galaaz 0.4.9 → 0.4.10

data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot.md

@@ -1,431 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "Ruby Plotting with Galaaz"
-subtitle: "An example of tightly coupling Ruby and R in GraalVM"
-author: "Rodrigo Botafogo"
-tags: [Galaaz, Ruby, R, TruffleRuby, FastR, GraalVM, ggplot2]
-date: "16 October 2018"
-output:
-  html_document:
-    self_contained: true
-    keep_md: true
-  pdf_document:
-    includes:
-      in_header: "../../sty/galaaz.sty"
-    keep_tex: yes
-    number_sections: yes
-    toc: true
-    toc_depth: 2
-  md_document:
-    variant: markdown_github
-fontsize: 11pt
----
-
-
-
-# Introduction
-
-Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R.  Ruby is a powerful language, with
-a large community, a very large set of libraries and great for web development.  However,
-it lacks libraries for data science, statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning.
-On the other hand, R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of the
-above problems.  Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with libraries such as NumPy,
-Panda, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and a couple more.
-
-With Galaaz we do not intend to re-implement any of the scientific libraries in R, we allow
-for very tight coupling between the two languages to the point that the Ruby developer does
-not need to know that there is an R engine running.  For this to happen we use new
-technologies provided by Oracle: GraalVM, TruffleRuby and FastR:
-
-     GraalVM is a universal virtual machine for running applications
-     written in JavaScript, Python 3, Ruby, R, JVM-based languages like Java,
-     Scala, Kotlin, and LLVM-based languages such as C and C++.
-
-     GraalVM removes the isolation between programming languages and enables
-     interoperability in a shared runtime. It can run either standalone or in
-     the context of OpenJDK, Node.js, Oracle Database, or MySQL.
-
-     GraalVM allows you to write polyglot applications with a seamless way to
-     pass values from one language to another. With GraalVM there is no copying
-     or marshaling necessary as it is with other polyglot systems. This lets
-     you achieve high performance when language boundaries are crossed. Most
-     of the time there is no additional cost for crossing a language boundary
-     at all.
-
-     Often developers have to make uncomfortable compromises that require them
-     to rewrite their software in other languages. For example:
-
-      * “That library is not available in my language. I need to rewrite it.” 
-      * “That language would be the perfect fit for my problem, but we cannot
-        run it in our environment.” 
-      * “That problem is already solved in my language, but the language is
-        too slow.”
-    
-    With GraalVM we aim to allow developers to freely choose the right language
-    for the task at hand without making compromises.
-
-Interested readers should also check out the following sites:
-
-* [GraalVM Home](https://www.graalvm.org/)
-* [TruffleRuby](https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby)
-* [FastR](https://github.com/oracle/fastr)
-* [Faster R with FastR](https://medium.com/graalvm/faster-r-with-fastr-4b8db0e0dceb)
-
-## What does Galaaz mean
-
-Galaaz is the Portuguese name for "Galahad".  From Wikipedia:
-
-    Sir Galahad (sometimes referred to as Galeas or Galath),
-    in Arthurian legend, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one
-    of the three achievers of the Holy Grail. He is the illegitimate son
-    of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, and is renowned for his
-    gallantry and purity as the most perfect of all knights. Emerging quite
-    late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the
-    Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as
-    the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.
-    His name should not be mistaken with Galehaut, a different knight from
-    Arthurian legend. 
-
-# Galaaz Demo
-
-## Prerequisites
-
-* GraalVM (>= rc7)
-* TruffleRuby
-* FastR
-
-The following R packages will be automatically installed when necessary, but could be installed prior
-to the demo if desired:
-
-* ggplot2
-* gridExtra
-
-Installation of R packages requires a development environment.  In Linux, the gnu compiler and
-tools should be enough.  I am not sure what is needed on the Mac.
-
-In order to run the 'specs' the following Ruby package is necessary:
-
-* gem install rspec
-
-## Preparation
-
-* gem install galaaz
-
-## Running the demo
-
-The ggplot for this demos was extracted from: http://r-statistics.co/Top50-Ggplot2-Visualizations-MasterList-R-Code.html.
-
-On the console do
-
-    > galaaz master_list:scatter_plot
-
-## Running other demos
-
-Doing on the console
-
-    > galaaz -T
-
-will show a list with all available demos.  To run any of the demos in the list,
-substitute the call to
-'rake' to 'galaaz'.  For instance, one of the examples in the list is 'rake sthda:bar'.
-In order to run
-this example just do 'galaaz sthda:bar'.  Doing 'galaaz sthda:all' will run all demos in the sthda
-cathegory.  Some of the examples require 'rspec' do be available.  To install 'rspec' just do
-'gem install rspec'.
-
-# The demo code
-
-
-The following is the Ruby code and plot for the above example.  There is a small difference between
-the code in the example and the code bellow.  If the example is ran, the plot will appear on the
-screen, bellow, we generate an 'svg' image and then include it in this document.  In order to
-generate and image, the R.svg device is used.  To generate the plot on the screen, use the R.awt
-device, as commented on the code.
-
-
-```ruby
-require 'galaaz'
-require 'ggplot'
-
-# load package and data
-R.options(scipen: 999)  # turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48
-R.theme_set(R.theme_bw)  # pre-set the bw theme.
-
-midwest = ~:midwest
-# midwest <- read.csv("http://goo.gl/G1K41K")  # bkup data source
-
-# R.awt  # run the awt device if the plot should show on the screen
-R.svg    # run the svg device if an image should be generated
-
-# Scatterplot
-gg = midwest.ggplot(E.aes(x: :area, y: :poptotal)) + 
-     R.geom_point(E.aes(col: :state, size: :popdensity)) + 
-     R.geom_smooth(method: "loess", se: false) + 
-     R.xlim(R.c(0, 0.1)) + 
-     R.ylim(R.c(0, 500000)) + 
-     R.labs(subtitle: "Area Vs Population", 
-            y: "Population", 
-            x: "Area", 
-            title: "Scatterplot", 
-            caption: "Source: midwest")
-
-R.png('midwest.png')     # this line is not necessary with the awt device
-puts gg
-
-R.dev__off               # R.dev__off turns off the device.  If using awt, the plot
-                         # window will be closed
-```
-
-```
-## This is the fake output
-```
-
-
-![Midwest Plot](midwest.png){width=70%}
-
-In R, the code to generate this plot is the following
-
-
-```r
-# install.packages("ggplot2")
-# load package and data
-options(scipen=999)  # turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48
-library(ggplot2)
-theme_set(theme_bw())  # pre-set the bw theme.
-data("midwest", package = "ggplot2")
-# midwest <- read.csv("http://goo.gl/G1K41K")  # bkup data source
-
-# Scatterplot
-gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) + 
-      geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) + 
-      geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + 
-      xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + 
-      ylim(c(0, 500000)) + 
-      labs(subtitle="Area Vs Population", 
-           y="Population", 
-           x="Area", 
-           title="Scatterplot", 
-           caption = "Source: midwest")
-
-plot(gg)
-```
-
-Note that both codes are very similar.  The Ruby code requires the use of "R." before calling
-any functions,
-for instance R function 'geom_point' becomes 'R.geom_point' in Ruby.  R named parameters such as
-(col = state, size = popdensity), become in Ruby (col: :state, size: :popdensity).
-
-One last
-point that needs to be observed is the call to the 'aes' function.  In Ruby instead of doing
-'R.aes', we use 'E.aes'.  The explanation of why E.aes is needed is an advanced topic in R and
-depends on what is know as Non-standard Evaluation (NSE) in R.  In short, function 'aes' is lazily
-evaluated in R, i.e., in R when calling geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)), function
-geom_point receives as argument something similar to a string containing
-'aes(col=state, size=popdensity)', and the aes function will be evaluated inside the geom_point
-function.  In Ruby, there is no Lazy evaluation and doing R.aes would try to evaluate aes
-immediately.  In order to delay the evaluation of function aes we need to use E.aes.  The
-interested reader on NSE in R is directed to http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Computing-on-the-language.html.
-
-# An extension to the example
-
-If both codes are so similar, then why would one use Ruby instead of R and what good is galaaz
-after all?
-
-Ruby is a modern OO language with numerous very useful constructs such as classes, modules, blocks,
-procs, etc.  The example above focus on the coupling of both languages, and does not show the
-use of other Ruby constructs.  In the following example, we will show a more complex example using
-other Ruby constructs.  This is certainly not a very well written and robust Ruby code, but
-it give the idea of how Ruby and R are strongly coupled.
-
-Let's imagine that we work in a corporation that has its plot themes.  So, it has defined a
-'CorpTheme' module.  Plots in this corporation should not have grids, numbers in labels should
-not use scientific notation and the preferred color is blue.
-
-
-```ruby
-# corp_theme.rb
-# defines the corporate theme for all plots
-    
-module CorpTheme
-
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Defines the plot theme (visualization).  In this theme we remove major and minor
-  # grids, borders and background.  We also turn-off scientific notation.
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  
-  def self.global_theme
-    
-    R.options(scipen: 999)  # turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48
-    
-    # remove major grids
-    global_theme = R.theme(panel__grid__major: E.element_blank())
-    # remove minor grids
-    global_theme = global_theme + R.theme(panel__grid__minor: E.element_blank)
-    # remove border
-    global_theme = global_theme + R.theme(panel__border: E.element_blank)
-    # remove background
-    global_theme = global_theme + R.theme(panel__background: E.element_blank)
-    # Change axis font
-    global_theme = global_theme +
-                   R.theme(axis__text: E.element_text(size: 8, color: "#000080"))
-    # change color of axis titles
-    global_theme = global_theme +
-                   R.theme(axis__title: E.element_text(
-                             color: "#000080", 
-                             face: "bold",
-                             size: 8,
-                             hjust: 1))
-  end
-   
-end
-```
-
-```
-## This is the fake output
-```
-
-We now define a ScatterPlot class:
-
-
-```ruby
-# ScatterPlot.rb
-# creates a scatter plot and allow some configuration
-    
-class ScatterPlot
-
-  attr_accessor :title
-  attr_accessor :subtitle
-  attr_accessor :caption
-  attr_accessor :x_label
-  attr_accessor :y_label
-  
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Initialize the plot with the data and the x and y variables
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def initialize(data, x:, y:)
-    @data = data
-    @x = x
-    @y = y
-  end
-  
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Define groupings by color and size
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def group_by(color:, size:)
-    @color_by = color
-    @size_by = size
-  end
-
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Add a smoothing line, and if confidence is true the add a confidence interval, if
-  # false does not add the confidence interval
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def add_smoothing_line(method:, confidence: true)
-    @method = method
-    @confidence = confidence
-  end
-  
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Creates the graph title, properly formated for this theme
-  # @param title [String] The title to add to the graph
-  # @return textGrob that can be included in a graph
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def graph_params(title: "", subtitle: "", caption: "", x_label: "", y_label: "")
-    R.labs(
-      title: title, 
-      subtitle: subtitle, 
-      caption: caption,
-      y_label: y_label, 
-      x_label: x_label, 
-    )
-  end
-
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Prepare the plot's points
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def points
-    params = {}
-    params[:col] = @color_by if @color_by
-    params[:size] = @size_by if @size_by
-    R.geom_point(E.aes(params))
-  end
-      
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Plots the scatterplot
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def plot(device = 'awt')
-    device == 'awt' ? R.awt : R.svg
-   
-    gg = @data.ggplot(E.aes(x: @x, y: @y)) +
-      points + 
-      R.geom_smooth(method: @method, se: @confidence) +
-      R.xlim(R.c(0, 0.1)) +
-      R.ylim(R.c(0, 500000)) + 
-      graph_params(title: @title,
-                   subtitle: @subtitle, 
-                   y_label: @y_label, 
-                   x_label: @x_label, 
-                   caption: @caption) +
-      CorpTheme.global_theme
-
-    R.png('scatter_plot.png') if !(device == 'awt')
-    puts gg
-    R.dev__off
-    
-  end
-  
-end
-```
-
-```
-## This is the fake output
-```
-
-And this is the final code for making the scatter plot with the midwest data
-
-
-```ruby
-require 'galaaz'
-require 'ggplot'
-
-sp = ScatterPlot.new(~:midwest, x: :area, y: :poptotal)
-sp.title = "Midwest Dataset - Scatterplot"
-sp.subtitle = "Area Vs Population"
-sp.caption = "Source: midwest"
-sp.x_label = "Area"
-sp.y_label = "Population"
-sp.group_by(color: :state, size: :popdensity)    # try sp.group_by(color: :state)
-# available methods: "lm", "glm", "loess", "gam"
-sp.add_smoothing_line(method: "glm") 
-# sp.plot('svg')
-puts sp
-```
-
-```
-## This is the fake output
-```
-
-![Midwest Plot with 'glm' function and modified theme](scatter_plot.png){width=70%}
-
-# Conclusion
-
-R is a very powerful language for statistical analysis, data analytics, machine learning, plotting
-and many other scientific applications with a very large package ecosystem.  However R is often
-considered hard to learn and lacking modern computer languages constructs such as object oriented
-classes, modules, lambdas, etc.  For this reason, many developers have started or switched from R
-to Python.
-
-With Galaaz, R programmers can almost transparently migrate from R to Ruby, since syntax is
-almost identical and they have fastR as the R engine.  FastR, by most benchmarks, can be orders of
-magnitude faster than Gnu R.  Further, by using Galaaz the R developer can start (slowly if needed)
-using all of Ruby's constructs and libraries that nicely complement R packages.
-
-For the Ruby developer, Galaaz allows the immediate use of R functions completely transparently. As
-shown in the second example above, class ScatterPlot completely hides all the details an R calls
-from the Ruby developer, furthermore Galaaz is powered by TruffleRuby that can also be orders of
-magnitude faster than MRI Ruby.

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-  \title{Ruby Plotting with Galaaz}
-    \pretitle{\vspace{\droptitle}\centering\huge}
-  \posttitle{\par}
-  \subtitle{An example of tightly coupling Ruby and R in GraalVM}
-  \author{Rodrigo Botafogo}
-    \preauthor{\centering\large\emph}
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-      \predate{\centering\large\emph}
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-    \date{16 October 2018}
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-{
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-\hypertarget{introduction}{%
-\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}}
-
-Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R. Ruby is a powerful
-language, with a large community, a very large set of libraries and
-great for web development. However, it lacks libraries for data science,
-statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning. On the other hand,
-R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of
-the above problems. Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with
-libraries such as NumPy, Panda, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and a couple more.
-
-With Galaaz we do not intend to re-implement any of the scientific
-libraries in R, we allow for very tight coupling between the two
-languages to the point that the Ruby developer does not need to know
-that there is an R engine running. For this to happen we use new
-technologies provided by Oracle: GraalVM, TruffleRuby and FastR:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
- GraalVM is a universal virtual machine for running applications
- written in JavaScript, Python 3, Ruby, R, JVM-based languages like Java,
- Scala, Kotlin, and LLVM-based languages such as C and C++.
-
- GraalVM removes the isolation between programming languages and enables
- interoperability in a shared runtime. It can run either standalone or in
- the context of OpenJDK, Node.js, Oracle Database, or MySQL.
-
- GraalVM allows you to write polyglot applications with a seamless way to
- pass values from one language to another. With GraalVM there is no copying
- or marshaling necessary as it is with other polyglot systems. This lets
- you achieve high performance when language boundaries are crossed. Most
- of the time there is no additional cost for crossing a language boundary
- at all.
-
- Often developers have to make uncomfortable compromises that require them
- to rewrite their software in other languages. For example:
-
-  * “That library is not available in my language. I need to rewrite it.” 
-  * “That language would be the perfect fit for my problem, but we cannot
-    run it in our environment.” 
-  * “That problem is already solved in my language, but the language is
-    too slow.”
-
-With GraalVM we aim to allow developers to freely choose the right language
-for the task at hand without making compromises.
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Interested readers should also check out the following sites:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  \href{https://www.graalvm.org/}{GraalVM Home}
-\item
-  \href{https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby}{TruffleRuby}
-\item
-  \href{https://github.com/oracle/fastr}{FastR}
-\item
-  \href{https://medium.com/graalvm/faster-r-with-fastr-4b8db0e0dceb}{Faster
-  R with FastR}
-\end{itemize}
-
-\hypertarget{what-does-galaaz-mean}{%
-\subsection{What does Galaaz mean}\label{what-does-galaaz-mean}}
-
-Galaaz is the Portuguese name for ``Galahad''. From Wikipedia:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-Sir Galahad (sometimes referred to as Galeas or Galath),
-in Arthurian legend, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one
-of the three achievers of the Holy Grail. He is the illegitimate son
-of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, and is renowned for his
-gallantry and purity as the most perfect of all knights. Emerging quite
-late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the
-Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as
-the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.
-His name should not be mistaken with Galehaut, a different knight from
-Arthurian legend. 
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\hypertarget{galaaz-demo}{%
-\section{Galaaz Demo}\label{galaaz-demo}}
-
-\hypertarget{prerequisites}{%
-\subsection{Prerequisites}\label{prerequisites}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  GraalVM (\textgreater{}= rc7)
-\item
-  TruffleRuby
-\item
-  FastR
-\end{itemize}
-
-The following R packages will be automatically installed when necessary,
-but could be installed prior to the demo if desired:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  ggplot2
-\item
-  gridExtra
-\end{itemize}
-
-Installation of R packages requires a development environment. In Linux,
-the gnu compiler and tools should be enough. I am not sure what is
-needed on the Mac.
-
-In order to run the `specs' the following Ruby package is necessary:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  gem install rspec
-\end{itemize}
-
-\hypertarget{preparation}{%
-\subsection{Preparation}\label{preparation}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  gem install galaaz
-\end{itemize}
-
-\hypertarget{running-the-demo}{%
-\subsection{Running the demo}\label{running-the-demo}}
-
-The ggplot for this demos was extracted from:
-\url{http://r-statistics.co/Top50-Ggplot2-Visualizations-MasterList-R-Code.html}.
-
-On the console do
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-> galaaz master_list:scatter_plot
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\hypertarget{running-other-demos}{%
-\subsection{Running other demos}\label{running-other-demos}}
-
-Doing on the console
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-> galaaz -T
-\end{verbatim}
-
-will show a list with all available demos. To run any of the demos in
-the list, substitute the call to `rake' to `galaaz'. For instance, one
-of the examples in the list is `rake sthda:bar'. In order to run this
-example just do `galaaz sthda:bar'. Doing `galaaz sthda:all' will run
-all demos in the sthda cathegory. Some of the examples require `rspec'
-do be available. To install `rspec' just do `gem install rspec'.
-
-\hypertarget{the-demo-code}{%
-\section{The demo code}\label{the-demo-code}}
-
-The following is the Ruby code and plot for the above example. There is
-a small difference between the code in the example and the code bellow.
-If the example is ran, the plot will appear on the screen, bellow, we
-generate an `svg' image and then include it in this document. In order
-to generate and image, the R.svg device is used. To generate the plot on
-the screen, use the R.awt device, as commented on the code.
-
-\begin{figure}
-\centering
-\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,height=\textheight]{midwest.png}
-\caption{Midwest Plot}
-\end{figure}
-
-In R, the code to generate this plot is the following
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\CommentTok{# install.packages("ggplot2")}
-\CommentTok{# load package and data}
-\KeywordTok{options}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{scipen=}\DecValTok{999}\NormalTok{)  }\CommentTok{# turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48}
-\KeywordTok{library}\NormalTok{(ggplot2)}
-\KeywordTok{theme_set}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{theme_bw}\NormalTok{())  }\CommentTok{# pre-set the bw theme.}
-\KeywordTok{data}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"midwest"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{package =} \StringTok{"ggplot2"}\NormalTok{)}
-\CommentTok{# midwest <- read.csv("http://goo.gl/G1K41K")  # bkup data source}
-
-\CommentTok{# Scatterplot}
-\NormalTok{gg <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{ggplot}\NormalTok{(midwest, }\KeywordTok{aes}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{x=}\NormalTok{area, }\DataTypeTok{y=}\NormalTok{poptotal)) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{geom_point}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{aes}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{col=}\NormalTok{state, }\DataTypeTok{size=}\NormalTok{popdensity)) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{geom_smooth}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{method=}\StringTok{"loess"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{se=}\NormalTok{F) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{xlim}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\FloatTok{0.1}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{ylim}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{500000}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }
-\StringTok{      }\KeywordTok{labs}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{subtitle=}\StringTok{"Area Vs Population"}\NormalTok{, }
-           \DataTypeTok{y=}\StringTok{"Population"}\NormalTok{, }
-           \DataTypeTok{x=}\StringTok{"Area"}\NormalTok{, }
-           \DataTypeTok{title=}\StringTok{"Scatterplot"}\NormalTok{, }
-           \DataTypeTok{caption =} \StringTok{"Source: midwest"}\NormalTok{)}
-
-\KeywordTok{plot}\NormalTok{(gg)}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-Note that both codes are very similar. The Ruby code requires the use of
-``R.'' before calling any functions, for instance R function
-`geom\_point' becomes `R.geom\_point' in Ruby. R named parameters such
-as (col = state, size = popdensity), become in Ruby (col: :state, size:
-:popdensity).
-
-One last point that needs to be observed is the call to the `aes'
-function. In Ruby instead of doing `R.aes', we use `E.aes'. The
-explanation of why E.aes is needed is an advanced topic in R and depends
-on what is know as Non-standard Evaluation (NSE) in R. In short,
-function `aes' is lazily evaluated in R, i.e., in R when calling
-geom\_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)), function geom\_point
-receives as argument something similar to a string containing
-`aes(col=state, size=popdensity)', and the aes function will be
-evaluated inside the geom\_point function. In Ruby, there is no Lazy
-evaluation and doing R.aes would try to evaluate aes immediately. In
-order to delay the evaluation of function aes we need to use E.aes. The
-interested reader on NSE in R is directed to
-\url{http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Computing-on-the-language.html}.
-
-\hypertarget{an-extension-to-the-example}{%
-\section{An extension to the
-example}\label{an-extension-to-the-example}}
-
-If both codes are so similar, then why would one use Ruby instead of R
-and what good is galaaz after all?
-
-Ruby is a modern OO language with numerous very useful constructs such
-as classes, modules, blocks, procs, etc. The example above focus on the
-coupling of both languages, and does not show the use of other Ruby
-constructs. In the following example, we will show a more complex
-example using other Ruby constructs. This is certainly not a very well
-written and robust Ruby code, but it give the idea of how Ruby and R are
-strongly coupled.
-
-Let's imagine that we work in a corporation that has its plot themes.
-So, it has defined a `CorpTheme' module. Plots in this corporation
-should not have grids, numbers in labels should not use scientific
-notation and the preferred color is blue.
-
-We now define a ScatterPlot class:
-
-And this is the final code for making the scatter plot with the midwest
-data
-
-\begin{figure}
-\centering
-\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,height=\textheight]{scatter_plot.png}
-\caption{Midwest Plot with `glm' function and modified theme}
-\end{figure}
-
-\hypertarget{conclusion}{%
-\section{Conclusion}\label{conclusion}}
-
-R is a very powerful language for statistical analysis, data analytics,
-machine learning, plotting and many other scientific applications with a
-very large package ecosystem. However R is often considered hard to
-learn and lacking modern computer languages constructs such as object
-oriented classes, modules, lambdas, etc. For this reason, many
-developers have started or switched from R to Python.
-
-With Galaaz, R programmers can almost transparently migrate from R to
-Ruby, since syntax is almost identical and they have fastR as the R
-engine. FastR, by most benchmarks, can be orders of magnitude faster
-than Gnu R. Further, by using Galaaz the R developer can start (slowly
-if needed) using all of Ruby's constructs and libraries that nicely
-complement R packages.
-
-For the Ruby developer, Galaaz allows the immediate use of R functions
-completely transparently. As shown in the second example above, class
-ScatterPlot completely hides all the details an R calls from the Ruby
-developer, furthermore Galaaz is powered by TruffleRuby that can also be
-orders of magnitude faster than MRI Ruby.
-
-
-\end{document}