fluentd 1.14.4-x64-mingw-ucrt

data/lib/fluent/plugin/output.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1556 @@
+#
+# Fluentd
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#    limitations under the License.
+#
+
+require 'fluent/env'
+require 'fluent/error'
+require 'fluent/plugin/base'
+require 'fluent/plugin/buffer'
+require 'fluent/plugin_helper/record_accessor'
+require 'fluent/msgpack_factory'
+require 'fluent/log'
+require 'fluent/plugin_id'
+require 'fluent/plugin_helper'
+require 'fluent/timezone'
+require 'fluent/unique_id'
+require 'fluent/clock'
+require 'fluent/ext_monitor_require'
+
+require 'time'
+
+module Fluent
+  module Plugin
+    class Output < Base
+      include PluginId
+      include PluginLoggerMixin
+      include PluginHelper::Mixin
+      include UniqueId::Mixin
+
+      helpers_internal :thread, :retry_state, :metrics
+
+      CHUNK_KEY_PATTERN = /^[-_.@a-zA-Z0-9]+$/
+      CHUNK_KEY_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN = /\$\{([-_.@$a-zA-Z0-9]+)\}/
+      CHUNK_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN = /\$\{(tag(?:\[-?\d+\])?)\}/
+      CHUNK_ID_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN = /\$\{chunk_id\}/
+
+      CHUNKING_FIELD_WARN_NUM = 4
+
+      config_param :time_as_integer, :bool, default: false
+      desc 'The threshold to show slow flush logs'
+      config_param :slow_flush_log_threshold, :float, default: 20.0
+
+      # `<buffer>` and `<secondary>` sections are available only when '#format' and '#write' are implemented
+      config_section :buffer, param_name: :buffer_config, init: true, required: false, multi: false, final: true do
+        config_argument :chunk_keys, :array, value_type: :string, default: []
+        config_param :@type, :string, default: 'memory', alias: :type
+
+        config_param :timekey, :time, default: nil # range size to be used: `time.to_i / @timekey`
+        config_param :timekey_wait, :time, default: 600
+        # These are for #extract_placeholders
+        config_param :timekey_use_utc, :bool, default: false # default is localtime
+        config_param :timekey_zone, :string, default: Time.now.strftime('%z') # e.g., "-0700" or "Asia/Tokyo"
+
+        desc 'If true, plugin will try to flush buffer just before shutdown.'
+        config_param :flush_at_shutdown, :bool, default: nil # change default by buffer_plugin.persistent?
+
+        desc 'How to enqueue chunks to be flushed. "interval" flushes per flush_interval, "immediate" flushes just after event arrival.'
+        config_param :flush_mode, :enum, list: [:default, :lazy, :interval, :immediate], default: :default
+        config_param :flush_interval, :time, default: 60, desc: 'The interval between buffer chunk flushes.'
+
+        config_param :flush_thread_count, :integer, default: 1, desc: 'The number of threads to flush the buffer.'
+
+        config_param :flush_thread_interval, :float, default: 1.0, desc: 'Seconds to sleep between checks for buffer flushes in flush threads.'
+        config_param :flush_thread_burst_interval, :float, default: 1.0, desc: 'Seconds to sleep between flushes when many buffer chunks are queued.'
+
+        config_param :delayed_commit_timeout, :time, default: 60, desc: 'Seconds of timeout for buffer chunks to be committed by plugins later.'
+
+        config_param :overflow_action, :enum, list: [:throw_exception, :block, :drop_oldest_chunk], default: :throw_exception, desc: 'The action when the size of buffer exceeds the limit.'
+
+        config_param :retry_forever, :bool, default: false, desc: 'If true, plugin will ignore retry_timeout and retry_max_times options and retry flushing forever.'
+        config_param :retry_timeout, :time, default: 72 * 60 * 60, desc: 'The maximum seconds to retry to flush while failing, until plugin discards buffer chunks.'
+        # 72hours == 17 times with exponential backoff (not to change default behavior)
+        config_param :retry_max_times, :integer, default: nil, desc: 'The maximum number of times to retry to flush while failing.'
+
+        config_param :retry_secondary_threshold, :float, default: 0.8, desc: 'ratio of retry_timeout to switch to use secondary while failing.'
+        # exponential backoff sequence will be initialized at the time of this threshold
+
+        desc 'How to wait next retry to flush buffer.'
+        config_param :retry_type, :enum, list: [:exponential_backoff, :periodic], default: :exponential_backoff
+        ### Periodic -> fixed :retry_wait
+        ### Exponential backoff: k is number of retry times
+        # c: constant factor, @retry_wait
+        # b: base factor, @retry_exponential_backoff_base
+        # k: times
+        # total retry time: c + c * b^1 + (...) + c*b^k = c*b^(k+1) - 1
+        config_param :retry_wait, :time, default: 1, desc: 'Seconds to wait before next retry to flush, or constant factor of exponential backoff.'
+        config_param :retry_exponential_backoff_base, :float, default: 2, desc: 'The base number of exponential backoff for retries.'
+        config_param :retry_max_interval, :time, default: nil, desc: 'The maximum interval seconds for exponential backoff between retries while failing.'
+
+        config_param :retry_randomize, :bool, default: true, desc: 'If true, output plugin will retry after randomized interval not to do burst retries.'
+        config_param :disable_chunk_backup, :bool, default: false, desc: 'If true, chunks are thrown away when unrecoverable error happens'
+      end
+
+      config_section :secondary, param_name: :secondary_config, required: false, multi: false, final: true do
+        config_param :@type, :string, default: nil, alias: :type
+        config_section :buffer, required: false, multi: false do
+          # dummy to detect invalid specification for here
+        end
+        config_section :secondary, required: false, multi: false do
+          # dummy to detect invalid specification for here
+        end
+      end
+
+      def process(tag, es)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "BUG: output plugins MUST implement this method"
+      end
+
+      def write(chunk)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "BUG: output plugins MUST implement this method"
+      end
+
+      def try_write(chunk)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "BUG: output plugins MUST implement this method"
+      end
+
+      def format(tag, time, record)
+        # standard msgpack_event_stream chunk will be used if this method is not implemented in plugin subclass
+        raise NotImplementedError, "BUG: output plugins MUST implement this method"
+      end
+
+      def formatted_to_msgpack_binary?
+        # To indicate custom format method (#format) returns msgpack binary or not.
+        # If #format returns msgpack binary, override this method to return true.
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Compatibility for existing plugins
+      def formatted_to_msgpack_binary
+        formatted_to_msgpack_binary?
+      end
+
+      def prefer_buffered_processing
+        # override this method to return false only when all of these are true:
+        #  * plugin has both implementation for buffered and non-buffered methods
+        #  * plugin is expected to work as non-buffered plugin if no `<buffer>` sections specified
+        true
+      end
+
+      def prefer_delayed_commit
+        # override this method to decide which is used of `write` or `try_write` if both are implemented
+        true
+      end
+
+      def multi_workers_ready?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Internal states
+      FlushThreadState = Struct.new(:thread, :next_clock, :mutex, :cond_var)
+      DequeuedChunkInfo = Struct.new(:chunk_id, :time, :timeout) do
+        def expired?
+          time + timeout < Time.now
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :as_secondary, :delayed_commit, :delayed_commit_timeout, :timekey_zone
+
+      # for tests
+      attr_reader :buffer, :retry, :secondary, :chunk_keys, :chunk_key_accessors, :chunk_key_time, :chunk_key_tag
+      attr_accessor :output_enqueue_thread_waiting, :dequeued_chunks, :dequeued_chunks_mutex
+      # output_enqueue_thread_waiting: for test of output.rb itself
+      attr_accessor :retry_for_error_chunk # if true, error flush will be retried even if under_plugin_development is true
+
+      def num_errors
+        @num_errors_metrics.get
+      end
+
+      def emit_count
+        @emit_count_metrics.get
+      end
+
+      def emit_size
+        @emit_size_metrics.get
+      end
+
+      def emit_records
+        @emit_records_metrics.get
+      end
+
+      def write_count
+        @write_count_metrics.get
+      end
+
+      def rollback_count
+        @rollback_count_metrics.get
+      end
+
+      def initialize
+        super
+        @counter_mutex = Mutex.new
+        @buffering = false
+        @delayed_commit = false
+        @as_secondary = false
+        @primary_instance = nil
+
+        # TODO: well organized counters
+        @num_errors_metrics = nil
+        @emit_count_metrics = nil
+        @emit_records_metrics = nil
+        @emit_size_metrics = nil
+        @write_count_metrics = nil
+        @rollback_count_metrics = nil
+        @flush_time_count_metrics = nil
+        @slow_flush_count_metrics = nil
+        @enable_size_metrics = false
+
+        # How to process events is decided here at once, but it will be decided in delayed way on #configure & #start
+        if implement?(:synchronous)
+          if implement?(:buffered) || implement?(:delayed_commit)
+            @buffering = nil # do #configure or #start to determine this for full-featured plugins
+          else
+            @buffering = false
+          end
+        else
+          @buffering = true
+        end
+        @custom_format = implement?(:custom_format)
+        @enable_msgpack_streamer = false # decided later
+
+        @buffer = nil
+        @secondary = nil
+        @retry = nil
+        @dequeued_chunks = nil
+        @dequeued_chunks_mutex = nil
+        @output_enqueue_thread = nil
+        @output_flush_threads = nil
+
+        @simple_chunking = nil
+        @chunk_keys = @chunk_key_accessors = @chunk_key_time = @chunk_key_tag = nil
+        @flush_mode = nil
+        @timekey_zone = nil
+
+        @retry_for_error_chunk = false
+      end
+
+      def acts_as_secondary(primary)
+        @as_secondary = true
+        @primary_instance = primary
+        @chunk_keys = @primary_instance.chunk_keys || []
+        @chunk_key_tag = @primary_instance.chunk_key_tag || false
+        if @primary_instance.chunk_key_time
+          @chunk_key_time = @primary_instance.chunk_key_time
+          @timekey_zone = @primary_instance.timekey_zone
+          @output_time_formatter_cache = {}
+        end
+        self.context_router = primary.context_router
+
+        singleton_class.module_eval do
+          define_method(:commit_write){ |chunk_id| @primary_instance.commit_write(chunk_id, delayed: delayed_commit, secondary: true) }
+          define_method(:rollback_write){ |chunk_id, update_retry: true| @primary_instance.rollback_write(chunk_id, update_retry) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def configure(conf)
+        unless implement?(:synchronous) || implement?(:buffered) || implement?(:delayed_commit)
+          raise "BUG: output plugin must implement some methods. see developer documents."
+        end
+
+        has_buffer_section = (conf.elements(name: 'buffer').size > 0)
+        has_flush_interval = conf.has_key?('flush_interval')
+
+        super
+
+        @num_errors_metrics = metrics_create(namespace: "fluentd", subsystem: "output", name: "num_errors", help_text: "Number of count num errors")
+        @emit_count_metrics = metrics_create(namespace: "fluentd", subsystem: "output", name: "emit_records", help_text: "Number of count emits")
+        @emit_records_metrics = metrics_create(namespace: "fluentd", subsystem: "output", name: "emit_records", help_text: "Number of emit records")
+        @emit_size_metrics =  metrics_create(namespace: "fluentd", subsystem: "output", name: "emit_size", help_text: "Total size of emit events")
+        @write_count_metrics = metrics_create(namespace: "fluentd", subsystem: "output", name: "write_count", help_text: "Number of writing events")
+        @rollback_count_metrics = metrics_create(namespace: "fluentd", subsystem: "output", name: "rollback_count", help_text: "Number of rollbacking operations")
+        @flush_time_count_metrics = metrics_create(namespace: "fluentd", subsystem: "output", name: "flush_time_count", help_text: "Count of flush time")
+        @slow_flush_count_metrics = metrics_create(namespace: "fluentd", subsystem: "output", name: "slow_flush_count", help_text: "Count of slow flush occurred time(s)")
+
+        if has_buffer_section
+          unless implement?(:buffered) || implement?(:delayed_commit)
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<buffer> section is configured, but plugin '#{self.class}' doesn't support buffering"
+          end
+          @buffering = true
+        else # no buffer sections
+          if implement?(:synchronous)
+            if !implement?(:buffered) && !implement?(:delayed_commit)
+              if @as_secondary
+                raise Fluent::ConfigError, "secondary plugin '#{self.class}' must support buffering, but doesn't."
+              end
+              @buffering = false
+            else
+              if @as_secondary
+                # secondary plugin always works as buffered plugin without buffer instance
+                @buffering = true
+              else
+                # @buffering.nil? shows that enabling buffering or not will be decided in lazy way in #start
+                @buffering = nil
+              end
+            end
+          else # buffered or delayed_commit is supported by `unless` of first line in this method
+            @buffering = true
+          end
+        end
+        # Enable to update record size metrics or not
+        @enable_size_metrics = !!system_config.enable_size_metrics
+
+        if @as_secondary
+          if !@buffering && !@buffering.nil?
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "secondary plugin '#{self.class}' must support buffering, but doesn't"
+          end
+        end
+
+        if (@buffering || @buffering.nil?) && !@as_secondary
+          # When @buffering.nil?, @buffer_config was initialized with default value for all parameters.
+          # If so, this configuration MUST success.
+          @chunk_keys = @buffer_config.chunk_keys.dup
+          @chunk_key_time = !!@chunk_keys.delete('time')
+          @chunk_key_tag = !!@chunk_keys.delete('tag')
+          if @chunk_keys.any? { |key|
+              begin
+                k = Fluent::PluginHelper::RecordAccessor::Accessor.parse_parameter(key)
+                if k.is_a?(String)
+                  k !~ CHUNK_KEY_PATTERN
+                else
+                  if key.start_with?('$[')
+                    raise Fluent::ConfigError, "in chunk_keys: bracket notation is not allowed"
+                  else
+                    false
+                  end
+                end
+              rescue => e
+                raise Fluent::ConfigError, "in chunk_keys: #{e.message}"
+              end
+            }
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "chunk_keys specification includes invalid char"
+          else
+            @chunk_key_accessors = Hash[@chunk_keys.map { |key| [key.to_sym, Fluent::PluginHelper::RecordAccessor::Accessor.new(key)] }]
+          end
+
+          if @chunk_key_time
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<buffer ...> argument includes 'time', but timekey is not configured" unless @buffer_config.timekey
+            Fluent::Timezone.validate!(@buffer_config.timekey_zone)
+            @timekey_zone = @buffer_config.timekey_use_utc ? '+0000' : @buffer_config.timekey_zone
+            @timekey = @buffer_config.timekey
+            if @timekey <= 0
+              raise Fluent::ConfigError, "timekey should be greater than 0. current timekey: #{@timekey}"
+            end
+            @timekey_use_utc = @buffer_config.timekey_use_utc
+            @offset = Fluent::Timezone.utc_offset(@timekey_zone)
+            @calculate_offset = @offset.respond_to?(:call) ? @offset : nil
+            @output_time_formatter_cache = {}
+          end
+
+          if (@chunk_key_tag ? 1 : 0) + @chunk_keys.size >= CHUNKING_FIELD_WARN_NUM
+            log.warn "many chunk keys specified, and it may cause too many chunks on your system."
+          end
+
+          # no chunk keys or only tags (chunking can be done without iterating event stream)
+          @simple_chunking = !@chunk_key_time && @chunk_keys.empty?
+
+          @flush_mode = @buffer_config.flush_mode
+          if @flush_mode == :default
+            if has_flush_interval
+              log.info "'flush_interval' is configured at out side of <buffer>. 'flush_mode' is set to 'interval' to keep existing behaviour"
+              @flush_mode = :interval
+            else
+              @flush_mode = (@chunk_key_time ? :lazy : :interval)
+            end
+          end
+
+          buffer_type = @buffer_config[:@type]
+          buffer_conf = conf.elements(name: 'buffer').first || Fluent::Config::Element.new('buffer', '', {}, [])
+          @buffer = Plugin.new_buffer(buffer_type, parent: self)
+          @buffer.configure(buffer_conf)
+          @buffer.enable_update_timekeys if @chunk_key_time
+
+          @flush_at_shutdown = @buffer_config.flush_at_shutdown
+          if @flush_at_shutdown.nil?
+            @flush_at_shutdown = if @buffer.persistent?
+                                   false
+                                 else
+                                   true # flush_at_shutdown is true in default for on-memory buffer
+                                 end
+          elsif !@flush_at_shutdown && !@buffer.persistent?
+            buf_type = Plugin.lookup_type_from_class(@buffer.class)
+            log.warn "'flush_at_shutdown' is false, and buffer plugin '#{buf_type}' is not persistent buffer."
+            log.warn "your configuration will lose buffered data at shutdown. please confirm your configuration again."
+          end
+
+          if (@flush_mode != :interval) && buffer_conf.has_key?('flush_interval')
+            if buffer_conf.has_key?('flush_mode')
+              raise Fluent::ConfigError, "'flush_interval' can't be specified when 'flush_mode' is not 'interval' explicitly: '#{@flush_mode}'"
+            else
+              log.warn "'flush_interval' is ignored because default 'flush_mode' is not 'interval': '#{@flush_mode}'"
+            end
+          end
+
+          if @buffer.queued_chunks_limit_size.nil?
+            @buffer.queued_chunks_limit_size = @buffer_config.flush_thread_count
+          end
+        end
+
+        if @secondary_config
+          raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Invalid <secondary> section for non-buffered plugin" unless @buffering
+          raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<secondary> section cannot have <buffer> section" if @secondary_config.buffer
+          raise Fluent::ConfigError, "<secondary> section cannot have <secondary> section" if @secondary_config.secondary
+          if @buffer_config.retry_forever
+            log.warn "<secondary> with 'retry_forever', only unrecoverable errors are moved to secondary"
+          end
+
+          secondary_type = @secondary_config[:@type]
+          unless secondary_type
+            secondary_type = conf['@type'] # primary plugin type
+          end
+          secondary_conf = conf.elements(name: 'secondary').first
+          @secondary = Plugin.new_output(secondary_type)
+          unless @secondary.respond_to?(:acts_as_secondary)
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Failed to setup secondary plugin in '#{conf['@type']}'. '#{secondary_type}' plugin in not allowed due to non buffered output"
+          end
+          @secondary.acts_as_secondary(self)
+          @secondary.configure(secondary_conf)
+          if (self.class != @secondary.class) && (@custom_format || @secondary.implement?(:custom_format))
+            log.warn "Use different plugin for secondary. Check the plugin works with primary like secondary_file", primary: self.class.to_s, secondary: @secondary.class.to_s
+          end
+        else
+          @secondary = nil
+        end
+
+        self
+      end
+
+      def start
+        super
+
+        if @buffering.nil?
+          @buffering = prefer_buffered_processing
+          if !@buffering && @buffer
+            @buffer.terminate # it's not started, so terminate will be enough
+            # At here, this plugin works as non-buffered plugin.
+            # Un-assign @buffer not to show buffering metrics (e.g., in_monitor_agent)
+            @buffer = nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        if @buffering
+          m = method(:emit_buffered)
+          singleton_class.module_eval do
+            define_method(:emit_events, m)
+          end
+
+          @custom_format = implement?(:custom_format)
+          @enable_msgpack_streamer = @custom_format ? formatted_to_msgpack_binary : true
+          @delayed_commit = if implement?(:buffered) && implement?(:delayed_commit)
+                              prefer_delayed_commit
+                            else
+                              implement?(:delayed_commit)
+                            end
+          @delayed_commit_timeout = @buffer_config.delayed_commit_timeout
+        else # !@buffering
+          m = method(:emit_sync)
+          singleton_class.module_eval do
+            define_method(:emit_events, m)
+          end
+        end
+
+        if @buffering && !@as_secondary
+          @retry = nil
+          @retry_mutex = Mutex.new
+
+          @buffer.start
+
+          @output_enqueue_thread = nil
+          @output_enqueue_thread_running = true
+
+          @output_flush_threads = []
+          @output_flush_threads_mutex = Mutex.new
+          @output_flush_threads_running = true
+
+          # mainly for test: detect enqueue works as code below:
+          #   @output.interrupt_flushes
+          #   # emits
+          #   @output.enqueue_thread_wait
+          @output_flush_interrupted = false
+          @output_enqueue_thread_mutex = Mutex.new
+          @output_enqueue_thread_waiting = false
+
+          @dequeued_chunks = []
+          @dequeued_chunks_mutex = Mutex.new
+
+          @buffer_config.flush_thread_count.times do |i|
+            thread_title = "flush_thread_#{i}".to_sym
+            thread_state = FlushThreadState.new(nil, nil, Mutex.new, ConditionVariable.new)
+            thread = thread_create(thread_title) do
+              flush_thread_run(thread_state)
+            end
+            thread_state.thread = thread
+            @output_flush_threads_mutex.synchronize do
+              @output_flush_threads << thread_state
+            end
+          end
+          @output_flush_thread_current_position = 0
+
+          if !@under_plugin_development && (@flush_mode == :interval || @chunk_key_time)
+            @output_enqueue_thread = thread_create(:enqueue_thread, &method(:enqueue_thread_run))
+          end
+        end
+        @secondary.start if @secondary
+      end
+
+      def after_start
+        super
+        @secondary.after_start if @secondary
+      end
+
+      def stop
+        @secondary.stop if @secondary
+        @buffer.stop if @buffering && @buffer
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def before_shutdown
+        @secondary.before_shutdown if @secondary
+
+        if @buffering && @buffer
+          if @flush_at_shutdown
+            force_flush
+          end
+          @buffer.before_shutdown
+          # Need to ensure to stop enqueueing ... after #shutdown, we cannot write any data
+          @output_enqueue_thread_running = false
+          if @output_enqueue_thread && @output_enqueue_thread.alive?
+            @output_enqueue_thread.wakeup
+            @output_enqueue_thread.join
+          end
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def shutdown
+        @secondary.shutdown if @secondary
+        @buffer.shutdown if @buffering && @buffer
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def after_shutdown
+        try_rollback_all if @buffering && !@as_secondary # rollback regardless with @delayed_commit, because secondary may do it
+        @secondary.after_shutdown if @secondary
+
+        if @buffering && @buffer
+          @buffer.after_shutdown
+
+          @output_flush_threads_running = false
+          if @output_flush_threads && !@output_flush_threads.empty?
+            @output_flush_threads.each do |state|
+              # to wakeup thread and make it to stop by itself
+              state.mutex.synchronize {
+                if state.thread && state.thread.status
+                  state.next_clock = 0
+                  state.cond_var.signal
+                end
+              }
+              Thread.pass
+              state.thread.join
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def close
+        @buffer.close if @buffering && @buffer
+        @secondary.close if @secondary
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def terminate
+        @buffer.terminate if @buffering && @buffer
+        @secondary.terminate if @secondary
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def support_in_v12_style?(feature)
+        # for plugins written in v0.12 styles
+        case feature
+        when :synchronous    then false
+        when :buffered       then false
+        when :delayed_commit then false
+        when :custom_format  then false
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "unknown feature: #{feature}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def implement?(feature)
+        methods_of_plugin = self.class.instance_methods(false)
+        case feature
+        when :synchronous    then methods_of_plugin.include?(:process) || support_in_v12_style?(:synchronous)
+        when :buffered       then methods_of_plugin.include?(:write) || support_in_v12_style?(:buffered)
+        when :delayed_commit then methods_of_plugin.include?(:try_write)
+        when :custom_format  then methods_of_plugin.include?(:format) || support_in_v12_style?(:custom_format)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unknown feature for output plugin: #{feature}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def placeholder_validate!(name, str)
+        placeholder_validators(name, str).each do |v|
+          v.validate!
+        end
+      end
+
+      def placeholder_validators(name, str, time_key = (@chunk_key_time && @buffer_config.timekey), tag_key = @chunk_key_tag, chunk_keys = @chunk_keys)
+        validators = []
+
+        sec, title, example = get_placeholders_time(str)
+        if sec || time_key
+          validators << PlaceholderValidator.new(name, str, :time, {sec: sec, title: title, example: example, timekey: time_key})
+        end
+
+        parts = get_placeholders_tag(str)
+        if tag_key || !parts.empty?
+          validators << PlaceholderValidator.new(name, str, :tag, {parts: parts, tagkey: tag_key})
+        end
+
+        keys = get_placeholders_keys(str)
+        if chunk_keys && !chunk_keys.empty? || !keys.empty?
+          validators << PlaceholderValidator.new(name, str, :keys, {keys: keys, chunkkeys: chunk_keys})
+        end
+
+        validators
+      end
+
+      class PlaceholderValidator
+        attr_reader :name, :string, :type, :argument
+
+        def initialize(name, str, type, arg)
+          @name = name
+          @string = str
+          @type = type
+          raise ArgumentError, "invalid type:#{type}" if @type != :time && @type != :tag && @type != :keys
+          @argument = arg
+        end
+
+        def time?
+          @type == :time
+        end
+
+        def tag?
+          @type == :tag
+        end
+
+        def keys?
+          @type == :keys
+        end
+
+        def validate!
+          case @type
+          when :time then validate_time!
+          when :tag  then validate_tag!
+          when :keys then validate_keys!
+          end
+        end
+
+        def validate_time!
+          sec = @argument[:sec]
+          title = @argument[:title]
+          example = @argument[:example]
+          timekey = @argument[:timekey]
+          if !sec && timekey
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Parameter '#{name}: #{string}' doesn't have timestamp placeholders for timekey #{timekey.to_i}"
+          end
+          if sec && !timekey
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Parameter '#{name}: #{string}' has timestamp placeholders, but chunk key 'time' is not configured"
+          end
+          if sec && timekey && timekey < sec
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Parameter '#{name}: #{string}' doesn't have timestamp placeholder for #{title}('#{example}') for timekey #{timekey.to_i}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def validate_tag!
+          parts = @argument[:parts]
+          tagkey = @argument[:tagkey]
+          if tagkey && parts.empty?
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Parameter '#{name}: #{string}' doesn't have tag placeholder"
+          end
+          if !tagkey && !parts.empty?
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Parameter '#{name}: #{string}' has tag placeholders, but chunk key 'tag' is not configured"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def validate_keys!
+          keys = @argument[:keys]
+          chunk_keys = @argument[:chunkkeys]
+          if (chunk_keys - keys).size > 0
+            not_specified = (chunk_keys - keys).sort
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Parameter '#{name}: #{string}' doesn't have enough placeholders for keys #{not_specified.join(',')}"
+          end
+          if (keys - chunk_keys).size > 0
+            not_satisfied = (keys - chunk_keys).sort
+            raise Fluent::ConfigError, "Parameter '#{name}: #{string}' has placeholders, but chunk keys doesn't have keys #{not_satisfied.join(',')}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      TIME_KEY_PLACEHOLDER_THRESHOLDS = [
+        [1, :second, '%S'],
+        [60, :minute, '%M'],
+        [3600, :hour, '%H'],
+        [86400, :day, '%d'],
+      ]
+      TIMESTAMP_CHECK_BASE_TIME = Time.parse("2016-01-01 00:00:00 UTC")
+      # it's not validated to use timekey larger than 1 day
+      def get_placeholders_time(str)
+        base_str = TIMESTAMP_CHECK_BASE_TIME.strftime(str)
+        TIME_KEY_PLACEHOLDER_THRESHOLDS.each do |triple|
+          sec = triple.first
+          return triple if (TIMESTAMP_CHECK_BASE_TIME + sec).strftime(str) != base_str
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # -1 means whole tag
+      def get_placeholders_tag(str)
+        # [["tag"],["tag[0]"]]
+        parts = []
+        str.scan(CHUNK_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN).map(&:first).each do |ph|
+          if ph == "tag"
+            parts << -1
+          elsif ph =~ /^tag\[(-?\d+)\]$/
+            parts << $1.to_i
+          end
+        end
+        parts.sort
+      end
+
+      def get_placeholders_keys(str)
+        str.scan(CHUNK_KEY_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN).map(&:first).reject{|s| (s == "tag") || (s == 'chunk_id') }.sort
+      end
+
+      # TODO: optimize this code
+      def extract_placeholders(str, chunk)
+        metadata = if chunk.is_a?(Fluent::Plugin::Buffer::Chunk)
+                     chunk_passed = true
+                     chunk.metadata
+                   else
+                     chunk_passed = false
+                     # For existing plugins. Old plugin passes Chunk.metadata instead of Chunk
+                     chunk
+                   end
+        if metadata.empty?
+          str.sub(CHUNK_ID_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN) {
+            if chunk_passed
+              dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id)
+            else
+              log.warn "${chunk_id} is not allowed in this plugin. Pass Chunk instead of metadata in extract_placeholders's 2nd argument"
+            end
+          }
+        else
+          rvalue = str.dup
+          # strftime formatting
+          if @chunk_key_time # this section MUST be earlier than rest to use raw 'str'
+            @output_time_formatter_cache[str] ||= Fluent::Timezone.formatter(@timekey_zone, str)
+            rvalue = @output_time_formatter_cache[str].call(metadata.timekey)
+          end
+          # ${tag}, ${tag[0]}, ${tag[1]}, ... , ${tag[-2]}, ${tag[-1]}
+          if @chunk_key_tag
+            if str.include?('${tag}')
+              rvalue = rvalue.gsub('${tag}', metadata.tag)
+            end
+            if str =~ CHUNK_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN
+              hash = {}
+              tag_parts = metadata.tag.split('.')
+              tag_parts.each_with_index do |part, i|
+                hash["${tag[#{i}]}"] = part
+                hash["${tag[#{i-tag_parts.size}]}"] = part
+              end
+              rvalue = rvalue.gsub(CHUNK_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN, hash)
+            end
+            if rvalue =~ CHUNK_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN
+              log.warn "tag placeholder '#{$1}' not replaced. tag:#{metadata.tag}, template:#{str}"
+            end
+          end
+
+          # First we replace ${chunk_id} with chunk.unique_id (hexlified).
+          rvalue = rvalue.sub(CHUNK_ID_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN) {
+            if chunk_passed
+              dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id)
+            else
+              log.warn "${chunk_id} is not allowed in this plugin. Pass Chunk instead of metadata in extract_placeholders's 2nd argument"
+            end
+          }
+
+          # Then, replace other ${chunk_key}s.
+          if !@chunk_keys.empty? && metadata.variables
+            hash = {'${tag}' => '${tag}'} # not to erase this wrongly
+            @chunk_keys.each do |key|
+              hash["${#{key}}"] = metadata.variables[key.to_sym]
+            end
+
+            rvalue = rvalue.gsub(CHUNK_KEY_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN) do |matched|
+              hash.fetch(matched) do
+                log.warn "chunk key placeholder '#{matched[2..-2]}' not replaced. template:#{str}"
+                ''
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          if rvalue =~ CHUNK_KEY_PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN
+            log.warn "chunk key placeholder '#{$1}' not replaced. template:#{str}"
+          end
+
+          rvalue
+        end
+      end
+
+      def emit_events(tag, es)
+        # actually this method will be overwritten by #configure
+        if @buffering
+          emit_buffered(tag, es)
+        else
+          emit_sync(tag, es)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def emit_sync(tag, es)
+        @emit_count_metrics.inc
+        begin
+          process(tag, es)
+          @emit_records_metrics.add(es.size)
+          @emit_size_metrics.add(es.to_msgpack_stream.bytesize) if @enable_size_metrics
+        rescue
+          @num_errors_metrics.inc
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      def emit_buffered(tag, es)
+        @emit_count_metrics.inc
+        begin
+          execute_chunking(tag, es, enqueue: (@flush_mode == :immediate))
+          if !@retry && @buffer.queued?(nil, optimistic: true)
+            submit_flush_once
+          end
+        rescue
+          # TODO: separate number of errors into emit errors and write/flush errors
+          @num_errors_metrics.inc
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      # TODO: optimize this code
+      def metadata(tag, time, record)
+        # this arguments are ordered in output plugin's rule
+        # Metadata 's argument order is different from this one (timekey, tag, variables)
+
+        raise ArgumentError, "tag must be a String: #{tag.class}" unless tag.nil? || tag.is_a?(String)
+        raise ArgumentError, "time must be a Fluent::EventTime (or Integer): #{time.class}" unless time.nil? || time.is_a?(Fluent::EventTime) || time.is_a?(Integer)
+        raise ArgumentError, "record must be a Hash: #{record.class}" unless record.nil? || record.is_a?(Hash)
+
+        if @chunk_keys.nil? && @chunk_key_time.nil? && @chunk_key_tag.nil?
+          # for tests
+          return Struct.new(:timekey, :tag, :variables).new
+        end
+
+        # timekey is int from epoch, and `timekey - timekey % 60` is assumed to mach with 0s of each minutes.
+        # it's wrong if timezone is configured as one which supports leap second, but it's very rare and
+        # we can ignore it (especially in production systems).
+        if @chunk_keys.empty?
+          if !@chunk_key_time && !@chunk_key_tag
+            @buffer.metadata()
+          elsif @chunk_key_time && @chunk_key_tag
+            timekey = calculate_timekey(time)
+            @buffer.metadata(timekey: timekey, tag: tag)
+          elsif @chunk_key_time
+            timekey = calculate_timekey(time)
+            @buffer.metadata(timekey: timekey)
+          else
+            @buffer.metadata(tag: tag)
+          end
+        else
+          timekey = if @chunk_key_time
+                      calculate_timekey(time)
+                    else
+                      nil
+                    end
+          pairs = Hash[@chunk_key_accessors.map { |k, a| [k, a.call(record)] }]
+          @buffer.metadata(timekey: timekey, tag: (@chunk_key_tag ? tag : nil), variables: pairs)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def calculate_timekey(time)
+        time_int = time.to_i
+        if @timekey_use_utc
+          (time_int - (time_int % @timekey)).to_i
+        else
+          offset = @calculate_offset ? @calculate_offset.call(time) : @offset
+          (time_int - ((time_int + offset)% @timekey)).to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def chunk_for_test(tag, time, record)
+        require 'fluent/plugin/buffer/memory_chunk'
+
+        m = metadata(tag, time, record)
+        Fluent::Plugin::Buffer::MemoryChunk.new(m)
+      end
+
+      def execute_chunking(tag, es, enqueue: false)
+        if @simple_chunking
+          handle_stream_simple(tag, es, enqueue: enqueue)
+        elsif @custom_format
+          handle_stream_with_custom_format(tag, es, enqueue: enqueue)
+        else
+          handle_stream_with_standard_format(tag, es, enqueue: enqueue)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def write_guard(&block)
+        begin
+          block.call
+        rescue Fluent::Plugin::Buffer::BufferOverflowError
+          log.warn "failed to write data into buffer by buffer overflow", action: @buffer_config.overflow_action
+          case @buffer_config.overflow_action
+          when :throw_exception
+            raise
+          when :block
+            log.debug "buffer.write is now blocking"
+            until @buffer.storable?
+              if self.stopped?
+                log.error "breaking block behavior to shutdown Fluentd"
+                # to break infinite loop to exit Fluentd process
+                raise
+              end
+              log.trace "sleeping until buffer can store more data"
+              sleep 1
+            end
+            log.debug "retrying buffer.write after blocked operation"
+            retry
+          when :drop_oldest_chunk
+            begin
+              oldest = @buffer.dequeue_chunk
+              if oldest
+                log.warn "dropping oldest chunk to make space after buffer overflow", chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(oldest.unique_id)
+                @buffer.purge_chunk(oldest.unique_id)
+              else
+                log.error "no queued chunks to be dropped for drop_oldest_chunk"
+              end
+            rescue
+              # ignore any errors
+            end
+            raise unless @buffer.storable?
+            retry
+          else
+            raise "BUG: unknown overflow_action '#{@buffer_config.overflow_action}'"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      FORMAT_MSGPACK_STREAM = ->(e){ e.to_msgpack_stream(packer: Fluent::MessagePackFactory.thread_local_msgpack_packer) }
+      FORMAT_COMPRESSED_MSGPACK_STREAM = ->(e){ e.to_compressed_msgpack_stream(packer: Fluent::MessagePackFactory.thread_local_msgpack_packer) }
+      FORMAT_MSGPACK_STREAM_TIME_INT = ->(e){ e.to_msgpack_stream(time_int: true, packer: Fluent::MessagePackFactory.thread_local_msgpack_packer) }
+      FORMAT_COMPRESSED_MSGPACK_STREAM_TIME_INT = ->(e){ e.to_compressed_msgpack_stream(time_int: true, packer: Fluent::MessagePackFactory.thread_local_msgpack_packer) }
+
+      def generate_format_proc
+        if @buffer && @buffer.compress == :gzip
+          @time_as_integer ? FORMAT_COMPRESSED_MSGPACK_STREAM_TIME_INT : FORMAT_COMPRESSED_MSGPACK_STREAM
+        else
+          @time_as_integer ? FORMAT_MSGPACK_STREAM_TIME_INT : FORMAT_MSGPACK_STREAM
+        end
+      end
+
+      # metadata_and_data is a Hash of:
+      #  (standard format) metadata => event stream
+      #  (custom format)   metadata => array of formatted event
+      # For standard format, formatting should be done for whole event stream, but
+      #   "whole event stream" may be a split of "es" here when it's bigger than chunk_limit_size.
+      #   `@buffer.write` will do this splitting.
+      # For custom format, formatting will be done here. Custom formatting always requires
+      #   iteration of event stream, and it should be done just once even if total event stream size
+      #   is bigger than chunk_limit_size because of performance.
+      def handle_stream_with_custom_format(tag, es, enqueue: false)
+        meta_and_data = {}
+        records = 0
+        es.each(unpacker: Fluent::MessagePackFactory.thread_local_msgpack_unpacker) do |time, record|
+          meta = metadata(tag, time, record)
+          meta_and_data[meta] ||= []
+          res = format(tag, time, record)
+          if res
+            meta_and_data[meta] << res
+            records += 1
+          end
+        end
+        write_guard do
+          @buffer.write(meta_and_data, enqueue: enqueue)
+        end
+        @emit_records_metrics.add(es.size)
+        @emit_size_metrics.add(es.to_msgpack_stream.bytesize) if @enable_size_metrics
+        true
+      end
+
+      def handle_stream_with_standard_format(tag, es, enqueue: false)
+        format_proc = generate_format_proc
+        meta_and_data = {}
+        records = 0
+        es.each(unpacker: Fluent::MessagePackFactory.thread_local_msgpack_unpacker) do |time, record|
+          meta = metadata(tag, time, record)
+          meta_and_data[meta] ||= MultiEventStream.new
+          meta_and_data[meta].add(time, record)
+          records += 1
+        end
+        write_guard do
+          @buffer.write(meta_and_data, format: format_proc, enqueue: enqueue)
+        end
+        @emit_records_metrics.add(es.size)
+        @emit_size_metrics.add(es.to_msgpack_stream.bytesize) if @enable_size_metrics
+        true
+      end
+
+      def handle_stream_simple(tag, es, enqueue: false)
+        format_proc = nil
+        meta = metadata((@chunk_key_tag ? tag : nil), nil, nil)
+        records = es.size
+        if @custom_format
+          records = 0
+          data = []
+          es.each(unpacker: Fluent::MessagePackFactory.thread_local_msgpack_unpacker) do |time, record|
+            res = format(tag, time, record)
+            if res
+              data << res
+              records += 1
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          format_proc = generate_format_proc
+          data = es
+        end
+        write_guard do
+          @buffer.write({meta => data}, format: format_proc, enqueue: enqueue)
+        end
+        @emit_records_metrics.add(es.size)
+        @emit_size_metrics.add(es.to_msgpack_stream.bytesize) if @enable_size_metrics
+        true
+      end
+
+      def commit_write(chunk_id, delayed: @delayed_commit, secondary: false)
+        log.on_trace { log.trace "committing write operation to a chunk", chunk: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk_id), delayed: delayed }
+
+        if delayed
+          @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+            @dequeued_chunks.delete_if{ |info| info.chunk_id == chunk_id }
+          end
+        end
+        @buffer.purge_chunk(chunk_id)
+
+        @retry_mutex.synchronize do
+          if @retry # success to flush chunks in retries
+            if secondary
+              log.warn "retry succeeded by secondary.", chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk_id)
+            else
+              log.warn "retry succeeded.", chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk_id)
+            end
+            @retry = nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # update_retry parameter is for preventing busy loop by async write
+      # We will remove this parameter by re-design retry_state management between threads.
+      def rollback_write(chunk_id, update_retry: true)
+        # This API is to rollback chunks explicitly from plugins.
+        # 3rd party plugins can depend it on automatic rollback of #try_rollback_write
+        @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+          @dequeued_chunks.delete_if{ |info| info.chunk_id == chunk_id }
+        end
+        # returns true if chunk was rollbacked as expected
+        #         false if chunk was already flushed and couldn't be rollbacked unexpectedly
+        # in many cases, false can be just ignored
+        if @buffer.takeback_chunk(chunk_id)
+          @rollback_count_metrics.inc
+          if update_retry
+            primary = @as_secondary ? @primary_instance : self
+            primary.update_retry_state(chunk_id, @as_secondary)
+          end
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def try_rollback_write
+        @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+          while @dequeued_chunks.first && @dequeued_chunks.first.expired?
+            info = @dequeued_chunks.shift
+            if @buffer.takeback_chunk(info.chunk_id)
+              @rollback_count_metrics.inc
+              log.warn "failed to flush the buffer chunk, timeout to commit.", chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(info.chunk_id), flushed_at: info.time
+              primary = @as_secondary ? @primary_instance : self
+              primary.update_retry_state(info.chunk_id, @as_secondary)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def try_rollback_all
+        return unless @dequeued_chunks
+        @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+          until @dequeued_chunks.empty?
+            info = @dequeued_chunks.shift
+            if @buffer.takeback_chunk(info.chunk_id)
+              @rollback_count_metrics.inc
+              log.info "delayed commit for buffer chunks was cancelled in shutdown", chunk_id: dump_unique_id_hex(info.chunk_id)
+              primary = @as_secondary ? @primary_instance : self
+              primary.update_retry_state(info.chunk_id, @as_secondary)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def next_flush_time
+        if @buffer.queued?
+          @retry_mutex.synchronize do
+            @retry ? @retry.next_time : Time.now + @buffer_config.flush_thread_burst_interval
+          end
+        else
+          Time.now + @buffer_config.flush_thread_interval
+        end
+      end
+
+      UNRECOVERABLE_ERRORS = [Fluent::UnrecoverableError, TypeError, ArgumentError, NoMethodError, MessagePack::UnpackError, EncodingError]
+
+      def try_flush
+        chunk = @buffer.dequeue_chunk
+        return unless chunk
+
+        log.on_trace { log.trace "trying flush for a chunk", chunk: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id) }
+
+        output = self
+        using_secondary = false
+        if @retry_mutex.synchronize{ @retry && @retry.secondary? }
+          output = @secondary
+          using_secondary = true
+        end
+
+        if @enable_msgpack_streamer
+          chunk.extend ChunkMessagePackEventStreamer
+        end
+
+        begin
+          chunk_write_start = Fluent::Clock.now
+
+          if output.delayed_commit
+            log.trace "executing delayed write and commit", chunk: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id)
+            @write_count_metrics.inc
+            @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+              # delayed_commit_timeout for secondary is configured in <buffer> of primary (<secondary> don't get <buffer>)
+              @dequeued_chunks << DequeuedChunkInfo.new(chunk.unique_id, Time.now, self.delayed_commit_timeout)
+            end
+
+            output.try_write(chunk)
+            check_slow_flush(chunk_write_start)
+          else # output plugin without delayed purge
+            chunk_id = chunk.unique_id
+            dump_chunk_id = dump_unique_id_hex(chunk_id)
+            log.trace "adding write count", instance: self.object_id
+            @write_count_metrics.inc
+            log.trace "executing sync write", chunk: dump_chunk_id
+
+            output.write(chunk)
+            check_slow_flush(chunk_write_start)
+
+            log.trace "write operation done, committing", chunk: dump_chunk_id
+            commit_write(chunk_id, delayed: false, secondary: using_secondary)
+            log.trace "done to commit a chunk", chunk: dump_chunk_id
+          end
+        rescue *UNRECOVERABLE_ERRORS => e
+          if @secondary
+            if using_secondary
+              log.warn "got unrecoverable error in secondary.", error: e
+              log.warn_backtrace
+              backup_chunk(chunk, using_secondary, output.delayed_commit)
+            else
+              if (self.class == @secondary.class)
+                log.warn "got unrecoverable error in primary and secondary type is same as primary. Skip secondary", error: e
+                log.warn_backtrace
+                backup_chunk(chunk, using_secondary, output.delayed_commit)
+              else
+                # Call secondary output directly without retry update.
+                # In this case, delayed commit causes inconsistent state in dequeued chunks so async output in secondary is not allowed for now.
+                if @secondary.delayed_commit
+                  log.warn "got unrecoverable error in primary and secondary is async output. Skip secondary for backup", error: e
+                  log.warn_backtrace
+                  backup_chunk(chunk, using_secondary, output.delayed_commit)
+                else
+                  log.warn "got unrecoverable error in primary. Skip retry and flush chunk to secondary", error: e
+                  log.warn_backtrace
+                  begin
+                    @secondary.write(chunk)
+                    commit_write(chunk_id, delayed: output.delayed_commit, secondary: true)
+                  rescue => e
+                    log.warn "got an error in secondary for unrecoverable error", error: e
+                    log.warn_backtrace
+                    backup_chunk(chunk, using_secondary, output.delayed_commit)
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            log.warn "got unrecoverable error in primary and no secondary", error: e
+            log.warn_backtrace
+            backup_chunk(chunk, using_secondary, output.delayed_commit)
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          log.debug "taking back chunk for errors.", chunk: dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id)
+          if output.delayed_commit
+            @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize do
+              @dequeued_chunks.delete_if{|d| d.chunk_id == chunk.unique_id }
+            end
+          end
+
+          if @buffer.takeback_chunk(chunk.unique_id)
+            @rollback_count_metrics.inc
+          end
+
+          update_retry_state(chunk.unique_id, using_secondary, e)
+
+          raise if @under_plugin_development && !@retry_for_error_chunk
+        end
+      end
+
+      def backup_chunk(chunk, using_secondary, delayed_commit)
+        if @buffer_config.disable_chunk_backup
+          log.warn "disable_chunk_backup is true. #{dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id)} chunk is thrown away"
+        else
+          unique_id = dump_unique_id_hex(chunk.unique_id)
+          safe_plugin_id = plugin_id.gsub(/[ "\/\\:;|*<>?]/, '_')
+          backup_base_dir = system_config.root_dir || DEFAULT_BACKUP_DIR
+          backup_file = File.join(backup_base_dir, 'backup', "worker#{fluentd_worker_id}", safe_plugin_id, "#{unique_id}.log")
+          backup_dir = File.dirname(backup_file)
+
+          log.warn "bad chunk is moved to #{backup_file}"
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(backup_dir, mode: system_config.dir_permission || Fluent::DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSION) unless Dir.exist?(backup_dir)
+          File.open(backup_file, 'ab', system_config.file_permission || Fluent::DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSION) { |f|
+            chunk.write_to(f)
+          }
+        end
+        commit_write(chunk.unique_id, secondary: using_secondary, delayed: delayed_commit)
+      end
+
+      def check_slow_flush(start)
+        elapsed_time = Fluent::Clock.now - start
+        elapsed_millsec = (elapsed_time * 1000).to_i
+        @flush_time_count_metrics.add(elapsed_millsec)
+        if elapsed_time > @slow_flush_log_threshold
+          @slow_flush_count_metrics.inc
+          log.warn "buffer flush took longer time than slow_flush_log_threshold:",
+                   elapsed_time: elapsed_time, slow_flush_log_threshold: @slow_flush_log_threshold, plugin_id: self.plugin_id
+        end
+      end
+
+      def update_retry_state(chunk_id, using_secondary, error = nil)
+        @retry_mutex.synchronize do
+          @num_errors_metrics.inc
+          chunk_id_hex = dump_unique_id_hex(chunk_id)
+
+          unless @retry
+            @retry = retry_state(@buffer_config.retry_randomize)
+            if error
+              log.warn "failed to flush the buffer.", retry_times: @retry.steps, next_retry_time: @retry.next_time.round, chunk: chunk_id_hex, error: error
+              log.warn_backtrace error.backtrace
+            end
+            return
+          end
+
+          # @retry exists
+
+          if @retry.limit?
+            if error
+              records = @buffer.queued_records
+              msg = "failed to flush the buffer, and hit limit for retries. dropping all chunks in the buffer queue."
+              log.error msg, retry_times: @retry.steps, records: records, error: error
+              log.error_backtrace error.backtrace
+            end
+            @buffer.clear_queue!
+            log.debug "buffer queue cleared"
+            @retry = nil
+          else
+            # Ensure that the current time is greater than or equal to @retry.next_time to avoid the situation when
+            # @retry.step is called almost as many times as the number of flush threads in a short time.
+            if Time.now >= @retry.next_time
+              @retry.step
+            else
+              @retry.recalc_next_time # to prevent all flush threads from retrying at the same time
+            end
+            if error
+              if using_secondary
+                msg = "failed to flush the buffer with secondary output."
+                log.warn msg, retry_times: @retry.steps, next_retry_time: @retry.next_time.round, chunk: chunk_id_hex, error: error
+                log.warn_backtrace error.backtrace
+              else
+                msg = "failed to flush the buffer."
+                log.warn msg, retry_times: @retry.steps, next_retry_time: @retry.next_time.round, chunk: chunk_id_hex, error: error
+                log.warn_backtrace error.backtrace
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def retry_state(randomize)
+        if @secondary
+          retry_state_create(
+            :output_retries, @buffer_config.retry_type, @buffer_config.retry_wait, @buffer_config.retry_timeout,
+            forever: @buffer_config.retry_forever, max_steps: @buffer_config.retry_max_times, backoff_base: @buffer_config.retry_exponential_backoff_base,
+            max_interval: @buffer_config.retry_max_interval,
+            secondary: true, secondary_threshold: @buffer_config.retry_secondary_threshold,
+            randomize: randomize
+          )
+        else
+          retry_state_create(
+            :output_retries, @buffer_config.retry_type, @buffer_config.retry_wait, @buffer_config.retry_timeout,
+            forever: @buffer_config.retry_forever, max_steps: @buffer_config.retry_max_times, backoff_base: @buffer_config.retry_exponential_backoff_base,
+            max_interval: @buffer_config.retry_max_interval,
+            randomize: randomize
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def submit_flush_once
+        # Without locks: it is rough but enough to select "next" writer selection
+        @output_flush_thread_current_position = (@output_flush_thread_current_position + 1) % @buffer_config.flush_thread_count
+        state = @output_flush_threads[@output_flush_thread_current_position]
+        state.mutex.synchronize {
+          if state.thread && state.thread.status # "run"/"sleep"/"aborting" or false(successfully stop) or nil(killed by exception)
+            state.next_clock = 0
+            state.cond_var.signal
+          else
+            log.warn "thread is already dead"
+          end
+        }
+        Thread.pass
+      end
+
+      def force_flush
+        if @buffering
+          @buffer.enqueue_all(true)
+          submit_flush_all
+        end
+      end
+
+      def submit_flush_all
+        while !@retry && @buffer.queued?
+          submit_flush_once
+          sleep @buffer_config.flush_thread_burst_interval
+        end
+      end
+
+      # only for tests of output plugin
+      def interrupt_flushes
+        @output_flush_interrupted = true
+      end
+
+      # only for tests of output plugin
+      def enqueue_thread_wait
+        @output_enqueue_thread_mutex.synchronize do
+          @output_flush_interrupted = false
+          @output_enqueue_thread_waiting = true
+        end
+        require 'timeout'
+        Timeout.timeout(10) do
+          Thread.pass while @output_enqueue_thread_waiting
+        end
+      end
+
+      # only for tests of output plugin
+      def flush_thread_wakeup
+        @output_flush_threads.each do |state|
+          state.mutex.synchronize {
+            if state.thread && state.thread.status
+              state.next_clock = 0
+              state.cond_var.signal
+            end
+          }
+          Thread.pass
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_thread_run
+        value_for_interval = nil
+        if @flush_mode == :interval
+          value_for_interval = @buffer_config.flush_interval
+        end
+        if @chunk_key_time
+          if !value_for_interval || @buffer_config.timekey < value_for_interval
+            value_for_interval = [@buffer_config.timekey, @buffer_config.timekey_wait].min
+          end
+        end
+        unless value_for_interval
+          raise "BUG: both of flush_interval and timekey are disabled"
+        end
+        interval = value_for_interval / 11.0
+        if interval < @buffer_config.flush_thread_interval
+          interval = @buffer_config.flush_thread_interval
+        end
+
+        while !self.after_started? && !self.stopped?
+          sleep 0.5
+        end
+        log.debug "enqueue_thread actually running"
+
+        begin
+          while @output_enqueue_thread_running
+            now_int = Time.now.to_i
+            if @output_flush_interrupted
+              sleep interval
+              next
+            end
+
+            @output_enqueue_thread_mutex.lock
+            begin
+              if @flush_mode == :interval
+                flush_interval = @buffer_config.flush_interval.to_i
+                # This block should be done by integer values.
+                # If both of flush_interval & flush_thread_interval are 1s, expected actual flush timing is 1.5s.
+                # If we use integered values for this comparison, expected actual flush timing is 1.0s.
+                @buffer.enqueue_all{ |metadata, chunk| chunk.raw_create_at + flush_interval <= now_int }
+              end
+
+              if @chunk_key_time
+                timekey_unit = @buffer_config.timekey
+                timekey_wait = @buffer_config.timekey_wait
+                current_timekey = now_int - now_int % timekey_unit
+                @buffer.enqueue_all{ |metadata, chunk| metadata.timekey < current_timekey && metadata.timekey + timekey_unit + timekey_wait <= now_int }
+              end
+            rescue => e
+              raise if @under_plugin_development
+              log.error "unexpected error while checking flushed chunks. ignored.", error: e
+              log.error_backtrace
+            ensure
+              @output_enqueue_thread_waiting = false
+              @output_enqueue_thread_mutex.unlock
+            end
+            sleep interval
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          # normal errors are rescued by inner begin-rescue clause.
+          log.error "error on enqueue thread", error: e
+          log.error_backtrace
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      def flush_thread_run(state)
+        flush_thread_interval = @buffer_config.flush_thread_interval
+
+        state.next_clock = Fluent::Clock.now + flush_thread_interval
+
+        while !self.after_started? && !self.stopped?
+          sleep 0.5
+        end
+        log.debug "flush_thread actually running"
+
+        state.mutex.lock
+        begin
+          # This thread don't use `thread_current_running?` because this thread should run in `before_shutdown` phase
+          while @output_flush_threads_running
+            current_clock = Fluent::Clock.now
+            next_retry_time = nil
+
+            @retry_mutex.synchronize do
+              next_retry_time = @retry ? @retry.next_time : nil
+            end
+
+            if state.next_clock > current_clock
+              interval = state.next_clock - current_clock
+            elsif next_retry_time && next_retry_time > Time.now
+              interval = next_retry_time.to_f - Time.now.to_f
+            else
+              state.mutex.unlock
+              begin
+                try_flush
+                # next_flush_time uses flush_thread_interval or flush_thread_burst_interval (or retrying)
+                interval = next_flush_time.to_f - Time.now.to_f
+                # TODO: if secondary && delayed-commit, next_flush_time will be much longer than expected
+                #       because @retry still exists (#commit_write is not called yet in #try_flush)
+                #       @retry should be cleared if delayed commit is enabled? Or any other solution?
+                state.next_clock = Fluent::Clock.now + interval
+              ensure
+                state.mutex.lock
+              end
+            end
+
+            if @dequeued_chunks_mutex.synchronize{ !@dequeued_chunks.empty? && @dequeued_chunks.first.expired? }
+              unless @output_flush_interrupted
+                state.mutex.unlock
+                begin
+                  try_rollback_write
+                ensure
+                  state.mutex.lock
+                end
+              end
+            end
+
+            state.cond_var.wait(state.mutex, interval) if interval > 0
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          # normal errors are rescued by output plugins in #try_flush
+          # so this rescue section is for critical & unrecoverable errors
+          log.error "error on output thread", error: e
+          log.error_backtrace
+          raise
+        ensure
+          state.mutex.unlock
+        end
+      end
+
+      BUFFER_STATS_KEYS = {}
+      Fluent::Plugin::Buffer::STATS_KEYS.each { |key|
+        BUFFER_STATS_KEYS[key] = "buffer_#{key}"
+      }
+
+      def statistics
+        stats = {
+          'emit_records' => @emit_records_metrics.get,
+          'emit_size' => @emit_size_metrics.get,
+          # Respect original name
+          # https://github.com/fluent/fluentd/blob/45c7b75ba77763eaf87136864d4942c4e0c5bfcd/lib/fluent/plugin/in_monitor_agent.rb#L284
+          'retry_count' => @num_errors_metrics.get,
+          'emit_count' => @emit_count_metrics.get,
+          'write_count' => @write_count_metrics.get,
+          'rollback_count' => @rollback_count_metrics.get,
+          'slow_flush_count' => @slow_flush_count_metrics.get,
+          'flush_time_count' => @flush_time_count_metrics.get,
+        }
+
+        if @buffer && @buffer.respond_to?(:statistics)
+          (@buffer.statistics['buffer'] || {}).each do |k, v|
+            stats[BUFFER_STATS_KEYS[k]] = v
+          end
+        end
+
+        { 'output' => stats }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end