ffi 1.1.2 → 1.17.0

data/lib/ffi/types.rb

@@ -1,60 +1,105 @@
 #
 # Copyright (C) 2008-2010 Wayne Meissner
-# All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (c) 2007, 2008 Evan Phoenix
 #
 # This file is part of ruby-ffi.
 #
-# This code is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 only, as
-# published by the Free Software Foundation.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 #
-# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public License
-# version 3 for more details.
+# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+#   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice
+#   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+#   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# * Neither the name of the Ruby FFI project nor the names of its contributors
+#   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#   without specific prior written permission.
 #
-# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-# version 3 along with this work.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+# SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+# CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+# OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 #
 
 # see {file:README}
 module FFI
 
-  # @param [Type, DataConverter, Symbol] old type definition used by {FFI.find_type}
-  # @param [Symbol] add new type definition's name to add
-  # @return [Type]
-  # Add a definition type to type definitions.
-  def self.typedef(old, add)
-    TypeDefs[add] = self.find_type(old)
+  # Unless custom_typedefs already defined in the C-ext?
+  unless defined?(custom_typedefs)
+    # Truffleruby and JRuby don't support Ractor so far.
+    # So they don't need separation between builtin and custom types.
+    def self.custom_typedefs
+      TypeDefs
+    end
+    writable_typemap = true
   end
 
-  # (see FFI.typedef)
-  def self.add_typedef(old, add)
-    typedef old, add
-  end
+  class << self
+
+    private :custom_typedefs
 
+    # @param [Type, DataConverter, Symbol] old type definition used by {FFI.find_type}
+    # @param [Symbol] add new type definition's name to add
+    # @return [Type]
+    # Add a definition type to type definitions.
+    #
+    # The type definition is local per Ractor.
+    def typedef(old, add)
+      tm = custom_typedefs
+      tm[add] = find_type(old)
+    end
 
-  # @param [Type, DataConverter, Symbol] name
-  # @param [Hash] type_map if nil, {FFI::TypeDefs} is used
-  # @return [Type]
-  # Find a type in +type_map+ ({FFI::TypeDefs}, by default) from
-  # a type objet, a type name (symbol). If +name+ is a {DataConverter},
-  # a new {Type::Mapped} is created.
-  def self.find_type(name, type_map = nil)
-    if name.is_a?(Type)
-      name
+    # (see FFI.typedef)
+    def add_typedef(old, add)
+      typedef old, add
+    end
 
-    elsif type_map && type_map.has_key?(name)
-      type_map[name]
+    private def __typedef(old, add)
+      TypeDefs[add] = find_type(old, TypeDefs)
+    end
 
-    elsif TypeDefs.has_key?(name)
-      TypeDefs[name]
+    # @param [Type, DataConverter, Symbol] name
+    # @param [Hash] type_map if nil, {FFI::TypeDefs} is used
+    # @return [Type]
+    # Find a type in +type_map+ ({FFI::TypeDefs}, by default) from
+    # a type objet, a type name (symbol). If +name+ is a {DataConverter},
+    # a new {Type::Mapped} is created.
+    def find_type(name, type_map = nil)
+      if name.is_a?(Type)
+        name
+
+      elsif type_map&.has_key?(name)
+        type_map[name]
+
+      elsif (tm=custom_typedefs).has_key?(name)
+        tm[name]
+
+      elsif TypeDefs.has_key?(name)
+        TypeDefs[name]
+
+      elsif name.is_a?(DataConverter)
+        # Add a typedef so next time the converter is used, it hits the cache
+        tm = (type_map || custom_typedefs)
+        tm[name] = Type::Mapped.new(name)
+      else
+        raise TypeError, "unable to resolve type '#{name}'"
+      end
+    end
 
-    elsif name.is_a?(DataConverter)
-      (type_map || TypeDefs)[name] = Type::Mapped.new(name)
-    
-    else
-      raise TypeError, "unable to resolve type '#{name}'"
+    # @param type +type+ is an instance of class accepted by {FFI.find_type}
+    # @return [Integer]
+    # Get +type+ size, in bytes.
+    def type_size(type)
+      find_type(type).size
     end
   end
 
@@ -136,29 +181,27 @@ module FFI
       :varargs => Type::VARARGS,
   })
 
-  
+  # This will convert a pointer to a Ruby string (just like `:string`), but
+  # also allow to work with the pointer itself. This is useful when you want
+  # a Ruby string already containing a copy of the data, but also the pointer
+  # to the data for you to do something with it, like freeing it, in case the
+  # library handed the memory off to the caller (Ruby-FFI).
+  #
+  # It's {typedef}'d as +:strptr+.
   class StrPtrConverter
     extend DataConverter
     native_type Type::POINTER
 
     # @param [Pointer] val
-    # @param [] ctx
+    # @param ctx not used
     # @return [Array(String, Pointer)]
     # Returns a [ String, Pointer ] tuple so the C memory for the string can be freed
     def self.from_native(val, ctx)
       [ val.null? ? nil : val.get_string(0), val ]
     end
-
   end
 
-  typedef(StrPtrConverter, :strptr)
-
-  # @param type +type+ is an instance of class accepted by {FFI.find_type}
-  # @return [Numeric]
-  # Get +type+ size, in bytes.
-  def self.type_size(type)
-    find_type(type).size
-  end
+  __typedef(StrPtrConverter, :strptr)
 
   # Load all the platform dependent types
   begin
@@ -167,11 +210,13 @@ module FFI
       f.each_line { |line|
         if line.index(prefix) == 0
           new_type, orig_type = line.chomp.slice(prefix.length..-1).split(/\s*=\s*/)
-          typedef(orig_type.to_sym, new_type.to_sym)
+          __typedef(orig_type.to_sym, new_type.to_sym)
         end
       }
     end
-    typedef :pointer, :caddr_t
+    __typedef :pointer, :caddr_t
   rescue Errno::ENOENT
   end
+
+  FFI.make_shareable(TypeDefs) unless writable_typemap
 end

data/lib/ffi/union.rb

@@ -1,21 +1,32 @@
 #
-# Copyright (C) 2008-2010 Wayne Meissner
-#
-# All rights reserved.
+# Copyright (C) 2009 Andrea Fazzi <andrea.fazzi@alcacoop.it>
 #
 # This file is part of ruby-ffi.
 #
-# This code is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 only, as
-# published by the Free Software Foundation.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 #
-# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public License
-# version 3 for more details.
+# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+#   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice
+#   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+#   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# * Neither the name of the Ruby FFI project nor the names of its contributors
+#   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#   without specific prior written permission.
 #
-# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-# version 3 along with this work.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+# SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+# CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+# OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 #
 
 require 'ffi/struct'

data/lib/ffi/variadic.rb

@@ -1,33 +1,37 @@
 #
 # Copyright (C) 2008, 2009 Wayne Meissner
 # Copyright (C) 2009 Luc Heinrich
-# All rights reserved.
 #
 # This file is part of ruby-ffi.
 #
-# This code is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 only, as
-# published by the Free Software Foundation.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+#
+# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+#   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice
+#   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+#   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# * Neither the name of the Ruby FFI project nor the names of its contributors
+#   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#   without specific prior written permission.
 #
-# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public License
-# version 3 for more details.
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+# SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+# CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+# OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 #
-# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-# version 3 along with this work.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 module FFI
-  class VariadicInvoker    
-    def init(arg_types, type_map)
-      @fixed = Array.new
-      @type_map = type_map
-      arg_types.each_with_index do |type, i|
-        @fixed << type unless type == Type::VARARGS
-      end
-    end
-
-
+  class VariadicInvoker
     def call(*args, &block)
       param_types = Array.new(@fixed)
       param_values = Array.new
@@ -50,16 +54,27 @@ module FFI
       invoker = self
       params = "*args"
       call = "call"
-      mod.module_eval <<-code
-      @@#{mname} = invoker
-      def self.#{mname}(#{params})
-        @@#{mname}.#{call}(#{params})
-      end
-      def #{mname}(#{params})
-        @@#{mname}.#{call}(#{params})
-      end
+      mname = mname.to_sym
+      mod.module_eval <<-code, __FILE__, __LINE__
+        @ffi_functions = {} unless defined?(@ffi_functions)
+        @ffi_functions[#{mname.inspect}] = invoker
+
+        def self.#{mname}(#{params})
+          @ffi_functions[#{mname.inspect}].#{call}(#{params})
+        end
+
+        define_method(#{mname.inspect}, &method(#{mname.inspect}))
       code
       invoker
     end
+
+    # Retrieve Array of parameter types
+    #
+    # This method returns an Array of FFI types accepted as function parameters.
+    #
+    # @return [Array<FFI::Type>]
+    def param_types
+      [*@fixed, Type::Builtin::VARARGS]
+    end
   end
-end
+end

data/lib/ffi/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module FFI
+  VERSION = '1.17.0'
+end

data/lib/ffi.rb

@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
-if !defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) || RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
+if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
   begin
-    if RUBY_VERSION =~ /1.8/
-      require '1.8/ffi_c'
-    elsif RUBY_VERSION =~ /1.9/
-      require '1.9/ffi_c'
-    else
-      require 'ffi_c'
-    end
+    require RUBY_VERSION.split('.')[0, 2].join('.') + '/ffi_c'
   rescue Exception
     require 'ffi_c'
   end
 
   require 'ffi/ffi'
+
+elsif RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby' && (RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION.split('.').map(&:to_i) <=> [9, 2, 20]) >= 0
+  JRuby::Util.load_ext("org.jruby.ext.ffi.FFIService")
+  require 'ffi/ffi'
+
+elsif RUBY_ENGINE == 'truffleruby' && (RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION.split('.').map(&:to_i) <=> [20, 1, 0]) >= 0
+  require 'truffleruby/ffi_backend'
+  require 'ffi/ffi'
+
+else
+  # Remove the ffi gem dir from the load path, then reload the internal ffi implementation
+  $LOAD_PATH.delete(File.dirname(__FILE__))
+  $LOAD_PATH.delete(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'ffi'))
+  unless $LOADED_FEATURES.nil?
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.delete(__FILE__)
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.delete('ffi.rb')
+  end
+  require 'ffi.rb'
 end

data/rakelib/ffi_gem_helper.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+require 'bundler'
+require 'bundler/gem_helper'
+
+class FfiGemHelper < Bundler::GemHelper
+  attr_accessor :cross_platforms
+
+  def install
+    super
+
+    task "release:guard_clean" => ["release:update_history"]
+
+    task "release:update_history" do
+      update_history
+    end
+
+    task "release:rubygem_push" => ["gem:native", "gem:java"]
+  end
+
+  def hfile
+    "CHANGELOG.md"
+  end
+
+  def headline
+    '([^\w]*)(\d+\.\d+\.\d+(?:\.\w+)?)([^\w]+)([2Y][0Y][0-9Y][0-9Y]-[0-1M][0-9M]-[0-3D][0-9D])([^\w]*|$)'
+  end
+
+  def reldate
+    Time.now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+  end
+
+  def update_history
+    hin = File.read(hfile)
+    hout = hin.sub(/#{headline}/) do
+      raise "#{hfile} isn't up-to-date for version #{version}" unless $2==version.to_s
+      $1 + $2 + $3 + reldate + $5
+    end
+    if hout != hin
+      Bundler.ui.confirm "Updating #{hfile} for release."
+      File.write(hfile, hout)
+      Rake::FileUtilsExt.sh "git", "commit", hfile, "-m", "Update release date in #{hfile}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def tag_version
+    Bundler.ui.confirm "Tag release with annotation:"
+    m = File.read(hfile).match(/(?<annotation>#{headline}.*?)#{headline}/m) || raise("Unable to find release notes in #{hfile}")
+    Bundler.ui.info(m[:annotation].gsub(/^/, "    "))
+    IO.popen(["git", "tag", "--file=-", version_tag], "w") do |fd|
+      fd.write m[:annotation]
+    end
+    yield if block_given?
+  rescue
+    Bundler.ui.error "Untagging #{version_tag} due to error."
+    sh_with_code "git tag -d #{version_tag}"
+    raise
+  end
+
+  def rubygem_push(path)
+    cross_platforms.each do |ruby_platform|
+      super(path.gsub(/\.gem\z/, "-#{ruby_platform}.gem"))
+    end
+    super(path.gsub(/\.gem\z/, "-java.gem"))
+    super(path)
+  end
+end

data/samples/getlogin.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'ffi'
+
+module Foo
+  extend FFI::Library
+  ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
+  attach_function :getlogin, [ ], :string
+end
+puts "getlogin=#{Foo.getlogin}"

data/samples/getpid.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'ffi'
+
+module Foo
+  extend FFI::Library
+  ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
+  attach_function :getpid, [ ], :int
+end
+puts "My pid=#{Foo.getpid}"

data/samples/gettimeofday.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'ffi'
+require 'rbconfig'
+
+class Timeval < FFI::Struct
+  layout tv_sec: :ulong, tv_usec: :ulong
+end
+module LibC
+  extend FFI::Library
+  if FFI::Platform.windows?
+    ffi_lib RbConfig::CONFIG["LIBRUBY_SO"]
+  else
+    ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
+  end
+  attach_function :gettimeofday, [ :pointer, :pointer ], :int
+end
+t = Timeval.new
+LibC.gettimeofday(t.pointer, nil)
+puts "t.tv_sec=#{t[:tv_sec]} t.tv_usec=#{t[:tv_usec]}"

data/samples/hello.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'ffi'
+
+module Foo
+  extend FFI::Library
+  ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
+  attach_function("cputs", "puts", [ :string ], :int)
+end
+Foo.cputs("Hello, World via libc puts using FFI on MRI ruby")

data/samples/hello_ractor.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'ffi'
+
+module Foo
+  extend FFI::Library
+  ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
+  attach_function("cputs", "puts", [ :string ], :int)
+  freeze
+end
+Ractor.new do
+  Foo.cputs("Hello, World via libc puts using FFI in a Ractor")
+end.take

data/samples/inotify.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+require 'ffi'
+
+module Inotify
+  extend FFI::Library
+  ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
+  class Event < FFI::Struct
+    layout \
+      :wd, :int,
+      :mask, :uint,
+      :cookie, :uint,
+      :len, :uint
+  end
+  attach_function :init, :inotify_init, [ ], :int
+  attach_function :add_watch, :inotify_add_watch, [ :int, :string, :uint ], :int
+  attach_function :rm_watch, :inotify_rm_watch, [ :int, :uint ], :int
+  attach_function :read, [ :int, :buffer_out, :uint ], :int
+  IN_ACCESS=0x00000001
+  IN_MODIFY=0x00000002
+  IN_ATTRIB=0x00000004
+  IN_CLOSE_WRITE=0x00000008
+  IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE=0x00000010
+  IN_CLOSE=(IN_CLOSE_WRITE | IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE)
+  IN_OPEN=0x00000020
+  IN_MOVED_FROM=0x00000040
+  IN_MOVED_TO=0x00000080
+  IN_MOVE= (IN_MOVED_FROM | IN_MOVED_TO)
+  IN_CREATE=0x00000100
+  IN_DELETE=0x00000200
+  IN_DELETE_SELF=0x00000400
+  IN_MOVE_SELF=0x00000800
+  # Events sent by the kernel.
+  IN_UNMOUNT=0x00002000
+  IN_Q_OVERFLOW=0x00004000
+  IN_IGNORED=0x00008000
+  IN_ONLYDIR=0x01000000
+  IN_DONT_FOLLOW=0x02000000
+  IN_MASK_ADD=0x20000000
+  IN_ISDIR=0x40000000
+  IN_ONESHOT=0x80000000
+  IN_ALL_EVENTS=(IN_ACCESS | IN_MODIFY | IN_ATTRIB | IN_CLOSE_WRITE \
+                          | IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE | IN_OPEN | IN_MOVED_FROM \
+                          | IN_MOVED_TO | IN_CREATE | IN_DELETE \
+                          | IN_DELETE_SELF | IN_MOVE_SELF)
+
+end
+if $0 == __FILE__
+  fd = Inotify.init
+  puts "fd=#{fd}"
+  wd = Inotify.add_watch(fd, "/tmp/", Inotify::IN_ALL_EVENTS)
+  fp = FFI::IO.for_fd(fd)
+  puts "wfp=#{fp}"
+  while true
+    buf = FFI::Buffer.alloc_out(Inotify::Event.size + 4096, 1, false)
+    ev = Inotify::Event.new buf
+    ready = IO.select([ fp ], nil, nil, nil)
+    n = Inotify.read(fd, buf, buf.total)
+    puts "Read #{n} bytes from inotify fd"
+    puts "event.wd=#{ev[:wd]} mask=#{ev[:mask]} len=#{ev[:len]} name=#{ev[:len] > 0 ? buf.get_string(16) : 'unknown'}"
+  end
+end

data/samples/pty.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require 'ffi'
+
+module PTY
+  private
+  module LibC
+    extend FFI::Library
+    ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
+    attach_function :forkpty, [ :buffer_out, :buffer_out, :buffer_in, :buffer_in ], :int
+    attach_function :openpty, [ :buffer_out, :buffer_out, :buffer_out, :buffer_in, :buffer_in ], :int
+    attach_function :login_tty, [ :int ], :int
+    attach_function :close, [ :int ], :int
+    attach_function :strerror, [ :int ], :string
+    attach_function :fork, [], :int
+    attach_function :execv, [ :string, :buffer_in ], :int
+    attach_function :execvp, [ :string, :buffer_in ], :int
+    attach_function :dup2, [ :int, :int ], :int
+    attach_function :dup, [ :int ], :int
+  end
+  Buffer = FFI::Buffer
+  def self.build_args(args)
+    cmd = args.shift
+    cmd_args = args.map do |arg|
+      MemoryPointer.from_string(arg)
+    end
+    exec_args = MemoryPointer.new(:pointer, 1 + cmd_args.length + 1)
+    exec_cmd = MemoryPointer.from_string(cmd)
+    exec_args[0].put_pointer(0, exec_cmd)
+    cmd_args.each_with_index do |arg, i|
+      exec_args[i + 1].put_pointer(0, arg)
+    end
+    [ cmd, exec_args ]
+  end
+  public
+  def self.getpty(*args)
+    mfdp = Buffer.new :int
+    name = Buffer.new 1024
+    #
+    # All the execv setup is done in the parent, since doing anything other than
+    # execv in the child after fork is really flakey
+    #
+    exec_cmd, exec_args = build_args(args)
+    pid = LibC.forkpty(mfdp, name, nil, nil)
+    raise "forkpty failed: #{LibC.strerror(FFI.errno)}" if pid < 0
+    if pid == 0
+      LibC.execvp(exec_cmd, exec_args)
+      exit 1
+    end
+    masterfd = mfdp.get_int(0)
+    rfp = FFI::IO.for_fd(masterfd, "r")
+    wfp = FFI::IO.for_fd(LibC.dup(masterfd), "w")
+    if block_given?
+      yield rfp, wfp, pid
+      rfp.close unless rfp.closed?
+      wfp.close unless wfp.closed?
+    else
+      [ rfp, wfp, pid ]
+    end
+  end
+  def self.spawn(*args, &block)
+    self.getpty("/bin/sh", "-c", args[0], &block)
+  end
+end
+module LibC
+  extend FFI::Library
+  attach_function :close, [ :int ], :int
+  attach_function :write, [ :int, :buffer_in, :ulong ], :long
+  attach_function :read, [ :int, :buffer_out, :ulong ], :long
+end
+PTY.getpty("/bin/ls", "-alR", "/") { |rfd, wfd, pid|
+#PTY.spawn("ls -laR /") { |rfd, wfd, pid|
+  puts "child pid=#{pid}"
+  while !rfd.eof? && (buf = rfd.gets)
+    puts "child: '#{buf.strip}'"
+  end
+}

data/samples/qsort.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'ffi'
+
+module LibC
+  extend FFI::Library
+  ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
+  callback :qsort_cmp, [ :pointer, :pointer ], :int
+  attach_function :qsort, [ :pointer, :ulong, :ulong, :qsort_cmp ], :int
+end
+
+p = FFI::MemoryPointer.new(:int, 2)
+p.put_array_of_int32(0, [ 2, 1 ])
+puts "ptr=#{p.inspect}"
+puts "Before qsort #{p.get_array_of_int32(0, 2).join(', ')}"
+LibC.qsort(p, 2, 4) do |p1, p2|
+  i1 = p1.get_int32(0)
+  i2 = p2.get_int32(0)
+  puts "In block: comparing #{i1} and #{i2}"
+  i1 < i2 ? -1 : i1 > i2 ? 1 : 0
+end
+puts "After qsort #{p.get_array_of_int32(0, 2).join(', ')}"