fannypack 0.2

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/uri.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1803 @@
+/*!
+ * URI.js - Mutating URLs
+ *
+ * Version: 1.10.2
+ *
+ * Author: Rodney Rehm
+ * Web: http://medialize.github.com/URI.js/
+ *
+ * Licensed under
+ *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license
+ *   GPL v3 http://opensource.org/licenses/GPL-3.0
+ *
+ */
+(function (root, factory) {
+    // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js
+    if (typeof exports === 'object') {
+        // Node
+        module.exports = factory(require('./punycode'), require('./IPv6'), require('./SecondLevelDomains'));
+    } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+        // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
+        define(['./punycode', './IPv6', './SecondLevelDomains'], factory);
+    } else {
+        // Browser globals (root is window)
+        root.URI = factory(root.punycode, root.IPv6, root.SecondLevelDomains);
+    }
+}(this, function (punycode, IPv6, SLD) {
+"use strict";
+
+function URI(url, base) {
+    // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword
+    if (!(this instanceof URI)) {
+        return new URI(url, base);
+    }
+
+    if (url === undefined) {
+        if (typeof location !== 'undefined') {
+            url = location.href + "";
+        } else {
+            url = "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    this.href(url);
+
+    // resolve to base according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#constructor
+    if (base !== undefined) {
+        return this.absoluteTo(base);
+    }
+
+    return this;
+};
+
+var p = URI.prototype;
+var hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
+
+function escapeRegEx(string) {
+    // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/commit/85ac21783c11f8ccab06106dba9735a31a86924d#commitcomment-821963
+    return string.replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1');
+}
+
+function getType(value) {
+    return String(Object.prototype.toString.call(value)).slice(8, -1);
+}
+
+function isArray(obj) {
+    return getType(obj) === "Array";
+}
+
+function filterArrayValues(data, value) {
+    var lookup = {};
+    var i, length;
+
+    if (isArray(value)) {
+        for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
+            lookup[value[i]] = true;
+        }
+    } else {
+        lookup[value] = true;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0, length = data.length; i < length; i++) {
+        if (lookup[data[i]] !== undefined) {
+            data.splice(i, 1);
+            length--;
+            i--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+function arrayContains(list, value) {
+    var i, length;
+
+    // value may be string, number, array, regexp
+    if (isArray(value)) {
+        // Note: this can be optimized to O(n) (instead of current O(m * n))
+        for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
+            if (!arrayContains(list, value[i])) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    var _type = getType(value);
+    for (i = 0, length = list.length; i < length; i++) {
+        if (_type === 'RegExp') {
+            if (typeof list[i] === 'string' && list[i].match(value)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        } else if (list[i] === value) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+function arraysEqual(one, two) {
+    if (!isArray(one) || !isArray(two)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // arrays can't be equal if they have different amount of content
+    if (one.length !== two.length) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    one.sort();
+    two.sort();
+
+    for (var i = 0, l = one.length; i < l; i++) {
+        if (one[i] !== two[i]) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+URI._parts = function() {
+    return {
+        protocol: null,
+        username: null,
+        password: null,
+        hostname: null,
+        urn: null,
+        port: null,
+        path: null,
+        query: null,
+        fragment: null,
+        // state
+        duplicateQueryParameters: URI.duplicateQueryParameters
+    };
+};
+// state: allow duplicate query parameters (a=1&a=1)
+URI.duplicateQueryParameters = false;
+// static properties
+URI.protocol_expression = /^[a-z][a-z0-9-+-]*$/i;
+URI.idn_expression = /[^a-z0-9\.-]/i;
+URI.punycode_expression = /(xn--)/i;
+// well, 333.444.555.666 matches, but it sure ain't no IPv4 - do we care?
+URI.ip4_expression = /^\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/;
+// credits to Rich Brown
+// source: http://forums.intermapper.com/viewtopic.php?p=1096#1096
+// specification: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4291.txt
+URI.ip6_expression = /^\s*((([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}(:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,2})|:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,3})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})?:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,4})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,2}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,5})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,3}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,6})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,4}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(:(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,7})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,5}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:)))(%.+)?\s*$/;
+// gruber revised expression - http://rodneyrehm.de/t/url-regex.html
+URI.find_uri_expression = /\b((?:[a-z][\w-]+:(?:\/{1,3}|[a-z0-9%])|www\d{0,3}[.]|[a-z0-9.\-]+[.][a-z]{2,4}\/)(?:[^\s()<>]+|\(([^\s()<>]+|(\([^\s()<>]+\)))*\))+(?:\(([^\s()<>]+|(\([^\s()<>]+\)))*\)|[^\s`!()\[\]{};:'".,<>?«»“”‘’]))/ig;
+// http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes.html
+// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers#Well-known_ports
+URI.defaultPorts = {
+    http: "80",
+    https: "443",
+    ftp: "21",
+    gopher: "70",
+    ws: "80",
+    wss: "443"
+};
+// allowed hostname characters according to RFC 3986
+// ALPHA DIGIT "-" "." "_" "~" "!" "$" "&" "'" "(" ")" "*" "+" "," ";" "=" %encoded
+// I've never seen a (non-IDN) hostname other than: ALPHA DIGIT . -
+URI.invalid_hostname_characters = /[^a-zA-Z0-9\.-]/;
+// encoding / decoding according to RFC3986
+function strictEncodeURIComponent(string) {
+    // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent
+    return encodeURIComponent(string)
+        .replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape)
+        .replace(/\*/g, "%2A");
+}
+URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
+URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
+URI.iso8859 = function() {
+    URI.encode = escape;
+    URI.decode = unescape;
+};
+URI.unicode = function() {
+    URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
+    URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
+};
+URI.characters = {
+    pathname: {
+        encode: {
+            // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should
+            // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.
+            expression: /%(24|26|2B|2C|3B|3D|3A|40)/ig,
+            map: {
+                // -._~!'()*
+                "%24": "$",
+                "%26": "&",
+                "%2B": "+",
+                "%2C": ",",
+                "%3B": ";",
+                "%3D": "=",
+                "%3A": ":",
+                "%40": "@"
+            }
+        },
+        decode: {
+            expression: /[\/\?#]/g,
+            map: {
+                "/": "%2F",
+                "?": "%3F",
+                "#": "%23"
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    reserved: {
+        encode: {
+            // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should
+            // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.
+            expression: /%(21|23|24|26|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|2F|3A|3B|3D|3F|40|5B|5D)/ig,
+            map: {
+                // gen-delims
+                "%3A": ":",
+                "%2F": "/",
+                "%3F": "?",
+                "%23": "#",
+                "%5B": "[",
+                "%5D": "]",
+                "%40": "@",
+                // sub-delims
+                "%21": "!",
+                "%24": "$",
+                "%26": "&",
+                "%27": "'",
+                "%28": "(",
+                "%29": ")",
+                "%2A": "*",
+                "%2B": "+",
+                "%2C": ",",
+                "%3B": ";",
+                "%3D": "="
+            }
+        }
+    }
+};
+URI.encodeQuery = function(string) {
+    return URI.encode(string + "").replace(/%20/g, '+');
+};
+URI.decodeQuery = function(string) {
+    return URI.decode((string + "").replace(/\+/g, '%20'));
+};
+URI.recodePath = function(string) {
+    var segments = (string + "").split('/');
+    for (var i = 0, length = segments.length; i < length; i++) {
+        segments[i] = URI.encodePathSegment(URI.decode(segments[i]));
+    }
+
+    return segments.join('/');
+};
+URI.decodePath = function(string) {
+    var segments = (string + "").split('/');
+    for (var i = 0, length = segments.length; i < length; i++) {
+        segments[i] = URI.decodePathSegment(segments[i]);
+    }
+
+    return segments.join('/');
+};
+// generate encode/decode path functions
+var _parts = {'encode':'encode', 'decode':'decode'};
+var _part;
+var generateAccessor = function(_group, _part) {
+    return function(string) {
+        return URI[_part](string + "").replace(URI.characters[_group][_part].expression, function(c) {
+            return URI.characters[_group][_part].map[c];
+        });
+    };
+};
+
+for (_part in _parts) {
+    URI[_part + "PathSegment"] = generateAccessor("pathname", _parts[_part]);
+}
+
+URI.encodeReserved = generateAccessor("reserved", "encode");
+
+URI.parse = function(string, parts) {
+    var pos, t;
+    if (!parts) {
+        parts = {};
+    }
+    // [protocol"://"[username[":"password]"@"]hostname[":"port]"/"?][path]["?"querystring]["#"fragment]
+
+    // extract fragment
+    pos = string.indexOf('#');
+    if (pos > -1) {
+        // escaping?
+        parts.fragment = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;
+        string = string.substring(0, pos);
+    }
+
+    // extract query
+    pos = string.indexOf('?');
+    if (pos > -1) {
+        // escaping?
+        parts.query = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;
+        string = string.substring(0, pos);
+    }
+
+    // extract protocol
+    if (string.substring(0, 2) === '//') {
+        // relative-scheme
+        parts.protocol = '';
+        string = string.substring(2);
+        // extract "user:pass@host:port"
+        string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);
+    } else {
+        pos = string.indexOf(':');
+        if (pos > -1) {
+            parts.protocol = string.substring(0, pos);
+            if (parts.protocol && !parts.protocol.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {
+                // : may be within the path
+                parts.protocol = undefined;
+            } else if (parts.protocol === 'file') {
+                // the file scheme: does not contain an authority
+                string = string.substring(pos + 3);
+            } else if (string.substring(pos + 1, pos + 3) === '//') {
+                string = string.substring(pos + 3);
+
+                // extract "user:pass@host:port"
+                string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);
+            } else {
+                string = string.substring(pos + 1);
+                parts.urn = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // what's left must be the path
+    parts.path = string;
+
+    // and we're done
+    return parts;
+};
+URI.parseHost = function(string, parts) {
+    // extract host:port
+    var pos = string.indexOf('/');
+    var bracketPos;
+    var t;
+
+    if (pos === -1) {
+        pos = string.length;
+    }
+
+    if (string.charAt(0) === "[") {
+        // IPv6 host - http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-04#section-6
+        // I claim most client software breaks on IPv6 anyways. To simplify things, URI only accepts
+        // IPv6+port in the format [2001:db8::1]:80 (for the time being)
+        bracketPos = string.indexOf(']');
+        parts.hostname = string.substring(1, bracketPos) || null;
+        parts.port = string.substring(bracketPos+2, pos) || null;
+    } else if (string.indexOf(':') !== string.lastIndexOf(':')) {
+        // IPv6 host contains multiple colons - but no port
+        // this notation is actually not allowed by RFC 3986, but we're a liberal parser
+        parts.hostname = string.substring(0, pos) || null;
+        parts.port = null;
+    } else {
+        t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');
+        parts.hostname = t[0] || null;
+        parts.port = t[1] || null;
+    }
+
+    if (parts.hostname && string.substring(pos).charAt(0) !== '/') {
+        pos++;
+        string = "/" + string;
+    }
+
+    return string.substring(pos) || '/';
+};
+URI.parseAuthority = function(string, parts) {
+    string = URI.parseUserinfo(string, parts);
+    return URI.parseHost(string, parts);
+};
+URI.parseUserinfo = function(string, parts) {
+    // extract username:password
+    var pos = string.indexOf('@');
+    var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');
+    var t;
+
+    // authority@ must come before /path
+    if (pos > -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || pos < firstSlash)) {
+        t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');
+        parts.username = t[0] ? URI.decode(t[0]) : null;
+        t.shift();
+        parts.password = t[0] ? URI.decode(t.join(':')) : null;
+        string = string.substring(pos + 1);
+    } else {
+        parts.username = null;
+        parts.password = null;
+    }
+
+    return string;
+};
+URI.parseQuery = function(string) {
+    if (!string) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    // throw out the funky business - "?"[name"="value"&"]+
+    string = string.replace(/&+/g, '&').replace(/^\?*&*|&+$/g, '');
+
+    if (!string) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    var items = {};
+    var splits = string.split('&');
+    var length = splits.length;
+    var v, name, value;
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        v = splits[i].split('=');
+        name = URI.decodeQuery(v.shift());
+        // no "=" is null according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#collect-url-parameters
+        value = v.length ? URI.decodeQuery(v.join('=')) : null;
+
+        if (items[name]) {
+            if (typeof items[name] === "string") {
+                items[name] = [items[name]];
+            }
+
+            items[name].push(value);
+        } else {
+            items[name] = value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return items;
+};
+
+URI.build = function(parts) {
+    var t = "";
+
+    if (parts.protocol) {
+        t += parts.protocol + ":";
+    }
+
+    if (!parts.urn && (t || parts.hostname)) {
+        t += '//';
+    }
+
+    t += (URI.buildAuthority(parts) || '');
+
+    if (typeof parts.path === "string") {
+        if (parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/' && typeof parts.hostname === "string") {
+            t += '/';
+        }
+
+        t += parts.path;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof parts.query === "string" && parts.query) {
+        t += '?' + parts.query;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof parts.fragment === "string" && parts.fragment) {
+        t += '#' + parts.fragment;
+    }
+    return t;
+};
+URI.buildHost = function(parts) {
+    var t = "";
+
+    if (!parts.hostname) {
+        return "";
+    } else if (URI.ip6_expression.test(parts.hostname)) {
+        if (parts.port) {
+            t += "[" + parts.hostname + "]:" + parts.port;
+        } else {
+            // don't know if we should always wrap IPv6 in []
+            // the RFC explicitly says SHOULD, not MUST.
+            t += parts.hostname;
+        }
+    } else {
+        t += parts.hostname;
+        if (parts.port) {
+            t += ':' + parts.port;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return t;
+};
+URI.buildAuthority = function(parts) {
+    return URI.buildUserinfo(parts) + URI.buildHost(parts);
+};
+URI.buildUserinfo = function(parts) {
+    var t = "";
+
+    if (parts.username) {
+        t += URI.encode(parts.username);
+
+        if (parts.password) {
+            t += ':' + URI.encode(parts.password);
+        }
+
+        t += "@";
+    }
+
+    return t;
+};
+URI.buildQuery = function(data, duplicates) {
+    // according to http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 or http://labs.apache.org/webarch/uri/rfc/rfc3986.html
+    // being »-._~!$&'()*+,;=:@/?« %HEX and alnum are allowed
+    // the RFC explicitly states ?/foo being a valid use case, no mention of parameter syntax!
+    // URI.js treats the query string as being application/x-www-form-urlencoded
+    // see http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type
+
+    var t = "";
+    var unique, key, i, length;
+    for (key in data) {
+        if (hasOwn.call(data, key) && key) {
+            if (isArray(data[key])) {
+                unique = {};
+                for (i = 0, length = data[key].length; i < length; i++) {
+                    if (data[key][i] !== undefined && unique[data[key][i] + ""] === undefined) {
+                        t += "&" + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key][i]);
+                        if (duplicates !== true) {
+                            unique[data[key][i] + ""] = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (data[key] !== undefined) {
+                t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return t.substring(1);
+};
+URI.buildQueryParameter = function(name, value) {
+    // http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type -- application/x-www-form-urlencoded
+    // don't append "=" for null values, according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#url-parameter-serialization
+    return URI.encodeQuery(name) + (value !== null ? "=" + URI.encodeQuery(value) : "");
+};
+
+URI.addQuery = function(data, name, value) {
+    if (typeof name === "object") {
+        for (var key in name) {
+            if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
+                URI.addQuery(data, key, name[key]);
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (typeof name === "string") {
+        if (data[name] === undefined) {
+            data[name] = value;
+            return;
+        } else if (typeof data[name] === "string") {
+            data[name] = [data[name]];
+        }
+
+        if (!isArray(value)) {
+            value = [value];
+        }
+
+        data[name] = data[name].concat(value);
+    } else {
+        throw new TypeError("URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter");
+    }
+};
+URI.removeQuery = function(data, name, value) {
+    var i, length, key;
+
+    if (isArray(name)) {
+        for (i = 0, length = name.length; i < length; i++) {
+            data[name[i]] = undefined;
+        }
+    } else if (typeof name === "object") {
+        for (key in name) {
+            if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
+                URI.removeQuery(data, key, name[key]);
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (typeof name === "string") {
+        if (value !== undefined) {
+            if (data[name] === value) {
+                data[name] = undefined;
+            } else if (isArray(data[name])) {
+                data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);
+            }
+        } else {
+            data[name] = undefined;
+        }
+    } else {
+        throw new TypeError("URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the first parameter");
+    }
+};
+URI.hasQuery = function(data, name, value, withinArray) {
+    if (typeof name === "object") {
+        for (var key in name) {
+            if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
+                if (!URI.hasQuery(data, key, name[key])) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    } else if (typeof name !== "string") {
+        throw new TypeError("URI.hasQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter");
+    }
+
+    switch (getType(value)) {
+        case 'Undefined':
+            // true if exists (but may be empty)
+            return name in data; // data[name] !== undefined;
+
+        case 'Boolean':
+            // true if exists and non-empty
+            var _booly = Boolean(isArray(data[name]) ? data[name].length : data[name]);
+            return value === _booly;
+
+        case 'Function':
+            // allow complex comparison
+            return !!value(data[name], name, data);
+
+        case 'Array':
+            if (!isArray(data[name])) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var op = withinArray ? arrayContains : arraysEqual;
+            return op(data[name], value);
+
+        case 'RegExp':
+            if (!isArray(data[name])) {
+                return Boolean(data[name] && data[name].match(value));
+            }
+
+            if (!withinArray) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return arrayContains(data[name], value);
+
+        case 'Number':
+            value = String(value);
+            // omit break;
+        case 'String':
+            if (!isArray(data[name])) {
+                return data[name] === value;
+            }
+
+            if (!withinArray) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return arrayContains(data[name], value);
+
+        default:
+            throw new TypeError("URI.hasQuery() accepts undefined, boolean, string, number, RegExp, Function as the value parameter");
+    }
+};
+
+
+URI.commonPath = function(one, two) {
+    var length = Math.min(one.length, two.length);
+    var pos;
+
+    // find first non-matching character
+    for (pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {
+        if (one.charAt(pos) !== two.charAt(pos)) {
+            pos--;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (pos < 1) {
+        return one.charAt(0) === two.charAt(0) && one.charAt(0) === '/' ? '/' : '';
+    }
+
+    // revert to last /
+    if (one.charAt(pos) !== '/' || two.charAt(pos) !== '/') {
+        pos = one.substring(0, pos).lastIndexOf('/');
+    }
+
+    return one.substring(0, pos + 1);
+};
+
+URI.withinString = function(string, callback) {
+    // expression used is "gruber revised" (@gruber v2) determined to be the best solution in
+    // a regex sprint we did a couple of ages ago at
+    // * http://mathiasbynens.be/demo/url-regex
+    // * http://rodneyrehm.de/t/url-regex.html
+
+    return string.replace(URI.find_uri_expression, callback);
+};
+
+URI.ensureValidHostname = function(v) {
+    // Theoretically URIs allow percent-encoding in Hostnames (according to RFC 3986)
+    // they are not part of DNS and therefore ignored by URI.js
+
+    if (v.match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {
+        // test punycode
+        if (!punycode) {
+            throw new TypeError("Hostname '" + v + "' contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-] and Punycode.js is not available");
+        }
+
+        if (punycode.toASCII(v).match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {
+            throw new TypeError("Hostname '" + v + "' contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]");
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+p.build = function(deferBuild) {
+    if (deferBuild === true) {
+        this._deferred_build = true;
+    } else if (deferBuild === undefined || this._deferred_build) {
+        this._string = URI.build(this._parts);
+        this._deferred_build = false;
+    }
+
+    return this;
+};
+
+p.clone = function() {
+    return new URI(this);
+};
+
+p.valueOf = p.toString = function() {
+    return this.build(false)._string;
+};
+
+// generate simple accessors
+_parts = {protocol: 'protocol', username: 'username', password: 'password', hostname: 'hostname',  port: 'port'};
+generateAccessor = function(_part){
+    return function(v, build) {
+        if (v === undefined) {
+            return this._parts[_part] || "";
+        } else {
+            this._parts[_part] = v;
+            this.build(!build);
+            return this;
+        }
+    };
+};
+
+for (_part in _parts) {
+    p[_part] = generateAccessor(_parts[_part]);
+}
+
+// generate accessors with optionally prefixed input
+_parts = {query: '?', fragment: '#'};
+generateAccessor = function(_part, _key){
+    return function(v, build) {
+        if (v === undefined) {
+            return this._parts[_part] || "";
+        } else {
+            if (v !== null) {
+                v = v + "";
+                if (v.charAt(0) === _key) {
+                    v = v.substring(1);
+                }
+            }
+
+            this._parts[_part] = v;
+            this.build(!build);
+            return this;
+        }
+    };
+};
+
+for (_part in _parts) {
+    p[_part] = generateAccessor(_part, _parts[_part]);
+}
+
+// generate accessors with prefixed output
+_parts = {search: ['?', 'query'], hash: ['#', 'fragment']};
+generateAccessor = function(_part, _key){
+    return function(v, build) {
+        var t = this[_part](v, build);
+        return typeof t === "string" && t.length ? (_key + t) : t;
+    };
+};
+
+for (_part in _parts) {
+    p[_part] = generateAccessor(_parts[_part][1], _parts[_part][0]);
+}
+
+p.pathname = function(v, build) {
+    if (v === undefined || v === true) {
+        var res = this._parts.path || (this._parts.urn ? '' : '/');
+        return v ? URI.decodePath(res) : res;
+    } else {
+        this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodePath(v) : "/";
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.path = p.pathname;
+p.href = function(href, build) {
+    var key;
+
+    if (href === undefined) {
+        return this.toString();
+    }
+
+    this._string = "";
+    this._parts = URI._parts();
+
+    var _URI = href instanceof URI;
+    var _object = typeof href === "object" && (href.hostname || href.path);
+
+
+    // window.location is reported to be an object, but it's not the sort
+    // of object we're looking for:
+    // * location.protocol ends with a colon
+    // * location.query != object.search
+    // * location.hash != object.fragment
+    // simply serializing the unknown object should do the trick
+    // (for location, not for everything...)
+    if (!_URI && _object && href.pathname !== undefined) {
+        href = href.toString();
+    }
+
+    if (typeof href === "string") {
+        this._parts = URI.parse(href, this._parts);
+    } else if (_URI || _object) {
+        var src = _URI ? href._parts : href;
+        for (key in src) {
+            if (hasOwn.call(this._parts, key)) {
+                this._parts[key] = src[key];
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        throw new TypeError("invalid input");
+    }
+
+    this.build(!build);
+    return this;
+};
+
+// identification accessors
+p.is = function(what) {
+    var ip = false;
+    var ip4 = false;
+    var ip6 = false;
+    var name = false;
+    var sld = false;
+    var idn = false;
+    var punycode = false;
+    var relative = !this._parts.urn;
+
+    if (this._parts.hostname) {
+        relative = false;
+        ip4 = URI.ip4_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
+        ip6 = URI.ip6_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
+        ip = ip4 || ip6;
+        name = !ip;
+        sld = name && SLD && SLD.has(this._parts.hostname);
+        idn = name && URI.idn_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
+        punycode = name && URI.punycode_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
+    }
+
+    switch (what.toLowerCase()) {
+        case 'relative':
+            return relative;
+
+        case 'absolute':
+            return !relative;
+
+        // hostname identification
+        case 'domain':
+        case 'name':
+            return name;
+
+        case 'sld':
+            return sld;
+
+        case 'ip':
+            return ip;
+
+        case 'ip4':
+        case 'ipv4':
+        case 'inet4':
+            return ip4;
+
+        case 'ip6':
+        case 'ipv6':
+        case 'inet6':
+            return ip6;
+
+        case 'idn':
+            return idn;
+
+        case 'url':
+            return !this._parts.urn;
+
+        case 'urn':
+            return !!this._parts.urn;
+
+        case 'punycode':
+            return punycode;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+};
+
+// component specific input validation
+var _protocol = p.protocol;
+var _port = p.port;
+var _hostname = p.hostname;
+
+p.protocol = function(v, build) {
+    if (v !== undefined) {
+        if (v) {
+            // accept trailing ://
+            v = v.replace(/:(\/\/)?$/, '');
+
+            if (v.match(/[^a-zA-z0-9\.+-]/)) {
+                throw new TypeError("Protocol '" + v + "' contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.+-]");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return _protocol.call(this, v, build);
+};
+p.scheme = p.protocol;
+p.port = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (v !== undefined) {
+        if (v === 0) {
+            v = null;
+        }
+
+        if (v) {
+            v += "";
+            if (v.charAt(0) === ":") {
+                v = v.substring(1);
+            }
+
+            if (v.match(/[^0-9]/)) {
+                throw new TypeError("Port '" + v + "' contains characters other than [0-9]");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return _port.call(this, v, build);
+};
+p.hostname = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (v !== undefined) {
+        var x = {};
+        URI.parseHost(v, x);
+        v = x.hostname;
+    }
+    return _hostname.call(this, v, build);
+};
+
+// compound accessors
+p.host = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (v === undefined) {
+        return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildHost(this._parts) : "";
+    } else {
+        URI.parseHost(v, this._parts);
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.authority = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (v === undefined) {
+        return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildAuthority(this._parts) : "";
+    } else {
+        URI.parseAuthority(v, this._parts);
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.userinfo = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (v === undefined) {
+        if (!this._parts.username) {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        var t = URI.buildUserinfo(this._parts);
+        return t.substring(0, t.length -1);
+    } else {
+        if (v[v.length-1] !== '@') {
+            v += '@';
+        }
+
+        URI.parseUserinfo(v, this._parts);
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.resource = function(v, build) {
+    var parts;
+
+    if (v === undefined) {
+        return this.path() + this.search() + this.hash();
+    }
+
+    parts = URI.parse(v);
+    this._parts.path = parts.path;
+    this._parts.query = parts.query;
+    this._parts.fragment = parts.fragment;
+    this.build(!build);
+    return this;
+};
+
+// fraction accessors
+p.subdomain = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    // convenience, return "www" from "www.example.org"
+    if (v === undefined) {
+        if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        // grab domain and add another segment
+        var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length - 1;
+        return this._parts.hostname.substring(0, end) || "";
+    } else {
+        var e = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length;
+        var sub = this._parts.hostname.substring(0, e);
+        var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(sub));
+
+        if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '.') {
+            v += ".";
+        }
+
+        if (v) {
+            URI.ensureValidHostname(v);
+        }
+
+        this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.domain = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof v === 'boolean') {
+        build = v;
+        v = undefined;
+    }
+
+    // convenience, return "example.org" from "www.example.org"
+    if (v === undefined) {
+        if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        // if hostname consists of 1 or 2 segments, it must be the domain
+        var t = this._parts.hostname.match(/\./g);
+        if (t && t.length < 2) {
+            return this._parts.hostname;
+        }
+
+        // grab tld and add another segment
+        var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.tld(build).length - 1;
+        end = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.', end -1) + 1;
+        return this._parts.hostname.substring(end) || "";
+    } else {
+        if (!v) {
+            throw new TypeError("cannot set domain empty");
+        }
+
+        URI.ensureValidHostname(v);
+
+        if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
+            this._parts.hostname = v;
+        } else {
+            var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.domain()) + "$");
+            this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
+        }
+
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.tld = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof v === 'boolean') {
+        build = v;
+        v = undefined;
+    }
+
+    // return "org" from "www.example.org"
+    if (v === undefined) {
+        if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        var pos = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.');
+        var tld = this._parts.hostname.substring(pos + 1);
+
+        if (build !== true && SLD && SLD.list[tld.toLowerCase()]) {
+            return SLD.get(this._parts.hostname) || tld;
+        }
+
+        return tld;
+    } else {
+        var replace;
+
+        if (!v) {
+            throw new TypeError("cannot set TLD empty");
+        } else if (v.match(/[^a-zA-Z0-9-]/)) {
+            if (SLD && SLD.is(v)) {
+                replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + "$");
+                this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
+            } else {
+                throw new TypeError("TLD '" + v + "' contains characters other than [A-Z0-9]");
+            }
+        } else if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
+            throw new ReferenceError("cannot set TLD on non-domain host");
+        } else {
+            replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + "$");
+            this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
+        }
+
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.directory = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (v === undefined || v === true) {
+        if (!this._parts.path && !this._parts.hostname) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        if (this._parts.path === '/') {
+            return '/';
+        }
+
+        var end = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length - 1;
+        var res = this._parts.path.substring(0, end) || (this._parts.hostname ? "/" : "");
+
+        return v ? URI.decodePath(res) : res;
+
+    } else {
+        var e = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length;
+        var directory = this._parts.path.substring(0, e);
+        var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(directory));
+
+        // fully qualifier directories begin with a slash
+        if (!this.is('relative')) {
+            if (!v) {
+                v = '/';
+            }
+
+            if (v.charAt(0) !== '/') {
+                v = "/" + v;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // directories always end with a slash
+        if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '/') {
+            v += '/';
+        }
+
+        v = URI.recodePath(v);
+        this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.filename = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (v === undefined || v === true) {
+        if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        var pos = this._parts.path.lastIndexOf('/');
+        var res = this._parts.path.substring(pos+1);
+
+        return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;
+    } else {
+        var mutatedDirectory = false;
+
+        if (v.charAt(0) === '/') {
+            v = v.substring(1);
+        }
+
+        if (v.match(/\.?\//)) {
+            mutatedDirectory = true;
+        }
+
+        var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.filename()) + "$");
+        v = URI.recodePath(v);
+        this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
+
+        if (mutatedDirectory) {
+            this.normalizePath(build);
+        } else {
+            this.build(!build);
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.suffix = function(v, build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
+    }
+
+    if (v === undefined || v === true) {
+        if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        var filename = this.filename();
+        var pos = filename.lastIndexOf('.');
+        var s, res;
+
+        if (pos === -1) {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        // suffix may only contain alnum characters (yup, I made this up.)
+        s = filename.substring(pos+1);
+        res = (/^[a-z0-9%]+$/i).test(s) ? s : "";
+        return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;
+    } else {
+        if (v.charAt(0) === '.') {
+            v = v.substring(1);
+        }
+
+        var suffix = this.suffix();
+        var replace;
+
+        if (!suffix) {
+            if (!v) {
+                return this;
+            }
+
+            this._parts.path += '.' + URI.recodePath(v);
+        } else if (!v) {
+            replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx("." + suffix) + "$");
+        } else {
+            replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(suffix) + "$");
+        }
+
+        if (replace) {
+            v = URI.recodePath(v);
+            this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
+        }
+
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    }
+};
+p.segment = function(segment, v, build) {
+    var separator = this._parts.urn ? ':' : '/';
+    var path = this.path();
+    var absolute = path.substring(0, 1) === '/';
+    var segments = path.split(separator);
+
+    if (typeof segment !== 'number') {
+        build = v;
+        v = segment;
+        segment = undefined;
+    }
+
+    if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {
+        throw new Error("Bad segment '" + segment + "', must be 0-based integer");
+    }
+
+    if (absolute) {
+        segments.shift();
+    }
+
+    if (segment < 0) {
+        // allow negative indexes to address from the end
+        segment = Math.max(segments.length + segment, 0);
+    }
+
+    if (v === undefined) {
+        return segment === undefined
+            ? segments
+            : segments[segment];
+    } else if (segment === null || segments[segment] === undefined) {
+        if (isArray(v)) {
+            segments = v;
+        } else if (v || (typeof v === "string" && v.length)) {
+            if (segments[segments.length -1] === "") {
+                // empty trailing elements have to be overwritten
+                // to prefent results such as /foo//bar
+                segments[segments.length -1] = v;
+            } else {
+                segments.push(v);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (v || (typeof v === "string" && v.length)) {
+            segments[segment] = v;
+        } else {
+            segments.splice(segment, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (absolute) {
+        segments.unshift("");
+    }
+
+    return this.path(segments.join(separator), build);
+};
+
+// mutating query string
+var q = p.query;
+p.query = function(v, build) {
+    if (v === true) {
+        return URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query);
+    } else if (typeof v === "function") {
+        var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query);
+        var result = v.call(this, data);
+        this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(result || data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters);
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    } else if (v !== undefined && typeof v !== "string") {
+        this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(v, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters);
+        this.build(!build);
+        return this;
+    } else {
+        return q.call(this, v, build);
+    }
+};
+p.setQuery = function(name, value, build) {
+    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query);
+
+    if (typeof name === "object") {
+        for (var key in name) {
+            if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
+                data[key] = name[key];
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (typeof name === "string") {
+        data[name] = value !== undefined ? value : null;
+    } else {
+        throw new TypeError("URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter");
+    }
+
+    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters);
+    if (typeof name !== "string") {
+        build = value;
+    }
+
+    this.build(!build);
+    return this;
+};
+p.addQuery = function(name, value, build) {
+    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query);
+    URI.addQuery(data, name, value === undefined ? null : value);
+    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters);
+    if (typeof name !== "string") {
+        build = value;
+    }
+
+    this.build(!build);
+    return this;
+};
+p.removeQuery = function(name, value, build) {
+    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query);
+    URI.removeQuery(data, name, value);
+    this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters);
+    if (typeof name !== "string") {
+        build = value;
+    }
+
+    this.build(!build);
+    return this;
+};
+p.hasQuery = function(name, value, withinArray) {
+    var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query);
+    return URI.hasQuery(data, name, value, withinArray);
+};
+p.setSearch = p.setQuery;
+p.addSearch = p.addQuery;
+p.removeSearch = p.removeQuery;
+p.hasSearch = p.hasQuery;
+
+// sanitizing URLs
+p.normalize = function() {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return this
+            .normalizeProtocol(false)
+            .normalizeQuery(false)
+            .normalizeFragment(false)
+            .build();
+    }
+
+    return this
+        .normalizeProtocol(false)
+        .normalizeHostname(false)
+        .normalizePort(false)
+        .normalizePath(false)
+        .normalizeQuery(false)
+        .normalizeFragment(false)
+        .build();
+};
+p.normalizeProtocol = function(build) {
+    if (typeof this._parts.protocol === "string") {
+        this._parts.protocol = this._parts.protocol.toLowerCase();
+        this.build(!build);
+    }
+
+    return this;
+};
+p.normalizeHostname = function(build) {
+    if (this._parts.hostname) {
+        if (this.is('IDN') && punycode) {
+            this._parts.hostname = punycode.toASCII(this._parts.hostname);
+        } else if (this.is('IPv6') && IPv6) {
+            this._parts.hostname = IPv6.best(this._parts.hostname);
+        }
+
+        this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.toLowerCase();
+        this.build(!build);
+    }
+
+    return this;
+};
+p.normalizePort = function(build) {
+    // remove port of it's the protocol's default
+    if (typeof this._parts.protocol === "string" && this._parts.port === URI.defaultPorts[this._parts.protocol]) {
+        this._parts.port = null;
+        this.build(!build);
+    }
+
+    return this;
+};
+p.normalizePath = function(build) {
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    var _was_relative;
+    var _was_relative_prefix;
+    var _path = this._parts.path;
+    var _parent, _pos;
+
+    // handle relative paths
+    if (_path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
+        if (_path.charAt(0) === '.') {
+            _was_relative_prefix = _path.substring(0, _path.indexOf('/'));
+        }
+        _was_relative = true;
+        _path = '/' + _path;
+    }
+    // resolve simples
+    _path = _path.replace(/(\/(\.\/)+)|\/{2,}/g, '/');
+    // resolve parents
+    while (true) {
+        _parent = _path.indexOf('/../');
+        if (_parent === -1) {
+            // no more ../ to resolve
+            break;
+        } else if (_parent === 0) {
+            // top level cannot be relative...
+            _path = _path.substring(3);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        _pos = _path.substring(0, _parent).lastIndexOf('/');
+        if (_pos === -1) {
+            _pos = _parent;
+        }
+        _path = _path.substring(0, _pos) + _path.substring(_parent + 3);
+    }
+    // revert to relative
+    if (_was_relative && this.is('relative')) {
+        _path = _path.substring(1);
+    }
+
+    _path = URI.recodePath(_path);
+    this._parts.path = _path;
+    this.build(!build);
+    return this;
+};
+p.normalizePathname = p.normalizePath;
+p.normalizeQuery = function(build) {
+    if (typeof this._parts.query === "string") {
+        if (!this._parts.query.length) {
+            this._parts.query = null;
+        } else {
+            this.query(URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query));
+        }
+
+        this.build(!build);
+    }
+
+    return this;
+};
+p.normalizeFragment = function(build) {
+    if (!this._parts.fragment) {
+        this._parts.fragment = null;
+        this.build(!build);
+    }
+
+    return this;
+};
+p.normalizeSearch = p.normalizeQuery;
+p.normalizeHash = p.normalizeFragment;
+
+p.iso8859 = function() {
+    // expect unicode input, iso8859 output
+    var e = URI.encode;
+    var d = URI.decode;
+
+    URI.encode = escape;
+    URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
+    this.normalize();
+    URI.encode = e;
+    URI.decode = d;
+    return this;
+};
+
+p.unicode = function() {
+    // expect iso8859 input, unicode output
+    var e = URI.encode;
+    var d = URI.decode;
+
+    URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
+    URI.decode = unescape;
+    this.normalize();
+    URI.encode = e;
+    URI.decode = d;
+    return this;
+};
+
+p.readable = function() {
+    var uri = this.clone();
+    // removing username, password, because they shouldn't be displayed according to RFC 3986
+    uri.username("").password("").normalize();
+    var t = '';
+    if (uri._parts.protocol) {
+        t += uri._parts.protocol + '://';
+    }
+
+    if (uri._parts.hostname) {
+        if (uri.is('punycode') && punycode) {
+            t += punycode.toUnicode(uri._parts.hostname);
+            if (uri._parts.port) {
+                t += ":" + uri._parts.port;
+            }
+        } else {
+            t += uri.host();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (uri._parts.hostname && uri._parts.path && uri._parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
+        t += '/';
+    }
+
+    t += uri.path(true);
+    if (uri._parts.query) {
+        var q = '';
+        for (var i = 0, qp = uri._parts.query.split('&'), l = qp.length; i < l; i++) {
+            var kv = (qp[i] || "").split('=');
+            q += '&' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[0])
+                .replace(/&/g, '%26');
+
+            if (kv[1] !== undefined) {
+                q += "=" + URI.decodeQuery(kv[1])
+                    .replace(/&/g, '%26');
+            }
+        }
+        t += '?' + q.substring(1);
+    }
+
+    t += uri.hash();
+    return t;
+};
+
+// resolving relative and absolute URLs
+p.absoluteTo = function(base) {
+    var resolved = this.clone();
+    var properties = ['protocol', 'username', 'password', 'hostname', 'port'];
+    var basedir, i, p;
+
+    if (this._parts.urn) {
+        throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierachical components');
+    }
+
+    if (!(base instanceof URI)) {
+        base = new URI(base);
+    }
+
+    if (!resolved._parts.protocol) {
+        resolved._parts.protocol = base._parts.protocol;
+    }
+
+    if (this._parts.hostname) {
+        return resolved;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0, p; p = properties[i]; i++) {
+        resolved._parts[p] = base._parts[p];
+    }
+
+    properties = ['query', 'path'];
+    for (i = 0, p; p = properties[i]; i++) {
+        if (!resolved._parts[p] && base._parts[p]) {
+            resolved._parts[p] = base._parts[p];
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (resolved.path().charAt(0) !== '/') {
+        basedir = base.directory();
+        resolved._parts.path = (basedir ? (basedir + '/') : '') + resolved._parts.path;
+        resolved.normalizePath();
+    }
+
+    resolved.build();
+    return resolved;
+};
+p.relativeTo = function(base) {
+    var relative = this.clone();
+    var properties = ['protocol', 'username', 'password', 'hostname', 'port'];
+    var common, _base, _this, _base_diff, _this_diff;
+
+    if (relative._parts.urn) {
+        throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierachical components');
+    }
+
+    if (!(base instanceof URI)) {
+        base = new URI(base);
+    }
+
+    if (relative.path().charAt(0) !== '/' || base.path().charAt(0) !== '/') {
+        throw new Error('Cannot calculate common path from non-relative URLs');
+    }
+
+    // determine common sub path
+    common = URI.commonPath(relative.path(), base.path());
+
+    // relative paths don't have authority
+    for (var i = 0, p; p = properties[i]; i++) {
+        relative._parts[p] = null;
+    }
+
+    // no relation if there's nothing in common
+    if (common === '/') {
+        return relative;
+    } else if (!common) {
+        // there's absolutely nothing in common here
+        return this.clone();
+    }
+
+    _base = base.directory();
+    _this = relative.directory();
+
+    // base and this are on the same level
+    if (_base === _this) {
+        relative._parts.path = relative.filename();
+        return relative.build();
+    }
+
+    _base_diff = _base.substring(common.length);
+    _this_diff = _this.substring(common.length);
+
+    // this is a descendant of base
+    if (_base + '/' === common) {
+        if (_this_diff) {
+            _this_diff += '/';
+        }
+
+        relative._parts.path = _this_diff + relative.filename();
+        return relative.build();
+    }
+
+    // this is a descendant of base
+    var parents = '../';
+    var _common = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(common));
+    var _parents = _base.replace(_common, '/').match(/\//g).length -1;
+
+    while (_parents--) {
+        parents += '../';
+    }
+
+    relative._parts.path = relative._parts.path.replace(_common, parents);
+    return relative.build();
+};
+
+// comparing URIs
+p.equals = function(uri) {
+    var one = this.clone();
+    var two = new URI(uri);
+    var one_map = {};
+    var two_map = {};
+    var checked = {};
+    var one_query, two_query, key;
+
+    one.normalize();
+    two.normalize();
+
+    // exact match
+    if (one.toString() === two.toString()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // extract query string
+    one_query = one.query();
+    two_query = two.query();
+    one.query("");
+    two.query("");
+
+    // definitely not equal if not even non-query parts match
+    if (one.toString() !== two.toString()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // query parameters have the same length, even if they're permutated
+    if (one_query.length !== two_query.length) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    one_map = URI.parseQuery(one_query);
+    two_map = URI.parseQuery(two_query);
+
+    for (key in one_map) {
+        if (hasOwn.call(one_map, key)) {
+            if (!isArray(one_map[key])) {
+                if (one_map[key] !== two_map[key]) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else if (!arraysEqual(one_map[key], two_map[key])) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            checked[key] = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (key in two_map) {
+        if (hasOwn.call(two_map, key)) {
+            if (!checked[key]) {
+                // two contains a parameter not present in one
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+};
+
+// state
+p.duplicateQueryParameters = function(v) {
+    this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters = !!v;
+    return this;
+};
+
+return URI;
+}));