galaaz 0.4.10 → 2.0.0

data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot.Rmd_external_figs

@@ -1,662 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "How to make Beautiful Ruby Plots with Galaaz"
-author:
-    - "Rodrigo Botafogo"
-    - "Daniel Mossé - University of Pittsburgh"
-tags: [Tech, Data Science, Ruby, R, GraalVM]
-date: "November 19th, 2018"
-output:
-  html_document:
-    self_contained: true
-    keep_md: true
-  pdf_document:
-    includes:
-      in_header: "../../sty/galaaz.sty"
-    keep_tex: yes
-    number_sections: yes
-    toc: true
-    toc_depth: 2
-fontsize: 11pt
----
-
-```{r setup, echo=FALSE}
-# set global chunk options.  We want all figures to be 'svg'
-knitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.width=7, fig.height=7, dev="svg")
-```
-
-According to Wikipedia "Ruby is a dynamic, interpreted, reflective, object-oriented, 
-general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro 
-"Matz" Matsumoto in Japan."  It reached high popularity with the development of Ruby on Rails
-(RoR) by David Heinemeier Hansson. RoR is a web application framework first released
-around 2005. It makes extensive use of Ruby's metaprogramming features.  With RoR,
-Ruby became very popular.  According to [Ruby's Tiobe index](https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ruby/)
-it peeked in popularity around 2008, then declined until 2015 when it started picking up again.
-At the time of this writing (November 2018), the Tiobe index puts Ruby in 16th position as
-most popular language.
-
-Python, a language similar to Ruby, ranks 4th in the index.  Java, C and C++ take the
-first three positions.  Ruby is often criticized for its focus on web applications.
-But Ruby can do [much more](https://github.com/markets/awesome-ruby) than just web applications.
-Yet, for scientific computing, Ruby lags way behind Python and R.  Python has
-Django framework for web, NumPy for numerical arrays, Pandas for data analysis.
-R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics with thousands
-of libraries for data analysis. 
-
-Until recently, there was no real perspective for Ruby to bridge this gap.
-Implementing a complete scientific computing infrastructure would take too long.
-Enters [Oracle's GraalVM](https://www.graalvm.org/):
-
-> GraalVM is a universal virtual machine for running applications written in
-> JavaScript, Python 3, Ruby, R, JVM-based languages like Java, Scala, Kotlin,
-> and LLVM-based languages such as C and C++.
->
-> GraalVM removes the isolation between programming languages and enables
-> interoperability in a shared runtime. It can run either standalone or in the
-> context of OpenJDK, Node.js, Oracle Database, or MySQL.
->
-> GraalVM allows you to write polyglot applications with a seamless way to pass
-> values from one language to another. With GraalVM there is no copying or
-> marshaling necessary as it is with other polyglot systems. This lets you
-> achieve high performance when language boundaries are crossed. Most of the time
-> there is no additional cost for crossing a language boundary at all.
->
-> Often developers have to make uncomfortable compromises that require them
-> to rewrite their software in other languages. For example:
->
->  * That library is not available in my language. I need to rewrite it. 
->  * That language would be the perfect fit for my problem, but we cannot
->    run it in our environment. 
->  * That problem is already solved in my language, but the language is
->    too slow.
->   
->  With GraalVM we aim to allow developers to freely choose the right language for
->  the task at hand without making compromises.
-
-As stated above, GraalVM is a _universal_ virtual machine that allows Ruby and R (and other
-languages) to run on the same environment.  GraalVM allows polyglot applications to
-_seamlessly_ interact with one another and pass values from one language to the other.
-Although a great idea, GraalVM still requires application writers to know several languages.
-To eliminate that requirement, we built Galaaz, a gem for Ruby, to tightly couple
-Ruby and R and allow those languages to interact in a way that the user will be unaware
-of such interaction. In other words, a Ruby programmer will be able to use all
-the capabilities of R without knowing the R syntax.
-
-Library wrapping is a usual way of bringing features from one language into another.
-To improve performance, Python often wraps more efficient C libraries. For the
-Python developer, the existence of such C libraries is hidden.  The problem with
-library wrapping is that for any new library, there is the need to handcraft a new
-wrapper.
-
-Galaaz, instead of wrapping a single C or R library, wraps the whole R language
-in Ruby.  Doing so, all thousands of R libraries are available immediately
-to Ruby developers without any new wrapping effort.
-
-To show the power of Galaaz, we show in this article how Ruby can use R's ggplot2
-library tranparantly bringing to Ruby the power of high quality scientific plotting.
-We also show that migrating from R to Ruby with Galaaz is a matter of small
-syntactic changes. By using Ruby, the R developer can use all of Ruby's powerful
-object-oriented features. Also, with Ruby, it becomes much easier to move code
-from the analysis phase to the production phase.
-
-In this article we will explore the R ToothGrowth dataset.  To illustrate, we will
-create some boxplots.  A primer on boxplot is available in 
-[this article](https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-boxplots-5e2df7bcbd51).
-
-We will also create a Corporate Template ensuring that plots will have a consistent
-visualization.  This template is built using a Ruby module.  There is a way of building
-ggplot themes that will work the same as the Ruby module.  Yet, writing a new theme
-requires specific knowledge on theme writing.  Ruby modules are standard to the
-language and don't need special knowledge.
-
-[Here](https://towardsdatascience.com/ruby-plotting-with-galaaz-an-example-of-tightly-coupling-ruby-and-r-in-graalvm-520b69e21021) we show a scatter plot in Ruby also with Galaaz.
-
-# gKnit
-
-_Knitr_ is an application that converts text written in rmarkdown to many
-different output formats.  For instance, a writer can convert an rmarkdown  document
-to HTML, $LaTex$, docx and many other formats. Rmarkdown documents can contain
-text and _code chunks_. Knitr formats code chunks in a grayed box in the output document.
-It also executes the code chunks and formats the output in a white box.  Every line of
-output from the execution code is preceded by '##'.
-
-Knitr allows code chunks to be in R, Python,
-Ruby and dozens of other languages.  Yet, while R and Python chunks can share data, in other
-languages, chunks are independent.  This means that a variable defined in one chunk
-cannot be used in another chunk.
-
-With _gKnit_ Ruby code chunks can share data.  In gKnit each
-Ruby chunk executes in its own scope and thus, local variable defined in a chunk are
-not accessible by other chunks.  Yet, All chunks execute in the scope of a 'chunk'
-class and instance variables ('@'), are available in all chunks.
-
-# Exploring the Dataset
-
-Let's start by exploring our selected dataset.  ToothGrowth is an R dataset.  A dataset
-is like a simple excel spreadsheet, in which each column has only one type of data.
-For instance one column can have float, the other integer, and a third strings.
-This dataset analyzes the length of odontoblasts (cells responsible for tooth growth)
-in 60 guinea pigs, where each animal received one of three dose levels of Vitamin C
-(0.5, 1, and 2 mg/day) by one of two delivery methods, orange juice OJ or ascorbic acid
-(a form of vitamin C and coded as VC).
-
-The ToothGrowth dataset contains three columns: 'len', 'supp' and 'dose'.  Let's
-take a look at a few rows of this dataset. In Galaaz, R variables are accessed
-by using the corresponding Ruby symbol preceeded by the tilda ('~') function. Note in the
-following chunk that 'ToothGrowth' is the R  variable and Ruby's '@tooth_growth' is
-assigned the value of '~:ToothGrowth'.
-
-```{ruby head}
-# Read the R ToothGrowth variable and assign it to the
-# Ruby instance variable @tooth_growth that will be 
-# available to all Ruby chunks in this document.
-@tooth_growth = ~:ToothGrowth
-# print the first few elements of the dataset
-puts @tooth_growth.head
-```
-
-Great! We've managed to read the ToothGrowth dataset and take a look at its elements.
-We see here the first 6 rows of the dataset. To access a column, follow the dataset name
-with a dot ('.') and the name of the column. Also use dot notation to chain methods
-in usual Ruby style.
-
-```{ruby dataset_columns}
-# Access the tooth_growth 'len' column and print the first few
-# elements of this column with the 'head' method.
-puts @tooth_growth.len.head
-```
- 
-The 'dose' column contains a numeric value with either, 0.5, 1 or 2, although the
-first 6 rows as seen above only contain the 0.5 values.  Even though those are
-number, they are better interpreted as a [factor or cathegory](https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-inflammation/12-supp-factors/).  So, let's convert our 'dose' column from numeric to 'factor'.
-In R, the function 'as.factor' is used to convert data in a vector to factors.  To use this
-function from Galaaz the dot ('.') in the function name is substituted by '__' (double underline).
-The function 'as.factor' becomes 'R.as__factor' or just 'as__factor' when chaining.
-
-```{ruby tooth_growth}
-# convert the dose to a factor
-@tooth_growth.dose = @tooth_growth.dose.as__factor
-```
-
-Let's explore some more details of this dataset.  In particular, let's look at its dimensions,
-structure and summary statistics.
-
-```{ruby dim}
-puts @tooth_growth.dim
-```
-
-This dataset has 60 rows, one for each subject and 3 columns, as we have already seen.
-
-Note that we do not need to call 'puts' when using the 'str' function.  This
-functions does not return anything and prints the structure of the dataset
-as a side effect.
-
-```{ruby str}
-@tooth_growth.str
-```
-Observe that both variables 'supp' and 'dose' are factors.  The system made variable 'supp'
-a factor automatically, since it contais two strings OJ and VC.
-
-Finally, using the summary method, we get the statistical summary for the dataset
-
-```{ruby summary}
-puts @tooth_growth.summary
-```
-
-# Doing the Data Analysis
-
-## Quick plot for seing the data
-
-Let's now create our first plot with the given data by accessing ggplot2 from Ruby.
-For Rubyists that have never seen or used ggplot2, here is the description of ggplot
-found in its home page:
-
-> "ggplot2 is a system for declaratively creating graphics, based on _The Grammar of Graphics_.
-> You provide the data, tell ggplot2 how to map variables to aesthetics, what graphical 
-> primitives to use, and it takes care of the details."
-
-This description might be a bit cryptic and it is best to see it at work to understand it.
-Basically, in the _grammar of graphics_ developers add layers of components such as grid,
-axis, data, title, subtitle and also graphical primitives such as _bar plot_, _box plot_,
-to form the final graphics.
-
-In order to make a plot, we use the 'ggplot' function to the dataset.  In R, this would be
-written as ```ggplot(<dataset>, ...)```. Galaaz gives you the flexibility to use
-either ```R.ggplot(<dataset>, ...)``` or ```<dataset>.ggplot(...)```.  In the graph s
-pecification bellow, we use the second notation
-that looks more like Ruby.  ggplot uses the ‘aes’ method to specify
-x and y axes; in this case, the 'dose' on the $x$ axis and the 'length' on
-the $y$ axis: 'E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len)'.  To specify the type of plot add a geom to
-the plot.  For a boxplot, the geom is R.geom_boxplot.
-
-Note also that we have a call to 'R.png' before plotting and 'R.dev__off' after the print
-statement.  'R.png' opens a 'png device' for outputting the plot.  If we do no pass a
-name to the 'png' function, the
-image gets a default name of 'Rplot\<nnn\>' where \<nnn\> is the number of the plot.
-'R.dev__off'
-closes the device and creates the 'png' file. We can
-then include the generated 'png' file in the document by adding an rmarkdown directive.
-
-```{ruby dose_len}
-require 'ggplot'
-
-e = @tooth_growth.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len))
-print e + R.geom_boxplot
-```
-
-[//]: # (Including the 'png' file generated above.  In future releases)
-[//]: # (of gKnit, the figures should be automatically saved and the name)
-[//]: # (taken from the chunk 'label' and possibly chunk parameters)
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/96db2729e02ced0f9336216d87d14af141c1e81b/dose_len.png)
-
-Great! We've just managed to create and save our first plot in Ruby with only
-four lines of code. We can now easily see with this plot a clear trend: as the
-dose of the supplement
-is increased, so is the length of teeth.
-
-## Facetting the plot
-
-This first plot shows a trend, but our data has information about two different forms
-of delivery method, either by Orange Juice OJ or by Vitamin C VC.
-Let's then try to create a plot that helps us discern the effect of each
-delivery method.  This next
-plot is a _facetted_ plot where each delivery method gets is own plot.
-On the left side, the plot shows the OJ delivery method.  On the right side,
-we see the VC delivery method. To obtain this plot, we use the
-'R.facet_grid' function, that
-automatically creates the facets based on the delivery method factors.  The parameter to
-the 'facet_grid' method is a [_formula_](https://thomasleeper.com/Rcourse/Tutorials/formulae.html).
-
-In Galaaz we give programmers the flexibility to use two different ways to write formulas.
-In the first way, the following changes from writing formulas (for example 'x ~ y')
-in R are necessary:
-
-* R symbols are represented by the same Ruby symbol prefixed with the '+' method. The
-  symbol ```x``` in R becomes ```+:x``` in Ruby;
-* The '~' operator in R becomes '=~' in Ruby.  The formula ```x ~ y``` in R is written as
-  ```+:x =~ +:y``` in Ruby;
-* The '.' symbol in R becomes '+:all'
-
-Another way of writing a formula is to use the 'formula' function with the actual formula as
-a string.  The formula ```x ~ y``` in R can be written as ```R.formula("x ~ y")```.  For more
-complex formulas, the use of the 'formula' function is preferred.
-
-The formula ```+:all =~ +:supp``` indicates to the 'facet_grid' function that it needs to
-facet the plot based on the ```supp``` variable and split the plot vertically.  Changing
-the formula to ```+:supp =~ +:all``` would split the plot horizontally.
-
-```{ruby facet_by_delivery}
-@base_tooth = @tooth_growth.ggplot(E.aes(x: :dose, y: :len, group: :dose))
-
-@bp = @base_tooth + R.geom_boxplot +
-      # Split in vertical direction
-      R.facet_grid(+:all =~ +:supp)
-      
-puts @bp
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/96db2729e02ced0f9336216d87d14af141c1e81b/facet_by_delivery.png)
-
-It now becomes clear that although both methods of delivery have a direct
-impact on tooth growth, method (OJ) is non-linear having a higher impact with smaller
-doses of ascorbic acid and reducing it's impact as the dose increases.  With the
-(VC) approach, the impact seems to be more linear.
-
-## Adding Color
-
-If we were writing about data analysis, we would make a better analysis of the trends and
-improve the statistical analysis.  But here we are interested in working with ggplot
-in Ruby.  So, let's add some color to this plot to make the trend and comparison more
-visible.  In the following plot, the boxes are color coded by dose.  To add color, it is
-enough to add ```fill: :dose``` to the aesthetic of boxplot.  With this command each 'dose'
-factor gets its own color.
-
-```{ruby facets_by_delivery_color}
-@bp = @bp + R.geom_boxplot(E.aes(fill: :dose))
-puts @bp
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/96db2729e02ced0f9336216d87d14af141c1e81b/facets_by_delivery_color.png)
-
-Facetting helps us compare the general trends for each delivery method.
-Adding color allow us to compare specifically how each dosage impacts the tooth growth.
-It is possible to observe that with smaller doses, up to 1mg, OJ performs better
-than VC (red color). For 2mg, both OJ and VC have the same median, but OJ is
-less disperse (blue color).
-For 1mg (green color), OJ is significantly bettern than VC. By this very quick
-visual analysis, it seems that OJ is a better delivery method than VC.
-
-## Clarifying the data
-
-Boxplots give us a nice idea of the distribution of data, but looking at those plots with
-large colored boxes leaves us wondering what else is going on.  According to
-Edward Tufte in Envisioning Information:
-
-> Thin data rightly prompts suspicions: "What are they leaving out? Is that really everything
-> they know? What are they hiding? Is that all they did?" Now and then it is claimed
-> that vacant space is "friendly" (anthropomorphizing an inherently murky idea) but
-> _it is not how much empty space there is, but rather how it is used. It is not how much
-> information there is, but rather how effectively it is arranged._
-
-And he states:
-
-> A most unconventional design strategy is revealed: _to clarify, add detail._
-
-Let's use this wisdom and add yet another layer of data to our plot, so that we clarify
-it with detail and do not leave large empty boxes.  In this next plot, we add data points for
-each of the 60 pigs in the experiment.  For that, add the function 'R.geom_point' to the
-plot.
-
-```{ruby facets_with_points}
-# Split in vertical direction
-@bp = @bp + R.geom_point
-
-puts @bp
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/96db2729e02ced0f9336216d87d14af141c1e81b/facets_with_points.png)
-
-Now we can see the actual distribution of all the 60 subjects.  Actually, this is not
-totally true.  We have a hard time seing all 60 subjects. It seems that some points
-might be placed one over the other hiding useful information.
-
-But no sweat! Another layer might solve the problem.  In the following plot a new layer
-called 'geom_jitter' is added to the plot. Jitter adds a small amount of random variation
-to the location of each point, and is a useful way of handling overplotting caused by
-discreteness in smaller datasets.  This makes it easier to see all of the points and
-prevents data hiding.  We also add
-color and change the shape of the points, making them even easier to see.
-
-```{ruby facets_with_jitter}
-# Split in vertical direction
-puts @bp + R.geom_jitter(shape: 23, color: "cyan3", size: 1)
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/96db2729e02ced0f9336216d87d14af141c1e81b/facets_with_jitter.png)
-
-Now we can see all 60 points in the graph. We have here a much higher information density
-and we can see outliers and subjects distribution.
-
-# Preparing the Plot for Presentation
-
-We have come a long way since our first plot.  As we already said, this is not
-an article about data analysis and the focus is on the
-integration of Ruby and ggplot.  So, let's assume that the analysis is now done.  Yet,
-ending the analysis does not mean that the work is done.  On the contrary, the hardest
-part is yet to come!
-
-After the analysis it is necessary to communicate it by making a final plot for
-presentation.  The last plot has all the information we want to share, but it is not very
-pleasing to the eye.
-
-## Improving Colors
-
-Let's start by trying to improve colors.  For now, we will not use the jitter layer.
-The previous plot has three bright colors that have no relashionship between them.  Is
-there any obvious, or non-obvious for that matter, interpretation for the colors?
-Clearly, they are just random colors selected automatically by our software.  Although
-those colors helped us understand the data, for a final presentation random colors
-can distract the viewer.
-
-In the following plot we use shades function 'scale_fill_manual' to change
-the colors of the boxes and order of labels.  For colors, we use shades of blue for
-each dosage, with light blue ('cyan')
-representing the lower dose and deep blue ('deepskyblue4') the higher dose.
-Also, the legend could be improved: we use the ‘breaks’ parameter to put
-the smaller value (0.5) at the botton of the labels and the largest (2) at the top.
-This ordering seems more natural and
-matches with the actual order of the colors in the plot.
-
-```{ruby facets_by_delivery_color2}
-@bp = @bp +
-      R.scale_fill_manual(values: R.c("cyan", "deepskyblue", "deepskyblue4"),
-                          breaks: R.c("2","1","0.5"))
-
-puts @bp
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/96db2729e02ced0f9336216d87d14af141c1e81b/facets_by_delivery_color2.png)
-
-
-## Violin Plot and Jitter
-
-The boxplot with jitter did look a bit overwhelming.  The next plot uses a variation of
-a boxplot known as a _violin plot_ with jittered data.
-
-[From Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_plot)
-
-
-> A violin plot is a method of plotting numeric data. It is similar to a box plot with
-> a rotated kernel density plot on each side.
-> 
-> A violin plot has four layers. The outer shape represents all possible results, with
-> thickness indicating how common. (Thus the thickest section represents the mode average.)
-> The next layer inside represents the values that occur 95% of the time.
-> The next layer (if it exists) inside represents the values that occur 50% of the time.
-> The central dot represents the median average value. 
-
-```{ruby violin_with_jitter}
-@violin = @base_tooth + R.geom_violin(E.aes(fill: :dose)) + 
-   R.facet_grid(+:all =~ +:supp) +
-   R.geom_jitter(shape: 23, color: "cyan3", size: 1) +
-   R.scale_fill_manual(values: R.c("cyan", "deepskyblue", "deepskyblue4"),
-                       breaks: R.c("2","1","0.5"))
-
-puts @violin
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/96db2729e02ced0f9336216d87d14af141c1e81b/violin_with_jitter.png)
-
-This plot is an alternative to the original boxplot.  For the final presentation, it is
-important to think which graphics will be best understood by our audience. A violin plot
-is a less known plot and could add mental overhead, yet, in my opinion, it does look a lit
-bit better than the boxplot and provides even more information than the boxplot with jitter.
-
-## Adding Decoration
-
-Our final plot is starting to take shape, but a presentation plot should have at least a
-title, labels on the axes and maybe some other decorations.  Let's start adding those.
-Since decoration requires more graph area, this new plot has a 'width' and 'height'
-specification.  When there is no specification, the default values from R for width and
-height are 480.
-
-The 'labs' function adds the required decoration.  In this example we use 'title',
-'subtitle', 'x' for the $x$ axis label and 'y', for the $y$ axis label, and 'caption'
-for information about the plot (for clarity, we defined a caption variable using Ruby's
-Here Doc style).
-
-```{ruby facets_with_decorations, dev = "png", fig.width = 540, fig.height = 560, units = "px"}
-caption = <<-EOT
-Length of odontoblasts in 60 guinea pigs. 
-Each animal received one of three dose levels of vitamin C.
-EOT
-
-@decorations =
-  R.labs(title: "Tooth Growth:  Length vs Vitamin C Dose",
-         subtitle: "Faceted by delivery method, OJ or VC",
-         x: "Dose (mg)", y: "Teeth length",
-         caption: caption)
-
-puts @bp + @decorations
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/225058450f4e69e5e82a01e22f69725554746893/facets_with_decorations.png)
-
-## The Corp Theme
-
-We are almost done.  But the default plot configuration does not yet look
-nice to the eye. We are still distracted
-by many aspects of the graph.  First, the back font color does not look good.  Then
-plot background, borders, grids all add clutter to the plot.
-
-We will now define our corporate theme. in a module that can be used/loaded for all
-plots, similar to CSS or any other style definition.
-
-In this theme, we remove borders and grids.  The
-background if left for faceted plots but removed for non-faceted plots.  Font colors are
-a shade o blue (color: '#00080').  Axis labels are moved near the end of the axis and
-written in 'bold'.
-
-```{ruby coorp_theme}
-module CorpTheme
-
-  R.install_and_loads 'RColorBrewer'
-  
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # face can be  (1=plain, 2=bold, 3=italic, 4=bold-italic)
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  
-  def self.text_element(size, face: "plain", hjust: nil)
-    E.element_text(color: "#000080", 
-                   face: face,
-                   size: size,
-		   hjust: hjust)
-  end
-  
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Defines the plot theme (visualization).  In this theme we remove major and minor
-  # grids, borders and background.  We also turn-off scientific notation.
-  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  
-  def self.global_theme(faceted = false)
-    
-    R.options(scipen: 999)  # turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48
-    #    R.theme_set(R.theme_bw)
-    
-    # remove major grids
-    gb = R.theme(panel__grid__major: E.element_blank())
-    # remove minor grids
-    gb = gb + R.theme(panel__grid__minor: E.element_blank)
-    # gb = R.theme(panel__grid__minor: E.element_blank)
-    # remove border
-    gb = gb + R.theme(panel__border: E.element_blank)
-    # remove background. When working with faceted graphs, the background makes
-    # it easier to see each facet, so leave it
-    gb = gb + R.theme(panel__background: E.element_blank) if !faceted
-    # Change axis font
-    gb = gb + R.theme(axis__text: text_element(8))
-    # change axis title font
-    gb = gb + R.theme(axis__title: text_element(10, face: "bold", hjust: 1))
-    # change font of title
-    gb = gb + R.theme(title: text_element(12, face: "bold"))
-    # change font of subtitle
-    gb = gb + R.theme(plot__subtitle: text_element(9))
-    # change font of captions
-    gb = gb + R.theme(plot__caption: text_element(8))
-
-  end
-   
-end
-```
-
-## Final Box Plot
-
-We can now easily make our final boxplot and violin plot.  All the layers for the plot were
-added in order to expose our understanding of the data and the need to present the result
-to our audience.
-
-The final specification is just the addition of all layers build up to this point (@bp), plus
-the decorations (@decorations), plus the corporate theme.
-
-Here is our final boxplot, without jitter.
-
-```{ruby final_box_plot}
-puts @bp + @decorations + CorpTheme.global_theme(faceted: true)
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/225058450f4e69e5e82a01e22f69725554746893/final_box_plot.png)
-
-And here is the final violin plot, with jitter and the same look and feel of the corporate
-boxplot.
-
-```{ruby final_violin_plot}
-puts @violin + @decorations + CorpTheme.global_theme(faceted: true)
-```
-
-
-![]https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/225058450f4e69e5e82a01e22f69725554746893/final_violin_plot.png
-
-## Another View
-
-We now make another plot, with the same look and feel as before but facetted by
-dose and not by supplement.  This shows how easy it is to create new plots by just
-changing small statement on the _grammar of graphics_.
-
-```{ruby facet_by_dose}
-caption = <<-EOT
-Length of odontoblasts in 60 guinea pigs. 
-Each animal received one of three dose levels of vitamin C.
-EOT
-
-@bp = @tooth_growth.ggplot(E.aes(x: :supp, y: :len, group: :supp)) + 
-      R.geom_boxplot(E.aes(fill: :supp)) + R.facet_grid(+:all =~ +:dose) +
-      R.scale_fill_manual(values: R.c("cyan", "deepskyblue4")) +
-      R.labs(title: "Tooth Growth:  Length by Dose",
-             subtitle: "Faceted by dose",
-             x: "Delivery method", y: "Teeth length",
-             caption: caption) +
-      CorpTheme.global_theme(faceted: true)
-puts @bp
-```
-
-![](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/rbotafogo/5538d6c679a59f4d56179b2c030e8d28/raw/96db2729e02ced0f9336216d87d14af141c1e81b/facet_by_dose.png)
-
-# Conclusion
-
-In this article, we introduce Galaaz and show how to tightly couple Ruby and R
-in a way that Ruby developers do not need to be aware
-of the executing R engine.  For the Ruby developer the existence of R
-is of no consequence, she is just coding in Ruby.  On the other hand, for the R
-developer, migration to Ruby is a matter of small syntactic changes with a very gentle
-learning curve. As the R developer becomes more proficient in Ruby, he can start using
-'classes', 'modules', 'procs', 'lambdas'.  
-
-Trying to bring to Ruby the power of R starting from scratch is an enourmous endeavour
-and would probably never be accomplished.  Today's data scientists would certainly
-stick with either Python or R.  Now, both the Ruby and R communities can benefit
-from this marriage, provided by Galaaz on top of GraalVM and Truffle's
-polyglot environment.  We presented 
-the process to couple Ruby and R, but this process can also be done to couple Ruby
-and JavaScript or Ruby and Python.  In a polyglot world a *uniglot* language might
-be extremely relevant.
-
-From the perspective of performance, GraalVM and Truffle promises improvements that could
-reach over 10 times, both for [FastR](https://medium.com/graalvm/faster-r-with-fastr-4b8db0e0dceb)
-and for [TruffleRuby](https://rubykaigi.org/2018/presentations/eregontp.html).
-
-This article has shown how to improve a plot step-by-step.  Starting from a very simple
-boxplot with all default configurations, we moved slowly to our final plot.  The important
-point here is not if the final plot is actually beautiful (as beauty is in the eye of
-the beholder), but that there is a process of small steps improvements that can be followed
-to getting a final plot ready for presentation.
-
-Finally, this whole article was written in rmarkdown and compiled to HTML by _gknit_, an
-application that wraps _knitr_ and allows documenting Ruby code.  This application can
-be of great help for any Rubyist trying to write articles, blogs or documentation for Ruby.
-
-# Installing Galaaz
-
-## Prerequisites
-
-* GraalVM (>= rc8): https://github.com/oracle/graal/releases
-* TruffleRuby
-* FastR
-
-The following R packages will be automatically installed when necessary, but could be installed prior
-to using gKnit if desired:
-
-* ggplot2
-* gridExtra
-* knitr
-
-Installation of R packages requires a development environment and can be time consuming.  In Linux,
-the gnu compiler and tools should be enough.  I am not sure what is needed on the Mac.
-
-## Preparation
-
-* gem install galaaz
-
-## Usage
-
-* gknit <filename>
-* In a scrip add: require 'galaaz'