_value(:query_analyzers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_query_analyzers
+      end
+
+      def multiplex_analyzer(new_analyzer)
+        own_multiplex_analyzers << new_analyzer
+      end
+
+      def multiplex_analyzers
+        find_inherited_value(:multiplex_analyzers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_multiplex_analyzers
+      end
+
+      def sanitized_printer(new_sanitized_printer = nil)
+        if new_sanitized_printer
+          @own_sanitized_printer = new_sanitized_printer
+        else
+          @own_sanitized_printer || GraphQL::Language::SanitizedPrinter
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Execute a query on itself.
+      # @see {Query#initialize} for arguments.
+      # @return [Hash] query result, ready to be serialized as JSON
+      def execute(query_str = nil, **kwargs)
+        if query_str
+          kwargs[:query] = query_str
+        end
+        # Some of the query context _should_ be passed to the multiplex, too
+        multiplex_context = if (ctx = kwargs[:context])
+          {
+            backtrace: ctx[:backtrace],
+            tracers: ctx[:tracers],
+            dataloader: ctx[:dataloader],
+          }
+        else
+          {}
+        end
+        # Since we're running one query, don't run a multiplex-level complexity analyzer
+        all_results = multiplex([kwargs], max_complexity: nil, context: multiplex_context)
+        all_results[0]
+      end
+
+      # Execute several queries on itself, concurrently.
+      #
+      # @example Run several queries at once
+      #   context = { ... }
+      #   queries = [
+      #     { query: params[:query_1], variables: params[:variables_1], context: context },
+      #     { query: params[:query_2], variables: params[:variables_2], context: context },
+      #   ]
+      #   results = MySchema.multiplex(queries)
+      #   render json: {
+      #     result_1: results[0],
+      #     result_2: results[1],
+      #   }
+      #
+      # @see {Query#initialize} for query keyword arguments
+      # @see {Execution::Multiplex#run_all} for multiplex keyword arguments
+      # @param queries [Array<Hash>] Keyword arguments for each query
+      # @param context [Hash] Multiplex-level context
+      # @return [Array<Hash>] One result for each query in the input
+      def multiplex(queries, **kwargs)
+        GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter.run_all(self, queries, **kwargs)
+      end
+
+      def instrumenters
+        inherited_instrumenters = find_inherited_value(:instrumenters) || Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+        inherited_instrumenters.merge(own_instrumenters) do |_step, inherited, own|
+          inherited + own
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def add_subscription_extension_if_necessary
+        if !defined?(@subscription_extension_added) && subscription && self.subscriptions
+          @subscription_extension_added = true
+          subscription.all_field_definitions.each do |field|
+            if !field.extensions.any? { |ext| ext.is_a?(Subscriptions::DefaultSubscriptionResolveExtension) }
+              field.extension(Subscriptions::DefaultSubscriptionResolveExtension)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def query_stack_error(query, err)
+        query.context.errors.push(GraphQL::ExecutionError.new("This query is too large to execute."))
+      end
+
+      # Call the given block at the right time, either:
+      # - Right away, if `value` is not registered with `lazy_resolve`
+      # - After resolving `value`, if it's registered with `lazy_resolve` (eg, `Promise`)
+      # @api private
+      def after_lazy(value, &block)
+        if lazy?(value)
+          GraphQL::Execution::Lazy.new do
+            result = sync_lazy(value)
+            # The returned result might also be lazy, so check it, too
+            after_lazy(result, &block)
+          end
+        else
+          yield(value) if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Override this method to handle lazy objects in a custom way.
+      # @param value [Object] an instance of a class registered with {.lazy_resolve}
+      # @return [Object] A GraphQL-ready (non-lazy) object
+      # @api private
+      def sync_lazy(value)
+        lazy_method = lazy_method_name(value)
+        if lazy_method
+          synced_value = value.public_send(lazy_method)
+          sync_lazy(synced_value)
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @return [Symbol, nil] The method name to lazily resolve `obj`, or nil if `obj`'s class wasn't registered with {#lazy_resolve}.
+      def lazy_method_name(obj)
+        lazy_methods.get(obj)
+      end
+
+      # @return [Boolean] True if this object should be lazily resolved
+      def lazy?(obj)
+        !!lazy_method_name(obj)
+      end
+
+      # Return a lazy if any of `maybe_lazies` are lazy,
+      # otherwise, call the block eagerly and return the result.
+      # @param maybe_lazies [Array]
+      # @api private
+      def after_any_lazies(maybe_lazies)
+        if maybe_lazies.any? { |l| lazy?(l) }
+          GraphQL::Execution::Lazy.all(maybe_lazies).then do |result|
+            yield result
+          end
+        else
+          yield maybe_lazies
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    def execution_strategy_for_operation(operation)
-      case operation
-      when "query"
-        query_execution_strategy
-      when "mutation"
-        mutation_execution_strategy
-      when "subscription"
-        subscription_execution_strategy
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "unknown operation type: #{operation}"
+      private
+
+      # @param t [Module, Array<Module>]
+      # @return [void]
+      def add_type_and_traverse(t, root:)
+        if root
+          @root_types ||= []
+          @root_types << t
+        end
+        new_types = Array(t)
+        addition = Schema::Addition.new(schema: self, own_types: own_types, new_types: new_types)
+        addition.types.each do |name, types_entry| # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop -- build-time, not query-time
+          if (prev_entry = own_types[name])
+            prev_entries = case prev_entry
+            when Array
+              prev_entry
+            when Module
+              own_types[name] = [prev_entry]
+            else
+              raise "Invariant: unexpected prev_entry at #{name.inspect} when adding #{t.inspect}"
+            end
+
+            case types_entry
+            when Array
+              prev_entries.concat(types_entry)
+              prev_entries.uniq! # in case any are being re-visited
+            when Module
+              if !prev_entries.include?(types_entry)
+                prev_entries << types_entry
+              end
+            else
+              raise "Invariant: unexpected types_entry at #{name} when adding #{t.inspect}"
+            end
+          else
+            if types_entry.is_a?(Array)
+              types_entry.uniq!
+            end
+            own_types[name] = types_entry
+          end
+        end
+
+        own_possible_types.merge!(addition.possible_types) { |key, old_val, new_val| old_val + new_val }
+        own_union_memberships.merge!(addition.union_memberships)
+
+        addition.references.each { |thing, pointers|
+          pointers.each { |pointer| references_to(thing, from: pointer) }
+        }
+
+        addition.directives.each { |dir_class| own_directives[dir_class.graphql_name] = dir_class }
+
+        addition.arguments_with_default_values.each do |arg|
+          arg.validate_default_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def lazy_methods
+        if !defined?(@lazy_methods)
+          if inherited_map = find_inherited_value(:lazy_methods)
+            # this isn't _completely_ inherited :S (Things added after `dup` won't work)
+            @lazy_methods = inherited_map.dup
+          else
+            @lazy_methods = GraphQL::Execution::Lazy::LazyMethodMap.new
+            @lazy_methods.set(GraphQL::Execution::Lazy, :value)
+            @lazy_methods.set(GraphQL::Dataloader::Request, :load)
+          end
+        end
+        @lazy_methods
+      end
+
+      def own_types
+        @own_types ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def non_introspection_types
+        find_inherited_value(:non_introspection_types, EMPTY_HASH).merge(own_types)
+      end
+
+      def own_plugins
+        @own_plugins ||= []
+      end
+
+      def own_orphan_types
+        @own_orphan_types ||= []
+      end
+
+      def own_possible_types
+        @own_possible_types ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def own_union_memberships
+        @own_union_memberships ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def own_directives
+        @own_directives ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def own_instrumenters
+        @own_instrumenters ||= Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+      end
+
+      def own_tracers
+        @own_tracers ||= []
+      end
+
+      def own_query_analyzers
+        @defined_query_analyzers ||= []
+      end
+
+      def own_multiplex_analyzers
+        @own_multiplex_analyzers ||= []
       end
     end
+
+    # Install these here so that subclasses will also install it.
+    self.connections = GraphQL::Pagination::Connections.new(schema: self)
   end
 end