galaaz 0.4.9 → 0.4.10

data/blogs/manual/manual.html

@@ -447,13 +447,8 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
 </div>
 <div id="gknitting-a-document" class="section level1">
 <h1>gKnitting a Document</h1>
-<p>This manual has been formatted usign gKnit. gKnit uses Knitr and R markdown to knit a document in Ruby or R and output it in any of the available formats for R markdown.<br />
-gKnit runs atop of GraalVM, and Galaaz. In gKnit, Ruby variables are persisted between chunks, making it an ideal solution for literate programming.<br />
-Also, since it is based on Galaaz, Ruby chunks can have access to R variables and Polyglot Programming with Ruby and R is quite natural.</p>
-<p>gknit was describe in more depth in:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>xxx.xxxx.xxx</li>
-</ul>
+<p>This manual has been formatted usign gKnit. gKnit uses Knitr and R markdown to knit a document in Ruby or R and output it in any of the available formats for R markdown. gKnit runs atop of GraalVM, and Galaaz. In gKnit, Ruby variables are persisted between chunks, making it an ideal solution for literate programming. Also, since it is based on Galaaz, Ruby chunks can have access to R variables and Polyglot Programming with Ruby and R is quite natural.</p>
+<p><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-do-reproducible-research-in-ruby-with-gknit-c26d2684d64e">gknit is described in more details here</a></p>
 </div>
 <div id="vector" class="section level1">
 <h1>Vector</h1>
@@ -501,20 +496,20 @@ Also, since it is based on Galaaz, Ruby chunks can have access to R variables an
 </table>
 <p>Single numbers, such as 4.2, and strings, such as “four point two” are still vectors, of length 1; there are no more basic types. Vectors with length zero are possible (and useful). String vectors have mode and storage mode “character”. A single element of a character vector is often referred to as a character string.</p>
 <p>To create a vector the ‘c’ (concatenate) method from the ‘R’ module should be used:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec = R.c(1, 2, 3)
-puts @vec</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>vec = R.c(1, 2, 3)
+puts vec</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
-<p>Lets take a look at the type, mode and storage.mode of our vector <span class="citation">@vec</span>. In order to print this out, we are creating a data frame ‘df’ and printing it out. A data frame, for those not familiar with it, is basically a table. Here we create the data frame and add the column name by passing named parameters for each column, such as ‘typeof:’, ‘mode:’ and ’storage__mode?‘. You should also note here that the double underscore is converted to a’.’. So, when printed ‘storage__mode’ will actually print as ‘storage.mode’.</p>
+<p>Lets take a look at the type, mode and storage.mode of our vector vec. In order to print this out, we are creating a data frame ‘df’ and printing it out. A data frame, for those not familiar with it, is basically a table. Here we create the data frame and add the column name by passing named parameters for each column, such as ‘typeof:’, ‘mode:’ and ’storage__mode?‘. You should also note here that the double underscore is converted to a’.’. So, when printed ‘storage__mode’ will actually print as ‘storage.mode’.</p>
 <p>Data frames will later be more carefully described. In R, the method used to create a data frame is ‘data.frame’, in Galaaz we use ‘data__frame’.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(typeof: @vec.typeof, mode: @vec.mode, storage__mode: @vec.storage__mode)
+<pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(typeof: vec.typeof, mode: vec.mode, storage__mode: vec.storage__mode)
 puts df</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##    typeof    mode storage.mode
 ## 1 integer numeric      integer</code></pre>
 <p>If you want to create a vector with floating point numbers, then we need at least one of the vector’s element to be a float, such as 1.0. R users should be careful, since in R a number like ‘1’ is converted to float and to have an integer the R developer will use ‘1L’. Galaaz follows normal Ruby rules and the number 1 is an integer and 1.0 is a float.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec = R.c(1.0, 2, 3)
-puts @vec</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>vec = R.c(1.0, 2, 3)
+puts vec</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(typeof: @vec.typeof, mode: @vec.mode, storage__mode: @vec.storage__mode)
+<pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(typeof: vec.typeof, mode: vec.mode, storage__mode: vec.storage__mode)
 outputs df.kable.kable_styling</code></pre>
 <table class="table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
@@ -547,11 +542,11 @@ double
 <p>In this next example we try to create a vector with a variable ‘hello’ that has not yet being defined. This will raise an exception that is printed out. We get two return blocks, the first with a message explaining what went wrong and the second with the full backtrace of the error.</p>
 <pre class="ruby"><code>vec = R.c(1, hello, 5)</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## Message:
-##  undefined local variable or method `hello' for RubyChunk:Class</code></pre>
+##  undefined local variable or method `hello' for #&lt;RC:0x2e0 @out_list=nil&gt;:RC</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## Message:
-##  (eval):1:in `exec_ruby'
-## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:141:in `instance_eval'
-## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:141:in `exec_ruby'
+##  /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:103:in `get_binding'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:102:in `eval'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:102:in `exec_ruby'
 ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/gknit/knitr_engine.rb:650:in `block in initialize'
 ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `call'
 ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `callback'
@@ -571,55 +566,55 @@ double
 ## &lt;REPL&gt;:5:in `&lt;repl wrapper&gt;'
 ## &lt;REPL&gt;:1</code></pre>
 <p>Here is a vector with logical values</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec = R.c(true, true, false, false, true)
-puts @vec</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>vec = R.c(true, true, false, false, true)
+puts vec</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE</code></pre>
 <div id="combining-vectors" class="section level2">
 <h2>Combining Vectors</h2>
 <p>The ‘c’ functions used to create vectors can also be used to combine two vectors:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec1 = R.c(10.0, 20.0, 30.0)
-@vec2 = R.c(4.0, 5.0, 6.0)
-@vec = R.c(@vec1, @vec2)
-puts @vec</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>vec1 = R.c(10.0, 20.0, 30.0)
+vec2 = R.c(4.0, 5.0, 6.0)
+vec = R.c(vec1, vec2)
+puts vec</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 10 20 30  4  5  6</code></pre>
-<p>In galaaz, methods can be chainned (somewhat like the pipe operator in R %&gt;%, but more generic). In this next example, method ‘c’ is chainned after ‘<span class="citation">@vec1</span>’. This also looks like ‘c’ is a method of the vector, but in reallity, this is actually closer to the pipe operator. When Galaaz identifies that ‘c’ is not a method of ‘vec’ it actually tries to call ‘R.c’ with ‘<span class="citation">@vec1</span>’ as the first argument concatenated with all the other available arguments. The code bellow is automatically converted to the code above.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec = @vec1.c(@vec2)
-puts @vec</code></pre>
+<p>In galaaz, methods can be chainned (somewhat like the pipe operator in R %&gt;%, but more generic). In this next example, method ‘c’ is chainned after ‘vec1’. This also looks like ‘c’ is a method of the vector, but in reallity, this is actually closer to the pipe operator. When Galaaz identifies that ‘c’ is not a method of ‘vec’ it actually tries to call ‘R.c’ with ‘vec1’ as the first argument concatenated with all the other available arguments. The code bellow is automatically converted to the code above.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>vec = vec1.c(vec2)
+puts vec</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 10 20 30  4  5  6</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div id="vector-arithmetic" class="section level2">
 <h2>Vector Arithmetic</h2>
 <p>Arithmetic operations on vectors are performed element by element:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec1 + @vec2</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec1 + vec2</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 14 25 36</code></pre>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec1 * 5</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec1 * 5</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1]  50 100 150</code></pre>
 <p>When vectors have different length, a recycling rule is applied to the shorter vector:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec3 = R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0)
-puts @vec4 = @vec1 + @vec3</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>vec3 = R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0)
+puts vec4 = vec1 + vec3</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 11 22 33 14 25 36 17 28 39</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div id="vector-indexing" class="section level2">
 <h2>Vector Indexing</h2>
 <p>Vectors can be indexed by using the ‘[]’ operator:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[3]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec4[3]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 33</code></pre>
-<p>We can also index a vector with another vector. For example, in the code bellow, we take elements 1, 3, 5, and 7 from <span class="citation">@vec3</span>:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[R.c(1, 3, 5, 7)]</code></pre>
+<p>We can also index a vector with another vector. For example, in the code bellow, we take elements 1, 3, 5, and 7 from vec3:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec4[R.c(1, 3, 5, 7)]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 11 33 25 17</code></pre>
 <p>Repeating an index and having indices out of order is valid code:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[R.c(1, 3, 3, 1)]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec4[R.c(1, 3, 3, 1)]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 11 33 33 11</code></pre>
 <p>It is also possible to index a vector with a negative number or negative vector. In these cases the indexed values are not returned:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[-3]
-puts @vec4[-R.c(1, 3, 5, 7)]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec4[-3]
+puts vec4[-R.c(1, 3, 5, 7)]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 11 22 14 25 36 17 28 39
 ## [1] 22 14 36 28 39</code></pre>
 <p>If an index is out of range, a missing value (NA) will be reported.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[30]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec4[30]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] NA</code></pre>
 <p>It is also possible to index a vector by range:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[(2..5)]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec4[(2..5)]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 22 33 14 25</code></pre>
 <p>Elements in a vector can be named using the ‘names’ attribute of a vector:</p>
 <pre class="ruby"><code>full_name = R.c(&quot;Rodrigo&quot;, &quot;A&quot;, &quot;Botafogo&quot;)
@@ -636,9 +631,9 @@ puts full_name</code></pre>
 <div id="extracting-native-ruby-types-from-a-vector" class="section level2">
 <h2>Extracting Native Ruby Types from a Vector</h2>
 <p>Vectors created with ‘R.c’ are of class R::Vector. You might have noticed that when indexing a vector, a new vector is returned, even if this vector has one single element. In order to use R::Vector with other ruby classes it might be necessary to extract the actual Ruby native type from the vector. In order to do this extraction the ‘&gt;&gt;’ operator is used.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4
-puts @vec4 &gt;&gt; 0
-puts @vec4 &gt;&gt; 4</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts vec4
+puts vec4 &gt;&gt; 0
+puts vec4 &gt;&gt; 4</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 11 22 33 14 25 36 17 28 39
 ## 11.0
 ## 25.0</code></pre>
@@ -1912,22 +1907,22 @@ Volvo 142E
 <div id="matrix" class="section level1">
 <h1>Matrix</h1>
 <p>A matrix is a collection of elements organized as a two dimensional table. A matrix can be created by the ‘matrix’ function:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@mat = R.matrix(R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
-                nrow: 3,
-                ncol: 3)
+<pre class="ruby"><code>mat = R.matrix(R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
+               nrow: 3,
+               ncol: 3)
 
-puts @mat</code></pre>
+puts mat</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
 ## [1,]    1    4    7
 ## [2,]    2    5    8
 ## [3,]    3    6    9</code></pre>
 <p>Note that matrices data is organized by column first. It is possible to organize the matrix memory by row first passing an extra argument to the ‘matrix’ function:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@mat_row = R.matrix(R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
-                nrow: 3,
-                ncol: 3,
-                byrow: true)
+<pre class="ruby"><code>mat_row = R.matrix(R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
+                   nrow: 3,
+                   ncol: 3,
+                   byrow: true)
 
-puts @mat_row</code></pre>
+puts mat_row</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
 ## [1,]    1    2    3
 ## [2,]    4    5    6
@@ -1935,31 +1930,32 @@ puts @mat_row</code></pre>
 <div id="indexing-a-matrix" class="section level2">
 <h2>Indexing a Matrix</h2>
 <p>A matrix can be indexed by [row, column]:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @mat_row[1, 1]
-puts @mat_row[2, 3]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts mat_row[1, 1]
+puts mat_row[2, 3]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 1
 ## [1] 6</code></pre>
 <p>It is possible to index an entire row or column with the ‘:all’ keyword</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @mat_row[1, :all]
-puts @mat_row[:all, 2]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts mat_row[1, :all]
+puts mat_row[:all, 2]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3
 ## [1] 2 5 8</code></pre>
 <p>Indexing with a vector is also possible for matrices. In the following example we want rows 1 and 3 and columns 2 and 3 building a 2 x 2 matrix.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @mat_row[R.c(1, 3), R.c(2, 3)]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts mat_row[R.c(1, 3), R.c(2, 3)]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##      [,1] [,2]
 ## [1,]    2    3
 ## [2,]    8    9</code></pre>
-<p>Matrices can be combined with functions ‘rbind’ and ‘cbind’</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @mat_row.rbind(@mat)
-puts @mat_row.cbind(@mat)</code></pre>
+<p>Matrices can be combined with functions ‘rbind’:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts mat_row.rbind(mat)</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
 ## [1,]    1    2    3
 ## [2,]    4    5    6
 ## [3,]    7    8    9
 ## [4,]    1    4    7
 ## [5,]    2    5    8
-## [6,]    3    6    9
-##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
+## [6,]    3    6    9</code></pre>
+<p>and ‘cbind’:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts mat_row.cbind(mat)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
 ## [1,]    1    2    3    1    4    7
 ## [2,]    4    5    6    2    5    8
 ## [3,]    7    8    9    3    6    9</code></pre>
@@ -1971,8 +1967,8 @@ puts @mat_row.cbind(@mat)</code></pre>
 <pre class="ruby"><code>nums = R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
 strs = R.c(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;, &quot;d&quot;)
 bool = R.c(true, true, false)
-@lst = R.list(nums: nums, strs: strs, bool: bool)
-puts @lst</code></pre>
+lst = R.list(nums: nums, strs: strs, bool: bool)
+puts lst</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## $nums
 ## [1] 1 2 3
 ## 
@@ -1981,18 +1977,18 @@ puts @lst</code></pre>
 ## 
 ## $bool
 ## [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE</code></pre>
-<p>Note that ‘<span class="citation">@lst</span>’ elements are named elements.</p>
+<p>Note that ‘lst’ elements are named elements.</p>
 <div id="list-indexing" class="section level2">
 <h2>List Indexing</h2>
 <p>List indexing, also called slicing, is done using the ‘[]’ operator and the ‘[[]]’ operator. Let’s first start with the ‘[]’ operator. The list above has three sublist indexing with ‘[]’ will return one of the sublists.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @lst[1]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts lst[1]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## $nums
 ## [1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
 <p>Note that when using ‘[]’ a new list is returned. When using the double square bracket operator the value returned is the actual element of the list in the given position and not a slice of the original list</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @lst[[1]]</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts lst[[1]]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
-<p>When elements are named, as dones with <span class="citation">@lst</span>, indexing can be done by name:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @lst[['bool']][[1]] &gt;&gt; 0</code></pre>
+<p>When elements are named, as dones with lst, indexing can be done by name:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts lst[['bool']][[1]] &gt;&gt; 0</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## true</code></pre>
 <p>In this example, first the ‘bool’ element of the list was extracted, not as a list, but as a vector, then the first element of the vector was extracted (note that vectors also accept the ‘[[]]’ operator) and then the vector was indexed by its first element, extracting the native Ruby type.</p>
 </div>
@@ -2048,17 +2044,17 @@ puts (~:mtcars)['Datsun 710', 'mpg']</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##             mpg cyl disp  hp drat   wt  qsec vs am gear carb
 ## Datsun 710 22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.32 18.61  1  1    4    1
 ## Camaro Z28 13.3   8  350 245 3.73 3.84 15.41  0  0    3    4</code></pre>
-<p>Finally, a data frame can also be indexed with a logical vector. In this next example, the ‘am’ column of :mtcars is compared with 0 (with method ‘eq’). When ‘am’ is equal to 0 the car is automatic. So, by doing ‘(~:mtcars).am.eq 0’ a logical vector is created with ‘true’ whenever ‘am’ is 0 and ‘false’ otherwise. Using this logical vector, the data frame is indexed, returning a new data frame in which all cars have automatic transmission.</p>
+<p>Finally, a data frame can also be indexed with a logical vector. In this next example, the ‘am’ column of :mtcars is compared with 0 (with method ‘eq’). When ‘am’ is equal to 0 the car is automatic. So, by doing ‘(~:mtcars).am.eq 0’ a logical vector is created with ‘true’ whenever ‘am’ is 0 and ‘false’ otherwise.</p>
 <pre class="ruby"><code># obtain a vector with 'true' for cars with automatic transmission
 automatic = (~:mtcars).am.eq 0
-puts automatic
-
-# slice the data frame by using this vector
-puts (~:mtcars)[automatic, :all]</code></pre>
+puts automatic</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##  [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
 ## [12]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
-## [23]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
-##                      mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
+## [23]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE</code></pre>
+<p>Using this logical vector, the data frame is indexed, returning a new data frame in which all cars have automatic transmission.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code># slice the data frame by using this vector
+puts (~:mtcars)[automatic, :all]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##                      mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
 ## Hornet 4 Drive      21.4   6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
 ## Hornet Sportabout   18.7   8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
 ## Valiant             18.1   6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
@@ -2123,6 +2119,30 @@ puts exp_wrong</code></pre>
 <pre class="ruby"><code>exp7 = :y.assign E.sin(:x)
 puts exp7</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## y &lt;- sin(x)</code></pre>
+<p>Expressions can also be written using ‘.’ notation:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp8 = :y.assign :x.sin
+puts exp8</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## y &lt;- sin(x)</code></pre>
+<p>When a function has multiple arguments, the first one can be used before the ‘.’:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp9 = :x.c(:y)
+puts exp9</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## c(x, y)</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="evaluating-an-expression" class="section level2">
+<h2>Evaluating an Expression</h2>
+<p>Expressions can be evaluated by calling function ‘eval’ with a binding. A binding can be provided with a list:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp = (:a + :b) * 2.0 + :c ** 2 / :z
+puts exp.eval(R.list(a: 10, b: 20, c: 30, z: 40))</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 82.5</code></pre>
+<p>… with a data frame:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(
+  a: R.c(1, 2, 3),
+  b: R.c(10, 20, 30),
+  c: R.c(100, 200, 300),
+  z: R.c(1000, 2000, 3000))
+
+puts exp.eval(df)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 32 64 96</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="manipulating-data" class="section level1">
@@ -2131,8 +2151,8 @@ puts exp7</code></pre>
 <p>For these examples, we will investigate the nycflights13 data set available on the package by the same name. We use function ‘R.install_and_loads’ that checks if the library is available locally, and if not, installs it. This data frame contains all 336,776 flights that departed from New York City in 2013. The data comes from the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics.</p>
 <pre class="ruby"><code>R.install_and_loads('nycflights13')
 R.library('dplyr')</code></pre>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@flights = ~:flights
-puts @flights.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>flights = ~:flights
+puts flights.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
 ## 1 2013     1   1      517            515         2      830            819
 ## 2 2013     1   1      533            529         4      850            830
@@ -2157,7 +2177,7 @@ puts @flights.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <div id="filtering-rows-with-filter" class="section level2">
 <h2>Filtering rows with Filter</h2>
 <p>In this example we filter the flights data set by giving to the filter function two expressions: the first :month.eq 1</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.filter((:month.eq 1), (:day.eq 1)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.filter((:month.eq 1), (:day.eq 1)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
 ## 1 2013     1   1      517            515         2      830            819
 ## 2 2013     1   1      533            529         4      850            830
@@ -2183,7 +2203,7 @@ puts @flights.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <div id="logical-operators" class="section level2">
 <h2>Logical Operators</h2>
 <p>All flights that departed in November of December</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.filter((:month.eq 11) | (:month.eq 12)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.filter((:month.eq 11) | (:month.eq 12)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
 ## 1 2013    11   1        5           2359         6      352            345
 ## 2 2013    11   1       35           2250       105      123           2356
@@ -2206,7 +2226,7 @@ puts @flights.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 ## 5     45 2013-11-01 05:00:00
 ## 6      0 2013-11-01 06:00:00</code></pre>
 <p>The same as above, but using the ‘in’ operator. In R, it is possible to define many operators by doing %<op>%. The %in% operator checks if a value is in a vector. In order to use those operators from Galaaz the ‘._’ method is used, where the first argument is the operator’s symbol, in this case ‘:in’ and the second argument is the vector:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.filter(:month._ :in, R.c(11, 12)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.filter(:month._ :in, R.c(11, 12)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
 ## 1 2013    11   1        5           2359         6      352            345
 ## 2 2013    11   1       35           2250       105      123           2356
@@ -2232,18 +2252,18 @@ puts @flights.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <div id="filtering-with-na-not-available" class="section level2">
 <h2>Filtering with NA (Not Available)</h2>
 <p>Let’s first create a ‘tibble’ with a Not Available value (R::NA). Tibbles are a modern version of a data frame and operate very similarly to one. It differs in how it outputs the values and the result of some subsetting operations that are more consistent than what is obtained from data frame.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@df = R.tibble(x: R.c(1, R::NA, 3))
-puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.tibble(x: R.c(1, R::NA, 3))
+puts df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##    x
 ## 1  1
 ## 2 NA
 ## 3  3</code></pre>
 <p>Now filtering by :x &gt; 1 shows all lines that satisfy this condition, where the row with R:NA does not.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @df.filter(:x &gt; 1).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts df.filter(:x &gt; 1).as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   x
 ## 1 3</code></pre>
 <p>To match an NA use method ’is__na’</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @df.filter((:x.is__na) | (:x &gt; 1)).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts df.filter((:x.is__na) | (:x &gt; 1)).as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##    x
 ## 1 NA
 ## 2  3</code></pre>
@@ -2251,7 +2271,7 @@ puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <div id="arrange-rows-with-arrange" class="section level2">
 <h2>Arrange Rows with arrange</h2>
 <p>Arrange reorders the rows of a data frame by the given arguments.</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.arrange(:year, :month, :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.arrange(:year, :month, :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
 ## 1 2013     1   1      517            515         2      830            819
 ## 2 2013     1   1      533            529         4      850            830
@@ -2274,7 +2294,7 @@ puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 ## 5      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
 ## 6     58 2013-01-01 05:00:00</code></pre>
 <p>To arrange in descending order, use function ‘desc’</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.arrange(:dep_delay.desc).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.arrange(:dep_delay.desc).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
 ## 1 2013     1   9      641            900      1301     1242           1530
 ## 2 2013     6  15     1432           1935      1137     1607           2120
@@ -2300,7 +2320,7 @@ puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <div id="selecting-columns" class="section level2">
 <h2>Selecting columns</h2>
 <p>To select specific columns from a dataset we use function ‘select’:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.select(:year, :month, :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.select(:year, :month, :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day
 ## 1 2013     1   1
 ## 2 2013     1   1
@@ -2309,7 +2329,7 @@ puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 ## 5 2013     1   1
 ## 6 2013     1   1</code></pre>
 <p>It is also possible to select column in a given range</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.select(:year.up_to :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.select(:year.up_to :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day
 ## 1 2013     1   1
 ## 2 2013     1   1
@@ -2318,7 +2338,7 @@ puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 ## 5 2013     1   1
 ## 6 2013     1   1</code></pre>
 <p>Select all columns that start with a given name sequence</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.select(E.starts_with('arr')).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.select(E.starts_with('arr')).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   arr_time arr_delay
 ## 1      830        11
 ## 2      850        20
@@ -2334,7 +2354,7 @@ puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <li><p>num_range(“x”, (1..3)): matches x1, x2 and x3</p></li>
 </ul>
 <p>A helper function that comes in handy when we just want to rearrange column order is ‘Everything’:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.select(:year, :month, :day, E.everything).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.select(:year, :month, :day, E.everything).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
 ## 1 2013     1   1      517            515         2      830            819
 ## 2 2013     1   1      533            529         4      850            830
@@ -2359,13 +2379,13 @@ puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div id="add-variables-to-a-dataframe-with-mutate" class="section level2">
 <h2>Add variables to a dataframe with ‘mutate’</h2>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@flights_sm = @flights.
-                select((:year.up_to :day),
-                       E.ends_with('delay'),
-                       :distance,
-                       :air_time)
+<pre class="ruby"><code>flights_sm = flights.
+               select((:year.up_to :day),
+                      E.ends_with('delay'),
+                      :distance,
+                      :air_time)
 
-puts @flights_sm.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+puts flights_sm.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_delay arr_delay distance air_time
 ## 1 2013     1   1         2        11     1400      227
 ## 2 2013     1   1         4        20     1416      227
@@ -2373,10 +2393,10 @@ puts @flights_sm.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 ## 4 2013     1   1        -1       -18     1576      183
 ## 5 2013     1   1        -6       -25      762      116
 ## 6 2013     1   1        -4        12      719      150</code></pre>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>@flights_sm = @flights_sm.
-                mutate(gain: :dep_delay - :arr_delay,
-                       speed: :distance / :air_time * 60)
-puts @flights_sm.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>flights_sm = flights_sm.
+               mutate(gain: :dep_delay - :arr_delay,
+                      speed: :distance / :air_time * 60)
+puts flights_sm.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day dep_delay arr_delay distance air_time gain    speed
 ## 1 2013     1   1         2        11     1400      227   -9 370.0441
 ## 2 2013     1   1         4        20     1416      227  -16 374.2731
@@ -2388,11 +2408,11 @@ puts @flights_sm.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <div id="summarising-data" class="section level2">
 <h2>Summarising data</h2>
 <p>Function ‘summarise’ calculates summaries for the data frame. When no ‘group_by’ is used a single value is obtained from the data frame:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.summarise(delay: E.mean(:dep_delay, na__rm: true)).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts flights.summarise(delay: E.mean(:dep_delay, na__rm: true)).as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##      delay
 ## 1 12.63907</code></pre>
 <p>When a data frame is groupe with ‘group_by’ summaries apply to the given group:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>by_day = @flights.group_by(:year, :month, :day)
+<pre class="ruby"><code>by_day = flights.group_by(:year, :month, :day)
 puts by_day.summarise(delay: :dep_delay.mean(na__rm: true)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##   year month day     delay
 ## 1 2013     1   1 11.548926
@@ -2402,7 +2422,7 @@ puts by_day.summarise(delay: :dep_delay.mean(na__rm: true)).head.as__data__frame
 ## 5 2013     1   5  5.732218
 ## 6 2013     1   6  7.148014</code></pre>
 <p>Next we put many operations together by pipping them one after the other:</p>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>delays = @flights.
+<pre class="ruby"><code>delays = flights.
            group_by(:dest).
            summarise(
              count: E.n,
@@ -2410,105 +2430,14 @@ puts by_day.summarise(delay: :dep_delay.mean(na__rm: true)).head.as__data__frame
              delay: :arr_delay.mean(na__rm: true)).
            filter(:count &gt; 20, :dest != &quot;NHL&quot;)
 
-puts delays.as__data__frame</code></pre>
-<pre><code>##    dest count       dist       delay
-## 1   ABQ   254 1826.00000  4.38188976
-## 2   ACK   265  199.00000  4.85227273
-## 3   ALB   439  143.00000 14.39712919
-## 4   ATL 17215  757.10822 11.30011285
-## 5   AUS  2439 1514.25297  6.01990875
-## 6   AVL   275  583.58182  8.00383142
-## 7   BDL   443  116.00000  7.04854369
-## 8   BGR   375  378.00000  8.02793296
-## 9   BHM   297  865.99663 16.87732342
-## 10  BNA  6333  758.21348 11.81245891
-## 11  BOS 15508  190.63696  2.91439222
-## 12  BQN   896 1578.98326  8.24549550
-## 13  BTV  2589  265.09154  8.95099602
-## 14  BUF  4681  296.80837  8.94595186
-## 15  BUR   371 2465.00000  8.17567568
-## 16  BWI  1781  179.41830 10.72673385
-## 17  BZN    36 1882.00000  7.60000000
-## 18  CAE   116  603.55172 41.76415094
-## 19  CAK   864  397.00000 19.69833729
-## 20  CHO    52  305.00000  9.50000000
-## 21  CHS  2884  632.91678 10.59296847
-## 22  CLE  4573  414.17428  9.18161129
-## 23  CLT 14064  538.02730  7.36031885
-## 24  CMH  3524  476.55505 10.60132291
-## 25  CRW   138  444.00000 14.67164179
-## 26  CVG  3941  575.15986 15.36456376
-## 27  DAY  1525  537.10230 12.68048606
-## 28  DCA  9705  211.00618  9.06695204
-## 29  DEN  7266 1614.67836  8.60650021
-## 30  DFW  8738 1383.04303  0.32212685
-## 31  DSM   569 1020.88752 19.00573614
-## 32  DTW  9384  498.12852  5.42996346
-## 33  EGE   213 1735.70892  6.30434783
-## 34  FLL 12055 1070.06877  8.08212154
-## 35  GRR   765  605.78170 18.18956044
-## 36  GSO  1606  449.84184 14.11260054
-## 37  GSP   849  595.95995 15.93544304
-## 38  HNL   707 4972.67468 -1.36519258
-## 39  HOU  2115 1420.15508  7.17618819
-## 40  IAD  5700  224.84684 13.86420212
-## 41  IAH  7198 1407.20672  4.24079040
-## 42  ILM   110  500.00000  4.63551402
-## 43  IND  2077  652.26288  9.94043412
-## 44  JAC    25 1875.60000 28.09523810
-## 45  JAX  2720  824.67610 11.84483416
-## 46  LAS  5997 2240.96148  0.25772849
-## 47  LAX 16174 2468.62236  0.54711094
-## 48  LGB   668 2465.00000 -0.06202723
-## 49  MCI  2008 1097.69522 14.51405836
-## 50  MCO 14082  943.11057  5.45464309
-## 51  MDW  4113  718.04595 12.36422360
-## 52  MEM  1789  954.20123 10.64531435
-## 53  MHT  1009  207.02973 14.78755365
-## 54  MIA 11728 1091.55244  0.29905978
-## 55  MKE  2802  733.38151 14.16722038
-## 56  MSN   572  803.95455 20.19604317
-## 57  MSP  7185 1017.40167  7.27016886
-## 58  MSY  3799 1177.70571  6.49017497
-## 59  MVY   221  173.00000 -0.28571429
-## 60  MYR    59  550.66102  4.60344828
-## 61  OAK   312 2576.00000  3.07766990
-## 62  OKC   346 1325.00000 30.61904762
-## 63  OMA   849 1135.56655 14.69889841
-## 64  ORD 17283  729.00081  5.87661475
-## 65  ORF  1536  288.52344 10.94909344
-## 66  PBI  6554 1028.83811  8.56297210
-## 67  PDX  1354 2445.56573  5.14157973
-## 68  PHL  1632   94.32353 10.12719014
-## 69  PHX  4656 2141.30326  2.09704733
-## 70  PIT  2875  334.06122  7.68099053
-## 71  PSE   365 1617.00000  7.87150838
-## 72  PVD   376  160.00000 16.23463687
-## 73  PWM  2352  276.12840 11.66040210
-## 74  RDU  8163  426.75769 10.05238095
-## 75  RIC  2454  281.40465 20.11125320
-## 76  ROC  2416  259.25083 11.56064461
-## 77  RSW  3537 1072.85327  3.23814963
-## 78  SAN  2737 2437.29923  3.13916574
-## 79  SAT   686 1578.34111  6.94537178
-## 80  SAV   804  709.18408 15.12950601
-## 81  SDF  1157  645.98358 12.66938406
-## 82  SEA  3923 2412.66531 -1.09909910
-## 83  SFO 13331 2577.92356  2.67289152
-## 84  SJC   329 2569.00000  3.44817073
-## 85  SJU  5819 1599.83365  2.52052659
-## 86  SLC  2467 1986.98662  0.17625459
-## 87  SMF   284 2521.00000 12.10992908
-## 88  SNA   825 2434.00000 -7.86822660
-## 89  SRQ  1211 1044.65153  3.08243131
-## 90  STL  4339  878.72321 11.07846451
-## 91  STT   522 1626.98276 -3.83590734
-## 92  SYR  1761  205.92164  8.90392501
-## 93  TPA  7466 1003.93557  7.40852503
-## 94  TUL   315 1215.00000 33.65986395
-## 95  TVC   101  652.38614 12.96842105
-## 96  TYS   631  638.80983 24.06920415
-## 97  XNA  1036 1142.50579  7.46572581</code></pre>
+puts delays.as__data__frame.head</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   dest count      dist     delay
+## 1  ABQ   254 1826.0000  4.381890
+## 2  ACK   265  199.0000  4.852273
+## 3  ALB   439  143.0000 14.397129
+## 4  ATL 17215  757.1082 11.300113
+## 5  AUS  2439 1514.2530  6.019909
+## 6  AVL   275  583.5818  8.003831</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="using-data-table" class="section level1">
@@ -2517,9 +2446,9 @@ puts delays.as__data__frame</code></pre>
 R.install_and_loads('curl')
 
 input = &quot;https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Rdatatable/data.table/master/vignettes/flights14.csv&quot;
-@flights = R.fread(input)
-puts @flights
-puts @flights.dim</code></pre>
+flights = R.fread(input)
+puts flights
+puts flights.dim</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##         year month day dep_delay arr_delay carrier origin dest air_time
 ##      1: 2014     1   1        14        13      AA    JFK  LAX      359
 ##      2: 2014     1   1        -3        13      AA    JFK  LAX      363
@@ -2564,17 +2493,17 @@ puts data_table.ID</code></pre>
 ## 6:  c 6 12 18
 ## [1] &quot;b&quot; &quot;b&quot; &quot;b&quot; &quot;a&quot; &quot;a&quot; &quot;c&quot;</code></pre>
 <pre class="ruby"><code># subset rows in i
-ans = @flights[(:origin.eq &quot;JFK&quot;) &amp; (:month.eq 6)]
+ans = flights[(:origin.eq &quot;JFK&quot;) &amp; (:month.eq 6)]
 puts ans.head
 
 # Get the first two rows from flights.
 
-ans = @flights[(1..2)]
+ans = flights[(1..2)]
 puts ans
 
 # Sort flights first by column origin in ascending order, and then by dest in descending order:
 
-# ans = @flights[E.order(:origin, -(:dest))]
+# ans = flights[E.order(:origin, -(:dest))]
 # puts ans.head</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##    year month day dep_delay arr_delay carrier origin dest air_time
 ## 1: 2014     6   1        -9        -5      AA    JFK  LAX      324
@@ -2599,15 +2528,15 @@ puts ans
 <pre class="ruby"><code># Select column(s) in j
 # select arr_delay column, but return it as a vector.
 
-ans = @flights[:all, :arr_delay]
+ans = flights[:all, :arr_delay]
 puts ans.head
 
 # Select arr_delay column, but return as a data.table instead.
 
-ans = @flights[:all, :arr_delay.list]
+ans = flights[:all, :arr_delay.list]
 puts ans.head
 
-ans = @flights[:all, E.list(:arr_delay, :dep_delay)]</code></pre>
+ans = flights[:all, E.list(:arr_delay, :dep_delay)]</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1]  13  13   9 -26   1   0
 ##    arr_delay
 ## 1:        13
@@ -2621,113 +2550,407 @@ ans = @flights[:all, E.list(:arr_delay, :dep_delay)]</code></pre>
 <h1>Graphics in Galaaz</h1>
 <p>Creating graphics in Galaaz is quite easy, as it can use all the power of ggplot2. There are many resources in the web that teaches ggplot, so here we give a quick example of ggplot integration with Ruby. We continue to use the :mtcars dataset and we will plot a diverging bar plot, showing cars that have ‘above’ or ‘below’ gas consuption. Let’s first prepare the data frame with the necessary data:</p>
 <pre class="ruby"><code># copy the R variable :mtcars to the Ruby mtcars variable
-@mtcars = ~:mtcars
+mtcars = ~:mtcars
 
 # create a new column 'car_name' to store the car names so that it can be
 # used for plotting. The 'rownames' of the data frame cannot be used as
 # data for plotting
-@mtcars.car_name = R.rownames(:mtcars)
+mtcars.car_name = R.rownames(:mtcars)
 
 # compute normalized mpg and add it to a new column called mpg_z
 # Note that the mean value for mpg can be obtained by calling the 'mean'
 # function on the vector 'mtcars.mpg'.  The same with the standard
 # deviation 'sd'.  The vector is then rounded to two digits with 'round 2'
-@mtcars.mpg_z = ((@mtcars.mpg - @mtcars.mpg.mean)/@mtcars.mpg.sd).round 2
+mtcars.mpg_z = ((mtcars.mpg - mtcars.mpg.mean)/mtcars.mpg.sd).round 2
 
 # create a new column 'mpg_type'. Function 'ifelse' is a vectorized function
 # that looks at every element of the mpg_z vector and if the value is below
 # 0, returns 'below', otherwise returns 'above'
-@mtcars.mpg_type = (@mtcars.mpg_z &lt; 0).ifelse(&quot;below&quot;, &quot;above&quot;)
+mtcars.mpg_type = (mtcars.mpg_z &lt; 0).ifelse(&quot;below&quot;, &quot;above&quot;)
 
 # order the mtcar data set by the mpg_z vector from smaler to larger values
-@mtcars = @mtcars[@mtcars.mpg_z.order, :all]
+mtcars = mtcars[mtcars.mpg_z.order, :all]
 
 # convert the car_name column to a factor to retain sorted order in plot
-@mtcars.car_name = @mtcars.car_name.factor levels: @mtcars.car_name
+mtcars.car_name = mtcars.car_name.factor levels: mtcars.car_name
 
 # let's look at the final data frame
-puts @mtcars</code></pre>
-<pre><code>##                      mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
-## Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4   8 472.0 205 2.93 5.250 17.98  0  0    3    4
-## Lincoln Continental 10.4   8 460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82  0  0    3    4
-## Camaro Z28          13.3   8 350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41  0  0    3    4
-## Duster 360          14.3   8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0  0    3    4
-## Chrysler Imperial   14.7   8 440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42  0  0    3    4
-## Maserati Bora       15.0   8 301.0 335 3.54 3.570 14.60  0  1    5    8
-## Merc 450SLC         15.2   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00  0  0    3    3
-## AMC Javelin         15.2   8 304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30  0  0    3    2
-## Dodge Challenger    15.5   8 318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87  0  0    3    2
-## Ford Pantera L      15.8   8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50  0  1    5    4
-## Merc 450SE          16.4   8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40  0  0    3    3
-## Merc 450SL          17.3   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60  0  0    3    3
-## Merc 280C           17.8   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90  1  0    4    4
-## Valiant             18.1   6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
-## Hornet Sportabout   18.7   8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
-## Merc 280            19.2   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30  1  0    4    4
-## Pontiac Firebird    19.2   8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05  0  0    3    2
-## Ferrari Dino        19.7   6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50  0  1    5    6
-## Mazda RX4           21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
-## Mazda RX4 Wag       21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
-## Hornet 4 Drive      21.4   6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
-## Volvo 142E          21.4   4 121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60  1  1    4    2
-## Toyota Corona       21.5   4 120.1  97 3.70 2.465 20.01  1  0    3    1
-## Datsun 710          22.8   4 108.0  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
-## Merc 230            22.8   4 140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90  1  0    4    2
-## Merc 240D           24.4   4 146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00  1  0    4    2
-## Porsche 914-2       26.0   4 120.3  91 4.43 2.140 16.70  0  1    5    2
-## Fiat X1-9           27.3   4  79.0  66 4.08 1.935 18.90  1  1    4    1
-## Honda Civic         30.4   4  75.7  52 4.93 1.615 18.52  1  1    4    2
-## Lotus Europa        30.4   4  95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90  1  1    5    2
-## Fiat 128            32.4   4  78.7  66 4.08 2.200 19.47  1  1    4    1
-## Toyota Corolla      33.9   4  71.1  65 4.22 1.835 19.90  1  1    4    1
+puts mtcars.head</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##                      mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
+## Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4   8  472 205 2.93 5.250 17.98  0  0    3    4
+## Lincoln Continental 10.4   8  460 215 3.00 5.424 17.82  0  0    3    4
+## Camaro Z28          13.3   8  350 245 3.73 3.840 15.41  0  0    3    4
+## Duster 360          14.3   8  360 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0  0    3    4
+## Chrysler Imperial   14.7   8  440 230 3.23 5.345 17.42  0  0    3    4
+## Maserati Bora       15.0   8  301 335 3.54 3.570 14.60  0  1    5    8
 ##                                car_name mpg_z mpg_type
 ## Cadillac Fleetwood   Cadillac Fleetwood -1.61    below
 ## Lincoln Continental Lincoln Continental -1.61    below
 ## Camaro Z28                   Camaro Z28 -1.13    below
 ## Duster 360                   Duster 360 -0.96    below
 ## Chrysler Imperial     Chrysler Imperial -0.89    below
-## Maserati Bora             Maserati Bora -0.84    below
-## Merc 450SLC                 Merc 450SLC -0.81    below
-## AMC Javelin                 AMC Javelin -0.81    below
-## Dodge Challenger       Dodge Challenger -0.76    below
-## Ford Pantera L           Ford Pantera L -0.71    below
-## Merc 450SE                   Merc 450SE -0.61    below
-## Merc 450SL                   Merc 450SL -0.46    below
-## Merc 280C                     Merc 280C -0.38    below
-## Valiant                         Valiant -0.33    below
-## Hornet Sportabout     Hornet Sportabout -0.23    below
-## Merc 280                       Merc 280 -0.15    below
-## Pontiac Firebird       Pontiac Firebird -0.15    below
-## Ferrari Dino               Ferrari Dino -0.06    below
-## Mazda RX4                     Mazda RX4  0.15    above
-## Mazda RX4 Wag             Mazda RX4 Wag  0.15    above
-## Hornet 4 Drive           Hornet 4 Drive  0.22    above
-## Volvo 142E                   Volvo 142E  0.22    above
-## Toyota Corona             Toyota Corona  0.23    above
-## Datsun 710                   Datsun 710  0.45    above
-## Merc 230                       Merc 230  0.45    above
-## Merc 240D                     Merc 240D  0.72    above
-## Porsche 914-2             Porsche 914-2  0.98    above
-## Fiat X1-9                     Fiat X1-9  1.20    above
-## Honda Civic                 Honda Civic  1.71    above
-## Lotus Europa               Lotus Europa  1.71    above
-## Fiat 128                       Fiat 128  2.04    above
-## Toyota Corolla           Toyota Corolla  2.29    above</code></pre>
+## Maserati Bora             Maserati Bora -0.84    below</code></pre>
 <p>Now, lets plot the diverging bar plot. When using gKnit, there is no need to call ‘R.awt’ to create a plotting device, since gKnit does take care of it. Galaaz provides integration with ggplot. The interested reader should check online for more information on ggplot, since it is outside the scope of this manual describing how ggplot works. We give here but a brief description on how this plot is generated.</p>
 <p>ggplot implements the ‘grammar of graphics’. In this approach, plots are build by adding layers to the plot. On the first layer we describe what we want on the ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis of the plot. In this case, we have ‘car_name’ on the ‘x’ axis and ‘mpg_z’ on the ‘y’ axis. Then the type of graph is specified by adding ‘geom_bar’ (for a bar graph). We specify that our bars should be filled using ‘mpg_type’, which is either ‘above’ or ‘bellow’ giving then two colours for filling. On the next layer we specify the labels for the graph, then we add the title and subtitle. Finally, in a bar chart usually bars go on the vertical direction, but in this graph we want the bars to be horizontally layed so we add ‘coord_flip’.</p>
 <pre class="ruby"><code>require 'ggplot'
 
-puts @mtcars.ggplot(E.aes(x: :car_name, y: :mpg_z, label: :mpg_z)) +
-  R.geom_bar(E.aes(fill: :mpg_type), stat: 'identity', width: 0.5) +
-  R.scale_fill_manual(name: 'Mileage',
-                      labels: R.c('Above Average', 'Below Average'),
-                      values: R.c('above': '#00ba38', 'below': '#f8766d')) +
-  R.labs(subtitle: &quot;Normalised mileage from 'mtcars'&quot;,
-         title: &quot;Diverging Bars&quot;) + 
-  R.coord_flip</code></pre>
+puts mtcars.ggplot(E.aes(x: :car_name, y: :mpg_z, label: :mpg_z)) +
+     R.geom_bar(E.aes(fill: :mpg_type), stat: 'identity', width: 0.5) +
+     R.scale_fill_manual(name: 'Mileage',
+                         labels: R.c('Above Average', 'Below Average'),
+                         values: R.c('above': '#00ba38', 'below': '#f8766d')) +
+     R.labs(subtitle: &quot;Normalised mileage from 'mtcars'&quot;,
+            title: &quot;Diverging Bars&quot;) + 
+     R.coord_flip</code></pre>
 <p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><!-- --></p>
+</div>
+<div id="coding-with-tidyverse" class="section level1">
+<h1>Coding with Tidyverse</h1>
+<p>In R, and when coding with ‘tidyverse’, arguments to a function are usually not <em>referencially transparent</em>. That is, you can’t replace a value with a seemingly equivalent object that you’ve defined elsewhere. To see the problem, let’s first define a data frame:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(x: (1..3), y: (3..1))
+puts df</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   x y
+## 1 1 3
+## 2 2 2
+## 3 3 1</code></pre>
+<p>and now, let’s look at this code:</p>
+<pre class="r"><code>my_var &lt;- x
+filter(df, my_var == 1)</code></pre>
+<p>It generates the following error: &quot;object ‘x’ not found.</p>
+<p>However, in Galaaz, arguments are referencially transparent as can be seen by the code bellow. Note initally that ‘my_var = :x’ will not give the error “object ‘x’ not found” since ‘:x’ is treated as an expression and assigned to my_var. Then when doing (my_var.eq 1), my_var is a variable that resolves to ‘:x’ and it becomes equivalent to (:x.eq 1) which is what we want.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>my_var = :x
+puts df.filter(my_var.eq 1)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   x y
+## 1 1 3</code></pre>
+<p>As stated by Hardley</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>dplyr code is ambiguous. Depending on what variables are defined where, filter(df, x == y) could be equivalent to any of:</p>
+</blockquote>
+<pre><code>df[df$x == df$y, ]
+df[df$x == y, ]
+df[x == df$y, ]
+df[x == y, ]</code></pre>
+<p>In galaaz this ambiguity does not exist, filter(df, x.eq y) is not a valid expression as expressions are build with symbols. In doing filter(df, :x.eq y) we are looking for elements of the ‘x’ column that are equal to a previously defined y variable. Finally in filter(df, :x.eq :y) we are looking for elements in which the ‘x’ column value is equal to the ‘y’ column value. This can be seen in the following two chunks of code:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>y = 1
+x = 2
+
+# looking for values where the 'x' column is equal to the 'y' column
+puts df.filter(:x.eq :y)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   x y
+## 1 2 2</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code># looking for values where the 'x' column is equal to the 'y' variable
+# in this case, the number 1
+puts df.filter(:x.eq y)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   x y
+## 1 1 3</code></pre>
+<div id="writing-a-function-that-applies-to-different-data-sets" class="section level2">
+<h2>Writing a function that applies to different data sets</h2>
+<p>Let’s suppose that we want to write a function that receives as the first argument a data frame and as second argument an expression that adds a column to the data frame that is equal to the sum of elements in column ‘a’ plus ‘x’.</p>
+<p>Here is the intended behaviour using the ‘mutate’ function of ‘dplyr’:</p>
+<pre><code>mutate(df1, y = a + x)
+mutate(df2, y = a + x)
+mutate(df3, y = a + x)
+mutate(df4, y = a + x)</code></pre>
+<p>The naive approach to writing an R function to solve this problem is:</p>
+<pre><code>mutate_y &lt;- function(df) {
+  mutate(df, y = a + x)
+}</code></pre>
+<p>Unfortunately, in R, this function can fail silently if one of the variables isn’t present in the data frame, but is present in the global environment. We will not go through here how to solve this problem in R.</p>
+<p>In Galaaz the method mutate_y bellow will work fine and will never fail silently.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>def mutate_y(df)
+  df.mutate(:y.assign :a + :x)
+end</code></pre>
+<p>Here we create a data frame that has only one column named ‘x’:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>df1 = R.data__frame(x: (1..3))
+puts df1</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   x
+## 1 1
+## 2 2
+## 3 3</code></pre>
+<p>Note that method mutate_y will fail independetly from the fact that variable ‘a’ is defined and in the scope of the method. Variable ‘a’ has no relationship with the symbol ‘:a’ used in the definition of ‘mutate_y’ above:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>a = 10
+mutate_y(df1)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## Message:
+##  Error in mutate_impl(.data, dots) :
+##   Evaluation error: object 'a' not found.
+## In addition: Warning message:
+## In mutate_impl(.data, dots) :
+##   mismatched protect/unprotect (unprotect with empty protect stack) (RError)
+## Translated to internal error</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="different-expressions" class="section level2">
+<h2>Different expressions</h2>
+<p>Let’s move to the next problem as presented by Hardley where trying to write a function in R that will receive two argumens, the first a variable and the second an expression is not trivial. Bellow we create a data frame and we want to write a function that groups data by a variable and summarises it by an expression:</p>
+<pre class="r"><code>set.seed(123)
+
+df &lt;- data.frame(
+  g1 = c(1, 1, 2, 2, 2),
+  g2 = c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1),
+  a = sample(5),
+  b = sample(5)
+)
+
+as.data.frame(df) </code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   g1 g2 a b
+## 1  1  1 2 1
+## 2  1  2 4 3
+## 3  2  1 5 4
+## 4  2  2 3 2
+## 5  2  1 1 5</code></pre>
+<pre class="r"><code>d2 &lt;- df %&gt;%
+  group_by(g1) %&gt;%
+  summarise(a = mean(a))
+           
+as.data.frame(d2)          </code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   g1 a
+## 1  1 3
+## 2  2 3</code></pre>
+<pre class="r"><code>d2 &lt;- df %&gt;%
+  group_by(g2) %&gt;%
+  summarise(a = mean(a))
+           
+as.data.frame(d2)          </code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   g2        a
+## 1  1 2.666667
+## 2  2 3.500000</code></pre>
+<p>As shown by Hardley, one might expect this function to do the trick:</p>
+<pre class="r"><code>my_summarise &lt;- function(df, group_var) {
+  df %&gt;%
+    group_by(group_var) %&gt;%
+    summarise(a = mean(a))
+}
+
+# my_summarise(df, g1)
+#&gt; Error: Column `group_var` is unknown</code></pre>
+<p>In order to solve this problem, coding with dplyr requires the introduction of many new concepts and functions such as ‘quo’, ‘quos’, ‘enquo’, ‘enquos’, ‘!!’ (bang bang), ‘!!!’ (triple bang). Again, we’ll leave to Hardley the explanation on how to use all those functions.</p>
+<p>Now, let’s try to implement the same function in galaaz. The next code block first prints the ‘df’ data frame defined previously in R (to access an R variable from Galaaz, we use the tilda operator ‘~’ applied to the R variable name as symbol, i.e., ‘:df’.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts ~:df</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   g1 g2 a b
+## 1  1  1 2 1
+## 2  1  2 4 3
+## 3  2  1 5 4
+## 4  2  2 3 2
+## 5  2  1 1 5</code></pre>
+<p>We then create the ‘my_summarize’ method and call it passing the R data frame and the group by variable ‘:g1’:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>def my_summarize(df, group_var)
+  df.group_by(group_var).
+    summarize(a: :a.mean)
+end
+
+puts my_summarize(:df, :g1).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   g1 a
+## 1  1 3
+## 2  2 3</code></pre>
+<p>It works!!! Well, let’s make sure this was not just some coincidence</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts my_summarize(:df, :g2).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   g2        a
+## 1  1 2.666667
+## 2  2 3.500000</code></pre>
+<p>Great, everything is fine! No magic, no new functions, no complexities, just normal, standard Ruby code. If you’ve ever done NSE in R, this certainly feels much safer and easy to implement.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="different-input-variables" class="section level2">
+<h2>Different input variables</h2>
+<p>In the previous section we’ve managed to get rid of all NSE formulation for a simple example, but does this remain true for more complex examples, or will the Galaaz way prove inpractical for more complex code?</p>
+<p>In the next example Hardley proposes us to write a function that given an expression such as ‘a’ or ‘a * b’, calculates three summaries. What we want a function that does the same as these R statements:</p>
+<pre><code>summarise(df, mean = mean(a), sum = sum(a), n = n())
+#&gt; # A tibble: 1 x 3
+#&gt;    mean   sum     n
+#&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;int&gt;
+#&gt; 1     3    15     5
+
+summarise(df, mean = mean(a * b), sum = sum(a * b), n = n())
+#&gt; # A tibble: 1 x 3
+#&gt;    mean   sum     n
+#&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;int&gt;
+#&gt; 1   9    45     5</code></pre>
+<p>Let’s try it in galaaz:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>def my_summarise2(df, expr)
+  df.summarize(
+    mean: E.mean(expr),
+    sum: E.sum(expr),
+    n: E.n
+  )
+end
+
+puts my_summarise2((~:df), :a)
+puts &quot;\n&quot;
+puts my_summarise2((~:df), :a * :b)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   mean sum n
+## 1    3  15 5
+## 
+##   mean sum n
+## 1    9  45 5</code></pre>
+<p>Once again, there is no need to use any special theory or functions. The only point to be careful about is the use of ‘E’ to build expressions from functions ‘mean’, ‘sum’ and ‘n’.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="different-input-and-output-variable" class="section level2">
+<h2>Different input and output variable</h2>
+<p>Now the next challenge presented by Hardley is to vary the name of the output variables based on the received expression. So, if the input expression is ‘a’, we want our data frame columns to be named ‘mean_a’ and ‘sum_a’. Now, if the input expression is ‘b’, columns should be named ‘mean_b’ and ‘sum_b’.</p>
+<pre><code>mutate(df, mean_a = mean(a), sum_a = sum(a))
+#&gt; # A tibble: 5 x 6
+#&gt;      g1    g2     a     b mean_a sum_a
+#&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;int&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;int&gt;
+#&gt; 1     1     1     1     3      3    15
+#&gt; 2     1     2     4     2      3    15
+#&gt; 3     2     1     2     1      3    15
+#&gt; 4     2     2     5     4      3    15
+#&gt; # … with 1 more row
+
+mutate(df, mean_b = mean(b), sum_b = sum(b))
+#&gt; # A tibble: 5 x 6
+#&gt;      g1    g2     a     b mean_b sum_b
+#&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;int&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;int&gt;
+#&gt; 1     1     1     1     3      3    15
+#&gt; 2     1     2     4     2      3    15
+#&gt; 3     2     1     2     1      3    15
+#&gt; 4     2     2     5     4      3    15
+#&gt; # … with 1 more row</code></pre>
+<p>In order to solve this problem in R, Hardley needs to introduce some more new functions and notations: ‘quo_name’ and the ‘:=’ operator from package ‘rlang’</p>
+<p>Here is our Ruby code:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>def my_mutate(df, expr)
+  mean_name = &quot;mean_#{expr.to_s}&quot;
+  sum_name = &quot;sum_#{expr.to_s}&quot;
+
+  df.mutate(mean_name =&gt; E.mean(expr),
+            sum_name =&gt; E.sum(expr))
+end
+
+puts my_mutate((~:df), :a)
+puts &quot;\n&quot;
+puts my_mutate((~:df), :b)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   g1 g2 a b mean_a sum_a
+## 1  1  1 2 1      3    15
+## 2  1  2 4 3      3    15
+## 3  2  1 5 4      3    15
+## 4  2  2 3 2      3    15
+## 5  2  1 1 5      3    15
+## 
+##   g1 g2 a b mean_b sum_b
+## 1  1  1 2 1      3    15
+## 2  1  2 4 3      3    15
+## 3  2  1 5 4      3    15
+## 4  2  2 3 2      3    15
+## 5  2  1 1 5      3    15</code></pre>
+<p>It really seems that “Non Standard Evaluation” is actually quite standard in Galaaz! But, you might have noticed a small change in the way the arguments to the mutate method were called. In a previous example we used df.summarise(mean: E.mean(:a), …) where the column name was followed by a ‘:’ colom. In this example, we have df.mutate(mean_name =&gt; E.mean(expr), …) and variable mean_name is not followed by ‘:’ but by ‘=&gt;’. This is standard Ruby notation.</p>
+<p>[explain….]</p>
+</div>
+<div id="capturing-multiple-variables" class="section level2">
+<h2>Capturing multiple variables</h2>
+<p>Moving on with new complexities, Hardley proposes us to solve the problem in which the summarise function will receive any number of grouping variables.</p>
+<p>This again is quite standard Ruby. In order to receive an undefined number of paramenters the paramenter is preceded by ’*’:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>def my_summarise3(df, *group_vars)
+  df.group_by(*group_vars).
+    summarise(a: E.mean(:a))
+end
+
+puts my_summarise3((~:df), :g1, :g2).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   g1 g2 a
+## 1  1  1 2
+## 2  1  2 4
+## 3  2  1 3
+## 4  2  2 3</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="why-does-r-require-nse-and-galaaz-does-not" class="section level2">
+<h2>Why does R require NSE and Galaaz does not?</h2>
+<p>NSE introduces a number of new concepts, such as ‘quoting’, ‘quasiquotation’, ‘unquoting’ and ‘unquote-splicing’, while in Galaaz none of those concepts are needed. What gives?</p>
+<p>R is an extremely flexible language and it has lazy evaluation of parameters. When in R a function is called as ‘summarise(df, a = b)’, the summarise function receives the litteral ‘a = b’ parameter and can work with this as if it were a string. In R, it is not clear what a and b are, they can be expressions or they can be variables, it is up to the function to decide what ‘a = b’ means.</p>
+<p>In Ruby, there is no lazy evaluation of parameters and ‘a’ is always a variable and so is ‘b’. Variables assume their value as soon as they are used, so ‘x = a’ is immediately evaluate and variable ‘x’ will receive the value of variable ‘a’ as soon as the Ruby statement is executed. Ruby also provides the notion of a symbol; ‘:a’ is a symbol and does not evaluate to anything. Galaaz uses Ruby symbols to build expressions that are not bound to anything: ‘:a.eq :b’ is clearly an expression and has no relationship whatsoever with the statment ‘a = b’. By using symbols, variables and expressions all the possible ambiguities that are found in R are eliminated in Galaaz.</p>
+<p>The main problem that remains, is that in R, functions are not clearly documented as what type of input they are expecting, they might be expecting regular variables or they might be expecting expressions and the R function will know how to deal with an input of the form ‘a = b’, now for the Ruby developer it might not be immediately clear if it should call the function passing the value ‘true’ if variable ‘a’ is equal to variable ‘b’ or if it should call the function passing the expression ‘:a.eq :b’.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="advanced-dplyr-features" class="section level2">
+<h2>Advanced dplyr features</h2>
+<p>In the blog: Programming with dplyr by using dplyr (<a href="https://www.r-bloggers.com/programming-with-dplyr-by-using-dplyr/" class="uri">https://www.r-bloggers.com/programming-with-dplyr-by-using-dplyr/</a>) Iñaki Úcar shows surprise that some R users are trying to code in dplyr avoiding the use of NSE. For instance he says:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Take the example of seplyr. It stands for standard evaluation dplyr, and enables us to program over dplyr without having “to bring in (or study) any deep-theory or heavy-weight tools such as rlang/tidyeval”.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>For me, there isn’t really any surprise that users are trying to avoid dplyr deep-theory. R users frequently are not programmers and learning to code is already hard business, on top of that, having to learn how to ‘quote’ or ‘enquo’ or ‘quos’ or ‘enquos’ is not necessarily a ‘piece of cake’. So much so, that ‘tidyeval’ has some more advanced functions that instead of using quoted expressions, uses strings as arguments.</p>
+<p>In the following examples, we show the use of functions ‘group_by_at’, ‘summarise_at’ and ‘rename_at’ that receive strings as argument. The data frame used in ‘starwars’ that describes features of characters in the Starwars movies:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts (~:starwars).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##             name height mass  hair_color  skin_color eye_color birth_year
+## 1 Luke Skywalker    172   77       blond        fair      blue       19.0
+## 2          C-3PO    167   75        &lt;NA&gt;        gold    yellow      112.0
+## 3          R2-D2     96   32        &lt;NA&gt; white, blue       red       33.0
+## 4    Darth Vader    202  136        none       white    yellow       41.9
+## 5    Leia Organa    150   49       brown       light     brown       19.0
+## 6      Owen Lars    178  120 brown, grey       light      blue       52.0
+##   gender homeworld species
+## 1   male  Tatooine   Human
+## 2   &lt;NA&gt;  Tatooine   Droid
+## 3   &lt;NA&gt;     Naboo   Droid
+## 4   male  Tatooine   Human
+## 5 female  Alderaan   Human
+## 6   male  Tatooine   Human
+##                                                                                                                                       films
+## 1                                           Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope, The Force Awakens
+## 2                    Attack of the Clones, The Phantom Menace, Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope
+## 3 Attack of the Clones, The Phantom Menace, Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope, The Force Awakens
+## 4                                                              Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope
+## 5                                           Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope, The Force Awakens
+## 6                                                                                     Attack of the Clones, Revenge of the Sith, A New Hope
+##                             vehicles                starships
+## 1 Snowspeeder, Imperial Speeder Bike X-wing, Imperial shuttle
+## 2                                                            
+## 3                                                            
+## 4                                             TIE Advanced x1
+## 5              Imperial Speeder Bike                         
+## 6</code></pre>
+<p>The grouped_mean function bellow will receive a grouping variable and calculate summaries for the value_variables given:</p>
+<pre class="r"><code>grouped_mean &lt;- function(data, grouping_variables, value_variables) {
+  data %&gt;%
+    group_by_at(grouping_variables) %&gt;%
+    mutate(count = n()) %&gt;%
+    summarise_at(c(value_variables, &quot;count&quot;), mean, na.rm = TRUE) %&gt;%
+    rename_at(value_variables, funs(paste0(&quot;mean_&quot;, .)))
+    }
+
+gm = starwars %&gt;% 
+   grouped_mean(&quot;eye_color&quot;, c(&quot;mass&quot;, &quot;birth_year&quot;))
+
+as.data.frame(gm)   </code></pre>
+<pre><code>##        eye_color mean_mass mean_birth_year count
+## 1          black  76.28571        33.00000    10
+## 2           blue  86.51667        67.06923    19
+## 3      blue-gray  77.00000        57.00000     1
+## 4          brown  66.09231       108.96429    21
+## 5           dark       NaN             NaN     1
+## 6           gold       NaN             NaN     1
+## 7  green, yellow 159.00000             NaN     1
+## 8          hazel  66.00000        34.50000     3
+## 9         orange 282.33333       231.00000     8
+## 10          pink       NaN             NaN     1
+## 11           red  81.40000        33.66667     5
+## 12     red, blue       NaN             NaN     1
+## 13       unknown  31.50000             NaN     3
+## 14         white  48.00000             NaN     1
+## 15        yellow  81.11111        76.38000    11</code></pre>
+<p>The same code with Galaaz, becomes:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>def grouped_mean(data, grouping_variables, value_variables)
+  data.
+    group_by_at(grouping_variables).
+    mutate(count: E.n).
+    summarise_at(E.c(value_variables, &quot;count&quot;), ~:mean, na__rm: true).
+    rename_at(value_variables, E.funs(E.paste0(&quot;mean_&quot;, value_variables)))
+end
+
+puts grouped_mean((~:starwars), &quot;eye_color&quot;, E.c(&quot;mass&quot;, &quot;birth_year&quot;)).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##        eye_color mean_mass mean_birth_year count
+## 1          black  76.28571        33.00000    10
+## 2           blue  86.51667        67.06923    19
+## 3      blue-gray  77.00000        57.00000     1
+## 4          brown  66.09231       108.96429    21
+## 5           dark       NaN             NaN     1
+## 6           gold       NaN             NaN     1
+## 7  green, yellow 159.00000             NaN     1
+## 8          hazel  66.00000        34.50000     3
+## 9         orange 282.33333       231.00000     8
+## 10          pink       NaN             NaN     1
+## 11           red  81.40000        33.66667     5
+## 12     red, blue       NaN             NaN     1
+## 13       unknown  31.50000             NaN     3
+## 14         white  48.00000             NaN     1
+## 15        yellow  81.11111        76.38000    11</code></pre>
 <p>[TO BE CONTINUED…]</p>
 </div>
+</div>
 <div id="contributing" class="section level1">
 <h1>Contributing</h1>
 <ul>