exiftool_vendored 10.43.0 → 10.49.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-10.49/lib/Image/ExifTool/PDF.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,2378 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# File:         PDF.pm
+#
+# Description:  Read PDF meta information
+#
+# Revisions:    07/11/2005 - P. Harvey Created
+#               07/25/2005 - P. Harvey Add support for encrypted documents
+#
+# References:   1) http://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference.html
+#               2) http://search.cpan.org/dist/Crypt-RC4/
+#               3) http://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf
+#               4) http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/adobe_supplement_iso32000.pdf
+#               5) http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc3454
+#               6) http://www.armware.dk/RFC/rfc/rfc4013.html
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+package Image::ExifTool::PDF;
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD $lastFetched);
+use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
+require Exporter;
+
+$VERSION = '1.43';
+
+sub FetchObject($$$$);
+sub ExtractObject($$;$$);
+sub ReadToNested($;$);
+sub ProcessDict($$$$;$$);
+sub ProcessAcroForm($$$$;$$);
+sub ExpandArray($);
+sub ReadPDFValue($);
+sub CheckPDF($$$);
+
+# $lastFetched - last fetched object reference (used for decryption)
+#                (undefined if fetched object was already decrypted, eg. object from stream)
+
+my $cryptInfo;      # encryption object reference (plus additional information)
+my $cryptString;    # flag that strings are encrypted
+my $cryptStream;    # flag that streams are encrypted
+my $lastOffset;     # last fetched object offset
+my %streamObjs;     # hash of stream objects
+my %fetched;        # dicts fetched in verbose mode (to avoid cyclical recursion)
+my $pdfVer;         # version of PDF file being processed
+
+# filters supported in DecodeStream()
+my %supportedFilter = (
+    '/FlateDecode' => 1,
+    '/Crypt' => 1,
+    '/Identity' => 1,  # (not filtered)
+    '/DCTDecode' => 1, # (JPEG image - not filtered)
+    '/JPXDecode' => 1, # (Jpeg2000 image - not filtered)
+    '/LZWDecode' => 1, # (usually a bitmapped image)
+    '/ASCIIHexDecode' => 1,
+    '/ASCII85Decode' => 1,
+    # other standard filters that we currently don't support
+    #'/JBIG2Decode' => 0, # (JBIG2 image format not supported)
+    #'/CCITTFaxDecode' => 0,
+    #'/RunLengthDecode' => 0,
+);
+
+# tags in main PDF directories
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Main = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    VARS => { CAPTURE => ['Main','Prev'] },
+    Info => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Info' },
+        # Adobe Acrobat 10.1.5 will create a duplicate Info dictionary with
+        # a different object number when metadata is edited.  This flag
+        # is part of a patch to ignore this duplicate information (unless
+        # the IgnoreMinorErrors option is used)
+        IgnoreDuplicates => 1,
+    },
+    Root => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Root' },
+    },
+    Encrypt => {
+        NoProcess => 1, # don't process normally (processed in advance)
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Encrypt' },
+    },
+    _linearized => {
+        Name => 'Linearized',
+        Notes => 'flag set if document is linearized for fast web display; not a real Tag ID',
+        PrintConv => { 'true' => 'Yes', 'false' => 'No' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Info dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Info = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    VARS => { CAPTURE => ['Info'] },
+    EXTRACT_UNKNOWN => 1, # extract all unknown tags in this directory
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::DummyWriteProc,
+    CHECK_PROC => \&CheckPDF,
+    WRITABLE => 'string',
+    # set PRIORITY to 0 so most recent Info dictionary takes precedence
+    # (Acrobat Pro bug? doesn't use same object/generation number for
+    #  new Info dictionary when doing incrmental update)
+    PRIORITY => 0,
+    NOTES => q{
+        As well as the tags listed below, the PDF specification allows for
+        user-defined tags to exist in the Info dictionary.  These tags, which should
+        have corresponding XMP-pdfx entries in the XMP of the PDF XML Metadata
+        object, are also extracted by ExifTool.
+
+        B<Writable> specifies the value format, and may be C<string>, C<date>,
+        C<integer>, C<real>, C<boolean> or C<name> for PDF tags.
+    },
+    Title       => { },
+    Author      => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    Subject     => { },
+    Keywords    => { List => 'string' },  # this is a string list
+    Creator     => { },
+    Producer    => { },
+    CreationDate => {
+        Name => 'CreateDate',
+        Writable => 'date',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        Shift => 'Time',
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val)',
+    },
+    ModDate => {
+        Name => 'ModifyDate',
+        Writable => 'date',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        Shift => 'Time',
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val)',
+    },
+    Trapped => {
+        Protected => 1,
+        # remove leading '/' from '/True' or '/False'
+        ValueConv => '$val=~s{^/}{}; $val',
+        ValueConvInv => '"/$val"',
+    },
+    'AAPL:Keywords' => { #PH
+        Name => 'AppleKeywords',
+        List => 'array', # this is an array of values
+        Notes => q{
+            keywords written by Apple utilities, although they seem to use PDF:Keywords
+            when reading
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in the PDF Root document catalog
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Root = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    # note: can't capture previous versions of Root since they are not parsed
+    VARS => { CAPTURE => ['Root'] },
+    NOTES => 'This is the PDF document catalog.',
+    MarkInfo => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::MarkInfo' },
+    },
+    Metadata => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Metadata' },
+    },
+    Pages => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Pages' },
+    },
+    Perms => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Perms' },
+    },
+    AcroForm => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::AcroForm' },
+    },
+    Lang       => 'Language',
+    PageLayout => { },
+    PageMode   => { },
+    Version    => 'PDFVersion',
+);
+
+# tags extracted from the PDF Encrypt dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Encrypt = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    NOTES => 'Tags extracted from the document Encrypt dictionary.',
+    Filter => {
+        Name => 'Encryption',
+        Notes => q{
+            extracted value is actually a combination of the Filter, SubFilter, V, R and
+            Length information from the Encrypt dictionary
+        },
+    },
+    P => {
+        Name => 'UserAccess',
+        ValueConv => '$val & 0x0f3c',  # ignore reserved bits
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
+            2 => 'Print',
+            3 => 'Modify',
+            4 => 'Copy',
+            5 => 'Annotate',
+            8 => 'Fill forms',
+            9 => 'Extract',
+            10 => 'Assemble',
+            11 => 'Print high-res',
+        }},
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Pages dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Pages = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    Count => 'PageCount',
+    Kids => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Kids' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Perms dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Perms = (
+    NOTES => 'Additional document permissions imposed by digital signatures.',
+    DocMDP => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Signature' },
+    },
+    FieldMDP => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Signature' },
+    },
+    UR3 => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Signature' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Perms dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::AcroForm = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessAcroForm,
+    _has_xfa => {
+        Name => 'HasXFA',
+        Notes => q{
+            this tag is defined if a document contains form fields, and is true if it
+            uses XML Forms Architecture; not a real Tag ID
+        },
+        PrintConv => { 'true' => 'Yes', 'false' => 'No' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Kids dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Kids = (
+    Metadata => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Metadata' },
+    },
+    PieceInfo => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::PieceInfo' },
+    },
+    Resources => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Resources' },
+    },
+    Kids => {
+        Condition => '$self->Options("ExtractEmbedded")',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Kids' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Resources dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Resources = (
+    ColorSpace => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::ColorSpace' },
+    },
+    XObject => {
+        Condition => '$self->Options("ExtractEmbedded")',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::XObject' },
+    },
+    Properties => {
+        Condition => '$self->Options("ExtractEmbedded")',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Properties' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF ColorSpace dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::ColorSpace = (
+    DefaultRGB => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::DefaultRGB' },
+    },
+    Cs1 => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Cs1' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF DefaultRGB dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::DefaultRGB = (
+    ICCBased => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::ICCBased' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Cs1 dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Cs1 = (
+    _stream => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::Main' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF ICCBased dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::ICCBased = (
+    _stream => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::Main' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF XObject dictionary (parsed only if ExtractEmbedded is enabled)
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::XObject = (
+    EXTRACT_UNKNOWN => 0,   # extract known but numbered tags (Im1, Im2, etc)
+    Im => {
+        Notes => q{
+            the ExtractEmbedded option enables information to be extracted from these
+            embedded images
+        },
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Im' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Im# dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Im = (
+    NOTES => q{
+        Information extracted from embedded images with the ExtractEmbedded option.
+        The EmbeddedImage and its metadata are extracted only for JPEG and Jpeg2000
+        image formats.
+    },
+    Width => 'EmbeddedImageWidth',
+    Height => 'EmbeddedImageHeight',
+    Filter => { Name => 'EmbeddedImageFilter', List => 1 },
+    ColorSpace => {
+        Name => 'EmbeddedImageColorSpace',
+        List => 1,
+        RawConv => 'ref $val ? undef : $val', # (ignore color space data)
+    },
+    Image_stream => {
+        Name => 'EmbeddedImage',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Properties dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Properties = (
+    EXTRACT_UNKNOWN => 0,   # extract known but numbered tags (MC0, MC1, etc)
+    MC => {
+        Notes => q{
+            the ExtractEmbedded option enables information to be extracted from these
+            embedded metadata dictionaries
+        },
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::MC' },
+    }
+);
+
+# tags in PDF MC# dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::MC = (
+    Metadata => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Metadata' },
+    }
+);
+
+# tags in PDF PieceInfo dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::PieceInfo = (
+    AdobePhotoshop => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::AdobePhotoshop' },
+    },
+    Illustrator => {
+        # assume this is an illustrator file if it contains this directory
+        # and doesn't have a ".PDF" extension
+        Condition => q{
+            $self->OverrideFileType("AI") unless $$self{FILE_EXT} and $$self{FILE_EXT} eq 'PDF';
+            return 1;
+        },
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Illustrator' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF AdobePhotoshop dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::AdobePhotoshop = (
+    Private => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Private' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Illustrator dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Illustrator = (
+    Private => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::AIPrivate' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Private dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Private = (
+    ImageResources => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::ImageResources' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF AI Private dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::AIPrivate = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    EXTRACT_UNKNOWN => 0,   # extract known but numbered tags
+    AIMetaData => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::AIMetaData' },
+    },
+    AIPrivateData => {
+        Notes => q{
+            the ExtractEmbedded option enables information to be extracted from embedded
+            PostScript documents in the AIPrivateData# and AIPDFPrivateData# streams
+        },
+        JoinStreams => 1,   # join streams from numbered tags and process as one
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PostScript::Main' },
+    },
+    AIPDFPrivateData => {
+        JoinStreams => 1,   # join streams from numbered tags and process as one
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PostScript::Main' },
+    },
+    RoundTripVersion => { },
+    ContainerVersion => { },
+    CreatorVersion => { },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF AIMetaData dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::AIMetaData = (
+    _stream => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PostScript::Main' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF ImageResources dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::ImageResources = (
+    _stream => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Photoshop::Main' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF MarkInfo dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::MarkInfo = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    Marked => {
+        Name => 'TaggedPDF',
+        Notes => "not a Tagged PDF if this tag is missing",
+        PrintConv => { 'true' => 'Yes', 'false' => 'No' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Metadata dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Metadata = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    XML_stream => { # this is the stream for a Subtype /XML dictionary (not a real tag)
+        Name => 'XMP',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF signature directories (DocMDP, FieldMDP or UR3)
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Signature = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    ContactInfo => 'SignerContactInfo',
+    Location => 'SigningLocation',
+    M => {
+        Name => 'SigningDate',
+        Format => 'date',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    },
+    Name     => 'SigningAuthority',
+    Reason   => 'SigningReason',
+    Reference => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Reference' },
+    },
+    Prop_AuthTime => {
+        Name => 'AuthenticationTime',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertTimeSpan($val) . " ago"',
+    },
+    Prop_AuthType => 'AuthenticationType',
+);
+
+# tags in PDF Reference dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Reference = (
+    TransformParams => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::TransformParams' },
+    },
+);
+
+# tags in PDF TransformParams dictionary
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::TransformParams = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Document' },
+    Annots => {
+        Name => 'AnnotationUsageRights',
+        Notes => q{
+            possible values are Create, Delete, Modify, Copy, Import and Export;
+            additional values for UR3 signatures are Online and SummaryView
+        },
+        List => 1,
+    },
+    Document => {
+        Name => 'DocumentUsageRights',
+        Notes => 'only possible value is FullSave',
+        List => 1,
+    },
+    Form => {
+        Name => 'FormUsageRights',
+        Notes => q{
+            possible values are FillIn, Import, Export, SubmitStandalone and
+            SpawnTemplate; additional values for UR3 signatures are BarcodePlaintext and
+            Online
+        },
+        List => 1,
+    },
+    FormEX => {
+        Name => 'FormExtraUsageRights',
+        Notes => 'UR signatures only; only possible value is BarcodePlaintext',
+        List => 1,
+    },
+    Signature => {
+        Name => 'SignatureUsageRights',
+        Notes => 'only possible value is Modify',
+        List => 1,
+    },
+    EF => {
+        Name => 'EmbeddedFileUsageRights',
+        Notes => 'possible values are Create, Delete, Modify and Import',
+        List => 1,
+    },
+    Msg => 'UsageRightsMessage',
+    P => {
+        Name => 'ModificationPermissions',
+        Notes => q{
+            1-3 for DocMDP signatures, default 2; true/false for UR3 signatures, default
+            false
+        },
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'No changes permitted',
+            2 => 'Fill forms, Create page templates, Sign',
+            3 => 'Fill forms, Create page templates, Sign, Create/Delete/Edit annotations',
+            'true' => 'Restrict all applications to reader permissions',
+            'false' => 'Do not restrict applications to reader permissions',
+        },
+    },
+    Action => {
+        Name => 'FieldPermissions',
+        Notes => 'FieldMDP signatures only',
+        PrintConv => {
+            'All' => 'Disallow changes to all form fields',
+            'Include' => 'Disallow changes to specified form fields',
+            'Exclude' => 'Allow changes to specified form fields',
+        },
+    },
+    Fields => {
+        Notes => 'FieldMDP signatures only',
+        Name => 'FormFields',
+        List => 1,
+    },
+);
+
+# unknown tags for use in verbose option
+%Image::ExifTool::PDF::Unknown = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Unknown' },
+);
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# AutoLoad our writer routines when necessary
+#
+sub AUTOLOAD
+{
+    return Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad($AUTOLOAD, @_);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert from PDF to EXIF-style date/time
+# Inputs: 0) PDF date/time string (D:YYYYmmddHHMMSS+HH'MM')
+# Returns: EXIF date string (YYYY:mm:dd HH:MM:SS+HH:MM)
+sub ConvertPDFDate($)
+{
+    my $date = shift;
+    # remove optional 'D:' prefix
+    $date =~ s/^D://;
+    # fill in default values if necessary
+    #              YYYYmmddHHMMSS
+    my $default = '00000101000000';
+    if (length $date < length $default) {
+        $date .= substr($default, length $date);
+    }
+    $date =~ /^(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(.*)/ or return $date;
+    $date = "$1:$2:$3 $4:$5:$6";
+    if ($7) {
+        my $tz = $7;
+        if ($tz =~ /^\s*Z/i) {
+            # ignore any "HH'mm'" after the Z (OS X 10.6 does this)
+            $date .= 'Z';
+        # tolerate some improper formatting in timezone specification
+        } elsif ($tz =~ /^\s*([-+])\s*(\d+)[': ]+(\d*)/) {
+            $date .= $1 . $2 . ':' . ($3 || '00');
+        }
+    }
+    return $date;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Locate any object in the XRef tables (including compressed objects)
+# Inputs: 0) XRef reference, 1) object reference string (or free object number)
+# Returns: offset to object in file or compressed object reference string,
+#          0 if object is free, or undefined on error
+sub LocateAnyObject($$)
+{
+    my ($xref, $ref) = @_;
+    return undef unless $xref;
+    return $$xref{$ref} if exists $$xref{$ref};
+    # get the object number
+    return undef unless $ref =~ /^(\d+)/;
+    my $objNum = $1;
+    # return 0 if the object number has been reused (old object is free)
+    return 0 if defined $$xref{$objNum};
+#
+# scan our XRef stream dictionaries for this object
+#
+    return undef unless $$xref{dicts};
+    my $dict;
+    foreach $dict (@{$$xref{dicts}}) {
+        # quick check to see if the object is in the range for this xref stream
+        next if $objNum >= $$dict{Size};
+        my $index = $$dict{Index};
+        next if $objNum < $$index[0];
+        # scan the tables for the specified object
+        my $size = $$dict{_entry_size};
+        my $num = scalar(@$index) / 2;
+        my $tot = 0;
+        my $i;
+        for ($i=0; $i<$num; ++$i) {
+            my $start = $$index[$i*2];
+            my $count = $$index[$i*2+1];
+            # table is in ascending order, so quit if we have passed the object
+            last if $objNum < $start;
+            if ($objNum < $start + $count) {
+                my $offset = $size * ($objNum - $start + $tot);
+                last if $offset + $size > length $$dict{_stream};
+                my @c = unpack("x$offset C$size", $$dict{_stream});
+                # extract values from this table entry
+                # (can be 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.. bytes per value)
+                my (@t, $j, $k);
+                my $w = $$dict{W};
+                for ($j=0; $j<3; ++$j) {
+                    # use default value if W entry is 0 (as per spec)
+                    # - 0th element defaults to 1, others default to 0
+                    $$w[$j] or $t[$j] = ($j ? 0 : 1), next;
+                    $t[$j] = shift(@c);
+                    for ($k=1; $k < $$w[$j]; ++$k) {
+                        $t[$j] = 256 * $t[$j] + shift(@c);
+                    }
+                }
+                # by default, use "o g R" as the xref key
+                # (o = object number, g = generation number)
+                my $ref2 = "$objNum $t[2] R";
+                if ($t[0] == 1) {
+                    # normal object reference:
+                    # $t[1]=offset of object from start, $t[2]=generation number
+                    $$xref{$ref2} = $t[1];
+                } elsif ($t[0] == 2) {
+                    # compressed object reference:
+                    # $t[1]=stream object number, $t[2]=index of object in stream
+                    $ref2 = "$objNum 0 R";
+                    $$xref{$ref2} = "I$t[2] $t[1] 0 R";
+                } elsif ($t[0] == 0) {
+                    # free object:
+                    # $t[1]=next free object in linked list, $t[2]=generation number
+                    $$xref{$ref2} = 0;
+                } else {
+                    # treat as a null object
+                    $$xref{$ref2} = undef;
+                }
+                $$xref{$objNum} = $t[1];    # remember offsets by object number too
+                return $$xref{$ref} if $ref eq $ref2;
+                return 0;   # object is free or was reused
+            }
+            $tot += $count;
+        }
+    }
+    return undef;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Locate a regular object in the XRef tables (does not include compressed objects)
+# Inputs: 0) XRef reference, 1) object reference string (or free object number)
+# Returns: offset to object in file, 0 if object is free,
+#          or undef on error or if object was compressed
+sub LocateObject($$)
+{
+    my ($xref, $ref) = @_;
+    my $offset = LocateAnyObject($xref, $ref);
+    return undef if $offset and $offset =~ /^I/;
+    return $offset;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fetch indirect object from file (from inside a stream if required)
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) object reference string,
+#         2) xref lookup, 3) object name (for warning messages)
+# Returns: object data or undefined on error
+# Notes: sets $lastFetched to the object reference, or undef if the object
+#        was extracted from an encrypted stream
+sub FetchObject($$$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $ref, $xref, $tag) = @_;
+    $lastFetched = $ref;    # save this for decoding if necessary
+    my $offset = LocateAnyObject($xref, $ref);
+    $lastOffset = $offset;
+    unless ($offset) {
+        $et->Warn("Bad $tag reference") unless defined $offset;
+        return undef;
+    }
+    my ($data, $obj);
+    if ($offset =~ s/^I(\d+) //) {
+        my $index = $1; # object index in stream
+        my ($objNum) = split ' ', $ref; # save original object number
+        $ref = $offset; # now a reference to the containing stream object
+        $obj = $streamObjs{$ref};
+        unless ($obj) {
+            # don't try to load the same object stream twice
+            return undef if defined $obj;
+            $streamObjs{$ref} = '';
+            # load the parent object stream
+            $obj = FetchObject($et, $ref, $xref, $tag);
+            # make sure it contains everything we need
+            return undef unless defined $obj and ref($obj) eq 'HASH';
+            return undef unless $$obj{First} and $$obj{N};
+            return undef unless DecodeStream($et, $obj);
+            # add a special '_table' entry to this dictionary which contains
+            # the list of object number/offset pairs from the stream header
+            my $num = $$obj{N} * 2;
+            my @table = split ' ', $$obj{_stream}, $num;
+            return undef unless @table == $num;
+            # remove everything before first object in stream
+            $$obj{_stream} = substr($$obj{_stream}, $$obj{First});
+            $table[$num-1] =~ s/^(\d+).*/$1/s;  # trim excess from last number
+            $$obj{_table} = \@table;
+            # save the object stream so we don't have to re-load it later
+            $streamObjs{$ref} = $obj;
+        }
+        # verify that we have the specified object
+        my $i = 2 * $index;
+        my $table = $$obj{_table};
+        unless ($index < $$obj{N} and $$table[$i] == $objNum) {
+            $et->Warn("Bad index for stream object $tag");
+            return undef;
+        }
+        # extract the object at the specified index in the stream
+        # (offsets in table are in sequential order, so we can subract from
+        #  the next offset to get the object length)
+        $offset = $$table[$i + 1];
+        my $len = ($$table[$i + 3] || length($$obj{_stream})) - $offset;
+        $data = substr($$obj{_stream}, $offset, $len);
+        # avoid re-decrypting data in already decrypted streams
+        undef $lastFetched if $cryptStream;
+        return ExtractObject($et, \$data);
+    }
+    my $raf = $$et{RAF};
+    $raf->Seek($offset, 0) or $et->Warn("Bad $tag offset"), return undef;
+    # verify that we are reading the expected object
+    $raf->ReadLine($data) or $et->Warn("Error reading $tag data"), return undef;
+    ($obj = $ref) =~ s/R/obj/;
+    unless ($data =~ s/^$obj//) {
+        $et->Warn("$tag object ($obj) not found at $offset");
+        return undef;
+    }
+    # read the first line of data for the object (skipping comments if necessary)
+    for (;;) {
+        last if $data =~ /\S/ and $data !~ /^\s*%/;
+        $raf->ReadLine($data) or $et->Warn("Error reading $tag data"), return undef;
+    }
+    return ExtractObject($et, \$data, $raf, $xref);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert PDF value to something readable
+# Inputs: 0) PDF object data
+# Returns: converted object
+sub ReadPDFValue($)
+{
+    my $str = shift;
+    # decode all strings in an array
+    if (ref $str eq 'ARRAY') {
+        # create new list to not alter the original data when rewriting
+        my ($val, @vals);
+        foreach $val (@$str) {
+            push @vals, ReadPDFValue($val);
+        }
+        return \@vals;
+    }
+    length $str or return $str;
+    my $delim = substr($str, 0, 1);
+    if ($delim eq '(') {    # literal string
+        $str = $1 if $str =~ /^.*?\((.*)\)/s;   # remove brackets
+        # decode escape sequences in literal strings
+        while ($str =~ /\\(.)/sg) {
+            my $n = pos($str) - 2;
+            my $c = $1;
+            my $r;
+            if ($c =~ /[0-7]/) {
+                # get up to 2 more octal digits
+                $c .= $1 if $str =~ /\G([0-7]{1,2})/g;
+                # convert octal escape code
+                $r = chr(oct($c) & 0xff);
+            } elsif ($c eq "\x0d") {
+                # the string is continued if the line ends with '\'
+                # (also remove "\x0d\x0a")
+                $c .= $1 if $str =~ /\G(\x0a)/g;
+                $r = '';
+            } elsif ($c eq "\x0a") {
+                $r = '';
+            } else {
+                # convert escaped characters
+                ($r = $c) =~ tr/nrtbf/\n\r\t\b\f/;
+            }
+            substr($str, $n, length($c)+1) = $r;
+            # continue search after this character
+            pos($str) = $n + length($r);
+        }
+        Crypt(\$str, $lastFetched) if $cryptString;
+    } elsif ($delim eq '<') {   # hex string
+        # decode hex data
+        $str =~ tr/0-9A-Fa-f//dc;
+        $str .= '0' if length($str) & 0x01; # (by the spec)
+        $str = pack('H*', $str);
+        Crypt(\$str, $lastFetched) if $cryptString;
+    } elsif ($delim eq '/') {   # name
+        $str = substr($str, 1);
+        # convert escape codes (PDF 1.2 or later)
+        $str =~ s/#([0-9a-f]{2})/chr(hex($1))/sgei if $pdfVer >= 1.2;
+    }
+    return $str;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Extract PDF object from combination of buffered data and file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) data reference,
+#         2) optional raf reference, 3) optional xref table
+# Returns: converted PDF object or undef on error
+#          a) dictionary object --> hash reference
+#          b) array object --> array reference
+#          c) indirect reference --> scalar reference
+#          d) string, name, integer, boolean, null --> scalar value
+# - updates $$dataPt on return to contain unused data
+# - creates two bogus entries ('_stream' and '_tags') in dictionaries to represent
+#   the stream data and a list of the tags (not including '_stream' and '_tags')
+#   in their original order
+sub ExtractObject($$;$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dataPt, $raf, $xref) = @_;
+    my (@tags, $data, $objData);
+    my $dict = { };
+    my $delim;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        if ($$dataPt =~ /^\s*(<{1,2}|\[|\()/s) {
+            $delim = $1;
+            $$dataPt =~ s/^\s+//;   # remove leading white space
+            $objData = ReadToNested($dataPt, $raf);
+            return undef unless defined $objData;
+            last;
+        } elsif ($$dataPt =~ s{^\s*(\S[^[(/<>\s]*)\s*}{}s) {
+#
+# extract boolean, numerical, string, name, null object or indirect reference
+#
+            $objData = $1;
+            # look for an indirect reference
+            if ($objData =~ /^\d+$/ and $$dataPt =~ s/^(\d+)\s+R//s) {
+                $objData .= "$1 R";
+                $objData = \$objData;   # return scalar reference
+            }
+            return $objData;    # return simple scalar or scalar reference
+        }
+        $raf and $raf->ReadLine($data) or return undef;
+        $$dataPt .= $data;
+    }
+#
+# return literal string or hex string without parsing
+#
+    if ($delim eq '(' or $delim eq '<') {
+        return $objData;
+#
+# extract array
+#
+    } elsif ($delim eq '[') {
+        $objData =~ /^.*?\[(.*)\]/s or return undef;
+        my $data = $1;    # brackets removed
+        my @list;
+        for (;;) {
+            last unless $data =~ m{\s*(\S[^[(/<>\s]*)}sg;
+            my $val = $1;
+            if ($val =~ /^(<{1,2}|\[|\()/) {
+                my $pos = pos($data) - length($val);
+                # nested dict, array, literal string or hex string
+                my $buff = substr($data, $pos);
+                $val = ReadToNested(\$buff);
+                last unless defined $val;
+                pos($data) = $pos + length($val);
+                $val = ExtractObject($et, \$val);
+            } elsif ($val =~ /^\d/) {
+                my $pos = pos($data);
+                if ($data =~ /\G\s+(\d+)\s+R/g) {
+                    $val = \ "$val $1 R";   # make a reference
+                } else {
+                    pos($data) = $pos;
+                }
+            }
+            push @list, $val;
+        }
+        return \@list;
+    }
+#
+# extract dictionary
+#
+    # Note: entries are not necessarily separated by whitespace (doh!)
+    # eg) "/Tag/Name", "/Tag(string)", "/Tag[array]", etc are legal!
+    # Also, they may be separated by a comment (eg. "/Tag%comment\nValue"),
+    # but comments have already been removed
+    while ($objData =~ m{(\s*)/([^/[\]()<>{}\s]+)\s*(\S[^[(/<>\s]*)}sg) {
+        my $tag = $2;
+        my $val = $3;
+        if ($val =~ /^(<{1,2}|\[|\()/) {
+            # nested dict, array, literal string or hex string
+            $objData = substr($objData, pos($objData)-length($val));
+            $val = ReadToNested(\$objData, $raf);
+            last unless defined $val;
+            $val = ExtractObject($et, \$val);
+            pos($objData) = 0;
+        } elsif ($val =~ /^\d/) {
+            my $pos = pos($objData);
+            if ($objData =~ /\G\s+(\d+)\s+R/sg) {
+                $val = \ "$val $1 R";   # make a reference
+            } else {
+                pos($objData) = $pos;
+            }
+        }
+        if ($$dict{$tag}) {
+            # duplicate dictionary entries are not allowed
+            $et->Warn("Duplicate '$tag' entry in dictionary (ignored)");
+        } else {
+            # save the entry
+            push @tags, $tag;
+            $$dict{$tag} = $val;
+        }
+    }
+    return undef unless @tags;
+    $$dict{_tags} = \@tags;
+    return $dict unless $raf;   # direct objects can not have streams
+#
+# extract the stream object
+#
+    # dictionary must specify stream Length
+    my $length = $$dict{Length} or return $dict;
+    if (ref $length) {
+        $length = $$length;
+        my $oldpos = $raf->Tell();
+        # get the location of the object specifying the length
+        # (compressed objects are not allowed)
+        my $offset = LocateObject($xref, $length) or return $dict;
+        $offset or $et->Warn('Bad Length object'), return $dict;
+        $raf->Seek($offset, 0) or $et->Warn('Bad Length offset'), return $dict;
+        # verify that we are reading the expected object
+        $raf->ReadLine($data) or $et->Warn('Error reading Length data'), return $dict;
+        $length =~ s/R/obj/;
+        unless ($data =~ /^$length\s+(\d+)?/) {
+            $et->Warn("Length object ($length) not found at $offset");
+            return $dict;
+        }
+        if (defined $1) {
+            $length = $1;
+        } else {
+            $raf->ReadLine($data) or $et->Warn('Error reading stream Length'), return $dict;
+            $data =~ /^\s*(\d+)/ or $et->Warn('Stream length not found'), return $dict;
+            $length = $1;
+        }
+        $raf->Seek($oldpos, 0); # restore position to start of stream
+    }
+    # extract the trailing stream data
+    for (;;) {
+        # find the stream token
+        if ($$dataPt =~ /(\S+)/) {
+            last unless $1 eq 'stream';
+            # read an extra line because it may contain our \x0a
+            $$dataPt .= $data if $raf->ReadLine($data);
+            # remove our stream header
+            $$dataPt =~ s/^\s*stream(\x0a|\x0d\x0a)//s;
+            my $more = $length - length($$dataPt);
+            if ($more > 0) {
+                unless ($raf->Read($data, $more) == $more) {
+                    $et->Warn('Error reading stream data');
+                    $$dataPt = '';
+                    return $dict;
+                }
+                $$dict{_stream} = $$dataPt . $data;
+                $$dataPt = '';
+            } elsif ($more < 0) {
+                $$dict{_stream} = substr($$dataPt, 0, $length);
+                $$dataPt = substr($$dataPt, $length);
+            } else {
+                $$dict{_stream} = $$dataPt;
+                $$dataPt = '';
+            }
+            last;
+        }
+        $raf->ReadLine($data) or last;
+        $$dataPt .= $data;
+    }
+    return $dict;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Read to nested delimiter
+# Inputs: 0) data reference, 1) optional raf reference
+# Returns: data up to and including matching delimiter (or undef on error)
+# - updates data reference with trailing data
+# - unescapes characters in literal strings
+my %closingDelim = (    # lookup for matching delimiter
+    '(' => ')',
+    '[' => ']',
+    '<' => '>',
+   '<<' => '>>',
+);
+sub ReadToNested($;$)
+{
+    my ($dataPt, $raf) = @_;
+    my @delim = ('');   # closing delimiter list, most deeply nested first
+    pos($$dataPt) = 0;  # begin at start of data
+    for (;;) {
+        unless ($$dataPt =~ /(\\*)(\(|\)|<{1,2}|>{1,2}|\[|\]|%)/g) {
+            # must read some more data
+            my $buff;
+            last unless $raf and $raf->ReadLine($buff);
+            $$dataPt .= $buff;
+            pos($$dataPt) = length($$dataPt) - length($buff);
+            next;
+        }
+        # are we in a literal string?
+        if ($delim[0] eq ')') {
+            # ignore escaped delimiters (preceded by odd number of \'s)
+            next if length($1) & 0x01;
+            # ignore all delimiters but unescaped braces
+            next unless $2 eq '(' or $2 eq ')';
+        } elsif ($2 eq '%') {
+            # ignore the comment
+            my $pos = pos($$dataPt) - 1;
+            # remove everything from '%' up to but not including newline
+            $$dataPt =~ /.*/g;
+            my $end = pos($$dataPt);
+            $$dataPt = substr($$dataPt, 0, $pos) . substr($$dataPt, $end);
+            pos($$dataPt) = $pos;
+            next;
+        }
+        if ($closingDelim{$2}) {
+            # push the corresponding closing delimiter
+            unshift @delim, $closingDelim{$2};
+            next;
+        }
+        unless ($2 eq $delim[0]) {
+            # handle the case where we find a ">>>" and interpret it
+            # as ">> >" instead of "> >>"
+            next unless $2 eq '>>' and $delim[0] eq '>';
+            pos($$dataPt) = pos($$dataPt) - 1;
+        }
+        shift @delim;               # remove from nesting list
+        next if $delim[0];          # keep going if we have more nested delimiters
+        my $pos = pos($$dataPt);
+        my $buff = substr($$dataPt, 0, $pos);
+        $$dataPt = substr($$dataPt, $pos);
+        return $buff;   # success!
+    }
+    return undef;   # didn't find matching delimiter
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Decode LZW-encoded data (ref 1)
+# Inputs: 0) data reference
+# Returns: true on success and data is decoded, or false and data is untouched
+sub DecodeLZW($)
+{
+    my $dataPt = shift;
+    return 0 if length $$dataPt < 4;
+    my @lzw = (map(chr, 0..255), undef, undef); # LZW code table
+    my $mask = 0x01ff;  # mask for least-significant 9 bits
+    my @dat = unpack 'n*', $$dataPt . "\0";
+    my $word = ($dat[0] << 16) | $dat[1];
+    my ($bit, $pos, $bits, $out) = (0, 2, 9, '');
+    my $lastVal;
+    for (;;) {
+        # bits are packed MSB first in PDF LZW (the PDF spec doesn't mention this)
+        my $shift = 32 - ($bit + $bits);
+        if ($shift < 0) {
+            return 0 if $pos >= @dat; # missing EOD marker
+            $word = (($word & 0xffff) << 16) | $dat[$pos++]; # read next word
+            $bit -= 16;
+            $shift += 16;
+        };
+        my $code = ($word >> $shift) & $mask;
+        $bit += $bits;
+        my $val = $lzw[$code];
+        if (defined $val) {
+            # store new code as previous sequence plus 1st char of new sequence
+            push @lzw, $lastVal . substr($val, 0, 1) if defined $lastVal;
+        } elsif ($code == @lzw) { # new code
+            return 0 unless defined $lastVal;
+            # we are using the code that we are about to generate, so the last
+            # character in the new sequence must be the same as the first
+            # character in the previous sequence (makes sense if you think about it)
+            $val = $lastVal . substr($lastVal, 0, 1);
+            push @lzw, $val;
+        } elsif ($code == 256) { # clear table
+            splice @lzw, 258;
+            $bits = 9;
+            $mask = 0x1ff;
+            undef $lastVal;
+            next;
+        } elsif ($code == 257) { # EOD marker
+            last;   # all done!
+        } else {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        $out .= $val;   # add this byte sequence to the output
+        # we added a new entry to the LZW table, so we must increase
+        # the bit width if necessary, up to a maximum of 12
+        @lzw >= $mask and $bits < 12 and ++$bits, $mask |= $mask << 1;
+        $lastVal = $val;
+    }
+    $$dataPt = $out;    # return decompressed data
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Decode filtered stream
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) dictionary reference
+# Returns: true if stream has been decoded OK
+sub DecodeStream($$)
+{
+    local $_;
+    my ($et, $dict) = @_;
+
+    return 0 unless $$dict{_stream}; # no stream to decode
+
+    # get list of filters
+    my (@filters, @decodeParms, $filter);
+    if (ref $$dict{Filter} eq 'ARRAY') {
+        @filters = @{$$dict{Filter}};
+    } elsif (defined $$dict{Filter}) {
+        @filters = ($$dict{Filter});
+    }
+    # be sure we can process all the filters before we take the time to do the decryption
+    foreach $filter (@filters) {
+        next if $supportedFilter{$filter};
+        $et->WarnOnce("Unsupported Filter $filter");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    # apply decryption first if required (and if the default encryption
+    # has not been overridden by a Crypt filter. Note: the Crypt filter
+    # must be first in the Filter array: ref 3, page 38)
+    unless (defined $$dict{_decrypted} or ($filters[0] and $filters[0] eq '/Crypt')) {
+        CryptStream($dict, $lastFetched);
+    }
+    return 1 unless $$dict{Filter};         # Filter entry is mandatory
+    return 0 if defined $$dict{_filtered};  # avoid double-filtering
+    $$dict{_filtered} = 1;                  # set flag to prevent double-filtering
+
+    # get array of DecodeParms dictionaries
+    if (ref $$dict{DecodeParms} eq 'ARRAY') {
+        @decodeParms = @{$$dict{DecodeParms}};
+    } else {
+        @decodeParms = ($$dict{DecodeParms});
+    }
+
+    foreach $filter (@filters) {
+        my $decodeParms = shift @decodeParms;
+
+        if ($filter eq '/FlateDecode') {
+            # make sure we support the predictor (if used) before decoding
+            my $pre;
+            if (ref $decodeParms eq 'HASH') {
+                $pre = $$decodeParms{Predictor};
+                if ($pre and $pre ne '1' and $pre ne '12') {
+                    $et->WarnOnce("FlateDecode Predictor $pre currently not supported");
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            }
+            if (eval { require Compress::Zlib }) {
+                my $inflate = Compress::Zlib::inflateInit();
+                my ($buff, $stat);
+                $inflate and ($buff, $stat) = $inflate->inflate($$dict{_stream});
+                if ($inflate and $stat == Compress::Zlib::Z_STREAM_END()) {
+                    $$dict{_stream} = $buff;
+                } else {
+                    $et->Warn('Error inflating stream');
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            } else {
+                $et->WarnOnce('Install Compress::Zlib to process filtered streams');
+                return 0;
+            }
+            next unless $pre and $pre eq '12';  # 12 = 'up' prediction
+
+            # apply anti-predictor
+            my $cols = $$decodeParms{Columns};
+            unless ($cols) {
+                # currently only support 'up' prediction
+                $et->WarnOnce('No Columns for decoding stream');
+                return 0;
+            }
+            my @bytes = unpack('C*', $$dict{_stream});
+            my @pre = (0) x $cols;  # initialize predictor array
+            my $buff = '';
+            while (@bytes > $cols) {
+                unless (($_ = shift @bytes) == 2) {
+                    $et->WarnOnce("Unsupported PNG filter $_"); # (yes, PNG)
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                foreach (@pre) {
+                    $_ = ($_ + shift(@bytes)) & 0xff;
+                }
+                $buff .= pack('C*', @pre);
+            }
+            $$dict{_stream} = $buff;
+
+        } elsif ($filter eq '/Crypt') {
+
+            # (we shouldn't have to check the _decrypted flag since we
+            #  already checked the _filtered flag, but what the heck...)
+            next if defined $$dict{_decrypted};
+            # assume Identity filter (the default) if DecodeParms are missing
+            next unless ref $decodeParms eq 'HASH';
+            my $name = $$decodeParms{Name};
+            next unless defined $name or $name eq 'Identity';
+            if ($name ne 'StdCF') {
+                $et->WarnOnce("Unsupported Crypt Filter $name");
+                return 0;
+            }
+            unless ($cryptInfo) {
+                $et->WarnOnce('Missing Encrypt StdCF entry');
+                return 0;
+            }
+            # decrypt the stream manually because we want to:
+            # 1) ignore $cryptStream (StmF) setting
+            # 2) ignore EncryptMetadata setting (I can't find mention of how to
+            #    reconcile this in the spec., but this would make sense)
+            # 3) avoid adding the crypt key extension (ref 3, page 58, Algorithm 1b)
+            # 4) set _decrypted flag so we will recrypt according to StmF when
+            #    writing (since we don't yet write Filter'd streams)
+            Crypt(\$$dict{_stream}, 'none');
+            $$dict{_decrypted} = ($cryptStream ? 1 : 0);
+
+        } elsif ($filter eq '/LZWDecode') {
+
+            # make sure we don't have any unsupported decoding parameters
+            if (ref $decodeParms eq 'HASH') {
+                if ($$decodeParms{Predictor}) {
+                    $et->WarnOnce("LZWDecode Predictor $$decodeParms{Predictor} currently not supported");
+                    return 0;
+                } elsif ($$decodeParms{EarlyChange}) {
+                    $et->WarnOnce("LZWDecode EarlyChange currently not supported");
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            }
+            unless (DecodeLZW(\$$dict{_stream})) {
+                $et->WarnOnce('LZW decompress error');
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+        } elsif ($filter eq '/ASCIIHexDecode') {
+
+            $$dict{_stream} =~ s/>.*//; # truncate at '>' (end of data mark)
+            $$dict{_stream} =~ tr/0-9a-zA-Z//d; # remove illegal characters
+            $$dict{_stream} = pack 'H*', $$dict{_stream};
+
+        } elsif ($filter eq '/ASCII85Decode') {
+
+            my ($err, @out, $i);
+            my ($n, $val) = (0, 0);
+            foreach (split //, $$dict{_stream}) {
+                if ($_ ge '!' and $_ le 'u') {;
+                    $val = 85 * $val + ord($_) - 33;
+                    next unless ++$n == 5;
+                } elsif ($_ eq '~') {
+                    $n == 1 and $err = 1;   # error to have a single char in the last group of 5
+                    for ($i=$n; $i<5; ++$i) { $val *= 85; }
+                } elsif ($_ eq 'z') {
+                    $n and $err = 2, last;  # error if 'z' isn't the first char
+                    $n = 5;
+                } else {
+                    next if /^\s$/;         # ignore white space
+                    $err = 3, last;         # any other character is an error
+                }
+                $val = unpack('V', pack('N', $val)); # reverse byte order
+                while (--$n > 0) {
+                    push @out, $val & 0xff;
+                    $val >>= 8;
+                }
+                last if $_ eq '~';
+                # (both $n and $val are zero again now)
+            }
+            $err and $et->WarnOnce("ASCII85Decode error $err");
+            $$dict{_stream} = pack('C*', @out);
+        }
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Initialize state for RC4 en/decryption (ref 2)
+# Inputs: 0) RC4 key string
+# Returns: RC4 key hash reference
+sub RC4Init($)
+{
+    my @key = unpack('C*', shift);
+    my @state = (0 .. 255);
+    my ($i, $j) = (0, 0);
+    while ($i < 256) {
+        my $st = $state[$i];
+        $j = ($j + $st + $key[$i % scalar(@key)]) & 0xff;
+        $state[$i++] = $state[$j];
+        $state[$j] = $st;
+    }
+    return { State => \@state, XY => [ 0, 0 ] };
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Apply RC4 en/decryption (ref 2)
+# Inputs: 0) data reference, 1) RC4 key hash reference or RC4 key string
+# - can call this method directly with a key string, or with with the key
+#   reference returned by RC4Init
+# - RC4 is a symmetric algorithm, so encryption is the same as decryption
+sub RC4Crypt($$)
+{
+    my ($dataPt, $key) = @_;
+    $key = RC4Init($key) unless ref $key eq 'HASH';
+    my $state = $$key{State};
+    my ($x, $y) = @{$$key{XY}};
+
+    my @data = unpack('C*', $$dataPt);
+    foreach (@data) {
+         $x = ($x + 1) & 0xff;
+         my $stx = $$state[$x];
+         $y = ($stx + $y) & 0xff;
+         my $sty = $$state[$x] = $$state[$y];
+         $$state[$y] = $stx;
+         $_ ^= $$state[($stx + $sty) & 0xff];
+     }
+     $$key{XY} = [ $x, $y ];
+     $$dataPt = pack('C*', @data);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Update AES cipher with a bit of data
+# Inputs: 0) data
+# Returns: encrypted data
+my $cipherMore;
+sub CipherUpdate($)
+{
+    my $dat = shift;
+    my $pos = 0;
+    $dat = $cipherMore . $dat if length $dat;
+    while ($pos + 16 <= length($dat)) {
+        substr($dat,$pos,16) = Image::ExifTool::AES::Cipher(substr($dat,$pos,16));
+        $pos += 16;
+    }
+    if ($pos < length $dat) {
+        $cipherMore = substr($dat,$pos);
+        $dat = substr($dat,0,$pos);
+    } else {
+        $cipherMore = '';
+    }
+    return $dat;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Get encrypted hash
+# Inputs: 0) Password, 1) salt, 2) vector, 3) encryption revision
+# Returns: hash
+sub GetHash($$$$)
+{
+    my ($password, $salt, $vector, $rev) = @_;
+
+    # return Rev 5 hash
+    return Digest::SHA::sha256($password, $salt, $vector) if $rev == 5;
+
+    # compute Rev 6 hardened hash
+    # (ref http://code.google.com/p/origami-pdf/source/browse/lib/origami/encryption.rb)
+    my $blockSize = 32;
+    my $input = Digest::SHA::sha256($password, $salt, $vector) . ("\0" x 32);
+    my $key = substr($input, 0, 16);
+    my $iv = substr($input, 16, 16);
+    my $h;
+    my $x = '';
+    my $i = 0;
+    while ($i < 64 or $i < ord(substr($x,-1,1))+32) {
+
+        my $block = substr($input, 0, $blockSize);
+        $x = '';
+        Image::ExifTool::AES::Crypt(\$x, $key, $iv, 1);
+        $cipherMore = '';
+
+        my ($j, $digest);
+        for ($j=0; $j<64; ++$j)  {
+            $x = '';
+            $x .= CipherUpdate($password) if length $password;
+            $x .= CipherUpdate($block);
+            $x .= CipherUpdate($vector) if length $vector;
+            if ($j == 0) {
+                my @a = unpack('C16', $x);
+                my $sum = 0;
+                $sum += $_ foreach @a;
+                # set SHA block size (32, 48 or 64 bytes = SHA-256, 384 or 512)
+                $blockSize = 32 + ($sum % 3) * 16;
+                $digest = Digest::SHA->new($blockSize * 8);
+            }
+            $digest->add($x);
+        }
+
+        $h = $digest->digest();
+        $key = substr($h, 0, 16);
+        substr($input,0,16) = $h;
+        $iv = substr($h, 16, 16);
+        ++$i;
+    }
+    return substr($h, 0, 32);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Initialize decryption
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) Encrypt dictionary reference,
+#         2) ID from file trailer dictionary
+# Returns: error string or undef on success (and sets $cryptInfo)
+sub DecryptInit($$$)
+{
+    local $_;
+    my ($et, $encrypt, $id) = @_;
+
+    undef $cryptInfo;
+    unless ($encrypt and ref $encrypt eq 'HASH') {
+        return 'Error loading Encrypt object';
+    }
+    my $filt = $$encrypt{Filter};
+    unless ($filt and $filt =~ s/^\///) {
+        return 'Encrypt dictionary has no Filter!';
+    }
+    # extract some interesting tags
+    my $ver = $$encrypt{V} || 0;
+    my $rev = $$encrypt{R} || 0;
+    my $enc = "$filt V$ver";
+    $enc .= ".$rev" if $filt eq 'Standard';
+    $enc .= " ($1)" if $$encrypt{SubFilter} and $$encrypt{SubFilter} =~ /^\/(.*)/;
+    $enc .= ' (' . ($$encrypt{Length} || 40) . '-bit)' if $filt eq 'Standard';
+    my $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::PDF::Encrypt');
+    $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, 'Filter', $enc);
+    if ($filt ne 'Standard') {
+        return "Encryption filter $filt currently not supported";
+    } elsif (not defined $$encrypt{R}) {
+        return 'Standard security handler missing revision';
+    }
+    unless ($$encrypt{O} and $$encrypt{P} and $$encrypt{U}) {
+        return 'Incomplete Encrypt specification';
+    }
+    if ("$ver.$rev" >= 5.6) {
+        # apologize for poor performance (AES is a pure Perl implementation)
+        $et->Warn('Decryption is very slow for encryption V5.6 or higher', 1);
+    }
+    $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, 'P', $$encrypt{P});
+
+    my %parm;   # optional parameters extracted from Encrypt dictionary
+
+    if ($ver == 1 or $ver == 2) {
+        $cryptString = $cryptStream = 1;
+    } elsif ($ver == 4 or $ver == 5) {
+        # initialize our $cryptString and $cryptStream flags
+        foreach ('StrF', 'StmF') {
+            my $flagPt = $_ eq 'StrF' ? \$cryptString : \$cryptStream;
+            $$flagPt = $$encrypt{$_};
+            undef $$flagPt if $$flagPt and $$flagPt eq '/Identity';
+            return "Unsupported $_ encryption $$flagPt" if $$flagPt and $$flagPt ne '/StdCF';
+        }
+        if ($cryptString or $cryptStream) {
+            return 'Missing or invalid Encrypt StdCF entry' unless ref $$encrypt{CF} eq 'HASH' and
+                ref $$encrypt{CF}{StdCF} eq 'HASH' and $$encrypt{CF}{StdCF}{CFM};
+            my $cryptMeth = $$encrypt{CF}{StdCF}{CFM};
+            unless ($cryptMeth =~ /^\/(V2|AESV2|AESV3)$/) {
+                return "Unsupported encryption method $cryptMeth";
+            }
+            # set "_aesv2" or "_aesv3" flag in %$encrypt hash if AES encryption was used
+            $$encrypt{'_' . lc($1)} = 1 if $cryptMeth =~ /^\/(AESV2|AESV3)$/;
+        }
+        if ($ver == 5) {
+            # validate OE and UE entries
+            foreach ('OE', 'UE') {
+                return "Missing Encrypt $_ entry" unless $$encrypt{$_};
+                $parm{$_} = ReadPDFValue($$encrypt{$_});
+                return "Invalid Encrypt $_ entry" unless length $parm{$_} == 32;
+            }
+            require Image::ExifTool::AES;   # will need this later
+        }
+    } else {
+        return "Encryption version $ver currently not supported";
+    }
+    $id or return "Can't decrypt (no document ID)";
+
+    # make sure we have the necessary libraries available
+    if ($ver < 5) {
+        unless (eval { require Digest::MD5 }) {
+            return "Install Digest::MD5 to process encrypted PDF";
+        }
+    } else {
+        unless (eval { require Digest::SHA }) {
+            return "Install Digest::SHA to process AES-256 encrypted PDF";
+        }
+    }
+
+    # calculate file-level en/decryption key
+    my $pad = "\x28\xBF\x4E\x5E\x4E\x75\x8A\x41\x64\x00\x4E\x56\xFF\xFA\x01\x08".
+              "\x2E\x2E\x00\xB6\xD0\x68\x3E\x80\x2F\x0C\xA9\xFE\x64\x53\x69\x7A";
+    my $o = ReadPDFValue($$encrypt{O});
+    my $u = ReadPDFValue($$encrypt{U});
+
+    # set flag indicating whether metadata is encrypted
+    # (in version 4 and higher, metadata streams may not be encrypted)
+    if ($ver < 4 or not $$encrypt{EncryptMetadata} or $$encrypt{EncryptMetadata} !~ /false/i) {
+        $$encrypt{_meta} = 1;
+    }
+    # try no password first, then try provided password if available
+    my ($try, $key);
+    for ($try=0; ; ++$try) {
+        my $password;
+        if ($try == 0) {
+            $password = '';
+        } elsif ($try == 1) {
+            $password = $et->Options('Password');
+            return 'Document is password protected (use Password option)' unless defined $password;
+            # make sure there is no UTF-8 flag on the password
+            if ($] >= 5.006 and (eval { require Encode; Encode::is_utf8($password) } or $@)) {
+                # repack by hand if Encode isn't available
+                $password = $@ ? pack('C*',unpack($] < 5.010000 ? 'U0C*' : 'C0C*',$password)) : Encode::encode('utf8',$password);
+            }
+        } else {
+            return 'Incorrect password';
+        }
+        if ($ver < 5) {
+            if (length $password) {
+                # password must be encoding in PDFDocEncoding (ref iso32000)
+                $password = $et->Encode($password, 'PDFDoc');
+                # truncate or pad the password to exactly 32 bytes
+                if (length($password) > 32) {
+                    $password = substr($password, 0, 32);
+                } elsif (length($password) < 32) {
+                    $password .= substr($pad, 0, 32-length($password));
+                }
+            } else {
+                $password = $pad;
+            }
+            $key = $password . $o . pack('V', $$encrypt{P}) . $id;
+            my $rep = 1;
+            if ($rev == 3 or $rev == 4) {
+                # must add this if metadata not encrypted
+                $key .= "\xff\xff\xff\xff" unless $$encrypt{_meta};
+                $rep += 50; # repeat MD5 50 more times if revision is 3 or greater
+            }
+            my ($len, $i, $dat);
+            if ($ver == 1) {
+                $len = 5;
+            } else {
+                $len = $$encrypt{Length} || 40;
+                $len >= 40 or return 'Bad Encrypt Length';
+                $len = int($len / 8);
+            }
+            for ($i=0; $i<$rep; ++$i) {
+                $key = substr(Digest::MD5::md5($key), 0, $len);
+            }
+            # decrypt U to see if a user password is required
+            if ($rev >= 3) {
+                $dat = Digest::MD5::md5($pad . $id);
+                RC4Crypt(\$dat, $key);
+                for ($i=1; $i<=19; ++$i) {
+                    my @key = unpack('C*', $key);
+                    foreach (@key) { $_ ^= $i; }
+                    RC4Crypt(\$dat, pack('C*', @key));
+                }
+                $dat .= substr($u, 16);
+            } else {
+                $dat = $pad;
+                RC4Crypt(\$dat, $key);
+            }
+            last if $dat eq $u; # all done if this was the correct key
+        } else {
+            return 'Invalid O or U Encrypt entries' if length($o) < 48 or length($u) < 48;
+            if (length $password) {
+                # Note: this should be good for passwords containing reasonable characters,
+                # but to be bullet-proof we need to apply the SASLprep (IETF RFC 4013) profile
+                # of stringprep (IETF RFC 3454) to the password before encoding in UTF-8
+                $password = $et->Encode($password, 'UTF8');
+                $password = substr($password, 0, 127) if length($password) > 127;
+            }
+            # test for the owner password
+            my $sha = GetHash($password, substr($o,32,8), substr($u,0,48), $rev);
+            if ($sha eq substr($o, 0, 32)) {
+                $key = GetHash($password, substr($o,40,8), substr($u,0,48), $rev);
+                my $dat = ("\0" x 16) . $parm{OE};
+                # decrypt with no padding
+                my $err = Image::ExifTool::AES::Crypt(\$dat, $key, 0, 1);
+                return $err if $err;
+                $key = $dat;    # use this as the file decryption key
+                last;
+            }
+            # test for the user password
+            $sha = GetHash($password, substr($u,32,8), '', $rev);
+            if ($sha eq substr($u, 0, 32)) {
+                $key = GetHash($password, substr($u,40,8), '', $rev);
+                my $dat = ("\0" x 16) . $parm{UE};
+                my $err = Image::ExifTool::AES::Crypt(\$dat, $key, 0, 1);
+                return $err if $err;
+                $key = $dat;    # use this as the file decryption key
+                last;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    $$encrypt{_key} = $key; # save the file-level encryption key
+    $cryptInfo = $encrypt;  # save reference to the file-level Encrypt object
+    return undef;           # success!
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Decrypt/Encrypt data
+# Inputs: 0) data ref
+#         1) PDF object reference to use as crypt key extension (may be 'none' to
+#            avoid extending the encryption key, as for streams with Crypt Filter)
+#         2) encrypt flag (false for decryption)
+sub Crypt($$;$)
+{
+    return unless $cryptInfo;
+    my ($dataPt, $keyExt, $encrypt) = @_;
+    # do not decrypt if the key extension object is undefined
+    # (this doubles as a flag to disable decryption/encryption)
+    return unless defined $keyExt;
+    my $key = $$cryptInfo{_key};
+    # apply the necessary crypt key extension
+    unless ($$cryptInfo{_aesv3}) {
+        unless ($keyExt eq 'none') {
+            # extend crypt key using object and generation number
+            unless ($keyExt =~ /^(I\d+ )?(\d+) (\d+)/) {
+                $$cryptInfo{_error} = 'Invalid object reference for encryption';
+                return;
+            }
+            $key .= substr(pack('V', $2), 0, 3) . substr(pack('V', $3), 0, 2);
+        }
+        # add AES-128 salt if necessary (this little gem is conveniently
+        # omitted from the Adobe PDF 1.6 documentation, causing me to
+        # waste 12 hours trying to figure out why this wasn't working --
+        # it appears in ISO32000 though, so I should have been using that)
+        $key .= 'sAlT' if $$cryptInfo{_aesv2};
+        my $len = length($key);
+        $key = Digest::MD5::md5($key);              # get 16-byte MD5 digest
+        $key = substr($key, 0, $len) if $len < 16;  # trim if necessary
+    }
+    # perform the decryption/encryption
+    if ($$cryptInfo{_aesv2} or $$cryptInfo{_aesv3}) {
+        require Image::ExifTool::AES;
+        my $err = Image::ExifTool::AES::Crypt($dataPt, $key, $encrypt);
+        $err and $$cryptInfo{_error} = $err;
+    } else {
+        RC4Crypt($dataPt, $key);
+    }
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Decrypt/Encrypt stream data
+# Inputs: 0) dictionary ref, 1) PDF object reference to use as crypt key extension
+sub CryptStream($$)
+{
+    return unless $cryptStream;
+    my ($dict, $keyExt) = @_;
+    my $type = $$dict{Type} || '';
+    # XRef streams are not encrypted (ref 3, page 50),
+    # and Metadata may or may not be encrypted
+    if ($cryptInfo and $type ne '/XRef' and
+        ($$cryptInfo{_meta} or $type ne '/Metadata'))
+    {
+        Crypt(\$$dict{_stream}, $keyExt, $$dict{_decrypted});
+        # toggle _decrypted flag
+        $$dict{_decrypted} = ($$dict{_decrypted} ? undef : 1);
+    } else {
+        $$dict{_decrypted} = 0; # stream should never be encrypted
+    }
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Generate a new PDF tag (based on its ID) and add it to a tag table
+# Inputs: 0) tag table ref, 1) tag ID
+# Returns: tag info ref
+sub NewPDFTag($$)
+{
+    my ($tagTablePtr, $tag) = @_;
+    my $name = $tag;
+    # translate URL-like escape sequences
+    $name =~ s/#([0-9a-f]{2})/chr(hex($1))/ige;
+    $name =~ s/[^-\w]+/_/g;         # translate invalid characters to an underline
+    $name =~ s/(^|_)([a-z])/\U$2/g; # start words with upper case
+    my $tagInfo = { Name => $name };
+    AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, $tagInfo);
+    return $tagInfo;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process AcroForm dictionary to set HasXMLFormsArchitecture flag
+# Inputs: Same as ProcessDict
+sub ProcessAcroForm($$$$;$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $tagTablePtr, $dict, $xref, $nesting, $type) = @_;
+    $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, '_has_xfa', $$dict{XFA} ? 'true' : 'false');
+    return ProcessDict($et, $tagTablePtr, $dict, $xref, $nesting, $type);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Expand array into a string
+# Inputs: 0) array ref
+# Return: string
+sub ExpandArray($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    my @list = @$val;
+    foreach (@list) {
+        ref $_ eq 'SCALAR' and $_ = "ref($$_)", next;
+        ref $_ eq 'ARRAY' and $_ = ExpandArray($_), next;
+        defined $_ or $_ = '<undef>', next;
+    }
+    return '[' . join(',',@list) . ']';
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process PDF dictionary extract tag values
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) tag table reference
+#         2) dictionary reference, 3) cross-reference table reference,
+#         4) nesting depth, 5) dictionary capture type
+sub ProcessDict($$$$;$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $tagTablePtr, $dict, $xref, $nesting, $type) = @_;
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my $unknown = $$tagTablePtr{EXTRACT_UNKNOWN};
+    my $embedded = (defined $unknown and not $unknown and $et->Options('ExtractEmbedded'));
+    my @tags = @{$$dict{_tags}};
+    my ($next, %join);
+    my $index = 0;
+
+    $nesting = ($nesting || 0) + 1;
+    if ($nesting > 50) {
+        $et->WarnOnce('Nesting too deep (directory ignored)');
+        return;
+    }
+    # save entire dictionary for rewriting if specified
+    if ($$et{PDF_CAPTURE} and $$tagTablePtr{VARS} and
+        $tagTablePtr->{VARS}->{CAPTURE})
+    {
+        my $name;
+        foreach $name (@{$tagTablePtr->{VARS}->{CAPTURE}}) {
+            next if $$et{PDF_CAPTURE}{$name};
+            # make sure we load the right type if indicated
+            next if $type and $type ne $name;
+            $$et{PDF_CAPTURE}{$name} = $dict;
+            last;
+        }
+    }
+#
+# extract information from all tags in the dictionary
+#
+    for (;;) {
+        my ($tag, $isSubDoc);
+        if (@tags) {
+            $tag = shift @tags;
+        } elsif (defined $next and not $next) {
+            $tag = 'Next';
+            $next = 1;
+        } else {
+            last;
+        }
+        my $val = $$dict{$tag};
+        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+        if ($tagInfo) {
+            undef $tagInfo if $$tagInfo{NoProcess};
+        } elsif ($embedded and $tag =~ /^(.*?)(\d+)$/ and
+            $$tagTablePtr{$1} and (ref $val ne 'SCALAR' or not $fetched{$$val}))
+        {
+            my ($name, $num) = ($1, $2);
+            $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $name);
+            if (ref $tagInfo eq 'HASH' and $$tagInfo{JoinStreams}) {
+                $fetched{$$val} = 1;
+                my $obj = FetchObject($et, $$val, $xref, $tag);
+                $join{$name} = [] unless $join{$name};
+                next unless ref $obj eq 'HASH' and $$obj{_stream};
+                # save all the stream data to join later
+                DecodeStream($et, $obj);
+                $join{$name}->[$num] = $$obj{_stream};
+                undef $tagInfo;    # don't process
+            } else {
+                $isSubDoc = 1;  # treat as a sub-document
+            }
+        }
+        if ($verbose) {
+            my ($val2, $extra);
+            if (ref $val eq 'SCALAR') {
+                $extra = ", indirect object ($$val)";
+                if ($fetched{$$val}) {
+                    $val2 = "ref($$val)";
+                } elsif ($tag eq 'Next' and not $next) {
+                    # handle 'Next' links after all others
+                    $next = 0;
+                    next;
+                } else {
+                    $fetched{$$val} = 1;
+                    $val = FetchObject($et, $$val, $xref, $tag);
+                    unless (defined $val) {
+                        my $str;
+                        if (defined $lastOffset) {
+                            $val2 = '<free>';
+                            $str = 'Object was freed';
+                        } else {
+                            $val2 = '<err>';
+                            $str = 'Error reading object';
+                        }
+                        $et->VPrint(0, "$$et{INDENT}${str}:\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            } elsif (ref $val eq 'HASH') {
+                $extra = ', direct dictionary';
+            } elsif (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
+                $extra = ', direct array of ' . scalar(@$val) . ' objects';
+            } else {
+                $extra = ', direct object';
+            }
+            my $isSubdir;
+            if (ref $val eq 'HASH') {
+                $isSubdir = 1;
+            } elsif (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
+                # recurse into objects in arrays only if they are lists of
+                # dictionaries or indirect objects which could be dictionaries
+                $isSubdir = 1 if @$val;
+                foreach (@$val) {
+                    next if ref $_ eq 'HASH' or ref $_ eq 'SCALAR';
+                    undef $isSubdir;
+                    last;
+                }
+            }
+            if ($isSubdir) {
+                # create bogus subdirectory to recurse into this dict
+                $tagInfo or $tagInfo = {
+                    Name => $tag,
+                    SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PDF::Unknown' },
+                };
+            } else {
+                $val2 = ExpandArray($val) if ref $val eq 'ARRAY';
+                # generate tag info if we will use it later
+                if (not $tagInfo and defined $val and $unknown) {
+                    $tagInfo = NewPDFTag($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+                }
+            }
+            $et->VerboseInfo($tag, $tagInfo,
+                Value => $val2 || $val,
+                Extra => $extra,
+                Index => $index++,
+            );
+            next unless defined $val;
+        }
+        unless ($tagInfo) {
+            # add any tag found in Info dictionary to table
+            next unless $unknown;
+            $tagInfo = NewPDFTag($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+        }
+        # increment document number if necessary
+        my ($oldDocNum, $oldNumTags);
+        if ($isSubDoc) {
+            $oldDocNum = $$et{DOC_NUM};
+            $oldNumTags = $$et{NUM_FOUND};
+            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
+        }
+        if ($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
+            # process the subdirectory
+            my @subDicts;
+            if (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
+                @subDicts = @{$val};
+            } else {
+                @subDicts = ( $val );
+            }
+            # loop through all values of this tag
+            for (;;) {
+                my $subDict = shift @subDicts or last;
+                # save last fetched object in case we fetch another one here
+                my $prevFetched = $lastFetched;
+                if (ref $subDict eq 'SCALAR') {
+                    # only fetch once (other copies are obsolete)
+                    next if $fetched{$$subDict};
+                    if ($$tagInfo{IgnoreDuplicates}) {
+                        my $flag = "ProcessedPDF_$tag";
+                        if ($$et{$flag}) {
+                            next if $et->WarnOnce("Ignored duplicate $tag dictionary", 2);
+                        } else {
+                            $$et{$flag} = 1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    # load dictionary via an indirect reference
+                    $fetched{$$subDict} = 1;
+                    my $obj = FetchObject($et, $$subDict, $xref, $tag);
+                    unless (defined $obj) {
+                        unless (defined $lastOffset) {
+                            $et->Warn("Error reading $tag object ($$subDict)");
+                        }
+                        next;
+                    }
+                    $subDict = $obj;
+                }
+                if (ref $subDict eq 'ARRAY') {
+                    # convert array of key/value pairs to a hash
+                    next if @$subDict < 2;
+                    my %hash = ( _tags => [] );
+                    while (@$subDict >= 2) {
+                        my $key = shift @$subDict;
+                        $key =~ s/^\///;
+                        push @{$hash{_tags}}, $key;
+                        $hash{$key} = shift @$subDict;
+                    }
+                    $subDict = \%hash;
+                } else {
+                    next unless ref $subDict eq 'HASH';
+                }
+                # set flag to re-crypt all strings when rewriting if the dictionary
+                # came from an encrypted stream
+                $$subDict{_needCrypt}{'*'} = 1 unless $lastFetched;
+                my $subTablePtr = GetTagTable($tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{TagTable});
+                if (not $verbose) {
+                    my $proc = $$subTablePtr{PROCESS_PROC} || \&ProcessDict;
+                    &$proc($et, $subTablePtr, $subDict, $xref, $nesting);
+                } elsif ($next) {
+                    # handle 'Next' links at this level to avoid deep recursion
+                    undef $next;
+                    $index = 0;
+                    $tagTablePtr = $subTablePtr;
+                    $dict = $subDict;
+                    @tags = @{$$subDict{_tags}};
+                    $et->VerboseDir($tag, scalar(@tags));
+                } else {
+                    my $oldIndent = $$et{INDENT};
+                    my $oldDir = $$et{DIR_NAME};
+                    $$et{INDENT} .= '| ';
+                    $$et{DIR_NAME} = $tag;
+                    $et->VerboseDir($tag, scalar(@{$$subDict{_tags}}));
+                    ProcessDict($et, $subTablePtr, $subDict, $xref, $nesting);
+                    $$et{INDENT} = $oldIndent;
+                    $$et{DIR_NAME} = $oldDir;
+                }
+                $lastFetched = $prevFetched;
+            }
+        } else {
+            # fetch object if necessary
+            # (OS X 10.6 writes indirect objects in the Info dictionary!)
+            if (ref $val eq 'SCALAR') {
+                my $prevFetched = $lastFetched;
+                # (note: fetching the same object multiple times is OK here)
+                $val = FetchObject($et, $$val, $xref, $tag);
+                if (defined $val) {
+                    $val = ReadPDFValue($val);
+                    # set flag to re-encrypt if necessary if rewritten
+                    $$dict{_needCrypt}{$tag} = ($lastFetched ? 0 : 1) if $cryptString;
+                    $lastFetched = $prevFetched; # restore last fetched object reference
+                }
+            } else {
+                $val = ReadPDFValue($val);
+            }
+            # convert from UTF-16 (big endian) to UTF-8 or Latin if necessary
+            # unless this is binary data (hex-encoded strings would not have been converted)
+            if (ref $val) {
+                if (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
+                    my $v;
+                    foreach $v (@$val) {
+                        $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $v);
+                    }
+                }
+            } elsif (defined $val) {
+                my $format = $$tagInfo{Format} || $$tagInfo{Writable} || 'string';
+                $val = ConvertPDFDate($val) if $format eq 'date';
+                if (not $$tagInfo{Binary} and $val =~ /[\x18-\x1f\x80-\xff]/) {
+                    # text string is already in Unicode if it starts with "\xfe\xff",
+                    # otherwise we must first convert from PDFDocEncoding
+                    $val = $et->Decode($val, ($val=~s/^\xfe\xff// ? 'UCS2' : 'PDFDoc'), 'MM');
+                }
+                if ($$tagInfo{List} and not $$et{OPTIONS}{NoPDFList}) {
+                    # separate tokens in comma or whitespace delimited lists
+                    my @values = ($val =~ /,/) ? split /,+\s*/, $val : split ' ', $val;
+                    foreach $val (@values) {
+                        $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $val);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    # a simple tag value
+                    $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $val);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if ($isSubDoc) {
+            # restore original document number
+            $$et{DOC_NUM} = $oldDocNum;
+            --$$et{DOC_COUNT} if $oldNumTags == $$et{NUM_FOUND};
+        }
+    }
+#
+# extract information from joined streams if necessary
+#
+
+    if (%join) {
+        my ($tag, $i);
+        foreach $tag (sort keys %join) {
+            my $list = $join{$tag};
+            last unless defined $$list[1] and $$list[1] =~ /^%.*?([\x0d\x0a]*)/;
+            my $buff = "%!PS-Adobe-3.0$1";  # add PS header with same line break
+            for ($i=1; defined $$list[$i]; ++$i) {
+                $buff .= $$list[$i];
+                undef $$list[$i];   # free memory
+            }
+            # increment document number for tags extracted from embedded EPS
+            my $oldDocNum = $$et{DOC_NUM};
+            my $oldNumTags = $$et{NUM_FOUND};
+            $$et{DOC_NUM} = ++$$et{DOC_COUNT};
+            # extract PostScript information
+            $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $tag, $buff);
+            $$et{DOC_NUM} = $oldDocNum;
+            # revert document counter if we didn't add any new tags
+            --$$et{DOC_COUNT} if $oldNumTags == $$et{NUM_FOUND};
+            delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
+        }
+    }
+#
+# extract information from stream object if it exists (eg. Metadata stream)
+#
+    for (;;) { # (cheap goto)
+        last unless $$dict{_stream};
+        my $tag = '_stream';
+        # add Subtype (if it exists) to stream name and remove leading '/'
+        ($tag = $$dict{Subtype} . $tag) =~ s/^\/// if $$dict{Subtype};
+        last unless $$tagTablePtr{$tag};
+        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag) or last;
+        unless ($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
+            # don't build filter lists across different images
+            delete $$et{LIST_TAGS}{$$tagTablePtr{Filter}};
+            # we arrive here only when extracting embedded images
+            # - only extract known image types and ignore others
+            my $filter = $$dict{Filter} || '';
+            $filter = @$filter[-1] if ref $filter eq 'ARRAY'; # (get last Filter type)
+            my $result;
+            if ($filter eq '/DCTDecode' or $filter eq '/JPXDecode') {
+                DecodeStream($et, $dict) or last;
+                # save the image itself
+                $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, \$$dict{_stream});
+                # extract information from embedded image
+                $result = $et->ExtractInfo(\$$dict{_stream}, { ReEntry => 1 });
+            }
+            unless ($result) {
+                $et->FoundTag('FileType', defined $result ? '(unknown)' : '(unsupported)');
+            }
+            last;
+        }
+        # decode stream if necessary
+        DecodeStream($et, $dict) or last;
+        if ($verbose > 2) {
+            $et->VPrint(2,"$$et{INDENT}$$et{DIR_NAME} stream data\n");
+            my %parms = ( Prefix => $$et{INDENT} );
+            $parms{MaxLen} = $verbose > 3 ? 1024 : 96 if $verbose < 5;
+            HexDump(\$$dict{_stream}, undef, %parms);
+        }
+        # extract information from stream
+        my %dirInfo = (
+            DataPt   => \$$dict{_stream},
+            DataLen  => length $$dict{_stream},
+            DirStart => 0,
+            DirLen   => length $$dict{_stream},
+            Parent   => 'PDF',
+        );
+        my $subTablePtr = GetTagTable($tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{TagTable});
+        unless ($et->ProcessDirectory(\%dirInfo, $subTablePtr)) {
+            $et->Warn("Error processing $$tagInfo{Name} information");
+        }
+        last;
+    }
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Extract information from PDF file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) dirInfo reference
+# Returns: 0 if not a PDF file, 1 on success, otherwise a negative error number
+sub ReadPDF($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
+    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my ($buff, $encrypt, $id);
+#
+# validate PDF file
+#
+    # (linearization dictionary must be in the first 1024 bytes of the file)
+    $raf->Read($buff, 1024) >= 8 or return 0;
+    $buff =~ /^%PDF-(\d+\.\d+)/ or return 0;
+    $pdfVer = $1;
+    $et->SetFileType();   # set the FileType tag
+    $et->Warn("May not be able to read a PDF version $pdfVer file") if $pdfVer >= 2.0;
+    # store PDFVersion tag
+    my $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::PDF::Root');
+    $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, 'Version', $pdfVer);
+    $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::PDF::Main');
+#
+# check for a linearized PDF (only if reading)
+#
+    my $capture = $$et{PDF_CAPTURE};
+    unless ($capture) {
+        my $lin = 'false';
+        if ($buff =~ /<</g) {
+            $buff = substr($buff, pos($buff) - 2);
+            my $dict = ExtractObject($et, \$buff);
+            if (ref $dict eq 'HASH' and $$dict{Linearized} and $$dict{L}) {
+                if (not $$et{VALUE}{FileSize}) {
+                    undef $lin; # can't determine if it is linearized
+                } elsif ($$dict{L} == $$et{VALUE}{FileSize}) {
+                    $lin = 'true';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, '_linearized', $lin) if $lin;
+    }
+#
+# read the xref tables referenced from startxref at the end of the file
+#
+    my @xrefOffsets;
+    $raf->Seek(0, 2) or return -2;
+    # the %%EOF must occur within the last 1024 bytes of the file (PDF spec, appendix H)
+    my $len = $raf->Tell();
+    $len = 1024 if $len > 1024;
+    $raf->Seek(-$len, 2) or return -2;
+    $raf->Read($buff, $len) == $len or return -3;
+    # find the LAST xref table in the file (may be multiple %%EOF marks,
+    # and comments between "startxref" and "%%EOF")
+    $buff =~ /^.*startxref(\s+)(\d+)(\s+)(%[^\x0d\x0a]*\s+)*%%EOF/s or return -4;
+    my $ws = $1 . $3;
+    my $xr = $2;
+    push @xrefOffsets, $xr, 'Main';
+    # set input record separator
+    local $/ = $ws =~ /(\x0d\x0a|\x0d|\x0a)/ ? $1 : "\x0a";
+    my (%xref, @mainDicts, %loaded, $mainFree);
+    # initialize variables to capture when rewriting
+    if ($capture) {
+        $capture->{startxref} = $xr;
+        $capture->{xref} = \%xref;
+        $capture->{newline} = $/;
+        $capture->{mainFree} = $mainFree = { };
+    }
+XRef:
+    while (@xrefOffsets) {
+        my $offset = shift @xrefOffsets;
+        my $type = shift @xrefOffsets;
+        next if $loaded{$offset};   # avoid infinite recursion
+        unless ($raf->Seek($offset, 0)) {
+            %loaded or return -5;
+            $et->Warn('Bad offset for secondary xref table');
+            next;
+        }
+        # Note: care must be taken because ReadLine may read more than we want if
+        # the newline sequence for this table is different than the rest of the file
+        for (;;) {
+            unless ($raf->ReadLine($buff)) {
+                %loaded or return -6;
+                $et->Warn('Bad offset for secondary xref table');
+                next XRef;
+            }
+            last if $buff =~/\S/;   # skip blank lines
+        }
+        my $loadXRefStream;
+        if ($buff =~ s/^\s*xref\s+//s) {
+            # load xref table
+            for (;;) {
+                # read another line if necessary (skipping blank lines)
+                $raf->ReadLine($buff) or return -6 until $buff =~ /\S/;
+                last if $buff =~ s/^\s*trailer([\s<[(])/$1/s;
+                $buff =~ s/^\s*(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+//s or return -4;
+                my ($start, $num) = ($1, $2);
+                $raf->Seek(-length($buff), 1) or return -4;
+                my $i;
+                for ($i=0; $i<$num; ++$i) {
+                    $raf->Read($buff, 20) == 20 or return -6;
+                    $buff =~ /^\s*(\d{10}) (\d{5}) (f|n)/s or return -4;
+                    my $num = $start + $i;
+                    # save offset for newest copy of all objects
+                    # (or next object number for free objects)
+                    unless (defined $xref{$num}) {
+                        my ($offset, $gen) = (int($1), int($2));
+                        $xref{$num} = $offset;
+                        if ($3 eq 'f') {
+                            # save free objects in last xref table for rewriting
+                            $$mainFree{$num} =  [ $offset, $gen, 'f' ] if $mainFree;
+                            next;
+                        }
+                        # also save offset keyed by object reference string
+                        $xref{"$num $gen R"} = $offset;
+                    }
+                }
+                # (I have a sample from Adobe which has an empty xref table)
+                # %xref or return -4; # xref table may not be empty
+                $buff = '';
+            }
+            undef $mainFree;    # only do this for the last xref table
+        } elsif ($buff =~ s/^\s*(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+obj//s) {
+            # this is a PDF-1.5 cross-reference stream dictionary
+            $loadXRefStream = 1;
+        } else {
+            %loaded or return -4;
+            $et->Warn('Invalid secondary xref table');
+            next;
+        }
+        my $mainDict = ExtractObject($et, \$buff, $raf, \%xref);
+        unless (ref $mainDict eq 'HASH') {
+            %loaded or return -8;
+            $et->Warn('Error loading secondary dictionary');
+            next;
+        }
+        if ($loadXRefStream) {
+            # decode and save our XRef stream from PDF-1.5 file
+            # (but parse it later as required to save time)
+            # Note: this technique can potentially result in an old object
+            # being used if the file was incrementally updated and an older
+            # object from an xref table was replaced by a newer object in an
+            # xref stream.  But doing so isn't a good idea (if allowed at all)
+            # because a PDF 1.4 consumer would also make this same mistake.
+            if ($$mainDict{Type} eq '/XRef' and $$mainDict{W} and
+                @{$$mainDict{W}} > 2 and $$mainDict{Size} and
+                DecodeStream($et, $mainDict))
+            {
+                # create Index entry if it doesn't exist
+                $$mainDict{Index} or $$mainDict{Index} = [ 0, $$mainDict{Size} ];
+                # create '_entry_size' entry for internal use
+                my $w = $$mainDict{W};
+                my $size = 0;
+                foreach (@$w) { $size += $_; }
+                $$mainDict{_entry_size} = $size;
+                # save this stream dictionary to use later if required
+                $xref{dicts} = [] unless $xref{dicts};
+                push @{$xref{dicts}}, $mainDict;
+            } else {
+                %loaded or return -9;
+                $et->Warn('Invalid xref stream in secondary dictionary');
+            }
+        }
+        $loaded{$offset} = 1;
+        # load XRef stream in hybrid file if it exists
+        push @xrefOffsets, $$mainDict{XRefStm}, 'XRefStm' if $$mainDict{XRefStm};
+        $encrypt = $$mainDict{Encrypt} if $$mainDict{Encrypt};
+        if ($$mainDict{ID} and ref $$mainDict{ID} eq 'ARRAY') {
+            $id = ReadPDFValue($mainDict->{ID}->[0]);
+        }
+        push @mainDicts, $mainDict, $type;
+        # load previous xref table if it exists
+        push @xrefOffsets, $$mainDict{Prev}, 'Prev' if $$mainDict{Prev};
+    }
+#
+# extract encryption information if necessary
+#
+    if ($encrypt) {
+        if (ref $encrypt eq 'SCALAR') {
+            $encrypt = FetchObject($et, $$encrypt, \%xref, 'Encrypt');
+        }
+        # generate Encryption tag information
+        my $err = DecryptInit($et, $encrypt, $id);
+        if ($err) {
+            $et->Warn($err);
+            $$capture{Error} = $err if $capture;
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+#
+# extract the information beginning with each of the main dictionaries
+#
+    my $i = 0;
+    my $num = (scalar @mainDicts) / 2;
+    while (@mainDicts) {
+        my $dict = shift @mainDicts;
+        my $type = shift @mainDicts;
+        if ($verbose) {
+            ++$i;
+            my $n = scalar(@{$$dict{_tags}});
+            $et->VPrint(0, "PDF dictionary ($i of $num) with $n entries:\n");
+        }
+        ProcessDict($et, $tagTablePtr, $dict, \%xref, 0, $type);
+    }
+    # handle any decryption errors
+    if ($encrypt) {
+        my $err = $$encrypt{_error};
+        if ($err) {
+            $et->Warn($err);
+            $$capture{Error} = $err if $capture;
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ReadPDF() warning strings for each error return value
+my %pdfWarning = (
+    # -1 is reserved as error return value with no associated warning
+    -2 => 'Error seeking in file',
+    -3 => 'Error reading file',
+    -4 => 'Invalid xref table',
+    -5 => 'Invalid xref offset',
+    -6 => 'Error reading xref table',
+    -7 => 'Error reading trailer',
+    -8 => 'Error reading main dictionary',
+    -9 => 'Invalid xref stream in main dictionary',
+);
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Extract information from PDF file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) dirInfo reference
+# Returns: 1 if this was a valid PDF file
+sub ProcessPDF($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
+
+    undef $cryptInfo;   # (must not delete after returning so writer can use it)
+    undef $cryptStream;
+    undef $cryptString;
+    my $result = ReadPDF($et, $dirInfo);
+    if ($result < 0) {
+        $et->Warn($pdfWarning{$result}) if $pdfWarning{$result};
+        $result = 1;
+    }
+    # clean up and return
+    undef %streamObjs;
+    undef %fetched;
+    return $result;
+}
+
+1; # end
+
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Image::ExifTool::PDF - Read PDF meta information
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+This module is loaded automatically by Image::ExifTool when required.
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This code reads meta information from PDF (Adobe Portable Document Format)
+files.  It supports object streams introduced in PDF-1.5 but only with a
+limited set of Filter and Predictor algorithms, however all standard
+encryption methods through PDF-1.7 extension level 3 are supported,
+including AESV2 (AES-128) and AESV3 (AES-256).
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Copyright 2003-2017, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 REFERENCES
+
+=over 4
+
+=item L<http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/pdf/index_reference.html>
+
+=item L<Crypt::RC4|Crypt::RC4>
+
+=item L<http://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf>
+
+=item L<http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/adobe_supplement_iso32000.pdf>
+
+=item L<http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc3454>
+
+=item L<http://www.armware.dk/RFC/rfc/rfc4013.html>
+
+=back
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/PDF Tags>,
+L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
+
+=cut