galaaz 0.4.7 → 0.4.8

data/blogs/manual/manual.html

@@ -283,6 +283,9 @@ img {
 button.code-folding-btn:focus {
   outline: none;
 }
+summary {
+  display: list-item;
+}
 </style>
 
 
@@ -290,10 +293,71 @@ button.code-folding-btn:focus {
 <div class="container-fluid main-container">
 
 <!-- tabsets -->
+
+<style type="text/css">
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs {
+  display: inline-table;
+  max-height: 500px;
+  min-height: 44px;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  background: white;
+  border: 1px solid #ddd;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+}
+
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs > li.active:before {
+  content: "";
+  font-family: 'Glyphicons Halflings';
+  display: inline-block;
+  padding: 10px;
+  border-right: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs.nav-tabs-open > li.active:before {
+  content: "";
+  border: none;
+}
+
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs.nav-tabs-open:before {
+  content: "";
+  font-family: 'Glyphicons Halflings';
+  display: inline-block;
+  padding: 10px;
+  border-right: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs > li.active {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs > li > a,
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs > li > a:focus,
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs > li > a:hover {
+  border: none;
+  display: inline-block;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+}
+
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs.nav-tabs-open > li {
+  display: block;
+  float: none;
+}
+
+.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs > li {
+  display: none;
+}
+</style>
+
 <script>
 $(document).ready(function () {
   window.buildTabsets("TOC");
 });
+
+$(document).ready(function () {
+  $('.tabset-dropdown > .nav-tabs > li').click(function () {
+    $(this).parent().toggleClass('nav-tabs-open')
+  });
+});
 </script>
 
 <!-- code folding -->
@@ -302,7 +366,6 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
 
 
 
-
 <div class="fluid-row" id="header">
 
 
@@ -382,10 +445,18 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
 </blockquote></li>
 </ul>
 </div>
-<div id="basic-types" class="section level1">
-<h1>Basic Types</h1>
-<div id="vectors" class="section level2">
-<h2>Vectors</h2>
+<div id="gknitting-a-document" class="section level1">
+<h1>gKnitting a Document</h1>
+<p>This manual has been formatted usign gKnit. gKnit uses Knitr and R markdown to knit a document in Ruby or R and output it in any of the available formats for R markdown.<br />
+gKnit runs atop of GraalVM, and Galaaz. In gKnit, Ruby variables are persisted between chunks, making it an ideal solution for literate programming.<br />
+Also, since it is based on Galaaz, Ruby chunks can have access to R variables and Polyglot Programming with Ruby and R is quite natural.</p>
+<p>gknit was describe in more depth in:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>xxx.xxxx.xxx</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="vector" class="section level1">
+<h1>Vector</h1>
 <p>Vectors can be thought of as contiguous cells containing data. Cells are accessed through indexing operations such as x[5]. Galaaz has six basic (‘atomic’) vector types: logical, integer, real, complex, string (or character) and raw. The modes and storage modes for the different vector types are listed in the following table.</p>
 <table>
 <thead>
@@ -433,8 +504,8 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
 <pre class="ruby"><code>@vec = R.c(1, 2, 3)
 puts @vec</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
-<p>Lets take a look at the type, mode and storage.mode of our vector <span class="citation">@vec</span>. In order to print this out, we are creating a data frame ‘df’ and printing it out. A data frame, for those not familiar with it, it basically a table. Here we create the data frame and add the column name by passing named parameters for each column, such as ‘typeof:’, ‘mode:’ and ’storage__mode’. You should also note here that the double underscore is converted to a ‘.’.</p>
-<p>In R, the method used to create a data frame is ‘data.frame’, in Galaaz we use ’data__frame’.</p>
+<p>Lets take a look at the type, mode and storage.mode of our vector <span class="citation">@vec</span>. In order to print this out, we are creating a data frame ‘df’ and printing it out. A data frame, for those not familiar with it, is basically a table. Here we create the data frame and add the column name by passing named parameters for each column, such as ‘typeof:’, ‘mode:’ and ’storage__mode?‘. You should also note here that the double underscore is converted to a’.’. So, when printed ‘storage__mode’ will actually print as ‘storage.mode’.</p>
+<p>Data frames will later be more carefully described. In R, the method used to create a data frame is ‘data.frame’, in Galaaz we use ‘data__frame’.</p>
 <pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(typeof: @vec.typeof, mode: @vec.mode, storage__mode: @vec.storage__mode)
 puts df</code></pre>
 <pre><code>##    typeof    mode storage.mode
@@ -479,23 +550,104 @@ double
 ##  undefined local variable or method `hello' for RubyChunk:Class</code></pre>
 <pre><code>## Message:
 ##  (eval):1:in `exec_ruby'
-## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:137:in `instance_eval'
-## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:137:in `exec_ruby'
-## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/gknit/ruby_engine.rb:55:in `block in initialize'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:141:in `instance_eval'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:141:in `exec_ruby'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/gknit/knitr_engine.rb:657:in `block in initialize'
 ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `call'
 ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `callback'
 ## (eval):3:in `function(...) {\n          rb_method(...)'
 ## unknown.r:1:in `in_dir'
-## unknown.r:1:in `block_exec'
-## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:91:in `call_block'
-## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:6:in `process_group.block'
-## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:3:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
+## unknown.r:1:in `block_exec:BLOCK0'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc15/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:102:in `block_exec'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc15/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:92:in `call_block'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc15/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:6:in `process_group.block'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc15/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:3:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
 ## unknown.r:1:in `withCallingHandlers'
 ## unknown.r:1:in `process_file'
-## unknown.r:1:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
-## unknown.r:1:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
-## &lt;REPL&gt;:4:in `&lt;repl wrapper&gt;'
+## unknown.r:1:in `&lt;no source&gt;:BLOCK1'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc15/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/output.R:129:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
+## unknown.r:1:in `&lt;no source&gt;:BLOCK1'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc15/jre/languages/R/library/rmarkdown/R/render.R:162:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
+## &lt;REPL&gt;:5:in `&lt;repl wrapper&gt;'
 ## &lt;REPL&gt;:1</code></pre>
+<p>Here is a vector with logical values</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec = R.c(true, true, false, false, true)
+puts @vec</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE</code></pre>
+<div id="combining-vectors" class="section level2">
+<h2>Combining Vectors</h2>
+<p>The ‘c’ functions used to create vectors can also be used to combine two vectors:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec1 = R.c(10.0, 20.0, 30.0)
+@vec2 = R.c(4.0, 5.0, 6.0)
+@vec = R.c(@vec1, @vec2)
+puts @vec</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 10 20 30  4  5  6</code></pre>
+<p>In galaaz, methods can be chainned (somewhat like the pipe operator in R %&gt;%, but more generic). In this next example, method ‘c’ is chainned after ‘<span class="citation">@vec1</span>’. This also looks like ‘c’ is a method of the vector, but in reallity, this is actually closer to the pipe operator. When Galaaz identifies that ‘c’ is not a method of ‘vec’ it actually tries to call ‘R.c’ with ‘<span class="citation">@vec1</span>’ as the first argument concatenated with all the other available arguments. The code bellow is automatically converted to the code above.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec = @vec1.c(@vec2)
+puts @vec</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 10 20 30  4  5  6</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="vector-arithmetic" class="section level2">
+<h2>Vector Arithmetic</h2>
+<p>Arithmetic operations on vectors are performed element by element:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec1 + @vec2</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 14 25 36</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec1 * 5</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1]  50 100 150</code></pre>
+<p>When vectors have different length, a recycling rule is applied to the shorter vector:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@vec3 = R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0)
+puts @vec4 = @vec1 + @vec3</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 11 22 33 14 25 36 17 28 39</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="vector-indexing" class="section level2">
+<h2>Vector Indexing</h2>
+<p>Vectors can be indexed by using the ‘[]’ operator:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[3]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 33</code></pre>
+<p>We can also index a vector with another vector. For example, in the code bellow, we take elements 1, 3, 5, and 7 from <span class="citation">@vec3</span>:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[R.c(1, 3, 5, 7)]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 11 33 25 17</code></pre>
+<p>Repeating an index and having indices out of order is valid code:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[R.c(1, 3, 3, 1)]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 11 33 33 11</code></pre>
+<p>It is also possible to index a vector with a negative number or negative vector. In these cases the indexed values are not returned:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[-3]
+puts @vec4[-R.c(1, 3, 5, 7)]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 11 22 14 25 36 17 28 39
+## [1] 22 14 36 28 39</code></pre>
+<p>If an index is out of range, a missing value (NA) will be reported.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[30]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] NA</code></pre>
+<p>It is also possible to index a vector by range:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4[(2..5)]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 22 33 14 25</code></pre>
+<p>Elements in a vector can be named using the ‘names’ attribute of a vector:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>full_name = R.c(&quot;Rodrigo&quot;, &quot;A&quot;, &quot;Botafogo&quot;)
+full_name.names = R.c(&quot;First&quot;, &quot;Middle&quot;, &quot;Last&quot;)
+puts full_name</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##      First     Middle       Last 
+##  &quot;Rodrigo&quot;        &quot;A&quot; &quot;Botafogo&quot;</code></pre>
+<p>Or it can also be named by using the ‘c’ function with named paramenters:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>full_name = R.c(First: &quot;Rodrigo&quot;, Middle: &quot;A&quot;, Last: &quot;Botafogo&quot;)
+puts full_name</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##      First     Middle       Last 
+##  &quot;Rodrigo&quot;        &quot;A&quot; &quot;Botafogo&quot;</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="extracting-native-ruby-types-from-a-vector" class="section level2">
+<h2>Extracting Native Ruby Types from a Vector</h2>
+<p>Vectors created with ‘R.c’ are of class R::Vector. You might have noticed that when indexing a vector, a new vector is returned, even if this vector has one single element. In order to use R::Vector with other ruby classes it might be necessary to extract the actual Ruby native type from the vector. In order to do this extraction the ‘&gt;&gt;’ operator is used.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @vec4
+puts @vec4 &gt;&gt; 0
+puts @vec4 &gt;&gt; 4</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 11 22 33 14 25 36 17 28 39
+## 11.0
+## 25.0</code></pre>
+<p>Note that indexing with ‘&gt;&gt;’ starts at 0 and not at 1, also, we cannot do negative indexing.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="accessing-r-variables" class="section level1">
+<h1>Accessing R variables</h1>
+<p>Galaaz allows Ruby to access variables created in R. For example, the ‘mtcars’ data set is available in R and can be accessed from Ruby by using the ‘tilda’ operator followed by the symbol for the variable, in this case ‘:mtcar’. In the code bellow method ‘outputs’ is used to output the ‘mtcars’ data set nicely formatted in HTML by use of the ‘kable’ and ‘kable_styling’ functions. Method ‘outputs’ is only available when used with ‘gknit’.</p>
 <pre class="ruby"><code>outputs (~:mtcars).kable.kable_styling</code></pre>
 <table class="table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
@@ -1757,36 +1909,581 @@ Volvo 142E
 </tbody>
 </table>
 </div>
-<div id="graphics-with-ggplot" class="section level2">
-<h2>Graphics with ggplot</h2>
-<pre class="ruby"><code>require 'ggplot'
-
-R.theme_set R.theme_bw
-
-# Data Prep
-mtcars = ~:mtcars
-mtcars.car_name = R.rownames(:mtcars)
-# compute normalized mpg 
-mtcars.mpg_z = ((mtcars.mpg - mtcars.mpg.mean)/mtcars.mpg.sd).round 2
-mtcars.mpg_type = mtcars.mpg_z &lt; 0 ? &quot;below&quot; : &quot;above&quot;
-mtcars = mtcars[mtcars.mpg_z.order, :all]
-# convert to factor to retain sorted order in plot
-mtcars.car_name = mtcars.car_name.factor levels: mtcars.car_name
-
-# Diverging Barcharts
-gg = mtcars.ggplot(E.aes(x: :car_name, y: :mpg_z, label: :mpg_z)) + 
-     R.geom_bar(E.aes(fill: :mpg_type), stat: 'identity',  width: 0.5) +
-     R.scale_fill_manual(name: &quot;Mileage&quot;, 
-                         labels: R.c(&quot;Above Average&quot;, &quot;Below Average&quot;), 
-                         values: R.c(&quot;above&quot;: &quot;#00ba38&quot;, &quot;below&quot;: &quot;#f8766d&quot;)) + 
-     R.labs(subtitle: &quot;Normalised mileage from 'mtcars'&quot;, 
-            title: &quot;Diverging Bars&quot;) + 
-     R.coord_flip()
-
-puts gg</code></pre>
-<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAfgAAAFoCAIAAAA0LH5rAABUiUlEQVR42u29CXgUVb7+r8MO/r13mNEZLiii6Pg4jnLFccbxzjPMvW5XRwJZyEoCgchOCIvEsGRYBpNgZA8QEwiLhEUIQkggbIpEiElkHTAg4sMiSwJITAgxgf6/T5/7O7dudZ3q6uzpft8nT55Tp0+dOtXd9alvnXr7W/fYKIqiKLfWPXwLKIqiCHqKoiiKoKcoiqIIeoqiKIqgpyiKogh6iqIoiqCnKIqiCHqKoiiCnqIoiiLoKTf5BtjFkVAUQU81S3wLtW7dunPnzq+99tq8efNKS0s9GfS6t+XJJ5+Mj4+/c+cOvzAUQU81b9Br1alTp/z8fL4tWr3zzjv8wlAEPdVciSbKt2/fPnv2bFpaGgJYVD744IMlJSV8W8rLyxMSErD4y1/+kl8YiqCnmjfRpMrKyp555hnU//3vf3dsWVxc3KZNmxYtWly6dEm31r/8y7/g9PDTTz+JmlWrVv3lL39BZevWrR977LEJEyb88MMPug5//PHHIUOGdOzYER2K+m+++eatt97q0KHD/fffHx4eXlpaqhuk4SKa9e/fv3379r/4xS8mTpx49+5d2cBph07flsrKSiy2bdtW2yYnJ+fNN9/E3rVr1+7FF1/ctWuXYw+6vcPiuHHjunXr1qpVKwzm5Zdf3rp1K7+EFEFPNQLooY0bN6L+D3/4g2HLgIAAlD/44APtKikpKagcP348yuBsUFCQ4+zHb3/725s3b2o77N27t3xVnEU6deqkXQWMtgL6Pn36aNdasGCBeNVKh+Zvy61btxITE7EIrJtM74DdBQUFuld1e+fn5+f4nvBLSBH0VOOA/urVq6j/+c9/bthyz549KD/33HPaVZ5//nlUnjx5EuUPP/wQZYSumzdvRhSPGB8QfOmll1CJcFvb4cMPP7x7926EzKIS5wlUdu/ePS8vD5X4j0sBK6DHOen06dPl5eWjRo3CIgZjvUPV26K9HxsaGor3RNvG19e3sLAQfZ4/f16c+fBf14Nu73BNIE5CONuJwXh7e/NLSBH0VOOAvqqqCvUtW7ZUtXz88cexeOLECbEI5GHxT3/6k1gEdrH45Zdfavu8cOECKrGitsOsrCxtm9/85jeozMnJkTU7duywAvpDhw6JxStXrmCxQ4cO1jt0Cnqoc+fOixYtUrW/ceMG2jz00EO6HnR7B+6LK4O///3vn332GW08FEFPNSboBS47duyoainuT06aNEksvv3221hMSUkRi+3bt1f5eVq1aqXtEDG4drtt2rRB5a1bt2QNGlgBfXV1tWEDKx2avy045+EypW/fvtrZKmxu9uzZPXr00O4pAn9dD7q9A/dxkSTb4zrj8OHD/BJSBD3VOKD/+OOPUf/HP/5R1fLq1avgWrdu3e7evVtaWnqfXT/++KN4tV27dveoZbLpGoNetVO1B71QSUkJarp06SIWo6KiTHbN5I3F1jdv3ozV0ZV2iomiCHqqQUFfVlb2u9/9DvXTpk0zadmvXz/UfP7554sXL0YhPDxcviTm648dO+bqpsVMy86dO2VNTk5ObUBvpUProMdpQyziWgeLa9eu/eGHH3Cqu3nzpkXQS126dAkNWrRooTUIURRBT9Uv6CsrK7/77rsVK1YY+ugdybVr1y7UDBkypEePHijk5ubKl5YtWyZuRaK3c+fOVVVV3b59u6ioKDk5+cUXXzRB4bhx48Q8fn5+/k8//YT/4mZAjUFvpUPzt6W6uvrrr78WUzfy/rO4ZEFsjv06c+aMv7+/FdC//vrrOM3gPIpLH7wVjpZNiiLoqfoCvaPAaN0vYx3JhVC0e/fuYm4E5wZdz8L94urUzZUrV379619rG//tb38zvy1sDnorHVp8W7BKdna2aCC4r+vTKegd+wwKCuKXkCLoqYYDPaLULl26vPHGG0lJSXK23ZxccXFxoj4hIcGxc4T8vr6+nTt3btWqFTr/7W9/O3z48Ly8PPPJjVOnTr355pvt27e///77Bw4ciHgZzR544IGagd5Kh+ZvS4sWLTp16uTj43Pw4EHZoLi42NvbG33+67/+64ABA3744QcroN+7dy/6+cUvfoFzRrdu3aKjo7U3DyiKoKc8VGIWqFevXk22Q4oi6CnKNXl5eeXm5t6+fRth8urVqxEya3/p2hQ6pCiCnqJq91VzUM+ePeWPS5tChxRF0FNUrbRt27ZXXnlFmwpNpsdpIh1SFEFPURRFEfQURVEUQU9RFEUR9BRFURRBT1EURRH0FEVRFEFPURRF0FMURVEEPUVRFEXQUxRFUQQ9RVEURdBTFEVRBD31/z7Ue+7x8fExrG/cUdXHMOqkt3oaW42Vnp7+q1/9yumTEevpA2ri320e4AQ99b+gX7duHUHfTEHfpUsX7aN6mzJDG/gdI+gJeup/D4bLly//5je/uXr1ahMEfVPutolw5N5777179y5BT9AT9JSTg2HFihV+fn6qg2TJkiWPPfZYq1at8D85OVnb5qOPPnrhhRc6dOjws5/9TNY8//zz7dq1Q+XLL7987NixrKysP/3pT+3bt0dN3759tWcUnGOGDRuGxg8++ODw4cPLy8tVUfOJEyf++7//+/7772/duvVzzz23du1a2cknn3zSo0cP1Hft2jUlJUW7F8uWLXv00Ucx8u7du2MvVEe+S8M2jOhNxqDaR2jp0qWPPPKI4fBMOtSNXPu8dcdPxOnHZ/3DUl3WWOzE8OnwYk979uzZpk2bhx9+WLunJt8N3T6qvhsEPUFP6Y/Y119//eOPP3asX7lyJWB04MCBysrKL774AtzBYSbbPPXUU7m5uT/99JOsefrppz///HM0LikpGTJkSMeOHZ999tl9+/bdvn1b1Hh7e8utdO7cOS0traKi4sKFCyEhIaNGjVLB9Mknn1ywYMHNmzfRc15enuxk+/btP//5zzdt2oT+jxw58sQTT2zevFm8hEqgDY2xCsbfrVs3E9BbH7bj2EzGYLKP4BH4LoaH/xiqxQ5N4lbHT8T843Ppw6rDt04qMzOzS5cuO3fuROPTp0/379/fyndDt4+q7wZF0FN6TJw7dw7cKS4u1tUj2kKAJttv27bt97//vWzz5Zdf6no7fvy4XLx+/Tpq/vnPf2pr7rvvPsORlJaWdurUSQXTtm3b4oB3XOvPf/4zgCgX8/Pzn3nmGVH+4x//uGPHDvlSdna2CeitD9txbCZjMNlHxKQ5OTnyJQy1Bh06gl73iZh/fDX+sGr51km9+OKLW7dudfot1X03dPuo+m5QBD1lgInFixf7+/s7EvbWrVuyDa6gUSPbVFdX63rTzRcb1ojClStXwsPDEbi1aNFCXM7L2QZHmEZFReESHtfyiPLOnz8ve2vfvr1uTkB2gqt+3chNQG992I4FkzGY7KPjG2ulQ6eg130i5h+f9b022XoN3jopfEbauSwp8++Gbh9V3w2KoKcMjmQcn3/5y19ELGkR9Ca9Oa3561//Onr06KKiIlyeYxFX4iYwhQoLCxMSEvr169exY8f33ntPDu/HH3803DWXQG+9xvBqQzUGk300Ab1Jh05Br3u1zj++OnnrnILeyndDK8PvBkXQU8aH5enTp7t163bt2jXt1E12drZskJWVpb32r81h36pVK3EYC+Xk5JiDXurbb79FzCvKL7300qeffmq4ay5N3dQG9CZjMNnHF154YefOnYYvmXToKujr/OOrzVvnaBB68cUXMzMzXXrfzIek/W5QBD2lPCzff//9oKAg7c3YRx999ODBg4iq8B+nAe3dvNoc9mDQ1KlTcVJByLlly5ZOnTqZwPT111/H0V5WVoZQNzk5+be//a2o37Vr1/PPP//FF1/cvn0br2LxjTfeEC9t2LBB3O2UI68n0JuMwWQf165d+/jjj+fn52N4+I+ylQ5dBX2df3y1eeu6dOmyZ88eLevxnjz00EO7d++urKzU3oy18t2QUn03KIKeUh6W1dXVf/jDH3Rz94899ljLli0d/Xm1OexxYL/yyitt27Zt06bNs88+u2LFChOYbtu27S9/+Qta3n///W+++SYu6mWHCH5xpd+hQ4d27dr16tVLGyGmpKSo/It1CHqTMZjso81ufOzatasY3sKFC1u3bm1lp1wCfZ1/fLV561atWtW5c2fE9do2GzduFEZSfFKpqanWvxtSJt8NiqCnqCakwsLCJ598ku8DRdBTlFspJCTk1KlTVVVVhw4d6tmzZ0JCAt8TiqCnKLdSWlpa9+7dW7Zs2bVr12nTpt25c4fvCUXQUxRFUQQ9RVEURdBTFEVRBD1FURRBT1EURRH0FEVRFEFPURRFEfSUM7311lu6gkUdOnTo7xTlTGfPnuVRRtA3dQg6qm7x6pLy8/NHjx7dt2/fiIiIXbt2NS7o33777VdfffVtUw0ePBhDfbsWCg8PHzRoUI1Xr+UAGnfrzX33oV69eoH1ZB9B38zC3kbs8OTJk6GhoYWFhVVVVZcuXZo7d26jg97pMXz79m35wLaa6YcffrCeWr3OB9C4W2/uu2/xS0IR9E0U9JWVlQsWLPC3a+HChVjE8RAcHHzz5k3RoLq6OiQkBMeJY0vdhYJoD3DPmDHDz8/P29s7NjYWKzqOAQ12797tWG+4CbGVzZs3Dxw4sHfv3ubNdAUrgyHoCXqCnnJz0Kempk6bNg2HwY0bN4DCZcuW2ew5Y9evXy8afPXVV2igaunY4fDhw48cOQL4lpeXJycnJyYmOo4hKCjIkLkmm0hISJCrOB2JLFgZjOeA/vY7o/hn/kfQU+4J+rCwsIsXL4ryhQsXBgwYIALh8PBw8TjKpKSkffv2qVqaz5OATbgacKz38vIyzFplsolr165ZaWYyJMfByJtsr7766qRJk340FUCJq5wfayHswvXr12u8ei0HgK2T407/TN5Agp6gb8ag1zIXZO/Tp48ox8XFffbZZ3fv3h06dKiYG1G11HV48uTJiRMn+vn5ifkcMdliMaK3uAmnzWTBfDDa+2wxMTE/mAqMxgXED7VQSUkJaFvj1Ws5AGydHHf6Z/IGEvQEffOO6L///nsZHWNRlIuKisaNGwdQyjulqpa6DhFf4wqgvLwcJwn8NwyuZ8yYsWfPHsOI3somnDaTBSuD4dQN/zh1Q7k56FNSUsR8NxQbGysfYAYhFn733XePHDli3jIgIAC01Ubr4rGcly5dMnRzooDzB+h86NAh4bqZN2+edhNooNuEdl0h3UgKCwsnTZqEemw9MTFRtsfYRo8e7evr6+PjExoa6uGg583Y2oyfoCfomzHoKysrwdl+dqEgHSwQeD1w4ED5/GJVy3Xr1om5EbF44MCBiIgILy+v8PBwE7e+9NHj+JEOHLEJrKLbhK4TLOpGMmXKlIKCAnGGWLx4sWw/ePDgwMBADAY7glMCQU/QE/SUR4DeurKzs5cvX16HJxVdpaH30crvucxt8iACOhRlBPKSDjgfYJGgJ+gJeoqg/x+Vl5cPHTq0uLi4/kCv8j46/bmTeQNciEyYMEGU4+Li0tPT0X9ZWdmaNWuw6Mmg5xS8+Sw8QU95FuiFQSUzM7P2/RjO0RtSTHofawP6M2fODBw4EP/FYklJyaBBg8TWUdB6NG20V9JA6YoIeoKeqklEr/I+1hj0R48eBeWPHz8uayZPnrx69eoyu1DAoi5Go72SBkqLIugJeqomoFd5H2sGenQVFhZWVFSkrfT29tbO0cu5e07dcOqGUzcUQd8QoNcaMRMSErSeSK1f00q3GRkZ4eHh586d09VHRkauWbNGRvRRUVGeDHrejK3N+Al6gt6tQFzLluZrOaZKFkbMrVu3ysY6v6bJ6ibdVlRUoB7oj4mJ8bFr0qRJqvMHQU/QE/QUQW9r3OT19S2CnqAn6CkPAr3FXMSOv2AShYKCghEjRvTp02fQoEE7duywDnpVh9YTFG/cuDEkJMTX13fevHmSCExTTNAT9BRBr8euxVzEqsXg4ODc3FwckFevXp0/f36dgN5igmKZFAEF+TsvpinWbt2Tb7ES9BRB/7+ymItYtYjQOzMz0+RnVqrHGZqA3mKCYpnmDA0wDENQMk2xx7rja/nm00dP0LsV6C0mClYtnjp1asaMGUFBQREREXl5eXUS0VscnmE90xR7iI++vt98+ugJeneL6K0kCgZJESCLcmlpqe7Vu3fv5ufnh4aGWge9qkPrCYplPQoy0meaYk7dcOqGIuj14LOYizgqKio9PR3oQaAUFxcn+0lISDh37lxVVRVAHxwcbLJF3aZVHVpMqoxmuJIQ9dOnT5dz9CqrvmeCnjdjCXrKQ0Gvmy7X5SJ29LaLmjNnzkRGRgp3TVZWlmyG8Hno0KGoHzFiRGFhofU5elWHsiDTGmNgPj4+uuFpXTdz5szBXoiXtDmTtVZ9gp6gJ+gpTwF9DUL+RjHUnzx5MjQ0FGcO8aAS+dCruhoVQU/QE/QUQW9QY2JpR0iOwBzhOYJ0mUgSRykAjYi7f//+iL7Ns9LrhAby4SS6wXz77beI2WVvd+/exeLZs2dlTXV1dUpKSnBwcEBAQEZGBkFP0BP0FEFvFfQmlvaEhISSkpKKior09PSxY8eK+uXLl2vbO81Kr5XqYeKikzFjxsjeDh8+LBLayJqVK1dOnTq1uLi4rKzsww8/9GTQ82YsQU8R9MagV82qm1jaS0tLJZuk0xENtIYZp1nptdK6Kh1Bn5mZGR8fL2ri4uK2bdtm+7/WflWKG/ro6aOnj54i6M0ielcd97r2TrPSW4/oEar7+/sDgmiDAhZ128XmVDEaffT00dNHTxH0StBbdNxrs89rf7zqNCu9bo5+z549JsObPXv2pk2bNm7c+P777+teMonoOXXDqRtO3VAEvRnoTSztqiQH0uqOFR2z0ovJfcctzpo1a968eTiRHDp0qKqqasmSJYMGDdJuSEzND7ULBe04cWwPHz4cQX1gYOCKFSs4R0/QE/QUQe8C6HWOe63rRpcpXrafM2eOj49PSEiI1nUjre6oMbS6X79+Hats27Zt9OjRffr0QcstW7botoWrgUF2oaDdLs4cH3zwwcKFCwH6vn37YtGTQU/XDUFPEfT1eHrQVhr6KQ0fJyKVk5Mzbtw4hPNjx47duXOn021JYSvy8C4tLZ04cSJBT9AT9BRBX++gV/kpzZE9efJksH7KlClWtqUCfUBAAKdumulzXAl6iqBvcqB3mohYHr3ST2mO7KNHj6IB/rsE+ri4uHnz5gl7HArSGiREe2VzMUfWye7TXkkR9A0X0av8lE4j+ujoaODY6ba0JxigYdasWT4+Pv37909PT9cl1KS9srmYI+tk92mvpAj6hgO9yk9pAvqcnJwJEyZUV1ePHz8eZesRvVY7d+6U5ktO3XDqhlM3FEFfK8Sbg16VOliXCVkKoRwi8fPnz6N87ty5kJAQ1FgE/fz584uLiysrKw8cOBAeHq4y1PNmbH1v3cabsRRB3wD8FfLz84uNjXX6A6J6Bb0qdfCqVauEyTI4OHjNmjWGUzEQXpo1a5ZNcSdAp5SUFG9vb7zap08f4fon6Al6gp5yW9CLws2bN1euXCnSfjXYpI1FIbqfM2dOqV0ffPCBRRvl7t27J0yYoHp1ypQpBQUFFRUVOM4XL17sOMVP0BP0BD3lbqC32X+4JM0nJqmGN2/ePHDgQHGnFKwcMWKEeCrIjh07RBvD9L+qHMV37txZsWJFSEiIj48PgH7r1i3HQZp73g1RjvZiQsbKCQakQHRP0BP0BD3l/hH9qlWrZERvnmpYTnSA5rm5uTjMrl69On/+fFFpmP5XlaN47dq1CK7RGIifO3duUlKSU9DrPO+GKF+0aNGmTZssXkkcPHgQsb8ng77RrTUEPUXQ1y/o5Rw9gCtubNpMUw1fu3ZNro7QPjMzE5jW9mmYLEyVoxgxvmyMk0r//v0dB2nueXdEeVFREcAtch44BT2uLTBgeYUhRB99Q/41+u7TR0950NSNVhZTDZ86dWrGjBlBQUERERF5eXlyXcf0v6rUlSJHDdS7d29VLmJzz7vjLoDy8oyly66juz179OhRUP748eOOMRp99A321+i7Tx895aGgt5hqWAixc35+vuSvKqI3XERjHGnWB+zoeTf5YZS58Wbfvn3YL4T/tbwq59QNp24IeoK+WYLeJNWwtllCQsK5c+eqqqoA+uDgYFG5atUqwzl6w+2uX78eG7p06RIuAr777jvDLJLmnnfzyRnVqxkZGegKg6/9McybsbwZS9AT9M0S9CaphnVB8dChQ/v06YP65ORkOdWDMlYUFh1z0ONqYMOGDcKNM3LkSHRoGMUj9Pb19Y2MjBw7dqyPj09QUFBiYqJj2B4dHa3dEDrHYkBAgEg6r81U7KiKigqCnqAn6Ck3BH0dnjCioqK0j2+NiYmpjXfeUObmd0fjfHZ29vjx46/ZhYI0gMpU9ajfunUrTgOnT59mRE/QE/QUQe8E9KmpqXv37hWL+fn5SUlJkrkqs7zOlW9owDc5vLXmd0PjPLh/5MgRUUbhnXfeMby8yMzMnDlzJkFP0BP0FEHvBPSXL18eOXKkmB4ZO3bs+fPnJU9VZnmdK9/QgK+SzvxuaJz39/cvLy8XZRSkAV8H+uvXr8sbDJ4J+mb9MD+CniLoGw70NvujunNzc/Py8mJjY7U8VZnlHV35FpPt6MzvKuM8LhTkvDwKXl5ehqDX+keF6KNvyJzy9NFTBH1zAv3hw4cjIyPHjBlTWFhos2CW1wHX0IDvKEfzu8o4bz2ilw85kTEaffQNllOePnqKoG9OoLfZHwcI6YJrlVleB1wrEb2h+V1lnLc+Ry/SXnLqhlM3nLqhCHrnoDesVJnldWsZGvC1smJ+1/aZlZUF1gvXDQqOrhsEg6B8UFCQLgUCQU/QE/QUQe8C6PF/+/btWrN8WlqaYXp6YcAHdgMDA6UB3zxyl+b3wsLCSZMm+fj4oDIxMVHc4AXK33vvPWHzx0vx8fHiwkI+qhDq27fv/Pnz5VS+Z4KerhuCniLoa3sOaESLPbb1xRdf4BLh1q1b69atk0YdlcWeoCfoCXqKoK8J6BvXYi9VWVmJrYiyavqeoCfoCXqKoK8J6BvXYi+EYH/Dhg3Tpk0TiypDjmeCvjbz7wQ9QU/QU41ssZe9QbhukCk5VRZ7IfrorXvk3WD36aOnCPq6AX1jWeylELbj6iE6OtpKRE8fvXWPvBvsPn30FEFfN6C3NZLFXqvKyko5d885ek7dcOqGIuidsBtCMA6wxsfHq0zoWmS7mo/eVYu9znaJgF1Xj7gvNTUV4bmo37Zt24ABA9AMsTwK27dvJ+gJeoKeIuj1mLaS5tcp6FX56OvKYr9///5Ro0aJCfo5c+bIu7tZWVk4S/nbhYKHg56uG4KeIuidzKto0/wiNp8xY4afn5+3t3dsbKwAq2NygoKCghEjRgDuQLzuB6uOW0EBXBYng8jISPMLCGjcuHG66SDD58py6oagJ+gpgt4q6LVpfocPHw5uVlZWlpeXIwZPTEw0XAXtc3NzcXxevXp1/vz5TkGfkJAAdiNIT09PHzt2rMnY8vLy5s2bZz5gG+2VnLoh6CmC3iXQO6b5lUegzArpeHMV1wHFxcUm3WpBX1paKvs03JY2nHdMhuMIetoraa+kvZIi6F2L6CXQT548OXHiRD8/P5lPxnCVU6dOzZgxIygoKCIiAjG4U9CbU1uqoKAA3TodsI32Storaa+kCHqXQK9N8ztgwIB9+/YBnQiT8V8FaxlK5+fnh4aGikWE6gjYRRkhfA1AP2HChBMnTlgBPefoOXXDqRuKoHcOesM0vygfPHgQB96lS5cSEhIkYREya43weOncuXNVVVUAvZzfj4qKSk9Px3GLICsuLs5V0B8+fNgx84FqFVUGY88EPW/GEvSU24L+LSNZX9HLywvBeHx8/NmzZ+VLBw4ciIiIwKvh4eFbt26VHa5bt07M54hFRP1Dhw5FCD9ixAjxW1kI7UWeYdTPmTPHVdBHR0fjHGO+j9qLieXLlwfYlZaWxjTFBD1BT7l5RF/nSYNr0OHJkydx2gD0EebjamDu3LlN4Z0h6Al6gp5yT9BXVlYuWLBA/Jho4cKFWMSREBwcfPPmTdGguro6JCQER4hjS5uRa97QXK8TGuzevdux3nATNoc8xibNDD34VoZE0BP0BD3ltqBPTU2dNm0aDoAbN24AgsuWLUPlkiVL1q9fLxp89dVXIt+vYUvHDlXmeq2CgoIMaWuyCW0eY/Nmjh58K0Oy8WashWcBEvQEPUHfLEEfFhZ28eJFUb5w4cKAAQNECBweHi5SSCYlJYlcBYYtzadutOZ6rby8vLRPoTIfjM0hj7FJM6cefMch0UevM8u79+7TR095Iui1zNX+GCouLu6zzz67e/fu0KFDxdyIqqWuQ5W53kpEb3ETFpvJRfMh0UevM8u79+7TR095aEQvH9CB6BiLolxUVDRu3DggUt4pVbXUdagy1+vm6Pfs2WMY0VvZhMVmctHKkDh1w6kbTt1Qbgv6lJQUMd8NxcbGpqamypcQBb/77rvyp0aqljrXvNZcrzJx4vwBOh86dEi4bmS+GtUmLI5ZBXqV398zQc+bsQQ95XGgr6ysBGf72YWCdLDY7I9jHThwoHCdb9++/b333nNsGRcXN3PmTK1rXpjrvby8wsPDTdz6+fn5o0eP7tu3L44c6cDRDUZl+ZfNsBW8pHXdTJo0ycfHB2RPTEzUevOt/ICAoCfoCXrKTUBvXdnZ2cuXL5dsDQ0NvXLlirYBFlGpPTeYn1Tq5MwkhdPDhAkTtK9OmTKloKCgoqICx/PixYsBfZeGQdAT9AQ95VmgLy8vHzp0qDblZHp6uu55T8nJyai0mRrbv/32WwT42uSRWDx79qxqFYugx+GKK4YLFy6oIA4iyEcJEvQEPUFPEfQGbO3du3dmZqa28ubNm/3795dpIMvKykJCQsTvqswt9mPGjDl8+LCoQSEqKspkFYugX7Ro0aZNm0wgfvDgQZkMh6DXbr3Gd2IJeoKeoPcIJSUlbdy4UZRRwKIom1vsccKIj48XNXFxcdu2bTNZxQroi4qKAHHdk8e1OnPmzMCBA+UvY83n6Omjt2iip4+ePnqC3iP0/fffDxo0qNqu8PBw6XE0N7Yj9vf398fxiaMUBSyarGIF9KD8+fPnVa8ePXoUlD9+/Lj5NYE2RqOP3oqJnj56+ugJek/RrFmz9tols9LbLBjbZ8+evWnTJlwEvP/+++arWAG9SYS+b98+dIWQ3+nkD6duOHXDqRvKPUFvCE2Xejh58mSkXSjIShNju+j/8OHDQ+2Sk/XaVQIDA1XDED0g3ge+4+PjHZ8VrvVQZmRk4DrDysMFCXqCnqCnCHozTbBLW6My40vQ3717d5Bd0n4jV/Hx8QkJCTEchi5s37p1K04Jp0+fVo3fMdKvqKiw0UffZLZO0FMEfSOD3mKKYFUq4Dt37qxYsQLIBrgTEhJu3bplM0pirJNTl6TjgwxnzpypGpjKymk4NoKeoCfoKY8DvcUUwapUwGvXrp0yZUpxcTEwOnfuXGnIMb9icOqSdHw0uXwYoePAbAorp2psBD1BT9BT7gl61TyGxRTBqlTAiPFlxhucKvr37+8U9E5dko71OkuPbmA2hZVTNTYh2itpr6S9kvKUiN7V3L+6RbT3sqt3797aVMAmoDd3SaoieplN3nAkhlZO1dhkjEZ7Je2VtFdSHgF6V3P/6hYHDhyIo8jKFk0uL5yujoBd2jpVI3G0cqrG5plTN3TdcOqG8lzQW8n964hjubh+/XqsfunSJVwNfPfddwkJCaJel8TY+sC09Xfv3kUoB8oHBQVpf+9q2IOjlVM1NoKeoCfoqfoCPeLN3/3udz/72c/E4htvvCGmkuuc6du3b9fWFBQUmLtuVBZJK6AHizds2CDcOCNHjty3b58uWhf2dsTjq1evlqujLCJ02U90dLTjFr28vNDt5MmTz549i8qqqiqt9b6oqAhb1I5EZ+V0HJsng543Ywl6qt5Bn5yc/MQTT+Tn599zz/+svnPnzv/6r/+qD9BHRUVpH80aExNTy7zBLq0uG5eXl69duzYyMtL2/ybZEVajjP8oo0au4ph5WAqkXrp0qSh//fXXaCN//rpkyZKPP/649u8YQU/QE/RU3YD+4YcfFs9skqDHN699+/b1AfrU1NS9e/eKRZxakpKSJEMvXbo0Y8YMPz8/b2/v2NhYYVJ0nDHHQTV37lxfX9/+/ftv3LjRfHWTswL66du3ryjn5OSMGzcOUfnYsWNxkpNtzD31V65cwRjE88ozMjLQG/7b7PeNUX/16lWTUeHqZM6cOY57QdAT9AQ9VS+gb9WqFb6sWtBXVFTcd9999QH6y5cvjxw5UsxggKrnz5+XjBs+fDjONyAgwm1cZCQmJmrXBYvFo2KXL1+uNddbXN0wogfc5UuTJ0/G4pQpU7TtnXrqEezjdCXmf3DSEnM+qImOjjYfFU54M2fOFLcfcCbgM2NdnZon6Al6gt41Pfvss5988okW9Pv37//P//zP+gC9zf4Y7tzc3Ly8PGBaxVAcPNKzaLNnswE6xeE0YMAArRXHyuraAUjpnk519OhRVOK/rLHiqd+2bZu4jxoWFlZcXCyc/qjJzs42HxVaItgXZewO0xS7ap+nj54+eoLeNSFo7dixY0ZGBkCP783evXt79uz56aef1hPoDx8+HBkZOWbMmMLCQi1DQfOJEyeKZ71qreU4EtBemhF15nqnqzsOAOwGZN99990vvvhCG9HjXCIf9Wez5qnHEe7v73/mzBlxcYBrFJRRI3/ApRqVai9kjObhPvoG2zp99JSngB7Kysr685//3L59+7Zt27700ku7du2qj8Fpp1kgXbCMIHffvn3l5eWox385Iw/+njhxQnaijegvXrxovrrJHD0CcAT1IslMTk4OsA7gjh8/HmXH8N8kNw6OMZwexJNs8R9lXLJoR2s4KlwBmET0nLrh1A2nbqi6B33DyBy+QUFBBw8exDEDAiYkJIj6uXPn6qZBli1bBpKKWGbatGnmq5sPIC4uDp0jIgPxRfB+7tw5retGm3BYtVO4AMKr4upEuEW1XknVqFJTU//xj3/ctItz9LwZ27igx6X8G2+8YfgS6uWMrmOBak6gv3LlSt++fTt06HDP/1UDg/7AgQMRERFeXl7h4eFbt24V9Y4xtfCriEzCWr8KCqjRru5o0tctfvXVV2PGjJk1a9a6detk5Zo1axx/6WoC+oqKCn9/f/yXg/Tz85s8ebIw6eMSITAwUDsq0TnokJiYiL3o06ePyG5P0BP0jQj6zp07Hzp0SFePGtQT9G4CelBmyJAhWvN4c1SzNukPHjyYoCfoGxH0ixYtQoCiq/f19U1KSnLEOkHfLEHfvn17K3lXmj7om5dJH8MbMGDAiRMnsGJKSgpBT9A3Iuhxofzoo49+/fXXsvLkyZOowa6ZR/SffPJJjx49Wrdu3bVrV93X+PLly8OGDWvXrt2DDz44fPhwBEDypaVLlz7yyCOtWrXq3r37kiVLLHZI1Rb0MrtAswZ98zLpv/POO352ycdOeSzoeTO20UFvs9830j4nOTQ0VDwBwgT027dv//nPf75p0ya8CThAnnjiic2bN8seOnfunJaWhu/2hQsXcC07atT/fKw4OsD3vLw8HFD4/9hjj1nskKoV6F988cX9+/e7Aeht7mLSp4+ePvqG9NELzlZXVz/11FMidxP+oyx+9W0C+j//+c/iF4XyMvqZZ54x3ERpaWmnTp1E+YUXXpDeNmjHjh016JCgd1lZWVn//u//fuLECZlyq/mC3j1M+vTR00ffkD56ydmPPvpo2LBhKAwdOnTNmjUqvstC+/btdQ4OmRgRgU54eDiC+hYtWuheatu2rfbZmbgCttIhVVvQI9Ls2LHjPQ5qjqC3uZdJn1M3nLppsKkbm/0xyz179iwoKHj++edlxGMCeiBbNfi//vWvo0ePxpWrmJbUzvWbgN6kQ6q2oMdH4h6uG5PKJmjSNx85QU/QNzzooY0bNyLs086fmID+pZdeUv2EvlWrVto7Twhx5FovvPCC1pWgfcmkQ6q2oG92rhvDWLi+Tfqq1fv06RMWFhYfH6/LWe/UpE/QN4WtE/Q2Z3ZJE9Dv2rULsf8XX3yBN6GsrAyL8odXuDKYOnXqtWvXELxv2bKlU6dOcq21a9c+/vjj+fn5eN/wH2UrHVK1BT0ul5qX66aW7vi6Hcbdu3fxbQb9AwMDT58+XbebIOgJ+qYMeggB+F//+tcOHTq0a9euV69emZmZoh7HwiuvvAK2tGnT5tlnn12xYoV2rSVLlnTt2lXYKxcuXNi6dWunHVK1BX2PHj0+//zz5g76O3fu4MuESBzxeEJCgpwEROPNmzcPHDhQ3EHVLaoM8o5rOR0GvpEzZ87UvYRCVlaWeJJUZGSkfOggzqwLFizwtwtfdNWJlqAn6BsA9I2rwsLCJ598kuyud9CvXr366aefPn78eHNx3RhiF9eDU6ZMKS4uBuLnzp2blJQkG4P7WoJrF1UGece1nA7j+vXrwcHBjqBHPyUlJRUVFenp6WPHjhX1qampWsO+MCx7IOhrMClP0LsB6BGQnTp1qqqq6tChQz179lQ9M5mqS9Dfo1BTBr3jHD2iZvnIb9Czf//+svG1a9e062oXdUesNMg7ruUU9NXV1TJljRb0MmUx+pcNwsLCLl68KMoYtkhkL+U5PvoaGOfpo3eDfPRpaWndu3dv2bJl165dEfFoM5dQ9QX6ZidD7IKhXnb17t1ba3U3z2umMsibr6WK6LXnCfN+dIZ9XVIzz/HR18A4Tx8989FTNQF9eXn5qFGjfv3rX997773NJaJ3rBw4cKChd8gc2SqDvKugRzkzM9Np2kttPnqnP8Hl1A2nbtx16oZqBNAPGzYM3CktLQXc8ZXNycnp1KnTypUr62m+BeFzbGysnGapWT+O6Fy/fj2uAS9duoQA+bvvvpOzfubIDgoKsmLWNAE9zhCI6VBGV/Jeq9N+UlJSxBw9pE2qQ9AT9AQ9VS+gf+CBB8R8sYziP/nkk+eee66ewvCbN2/iLBIVFVUnoJcCcDds2CD8LSNHjpRP/zBH9oEDB1CjM8hbB71YNzQ0FAWRJMQi6CsrK+fNm9fPLhT44BGCnqCn6hf0bdu2xZcVhRYtWohCeXl5u3bt6m++BZiTs9Iqo6GhMdEk9FYZJRHgI3wODg4OCAjIyMiwOBGk7V/rszQxcW7cuBH1vr6+ALc88lX9qPIhE/QEPUFP1dfUTVpaGgqdOnX65ptvbPZUX/UHekT0q1atkhG9ymioMiaqYmSVURJXD1OnTi0uLi4rK/vwww9rAHqtz9LExCmnYlAQj5A16UeVD9kTQO+Y8IBTNwQ9Ve+gv3z5cufOnW32O4TgL8AKMr766qt1Dno5Rw9WytyNKqOhyphoZVJFa5REEG1+P8B8jl7nszQxcWqzoWGj5v2Y50N2b3ulIehpr/QoeyXVCKCXunTpUq9evVq1atWzZ886/zW/KmhVGQ1VQFfVq4yS6F+k1XZpYKrNmZg4zfdC148qH7KM0dzYXmkIetoraa+kGgj09SoV6HVGQ/mMG1dBrzJKWonorYPexMQp9wIF7XWJYT+qfMicuuHUDaduqPqaukGA2aFDh3r9ZayKZTqjYWpqqjnQAwICtOB2mkl41apVtZyj19abmDhlfuPp06cbztFr+1HlQ/YE0DeprRP0qlNv7f+I46YF+r59+w4ePLi+89GrWKYzGmpdN4arr1u3TszP6OoNExGLBpMmTcJpIDAwUDx/sqCgwNCJbwX0JiZOHG9iMgfDuHr1qqyfMmWKr6+vKMhTFOiA1UX7mJgYgp6gJ+ip+gX9fffdh4DXXd8RMDQqKkqbTMMErDUWII7zR0VFBY7bxYsXy6cGRkZGrlmzpsyu1atXY1HUZ2dnjx8//ppdKOzYsYOgJ+gJeqoeQd+mTZtaHipNHPSpqal79+4Vi/n5+UlJSRL0FpMbOzXj6458b29vUUa38r3FxQoWRXnChAlHjhwRZRTeeecdgp6gJ+ipegR9jx49tE+ydj/QX758eeTIkSIJ89ixY8+fPy9BbzG5sVMzvlYHDx4Ex0U5Li4uPT29vLwcKyK0x6Ko9/f3R6Uoo4Dzh+eAnjdjCXqqEUD/0UcfgfUnTpxoLvnoXQU9/s+YMSM3NzcvLy82NtammXm3mNzYqXVH6syZM2gsk96UlJRgE8LxiYLsExcK8t1GwcvLS9sJffT00Tekj56g9wjQN7t89DUA/eHDhyMjI8eMGVNYWKgFvcXkxk7N+EJHjx4F5Y8fPy5rJk+evHr1ajlHj0UrET199PTRN6SPnqD3CNBbORM0d9Db7DkSIBFHa132VpIbW4no9+3bFxYWVlRUpK309vbWztHLuXtPnqPn1A2nbiiCvr5Ab1hpMbmxoxlf1yAjIyM8PPzcuXO6DelcNzLDT1ZWFlgvXDco0HVD0BP0VFMBvSM069ynaL1/ROJxcXEBAQEIk6Ojo7/88ssagN7RFy9ecnxMYHJystaM72jz16miogL1QH9MTIyPXZMmTZKXBdju8uXLMXi0TEtLU90dIegJeo8CvdvMGBP0dQb6iRMnApE3btzAYXbs2DEE5vW9xfrYcfN+CHqC3o1B/7hdjQV6x60T9M5Bb5JWXmtIN8wyb1P42R2TSmqFHuRWdEMyTA1vZYSOW1Slua/BVhzfN/MdJOgJejcGfW5u7pN2ab3dDQZ6w60T9M5Bb55WXstHwyzzJn521ajGjx+fnJwMEDsOyTA1vPURantTpbmvwVYM3zcPiejNiUDQeyDoMez33ntv1qxZQ4YM0aImPj7+wQcfbN++PWIv8RwkCLgYPHjw/XZFRERg8fDhw48++qjWo4xFHKrV1dXR0dEPPPBAu3btEGzJVOfmW3e1N4zzgw8+6NKly7333muzm6pxIN93331t2rR5/fXXr1y5IpqBZqGhodiXX/3qV9gvCVKLg2xM0DtKvGSSVl5rSFdlmTfxs6tGhW7nz5+P7fbr1y8uLk5mcVClhrc+QpNDWqa5r8FWrIPe/Xz05kRoRBs7ffSNAnocSr/4xS/O24WCBDpQ8+abb16x64033pButHHjxmERlZcvX37ttdcQ5KHyueee27Vrl2iwc+fOnj17ojB9+vRXXnkF3YIzOPqGDRtmcesu9YZxAtAypdVTTz21e/duYB1fhsjIyODgYDlsLy+vq3bhSJcgtTLIugf9z372s9pH9K6mldctWvSzGwqHGQJn+WNUVWr4mo1Qlea+rrZiuIPu56M3J0Ij2tjpo28U0K9btw6kE+WXX355/fr1EjXySRinTp1CyCzK//Zv/4ZFUS4qKhIPSlq4cCGCPFGJI3TRokUodO3a9euvvxaVOCsglLa4dZd6wzhlPKcTLv0Rqosyxilnp7FfEqRWBln3oO/QoUNVVVXN7hxqI3qX0srrFi362U0CBC1SDVPD12yEqjT3Yiti0cpWMDwZtuA0zqkbTt148tQNwvPVq1eL8qpVqxDFS4DKXyYCSi1bthTlFi1aONbj/Hr//ffjUh7xMgpYRCVeamEX4lf0JqZWrGzdpd509xJyc3P/4z/+Q2Z6l810w5ZrWRlk3YP+97///YEDB2oJelfTyusWVX52XfZ5rdD+2LFjlZWV4iG02ofKGqaGNx/h9u3b4+PjHbfo7e29ePFixzT3Yiv4L7bi9H2IiopKT08HFIQrVNuPyU+xCHqC3v1AjxgWpNP+CB+LqNRF9CiIyF1E9LIeET0WRTkwMHD27Nk4MIOCgkTNQw89ZP7bRpOtW+9NB3qMc+3atfgoEQ4CR/JVjNMwonc6yHoB/UcfffT0009/+eWXTn/lb+66cSmtvG5Rleddl31eq/z8/OjoaIDY398fqJV3ZbV+mDlz5siRmI8Qi6GhoVeuXNFuEYv47AcPHmyY5h5bwX+LW8HnHRkZib3DPmZlZWn7Ue2gja4bgt4dQZ+YmCivdIVwcH3wwQcCoDgWxKT23/72NzkfizhJzt2//vrrMqrbuXPnE3bJ6fV//OMfCNi/+eYbRNBHjx4FHKxv3XpvOtB37Nhx8+bN+CbgMEcb+SrGiUO+2C7tHL3TQdYL6N0s102NHe6IuHWZKZOTk1FpMzVZ6gomLR19pbRXEvQeCPpnnnlGpg0X+vTTT5999lnb/3XdAMfiV4c2u30FOP7/7EJBphNHgPiIXdIwc+fOnVmzZnXt2rVVq1aIXxFoW9+69d50eMzIyHj00UdbtGjx8MMPz58/X75aXl6OiLNdu3bYI8AdnVgcZL2A3s1UY9Djmqt///4y11hZWRk+JFTaTE2WuoJJS0NfKX8wRdDzl7GeoJMnT3br1q2ueqsJ6IGkUaNG/frXv7733ns9OaKHkpKSNm7cKMooSDu/7sDWmixNNqpraegrdWN7pXUi0F7JNMXuqjFjxuDzxYX+G2+8IVNdNQ7ohw0bhqskYAhwR2ySk5PTqVOnlStXeuCn8v333w8aNKjaLlwhSv+MiclSV3Da0soZwj3sldaJQHsl0xS7q+bOnfvLX/7yvvvuCwoKquWlW21B/8ADDwhPqIziP/nkk+eee84zP5hZs2bttQsFWWlistQVnLa0Anr3mLqxTgRO3XDqhqp30Ldt21ZYvFu0aCEKIFS7du08diot0i4UZCXOxgcPHjQ0WeoKTlvqFk38owQ9QU/QU3U5dZOWloZCp06dvvnmG5s9u0CzAz3QuX37dm1NQUFBzebrJ9ilrTlw4EBERISXl1dISMiQIUPQLYCemJio5fiUKVN8fX29vb3xX2vHlOmIV6xYIe/mYzE/P3/06NHyx8DuB/pmsXWCnqD3FNBfvnxZ/DAhLCwsKiqqoqJi6tSpr776arMDPQYv0w9AMTExdZ5FGTTH+QNvEY7PxYsXT5o0SdTrHjCCRVGfnZ09fvx48YARFOQDRnC5EBoaWlhYWFVVhdh/7ty5BD1BT9BT9Qh6KRCnV69erVq16tmzp/wdWjMCfWpqqnTIIl5OSkqSoDdMg2xzyKJcXV2dkpISHByMGDwjI8PpES4fDYhutZmKsSgvDgwfGThjxozdu3fXyTFM0BP0BD1B7ykCsnFpMnLkSDE9Mnbs2PPnz0vQm6RB1uYoXrlype6RgSY6ePCgnOGJi4tLT08vLy/HigjtsSjqVQ8BDwoKkht1P9A3JBQIeoKeoLckxLAyLbAQFmWSlmYEehEp5+bm5uXlxcbG2jT3PE3SIGtzFFt5CLjQmTNn0FgmsigpKcEmhKUSBdknLhS0Sa69vLxEWZvk0lHN3UdfAyjQR08fPVW/oH/44Yd1EzVYfOSRR5oj6A8fPhwZGTlmzJjCwkKb62mQ0cBpwh/o6NGjoPzx48dlzeTJk1evXi3n6LFYm4i+ufvoawAF+ugb0UdPeQToW7durXsmH65G27Rp0xxBb7MnIYBEHO1qGmQrEf2+ffvCwsKKioq0ld7e3to5ejl3bzJHv2fPHk7dcOqmKUzdUB4B+ueee053Y3Dnzp09evRopqA3rFSlQdattWrVKvM5+oyMjPDw8HPnzunqda4b+VvnrKwssF64blDQum5wtjh06JBw3cybN8+dQN+Mtk7QU54C+k2bNj300EOZmZnldm3durVLly6obOJY17nmDXNAOk2DrFsFp4Hk5OSgoKDAwMDNmzfL+ujoaMfHeWsTTwL9MTExPj4+fezy9/cXrnlo+fLlWOzbt6+3Xejqyy+/tNl9QVgX9ThQVQ4cgp6gJ+ipugE9tGXLlhdffLGdXSiA9U0/fm8A17wQKIxgXNu5akMq1/zEiRPT0tJu3LgBIhw7dgzXFub9EPQEPUFP1T3om50azDWPgzA8PPzChQtWQK+akUeMr7sLQtAT9AQ9RdA7B33DuOYXLVokZrF0oA8KCgK+hw4dumHDBnlhofLYILpPTk6Wz8ByV9A3ihWPoCfoCXp3Br2t/l3zRUVFCNJ1Bh4p8P3s2bMxMTHyJKFyzWOj8+fPDwsL69evX1xcHE4t5qBvpj762oCePvpG9NFTBH2TBn19u+ZBeVwomEMZR6mM3FURvRSIsGzZMvl7WpNcZs3RR18b0NNHTx89RdDbVJMe9eqaNzTYOF56y2f7qubodVf65o+X4tQNp244dUMR9EpE1rlrXrVFdIhu0Tk2gQ1JF7zKNY82x44dq6ysRESPjVp8YCxBT9AT9JSHgl446LWIlHnn68o1r5XWQe8Y4w8YMCAlJQUEF375gIAAHx8fb29vFNLS0lCJC4u4uDg/Pz8xj+Tr6zt9+nScHlR+/GYN+ua4dYKeIuibKOg9wUFP0BP0BD3l0aD3BAc9QU/QE/SUR4PeExz0TRz0dZvPlqAn6CmC3gCRbuCgN5mgb/o++roFfSPa2Omjpwj6pgt6d3XQyxitifvo6xb0jWhjp4+eIuibLuht7u6g59QNp244dUO5A+idktQc9IaVWge97NnPzw//tWRvIg765uujJ+gJeoqgrzmyawl6rYMelcJBD8gKU6Zsb8VBb7jF/fv3jxo1Cp1LB73crvDRSwe9qM/Pz4+Ojvb29kbsLxz01q8YbHTdEPQEPeWWoAc6FyxY4G/XwoULJUl1/kgcWnPnzvX19e3fv//GjRvN6S+6ldMmoO2MGTMQ5oO/sbGx0oqD9gjMxUkiMjJSPPjbkcUWHZyqrbh0qiPoCXqCnnJD0Kempk6bNg3f/hs3boCPy5Ytk421/kiEz9pm5qAX0yYyoh8+fPiRI0eA/vLycsT1iYmJ2k2UlJRUVFSkp6erEhVYdHCqttJ8QV+30zVMgUDQU54Cesd4OSws7OLFi6J84cKFAQMGyMZafyTqv//+e9lMBXo5Rw80SxeN7ihFbC7bl5aWynrVjVOLDk7VVqyAvmnaK+sV9LRX0l5JeVBE7+XlJX+FVF1draKtrpnTqRutTp48OXHiRHGH1sSCKRd19RYdnKqtWBlh07RX1ivoaa+kvZLyINAjoteG6lg0bKyN6HEF4BLose6+ffvKy8vv3r2L/yqgq+otOjhVW+HUDaduOHVDeRzodbBLSUkRk+9QbGxsamqqIROXLVs2Y8YM0QztTaZuHOuDgoIOHjyIg/PSpUsJCQlaoBuWAwICtNZMizmQVVtpvqBvmqQj6Al6gr6B5tn79OmD0Ds+Pl44VWoD+srKynnz5vWzCwWt60bXbM6cOT4+PiEhIcJ1k5+fP3r06L59+0ZEROzatcsE9AcOHEAbLy+v8PDwrVu3OgX9unXrxAyMWLSYA1m1Fcd3j2mKCXqCnmrqoBfsu3btGnAWGBh4+vTp2k/guKqTJ0+GhoYWFhZWVVUhgp47d27NOldN1zSWCHqCnqCnmgropTIzM2fOnCmDbkNHvMoCL4J0x3qVb12rGTNm7N6923B4jtZ4m6mVXlcwcc0b9uzqXujc9wQ9QU/QU00d9NevXw8ODhZllSNeZYFHe5wkxLQ7KOw087BWQUFBql8kGVrjTaz0uoK5a96xZ1f3Que+b5qgr9fbsLwZS9BTzQz0WkOkyhGvssCjXmYIQAOnmYe10rotdcMztMbrDlStlV5XMHHNG/bs6l4Yuu+bmo++AUBPHz199FRziuglNFWOeJUFXlWv8q1bjOgNF51a6V3Ne1zjvVDdg21SPvoGAD199PTRU81pjn7WrFkyojd0xKss8GhgGAurfOu6Ofo9e/ZYB71TK72reY9rvBdOE9Nz6oZTN5y6oZoE6IFLxDWgPCJreVtS5YhXWeDR4B//+MdNu7Sz2yrfulaI0EHYQ4cOCdeNzB6swrGJlV5XsOiaN98L/LfYT9MEfVMmHUFP0BP0DQF6yMvLKzQ0ND4+/uzZs/IllSPe0QIvD5jExERRDyzKqR6Vb12rIUOGAPTCR4/v/e7du9Ht9u3btRgtKCiQiwcOHMCAxRRKcHCwIejlOcyKa958L/Cq6Ef85sCkH4KeoCfoqSYH+nrS+fPnBw8ebLExwvlhdqGgJW9UVJT2Dm1MTIx2jt7Qd299UsWlvahxVwQ9QU/QU+4G+g8//BBf+uvXr0+bNi0lJcXiWgsXLtxg16JFi7SYTk1N3bt3r1jMz89PSkqSwFX57g1B72i6//bbbyMiIrRPA8cirmaEWR7hPFrOnDlz6tSpYi8MrxgMbfgEPUFP0FNuDvotW7YEBwcDqe+//35FRYWVVXCMBQUFFduFgjzkQNLLly+PHDlS4Hjs2LGIr7Vz9CrruiPoDU33Y8aMOXz4sGiAgkh2L8zy6enp6B8EHzJkiNgLQ9Ab2vCbGugb4DYsb8YS9JSHTt1Y1+effw62ivLkyZP379+vRSoi8dzc3Ly8PETiNoUJ0inodUe18I9mZmbGx8eLyri4uG3bttlMzfKOBRODf9Px0TcY6Omjp4+eIuiVmjZtmpyfQQGLWqQi1o6MjET0XVhYaPu/rhvrEb2h6b6srMzf3x9HOPpBAYs2C2Z5pymRZYzWRHz0DQZ6+ujpo6cIemPhABMPAZfCIip1Ey+QmMDRztEb+u4N4asy3c+ePXvTpk0bN258//33RY1Ts7xF0HPqhlM3nLqhCPr/UUZGxpw5c7Q18+bN27x5swqd2iDd0Hdv2FhlusflwlC75GS9U7M8QU/QE/QUQW9A2+3bt2trtHb4UaNGHT16VPvqsWPHRo8e7RT0NrsPR+u7F5XR0dGiTWVlpbe3ty5fvMwsj9B++fLlAQEBvXv39vf3l9P9xcXFI0eO9PLyEg+qRRsT0GsT6DdZ0Dd90hH0BD1B7w6gN7HD162A+wkTJqBzbC47O3vcuHGqDeHV8ePHX7MLhR07doj6iRMnpqWl3bhxA0c+Tjm6GwZaWTHyE/QEPUFPeQroTezwFpO8V1dXp6SkBAcHIwbPyMgw3BAONgTsIpsm1ho2bNjXX3+tAj3OB0eOHBFlFN555x1R7tOnj/wBsPnMjBUjP0FP0BP0lKeA3sQObzHJ+8qVK6dOnYpmZWVlH374oeGGFi1atGnTJh2UURaO+KFDh27YsEFeWPj7+5eXl4syCjh/iDKi++TkZJnUzAT0Vmw/Ns7RE/QEPeUhoLep7fAWk7wjtNc+3dtRRUVFCNJ1zhwp8P3s2bMxMTHyJIGQX/uzWC8vL1HGRufPnx8WFtavX7+4uDicWlSgNzfy00dPHz199JTHgV5lh7eY5B0NqqurTbYCyuNCQQVlIRyNMnJXRfRSOPKXLVuGbmsW0dNHTx89ffSUx4HeprDDW0zy7jSif8tBhpfY4Ls8MRjO0euu6OXvXQ3n6J0a+Tl1w6kbTt1Q7gZ6cyelIcctJnlftWqV0zl6HfRFGR2iWyxiE9iQtNtnZWXJUwIuI3CkifzMaHPs2LHKykpE9NiozGBj6LpxauS38WYsQU/QU+4HeotOSllpMVk8TgPJyclBQUGBgYHi51QWQb9///5Ro0ah8wEDBqSkpEhHDbaLNgF2paamfvzxxyNGjLDZTUHR0dHe3t6I/adPny7vyhpeLhga+Ql6gp6gp9wc9CZOSsdcwTLqB2TBYuBe+tkt2i4N+3QkstPfXiEqRw+ijJPBggUL/O1auHChPDdY2TRBT9AT9JT7g97ESWmYKxgKDg7Ozc3FkXb16tX58+eLSou2S1WfVvITyEqsnpGRMXHiRLGIc5V4gOKNGzdA8GXLlrm06aYD+gabnReWG4KeoKc8BfQ2tZNSd2iJXME2+43WzMxMaWQUsmi7VPVpEfRSCMy/+eYbUR8WFnbx4kVRxhgGDBjg0qaFmoK9siFB34juRtorKYK+EUCvclIa5gqGTp06hXNDUFBQREQETg+i0qLtUtVnDSL6d999VyxqDfLV1dUq441q0zJGa3R7ZUOCvhHdjbRXUgR9I4DepnBSqnIFC6EyPz8/NDRUhvlWbJeqPl0CPVRRUSHn6BHRf//99zKix6JLm+bUDaduOHVDuQPoVVAz56kqVzAK586dq6qqAuiDg4NFpUXbparPgIAAre/eaUS/ZcsWnJnEYkpKipijh2JjY1NTU13adNMBfXMhHUFP0BP0jSxtJt5du3bVBvQHDhxAJ15eXjJXsGwwdOjQPn36jBgxQsz22CzbLrFo2Oe6devEpIqVOXpsIioq6vTp05L78+bN62cXCsJ14/gjLNXuEPQEPUFPNSfQqzLx1m2S4dr0Vk/pjutwJAQ9QU/QU00a9KpMvIBaVlaWCLcjIyPPnDkj66XTPDg4+ObNm6K+uro6JCQEx4OhZd7VlMWGeEVh7dq1AQEBODPl5eXhaiAoKAhl+egoNNi4cSM69/X1RZwuD2yLG3X6awCCnqAn6KlmCXpV3i7hKC8pKamoqEhPT9fmCZBO8yVLlqxfv17Uf/XVV+IJHoaWeVdTFqtAv3TpUownJycHFE5OThblkSNHygZy5h0F+egoixt1+muAJgX6hrwNy5uxBD3VvEGvysQLqJWWlsqDRGtAlE5zRL7h4eEi5SToKSbZDS3zrqYsVoFeDAlHrLasHZv00ly8eBEjcWmjTn8NoGvQuD76hgc9ffT00VNuGNGraKutj4uL++yzz+7evTt06FBxS9PQMu9qymKnmzYsi+cLyqkkeQKwuFGnvwbQtW9cH33Dg54+evroqWY8R2+Yidci6IuKisaNGwcy6p6nqrPMu5qyuMaglxE9CvL3rhY36vTXAJy64dQNp26oZgl6VSZei6C32Z+1/e6778rM7wkJCY6WeVdTFtcY9DhviQBq+vTpco7e4kat/Bqg6YC+eZGOoCfoCfpGlmEmXuugBxMRMsuH9iEW1lnmpZMdZ5T4+PilS5c69c7XGPTSdTNnzhxtvmJh2Pfy8vLz88OmgXLdD6C+/fZbkQ8Hg1yyZIm0z0+ePBn1gYGBK1asIOgJeoKeaq6gr6Wys7Nl7GxCatD22rVrW7duBTTlD5dcklNDvdMGMTExX3zxRVlZ2a1bt9atWycfInjhwgUwHS8BB1evXpWXNdi18ePHX7MLBekWJegJeoKe8iDQl5eXI37XeWzM+ZuZmTlz5kzz6wZHM75jAnpHd7x4ycSSrxXifawoyrNnz965c6djGysPIyToCXqCnnJn0AtHCsDtUqB9/fp1x7l73aK5GV/I0R0vQa+y5EtVVFRs2LBBGP+h/v37r1+/PjQ01NfXNy4uTh7STh8v3vCgb/h7sLwZS9BTnLpxecrFJC2w1pxjYsYXqoElXzaAcCkgLTpeXl44nZTaNWfOHHm3Fqcxee8BBTTT9tMoPvpGBD199PTRUwS9CxG904eHmJvxhWpgydfOOOGCIDo6WkbuMl4D6/38/KxE9I3io29E0NNHTx89RdBbBT1C9VmzZklY45paEtY8f73u1RpY8rWqrKyU6eknTpyoBX2/fv1EuQnO0XPqhlM3FEHf+HJMeixdN4iqQHnE6TJFWlRUVHp6Og5CIDsuLk4y2tCMr0tA76ol/y0jiZdSUlJwOgH3AwMDMWx5HlqzZg026mMXCuvWrSPoCXqCnvJ00BsmPRZI9fLywkvx8fFnz56V7UH8yMhI4a7JysqS5HU049scEtBbTGev1f79+0eNGoX2ISEhOBuB76J+ypQp77//Ps5AADoOSDmlg7Ehive3CwUsNjromynpCHqCnqB3H6mSHpsk/jXPPGyyotZDWVlZuWDBAkHkhQsXyp9KqfTpp5/iCkDeaNURQU7pgPuSDlo7JkFP0BP0lOeCXpUizSTxr3nmYZMVtR7K1NRUkaD4xo0bOB8sW7bMZJAnTpyIiYlRnQwOHjwof0gVFxeXnp6OTZeVla1ZswaLDQn6Rpyl4dQNQU8R9Eqpkh7rDjmt68Y887DJiloPZVhY2MWLF0X5woULMp2Z4bXF2LFjVS77M2fO4CpB3kIoKSkZNGiQmHpCQefarG97ZVMDPe2VtFdSBL1ZRG8l8a9h2WLGYO0JRuvT1wnH27hx486dO2f46tGjR0H548ePy5rJkyevXr26zC4UsKiL0erVXtnUQE97Je2VFEH/P3P0hkmPrST+NSxbzBiMiF7++gkRPRYdx4ATwJQpU+Tsv07YCtYqKirSVnp7e2vn6OXcPaduOHXDqRvKnUFv7lJXJT22kvjXsGwxY3BKSop8iGBsbGxqaqrj2ObOnbt9+3bDYWdkZISHhztG+pGRkWvWrJERPbNXEvQEPdUkQO8II4s/IKoT0Nsckh6LxT529e7dGzzdunWrddAfOHAgIiICi9oVtRZ4GW7jpNLPLhQMb7Sa+Ogd6ysqKlAP9MfExAgf/aRJkwh6gp6gp5oo6Buxf0NbffPdKYKeoCfoqaYe0aOQlZUlfmEUGRkpvSXV1dUpKSnBwcEBAQEZGRkyRjZ0pjvtTSuVrd6kc8c+DQNw8zE4ZjB2qX8T8z5BT9AT9FRTBz2oV1JSUlFRkZ6ePnbsWFG/cuXKqVOnFhcXl5WVffjhh6JS5Ux32ptWKhOOSeeGfZo87sqwvWMGY5f6NzHvu3oMN7UbqrX8I+gJeqoZgF4Y1cX3XnoQBw4cqM0hI6RypjvtTSuVrd6kc8M+TUBv2N4kg7GV/nWAUOXatOKjdzPQ00dPHz3VDEBvWA8cV1dXmzDaMIO8qjcrEb3Tzi1uS1VvMYOxqh+L5n0rPno3Az199PTRU80V9KqI3tCZ7hLoVbZ6p53XEvQWMxir+rFo3ufUDaduOHVDNRvQr1q1ynGOHq/qnOk6a6MV0Kts9Ya2d0fTpFzUJSh2ukcWMxir+rdo3nfpGObNWIKeoCfo6xL0Wo0ePRr/RWp4FeZAw+TkZNAtMDBw8+bN8lXhTBeFysrKGoDe5mCrNxykcN2YgF6XoFhXcKy3mMFY1b8w73t5eZm4/gl6gp6gpxoN9NpoujYedutXBnVy2VGbbuvbZe90QwQ9QU/QU40DeldTw+MwwMnA19e3f//+GzduVIXP2oKqK0NjvnXQq1zwhvU6FzwOJzEJU1JS0rt3b5Fv8vz586i3qf37qnrVe0LQE/QEPdUkQO9qavjly5drve1WQK/qytCYbx30Khe8iTtedrJ06dLs7GwUsrKycD4QyW1QxvBsav++ql71nlg/hnkzlqAn6An6epSrqeEHDBigdcJYAb2qK0Mbj47pJr93VbngTdzxsueCgoLZs2fb7CZ3YHr69Okox8fHi+cRqvz7qnrVeyJEHz199PTRU000oleZxHXediugN+nK0ZhvPaJXueCtuONxeREREVFRUREYGIjrCbwJOAPhDCFmY1T+fYv19NHTR08fPdXk5uhdSg2vjV4R3loBvaorKxG9SaXKBW/RHR8bG/vxxx9PnTrVZn/qN8ryAFP591X1qveEUzecuuHUDdUkQO9qavhly5bh3CCij2nTplkBvaorQ2O+ddCrXPCqep0LfsuWLf7+/uIm8KZNm1DeunWreEmVtl5Vr3pPCHqCnqCnmgTobQoPu8okXllZOWfOHB8fn5CQEIuuG1VXhsZ866BXueBV9ToXvAi9z549i/K3336LsozKVWnrTeoN35MaHMN03RD0BD1BTzVj4RjGuefv9axXX321AbbSNLfuBruPHgh6gp5qxsLV0tv1r169egEWbzeSGnfr7rH7hw4d4sFC0FNU0732b/SZBw/ffYqgpwh6gp6gpwh6iqIoiqCnKIqiCHqKoiiKoKcoiqIIeoqiKIKeogykS/bZYLp79+7y5csDAgICAwNXrFiBRQ/ZcaHCwsJJkyb5+PgEBQUlJiYaJgqkKIKeqmPqNfAWs7Ozx48ff80uFHbs2OEhOy40ZcqUgoKCiooKIH7x4sWAPr+EFEFPuRvvJkyYcOTIEVFG4Z133vEo0Gt1+/Ztb29vfgkpgp5yN975+/uXl5eLMgoBAQEeC/qDBw/itMcvIUXQU+7Gu969e8t5eRS8vLw8E/RnzpwZOHAg/vNLSBH0VB3TTXcfkhF9o+jo0aOg/PHjx/mdpAh6yg15xzn6ffv2hYWFFRUV8etHEfSUe/IuKysLrBeuGxQ8zXWTkZERHh5+7tw5fvcogp5qCNJp1WDblT56KC0trRF99I3ipn/LQRUVFfw2UgQ9RVEURdBTFEUR9BRFURRBT1EURRH0FEVRFEFPURRFEfQURVEUQU9RFEUR9BRFUQQ9RVEURdBTFEVRBD1FURRF0FMURVEEPeWxX8177vnoo4+ef/75du3adejQ4eWXXz527FhWVtaf/vSn9u3bo6Zv375Xr16VjZcsWdK9e/dWrVo9+uijy5cv13a1dOnSRx55BC+hAZqhsdNN68SPgyLoKapeQP/0009//vnnlZWVJSUlQ4YM6dix47PPPrtv377bt2+LGvmAbDR+7LHH8vLy0PjgwYNg/aZNm8RLa9euBd/FS/iPZi6BGyeG1157jR8HRdBTVL2AXvvAvOvXr6Pmn//8p7bmvvvuk421zyHJzs7+4x//KMovvPBCTk6OfAnNrIMeFxC4pCgtLeXHQRH0FFUvoNc9WsSwRhZu3bol68vLy9u1ayfKbdu21b1kEfSHDh166qmnLl68yM+CIugpqr5Ab72mzkF//vx5UJ7P4KYIeopqQqA3mbrZuXOnfCknJ8cp6G/evPn888/v3r2bnwJF0FNUEwK9uOP6008/iZuxH3/8sXhp7dq1jz/+eH5+Pl7Cf5Sdgv61115buXIlPwKKoKeopgX6xYsXP/bYYy1btuzWrVtqaqq22ZIlS7p27SrslQsXLmzdurXTTdNeSRH0FNXUzwoqFRYWPvnkk3zHKIKeotwK9CEhIadOnaqqqjp06FDPnj0TEhL4jlEEPUW5FejT0tK6d+/esmXLrl27Tps27c6dO3zHKIKeojzi3GAovjMUQU9RFEUR9BRFURRBT1EURRH0FEVRFEFPURRFEfQURVEUQU9RFOXm+v8BZq4kADfTNPIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /><!-- --></p>
-<p>[TO BE CONTINUED…]</p>
+<div id="matrix" class="section level1">
+<h1>Matrix</h1>
+<p>A matrix is a collection of elements organized as a two dimensional table. A matrix can be created by the ‘matrix’ function:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@mat = R.matrix(R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
+                nrow: 3,
+                ncol: 3)
+
+puts @mat</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
+## [1,]    1    4    7
+## [2,]    2    5    8
+## [3,]    3    6    9</code></pre>
+<p>Note that matrices data is organized by column first. It is possible to organize the matrix memory by row first passing an extra argument to the ‘matrix’ function:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@mat_row = R.matrix(R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
+                nrow: 3,
+                ncol: 3,
+                byrow: true)
+
+puts @mat_row</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
+## [1,]    1    2    3
+## [2,]    4    5    6
+## [3,]    7    8    9</code></pre>
+<div id="indexing-a-matrix" class="section level2">
+<h2>Indexing a Matrix</h2>
+<p>A matrix can be indexed by [row, column]:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @mat_row[1, 1]
+puts @mat_row[2, 3]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 1
+## [1] 6</code></pre>
+<p>It is possible to index an entire row or column with the ‘:all’ keyword</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @mat_row[1, :all]
+puts @mat_row[:all, 2]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3
+## [1] 2 5 8</code></pre>
+<p>Indexing with a vector is also possible for matrices. In the following example we want rows 1 and 3 and columns 2 and 3 building a 2 x 2 matrix.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @mat_row[R.c(1, 3), R.c(2, 3)]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##      [,1] [,2]
+## [1,]    2    3
+## [2,]    8    9</code></pre>
+<p>Matrices can be combined with functions ‘rbind’ and ‘cbind’</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @mat_row.rbind(@mat)
+puts @mat_row.cbind(@mat)</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
+## [1,]    1    2    3
+## [2,]    4    5    6
+## [3,]    7    8    9
+## [4,]    1    4    7
+## [5,]    2    5    8
+## [6,]    3    6    9
+##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
+## [1,]    1    2    3    1    4    7
+## [2,]    4    5    6    2    5    8
+## [3,]    7    8    9    3    6    9</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="list" class="section level1">
+<h1>List</h1>
+<p>A list is a data structure that can contain sublists of different types, while vector and matrix can only hold one type of element.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>nums = R.c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+strs = R.c(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;, &quot;d&quot;)
+bool = R.c(true, true, false)
+@lst = R.list(nums: nums, strs: strs, bool: bool)
+puts @lst</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## $nums
+## [1] 1 2 3
+## 
+## $strs
+## [1] &quot;a&quot; &quot;b&quot; &quot;c&quot; &quot;d&quot;
+## 
+## $bool
+## [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE</code></pre>
+<p>Note that ‘<span class="citation">@lst</span>’ elements are named elements.</p>
+<div id="list-indexing" class="section level2">
+<h2>List Indexing</h2>
+<p>List indexing, also called slicing, is done using the ‘[]’ operator and the ‘[[]]’ operator. Let’s first start with the ‘[]’ operator. The list above has three sublist indexing with ‘[]’ will return one of the sublists.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @lst[1]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## $nums
+## [1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
+<p>Note that when using ‘[]’ a new list is returned. When using the double square bracket operator the value returned is the actual element of the list in the given position and not a slice of the original list</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @lst[[1]]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
+<p>When elements are named, as dones with <span class="citation">@lst</span>, indexing can be done by name:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @lst[['bool']][[1]] &gt;&gt; 0</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## true</code></pre>
+<p>In this example, first the ‘bool’ element of the list was extracted, not as a list, but as a vector, then the first element of the vector was extracted (note that vectors also accept the ‘[[]]’ operator) and then the vector was indexed by its first element, extracting the native Ruby type.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="data-frame" class="section level1">
+<h1>Data Frame</h1>
+<p>A data frame is a table like structure in which each column has the same number of rows. Data frames are the basic structure for storing data for data analysis. We have already seen a data frame previously when we accessed variable ‘~:mtcars’. In order to create a data frame, function ’data__frame’ is used:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(
+  year: R.c(2010, 2011, 2012),
+  income: R.c(1000.0, 1500.0, 2000.0))
+
+puts df</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year income
+## 1 2010   1000
+## 2 2011   1500
+## 3 2012   2000</code></pre>
+<div id="data-frame-indexing" class="section level2">
+<h2>Data Frame Indexing</h2>
+<p>A data frame can be indexed the same way as a matrix, by using ‘[row, column]’, where row and column can either be a numeric or the name of the row or column</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts (~:mtcars).head
+puts (~:mtcars)[1, 2]
+puts (~:mtcars)['Datsun 710', 'mpg']</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##                    mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
+## Mazda RX4         21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
+## Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
+## Datsun 710        22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
+## Hornet 4 Drive    21.4   6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
+## Hornet Sportabout 18.7   8  360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
+## Valiant           18.1   6  225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
+## [1] 6
+## [1] 22.8</code></pre>
+<p>Extracting a column from a data frame as a vector can be done by using the double square bracket operator:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts (~:mtcars)[['mpg']]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##  [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2
+## [15] 10.4 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4
+## [29] 15.8 19.7 15.0 21.4</code></pre>
+<p>A data frame column can also be accessed as if it were an instance variable of the data frame:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts (~:mtcars).mpg</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##  [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2
+## [15] 10.4 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4
+## [29] 15.8 19.7 15.0 21.4</code></pre>
+<p>Slicing a data frame can be done by indexing it with a vector (we use ‘head’ to reduce the output):</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts (~:mtcars)[R.c('mpg', 'hp')].head</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##                    mpg  hp
+## Mazda RX4         21.0 110
+## Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0 110
+## Datsun 710        22.8  93
+## Hornet 4 Drive    21.4 110
+## Hornet Sportabout 18.7 175
+## Valiant           18.1 105</code></pre>
+<p>A row slice can be obtained by indexing by row and using the ‘:all’ keyword for the column:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts (~:mtcars)[R.c('Datsun 710', 'Camaro Z28'), :all]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##             mpg cyl disp  hp drat   wt  qsec vs am gear carb
+## Datsun 710 22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.32 18.61  1  1    4    1
+## Camaro Z28 13.3   8  350 245 3.73 3.84 15.41  0  0    3    4</code></pre>
+<p>Finally, a data frame can also be indexed with a logical vector. In this next example, the ‘am’ column of :mtcars is compared with 0 (with method ‘eq’). When ‘am’ is equal to 0 the car is automatic. So, by doing ‘(~:mtcars).am.eq 0’ a logical vector is created with ‘true’ whenever ‘am’ is 0 and ‘false’ otherwise. Using this logical vector, the data frame is indexed, returning a new data frame in which all cars have automatic transmission.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code># obtain a vector with 'true' for cars with automatic transmission
+automatic = (~:mtcars).am.eq 0
+puts automatic
+
+# slice the data frame by using this vector
+puts (~:mtcars)[automatic, :all]</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##  [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
+## [12]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
+## [23]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
+##                      mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
+## Hornet 4 Drive      21.4   6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
+## Hornet Sportabout   18.7   8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
+## Valiant             18.1   6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
+## Duster 360          14.3   8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0  0    3    4
+## Merc 240D           24.4   4 146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00  1  0    4    2
+## Merc 230            22.8   4 140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90  1  0    4    2
+## Merc 280            19.2   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30  1  0    4    4
+## Merc 280C           17.8   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90  1  0    4    4
+## Merc 450SE          16.4   8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40  0  0    3    3
+## Merc 450SL          17.3   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60  0  0    3    3
+## Merc 450SLC         15.2   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00  0  0    3    3
+## Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4   8 472.0 205 2.93 5.250 17.98  0  0    3    4
+## Lincoln Continental 10.4   8 460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82  0  0    3    4
+## Chrysler Imperial   14.7   8 440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42  0  0    3    4
+## Toyota Corona       21.5   4 120.1  97 3.70 2.465 20.01  1  0    3    1
+## Dodge Challenger    15.5   8 318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87  0  0    3    2
+## AMC Javelin         15.2   8 304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30  0  0    3    2
+## Camaro Z28          13.3   8 350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41  0  0    3    4
+## Pontiac Firebird    19.2   8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05  0  0    3    2</code></pre>
+</div>
 </div>
+<div id="writing-expressions-in-galaaz" class="section level1">
+<h1>Writing Expressions in Galaaz</h1>
+<p>Galaaz extends Ruby to work with complex expressions, similar to R’s expressions build with ‘quote’ (base R) or ‘quo’ (tidyverse). Let’s take a look at some of those expressions.</p>
+<div id="expressions-from-operators" class="section level2">
+<h2>Expressions from operators</h2>
+<p>The code bellow creates an expression summing two symbols</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp1 = :a + :b
+puts exp1</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## a + b</code></pre>
+<p>We can build any complex mathematical expression</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp2 = (:a + :b) * 2.0 + :c ** 2 / :z
+puts exp2</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## (a + b) * 2 + c^2L/z</code></pre>
+<p>It is also possible to use inequality operators in building expressions</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp3 = (:a + :b) &gt;= :z
+puts exp3</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## a + b &gt;= z</code></pre>
+<p>Galaaz provides both symbolic representations for operators, such as (&gt;, &lt;, !=) as functional notation for those operators such as (.gt, .ge, etc.). So the same expression written above can also be written as</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp4 = (:a + :b).ge :z
+puts exp4</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## a + b &gt;= z</code></pre>
+<p>Two type of expression can only be created with the functional representation of the operators, those are expressions involving ‘==’, and ‘=’. In order to write an expression involving ‘==’ we need to use the method ‘.eq’ and for ‘=’ we need the function ‘.assign’</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp5 = (:a + :b).eq :z
+puts exp5</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## a + b == z</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp6 = :y.assign :a + :b
+puts exp6</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## y &lt;- a + b</code></pre>
+<p>In general we think that using the functional notation is preferable to using the symbolic notation as otherwise, we end up writing invalid expressions such as</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp_wrong = (:a + :b) == :z
+puts exp_wrong</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## Message:
+##  Error in function (x, y, num.eq = TRUE, single.NA = TRUE, attrib.as.set = TRUE,  :
+##   object 'a' not found (RError)
+## Translated to internal error</code></pre>
+<p>and it might be difficult to understand what is going on here. The problem lies with the fact that when using ‘==’ we are comparing expression (:a + :b) to expression :z with ‘==’. When the comparison is executed, the system tries to evaluate :a, :b and :z, and those symbols at this time are not bound to anything and we get a “object ‘a’ not found” message. If we only use functional notation, this type of error will not occur.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="expressions-with-r-methods" class="section level2">
+<h2>Expressions with R methods</h2>
+<p>It is often necessary to create an expression that uses a method or function. For instance, in mathematics, it’s quite natural to write an expressin such as <span class="math inline">\(y = sin(x)\)</span>. In this case, the ‘sin’ function is part of the expression and should not immediately executed. Now, let’s say that ‘x’ is an angle of 45<span class="math inline">\(^\circ\)</span> and we acttually want our expression to be <span class="math inline">\(y = 0.850...\)</span>. When we want the function to be part of the expression, we call the function preceeding it by the letter E, such as ‘E.sin(x)’</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>exp7 = :y.assign E.sin(:x)
+puts exp7</code></pre>
+<pre><code>## y &lt;- sin(x)</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="manipulating-data" class="section level1">
+<h1>Manipulating Data</h1>
+<p>One of the major benefits of Galaaz is to bring strong data manipulation to Ruby. The following examples were extracted from Hardley’s “R for Data Science” (<a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/" class="uri">https://r4ds.had.co.nz/</a>). This is a highly recommended book for those not already familiar with the ‘tidyverse’ style of programming in R. In the sections to follow, we will limit ourselves to convert the R code to Galaaz.</p>
+<p>For these examples, we will investigate the nycflights13 data set available on the package by the same name. We use function ‘R.install_and_loads’ that checks if the library is available locally, and if not, installs it. This data frame contains all 336,776 flights that departed from New York City in 2013. The data comes from the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>R.install_and_loads('nycflights13')
+R.library('dplyr')</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@flights = ~:flights
+puts @flights.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
+## 1 2013     1   1      517            515         2      830            819
+## 2 2013     1   1      533            529         4      850            830
+## 3 2013     1   1      542            540         2      923            850
+## 4 2013     1   1      544            545        -1     1004           1022
+## 5 2013     1   1      554            600        -6      812            837
+## 6 2013     1   1      554            558        -4      740            728
+##   arr_delay carrier flight tailnum origin dest air_time distance hour
+## 1        11      UA   1545  N14228    EWR  IAH      227     1400    5
+## 2        20      UA   1714  N24211    LGA  IAH      227     1416    5
+## 3        33      AA   1141  N619AA    JFK  MIA      160     1089    5
+## 4       -18      B6    725  N804JB    JFK  BQN      183     1576    5
+## 5       -25      DL    461  N668DN    LGA  ATL      116      762    6
+## 6        12      UA   1696  N39463    EWR  ORD      150      719    5
+##   minute           time_hour
+## 1     15 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 2     29 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 3     40 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 4     45 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 5      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
+## 6     58 2013-01-01 05:00:00</code></pre>
+<div id="filtering-rows-with-filter" class="section level2">
+<h2>Filtering rows with Filter</h2>
+<p>In this example we filter the flights data set by giving to the filter function two expressions: the first :month.eq 1</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.filter((:month.eq 1), (:day.eq 1)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
+## 1 2013     1   1      517            515         2      830            819
+## 2 2013     1   1      533            529         4      850            830
+## 3 2013     1   1      542            540         2      923            850
+## 4 2013     1   1      544            545        -1     1004           1022
+## 5 2013     1   1      554            600        -6      812            837
+## 6 2013     1   1      554            558        -4      740            728
+##   arr_delay carrier flight tailnum origin dest air_time distance hour
+## 1        11      UA   1545  N14228    EWR  IAH      227     1400    5
+## 2        20      UA   1714  N24211    LGA  IAH      227     1416    5
+## 3        33      AA   1141  N619AA    JFK  MIA      160     1089    5
+## 4       -18      B6    725  N804JB    JFK  BQN      183     1576    5
+## 5       -25      DL    461  N668DN    LGA  ATL      116      762    6
+## 6        12      UA   1696  N39463    EWR  ORD      150      719    5
+##   minute           time_hour
+## 1     15 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 2     29 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 3     40 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 4     45 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 5      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
+## 6     58 2013-01-01 05:00:00</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="logical-operators" class="section level2">
+<h2>Logical Operators</h2>
+<p>All flights that departed in November of December</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.filter((:month.eq 11) | (:month.eq 12)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
+## 1 2013    11   1        5           2359         6      352            345
+## 2 2013    11   1       35           2250       105      123           2356
+## 3 2013    11   1      455            500        -5      641            651
+## 4 2013    11   1      539            545        -6      856            827
+## 5 2013    11   1      542            545        -3      831            855
+## 6 2013    11   1      549            600       -11      912            923
+##   arr_delay carrier flight tailnum origin dest air_time distance hour
+## 1         7      B6    745  N568JB    JFK  PSE      205     1617   23
+## 2        87      B6   1816  N353JB    JFK  SYR       36      209   22
+## 3       -10      US   1895  N192UW    EWR  CLT       88      529    5
+## 4        29      UA   1714  N38727    LGA  IAH      229     1416    5
+## 5       -24      AA   2243  N5CLAA    JFK  MIA      147     1089    5
+## 6       -11      UA    303  N595UA    JFK  SFO      359     2586    6
+##   minute           time_hour
+## 1     59 2013-11-01 23:00:00
+## 2     50 2013-11-01 22:00:00
+## 3      0 2013-11-01 05:00:00
+## 4     45 2013-11-01 05:00:00
+## 5     45 2013-11-01 05:00:00
+## 6      0 2013-11-01 06:00:00</code></pre>
+<p>The same as above, but using the ‘in’ operator. In R, it is possible to define many operators by doing %<op>%. The %in% operator checks if a value is in a vector. In order to use those operators from Galaaz the ‘._’ method is used, where the first argument is the operator’s symbol, in this case ‘:in’ and the second argument is the vector:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.filter(:month._ :in, R.c(11, 12)).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
+## 1 2013    11   1        5           2359         6      352            345
+## 2 2013    11   1       35           2250       105      123           2356
+## 3 2013    11   1      455            500        -5      641            651
+## 4 2013    11   1      539            545        -6      856            827
+## 5 2013    11   1      542            545        -3      831            855
+## 6 2013    11   1      549            600       -11      912            923
+##   arr_delay carrier flight tailnum origin dest air_time distance hour
+## 1         7      B6    745  N568JB    JFK  PSE      205     1617   23
+## 2        87      B6   1816  N353JB    JFK  SYR       36      209   22
+## 3       -10      US   1895  N192UW    EWR  CLT       88      529    5
+## 4        29      UA   1714  N38727    LGA  IAH      229     1416    5
+## 5       -24      AA   2243  N5CLAA    JFK  MIA      147     1089    5
+## 6       -11      UA    303  N595UA    JFK  SFO      359     2586    6
+##   minute           time_hour
+## 1     59 2013-11-01 23:00:00
+## 2     50 2013-11-01 22:00:00
+## 3      0 2013-11-01 05:00:00
+## 4     45 2013-11-01 05:00:00
+## 5     45 2013-11-01 05:00:00
+## 6      0 2013-11-01 06:00:00</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="filtering-with-na-not-available" class="section level2">
+<h2>Filtering with NA (Not Available)</h2>
+<p>Let’s first create a ‘tibble’ with a Not Available value (R::NA). Tibbles are a modern version of a data frame and operate very similarly to one. It differs in how it outputs the values and the result of some subsetting operations that are more consistent than what is obtained from data frame.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@df = R.tibble(x: R.c(1, R::NA, 3))
+puts @df.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##    x
+## 1  1
+## 2 NA
+## 3  3</code></pre>
+<p>Now filtering by :x &gt; 1 shows all lines that satisfy this condition, where the row with R:NA does not.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @df.filter(:x &gt; 1).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   x
+## 1 3</code></pre>
+<p>To match an NA use method ’is__na’</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @df.filter((:x.is__na) | (:x &gt; 1)).as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##    x
+## 1 NA
+## 2  3</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="arrange-rows-with-arrange" class="section level2">
+<h2>Arrange Rows with arrange</h2>
+<p>Arrange reorders the rows of a data frame by the given arguments.</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.arrange(:year, :month, :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
+## 1 2013     1   1      517            515         2      830            819
+## 2 2013     1   1      533            529         4      850            830
+## 3 2013     1   1      542            540         2      923            850
+## 4 2013     1   1      544            545        -1     1004           1022
+## 5 2013     1   1      554            600        -6      812            837
+## 6 2013     1   1      554            558        -4      740            728
+##   arr_delay carrier flight tailnum origin dest air_time distance hour
+## 1        11      UA   1545  N14228    EWR  IAH      227     1400    5
+## 2        20      UA   1714  N24211    LGA  IAH      227     1416    5
+## 3        33      AA   1141  N619AA    JFK  MIA      160     1089    5
+## 4       -18      B6    725  N804JB    JFK  BQN      183     1576    5
+## 5       -25      DL    461  N668DN    LGA  ATL      116      762    6
+## 6        12      UA   1696  N39463    EWR  ORD      150      719    5
+##   minute           time_hour
+## 1     15 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 2     29 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 3     40 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 4     45 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 5      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
+## 6     58 2013-01-01 05:00:00</code></pre>
+<p>To arrange in descending order, use function ‘desc’</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.arrange(:dep_delay.desc).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
+## 1 2013     1   9      641            900      1301     1242           1530
+## 2 2013     6  15     1432           1935      1137     1607           2120
+## 3 2013     1  10     1121           1635      1126     1239           1810
+## 4 2013     9  20     1139           1845      1014     1457           2210
+## 5 2013     7  22      845           1600      1005     1044           1815
+## 6 2013     4  10     1100           1900       960     1342           2211
+##   arr_delay carrier flight tailnum origin dest air_time distance hour
+## 1      1272      HA     51  N384HA    JFK  HNL      640     4983    9
+## 2      1127      MQ   3535  N504MQ    JFK  CMH       74      483   19
+## 3      1109      MQ   3695  N517MQ    EWR  ORD      111      719   16
+## 4      1007      AA    177  N338AA    JFK  SFO      354     2586   18
+## 5       989      MQ   3075  N665MQ    JFK  CVG       96      589   16
+## 6       931      DL   2391  N959DL    JFK  TPA      139     1005   19
+##   minute           time_hour
+## 1      0 2013-01-09 09:00:00
+## 2     35 2013-06-15 19:00:00
+## 3     35 2013-01-10 16:00:00
+## 4     45 2013-09-20 18:00:00
+## 5      0 2013-07-22 16:00:00
+## 6      0 2013-04-10 19:00:00</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="selecting-columns" class="section level2">
+<h2>Selecting columns</h2>
+<p>To select specific columns from a dataset we use function ‘select’:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.select(:year, :month, :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day
+## 1 2013     1   1
+## 2 2013     1   1
+## 3 2013     1   1
+## 4 2013     1   1
+## 5 2013     1   1
+## 6 2013     1   1</code></pre>
+<p>It is also possible to select column in a given range</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.select(:year.up_to :day).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day
+## 1 2013     1   1
+## 2 2013     1   1
+## 3 2013     1   1
+## 4 2013     1   1
+## 5 2013     1   1
+## 6 2013     1   1</code></pre>
+<p>Select all columns that start with a given name sequence</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.select(E.starts_with('arr')).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   arr_time arr_delay
+## 1      830        11
+## 2      850        20
+## 3      923        33
+## 4     1004       -18
+## 5      812       -25
+## 6      740        12</code></pre>
+<p>Other functions that can be used:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>ends_with(“xyz”): matches names that end with “xyz”.</p></li>
+<li><p>contains(“ijk”): matches names that contain “ijk”.</p></li>
+<li><p>matches(“(.)\1”): selects variables that match a regular expression. This one matches any variables that contain repeated characters.</p></li>
+<li><p>num_range(“x”, (1..3)): matches x1, x2 and x3</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p>A helper function that comes in handy when we just want to rearrange column order is ‘Everything’:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>puts @flights.select(:year, :month, :day, E.everything).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
+## 1 2013     1   1      517            515         2      830            819
+## 2 2013     1   1      533            529         4      850            830
+## 3 2013     1   1      542            540         2      923            850
+## 4 2013     1   1      544            545        -1     1004           1022
+## 5 2013     1   1      554            600        -6      812            837
+## 6 2013     1   1      554            558        -4      740            728
+##   arr_delay carrier flight tailnum origin dest air_time distance hour
+## 1        11      UA   1545  N14228    EWR  IAH      227     1400    5
+## 2        20      UA   1714  N24211    LGA  IAH      227     1416    5
+## 3        33      AA   1141  N619AA    JFK  MIA      160     1089    5
+## 4       -18      B6    725  N804JB    JFK  BQN      183     1576    5
+## 5       -25      DL    461  N668DN    LGA  ATL      116      762    6
+## 6        12      UA   1696  N39463    EWR  ORD      150      719    5
+##   minute           time_hour
+## 1     15 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 2     29 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 3     40 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 4     45 2013-01-01 05:00:00
+## 5      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
+## 6     58 2013-01-01 05:00:00</code></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="add-variables-to-a-dataframe-with-mutate" class="section level2">
+<h2>Add variables to a dataframe with ‘mutate’</h2>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@flights_sm = @flights.
+                select((:year.up_to :day),
+                       E.ends_with('delay'),
+                       :distance,
+                       :air_time)
+
+puts @flights_sm.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_delay arr_delay distance air_time
+## 1 2013     1   1         2        11     1400      227
+## 2 2013     1   1         4        20     1416      227
+## 3 2013     1   1         2        33     1089      160
+## 4 2013     1   1        -1       -18     1576      183
+## 5 2013     1   1        -6       -25      762      116
+## 6 2013     1   1        -4        12      719      150</code></pre>
+<pre class="ruby"><code>@flights_sm = @flights_sm.
+                mutate(gain: :dep_delay - :arr_delay,
+                       speed: :distance / :air_time * 60)
+puts @flights_sm.head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##   year month day dep_delay arr_delay distance air_time gain    speed
+## 1 2013     1   1         2        11     1400      227   -9 370.0441
+## 2 2013     1   1         4        20     1416      227  -16 374.2731
+## 3 2013     1   1         2        33     1089      160  -31 408.3750
+## 4 2013     1   1        -1       -18     1576      183   17 516.7213
+## 5 2013     1   1        -6       -25      762      116   19 394.1379
+## 6 2013     1   1        -4        12      719      150  -16 287.6000</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="graphics-in-galaaz" class="section level1">
+<h1>Graphics in Galaaz</h1>
+<p>Creating graphics in Galaaz is quite easy, as it can use all the power of ggplot2. There are many resources in the web that teaches ggplot, so here we give a quick example of ggplot integration with Ruby. We continue to use the :mtcars dataset and we will plot a diverging bar plot, showing cars that have ‘above’ or ‘below’ gas consuption. Let’s first prepare the data frame with the necessary data:</p>
+<pre class="ruby"><code># copy the R variable :mtcars to the Ruby mtcars variable
+@mtcars = ~:mtcars
+
+# create a new column 'car_name' to store the car names so that it can be
+# used for plotting. The 'rownames' of the data frame cannot be used as
+# data for plotting
+@mtcars.car_name = R.rownames(:mtcars)
+
+# compute normalized mpg and add it to a new column called mpg_z
+# Note that the mean value for mpg can be obtained by calling the 'mean'
+# function on the vector 'mtcars.mpg'.  The same with the standard
+# deviation 'sd'.  The vector is then rounded to two digits with 'round 2'
+@mtcars.mpg_z = ((@mtcars.mpg - @mtcars.mpg.mean)/@mtcars.mpg.sd).round 2
+
+# create a new column 'mpg_type'. Function 'ifelse' is a vectorized function
+# that looks at every element of the mpg_z vector and if the value is below
+# 0, returns 'below', otherwise returns 'above'
+@mtcars.mpg_type = (@mtcars.mpg_z &lt; 0).ifelse(&quot;below&quot;, &quot;above&quot;)
+
+# order the mtcar data set by the mpg_z vector from smaler to larger values
+@mtcars = @mtcars[@mtcars.mpg_z.order, :all]
+
+# convert the car_name column to a factor to retain sorted order in plot
+@mtcars.car_name = @mtcars.car_name.factor levels: @mtcars.car_name
+
+# let's look at the final data frame
+puts @mtcars</code></pre>
+<pre><code>##                      mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
+## Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4   8 472.0 205 2.93 5.250 17.98  0  0    3    4
+## Lincoln Continental 10.4   8 460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82  0  0    3    4
+## Camaro Z28          13.3   8 350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41  0  0    3    4
+## Duster 360          14.3   8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0  0    3    4
+## Chrysler Imperial   14.7   8 440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42  0  0    3    4
+## Maserati Bora       15.0   8 301.0 335 3.54 3.570 14.60  0  1    5    8
+## Merc 450SLC         15.2   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00  0  0    3    3
+## AMC Javelin         15.2   8 304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30  0  0    3    2
+## Dodge Challenger    15.5   8 318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87  0  0    3    2
+## Ford Pantera L      15.8   8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50  0  1    5    4
+## Merc 450SE          16.4   8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40  0  0    3    3
+## Merc 450SL          17.3   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60  0  0    3    3
+## Merc 280C           17.8   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90  1  0    4    4
+## Valiant             18.1   6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
+## Hornet Sportabout   18.7   8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
+## Merc 280            19.2   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30  1  0    4    4
+## Pontiac Firebird    19.2   8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05  0  0    3    2
+## Ferrari Dino        19.7   6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50  0  1    5    6
+## Mazda RX4           21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
+## Mazda RX4 Wag       21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
+## Hornet 4 Drive      21.4   6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
+## Volvo 142E          21.4   4 121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60  1  1    4    2
+## Toyota Corona       21.5   4 120.1  97 3.70 2.465 20.01  1  0    3    1
+## Datsun 710          22.8   4 108.0  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
+## Merc 230            22.8   4 140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90  1  0    4    2
+## Merc 240D           24.4   4 146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00  1  0    4    2
+## Porsche 914-2       26.0   4 120.3  91 4.43 2.140 16.70  0  1    5    2
+## Fiat X1-9           27.3   4  79.0  66 4.08 1.935 18.90  1  1    4    1
+## Honda Civic         30.4   4  75.7  52 4.93 1.615 18.52  1  1    4    2
+## Lotus Europa        30.4   4  95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90  1  1    5    2
+## Fiat 128            32.4   4  78.7  66 4.08 2.200 19.47  1  1    4    1
+## Toyota Corolla      33.9   4  71.1  65 4.22 1.835 19.90  1  1    4    1
+##                                car_name mpg_z mpg_type
+## Cadillac Fleetwood   Cadillac Fleetwood -1.61    below
+## Lincoln Continental Lincoln Continental -1.61    below
+## Camaro Z28                   Camaro Z28 -1.13    below
+## Duster 360                   Duster 360 -0.96    below
+## Chrysler Imperial     Chrysler Imperial -0.89    below
+## Maserati Bora             Maserati Bora -0.84    below
+## Merc 450SLC                 Merc 450SLC -0.81    below
+## AMC Javelin                 AMC Javelin -0.81    below
+## Dodge Challenger       Dodge Challenger -0.76    below
+## Ford Pantera L           Ford Pantera L -0.71    below
+## Merc 450SE                   Merc 450SE -0.61    below
+## Merc 450SL                   Merc 450SL -0.46    below
+## Merc 280C                     Merc 280C -0.38    below
+## Valiant                         Valiant -0.33    below
+## Hornet Sportabout     Hornet Sportabout -0.23    below
+## Merc 280                       Merc 280 -0.15    below
+## Pontiac Firebird       Pontiac Firebird -0.15    below
+## Ferrari Dino               Ferrari Dino -0.06    below
+## Mazda RX4                     Mazda RX4  0.15    above
+## Mazda RX4 Wag             Mazda RX4 Wag  0.15    above
+## Hornet 4 Drive           Hornet 4 Drive  0.22    above
+## Volvo 142E                   Volvo 142E  0.22    above
+## Toyota Corona             Toyota Corona  0.23    above
+## Datsun 710                   Datsun 710  0.45    above
+## Merc 230                       Merc 230  0.45    above
+## Merc 240D                     Merc 240D  0.72    above
+## Porsche 914-2             Porsche 914-2  0.98    above
+## Fiat X1-9                     Fiat X1-9  1.20    above
+## Honda Civic                 Honda Civic  1.71    above
+## Lotus Europa               Lotus Europa  1.71    above
+## Fiat 128                       Fiat 128  2.04    above
+## Toyota Corolla           Toyota Corolla  2.29    above</code></pre>
+<p>Now, lets plot the diverging bar plot. When using gKnit, there is no need to call ‘R.awt’ to create a plotting device, since gKnit does take care of it:</p>
+<p>[TO BE CONTINUED…]</p>
 </div>
 <div id="contributing" class="section level1">
 <h1>Contributing</h1>