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exiftool_vendored 10.43.0 → 10.49.0

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-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
-        "http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd">
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>Installing ExifTool</title>
-<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='style.css' title='Style'>
-<style type="text/css">
-<!--
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-</style></head>
-<body>
-<div class='rt'>
-(<a href="install-fr.pdf">PDF en fran&ccedil;ais</a>)
-</div>
-<h1 class='up'>Installing ExifTool</h1>
-<blockquote class=attn><b class=red>Note:</b> ExifTool <b>does <u>not</u> need
-to be installed</b> to run.  Just download and extract either the full Perl
-distribution on Mac/Linux, or the Windows EXE version on Windows, and run it
-directly.  <i class=lt>[But note that if you move the Perl "exiftool"
-application, you must also move its "lib" directory to the same location. This
-doesn't apply to the Windows version which unpacks the libraries into a
-temporary directory.]</i><br><br>However, the benefits of installation are:
-<ul><li>Makes ExifTool available to all users.</li>
-<li>Saves typing on the command line (by placing "exiftool" in your PATH).</li>
-<li>Installs the ExifTool documentation and API libraries (full Perl version only).</li>
-</ul></blockquote>
-<p>See the appropriate section below with instructions for installing or
-uninstalling ExifTool on your specific platform:</p>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#Windows">Windows</a></li>
-<li><a href="#OSX">Macintosh OS X</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Unix">Unix Platforms</a></li>
-</ul>
-<p>Also see <a href="index.html#running">these instructions</a> for help running
-ExifTool.</p>
-<hr>
-<h2><a name="Windows">Windows</a></h2>
-<p>In Windows, there is a choice of two different versions of ExifTool to
-install.  The Perl distribution requires Perl to be installed on your system.
-(A good, free Perl interpreter can be downloaded from
-<a href="http://www.activestate.com/activeperl/">activeperl.com</a>.)</p>
-<p>If you don't already have Perl, it is easier to install the stand-alone ExifTool
-executable, but note that the stand-alone version doesn't include the HTML
-documentation or some other files of the full distribution.</p>
-<h3>Stand-Alone Executable</h3>
-<ol>
-<li><b>Download</b> the <b>Windows Executable</b> from the <a href="index.html">ExifTool home page</a>.
-<br><span class=lt>(The file you download will have a name like "<code>exiftool-10.43.zip</code>".)</span></li>
-<li><b>Extract "<code>exiftool(-k).exe</code>"</b> from the
-"<code>.zip</code>" file, and place it <b>on your Desktop</b>.
-<br><span class=lt>(Double-click on "<code>exiftool-10.43.zip</code>" to open
-the archive, then drag "<code>exiftool(-k).exe</code>" to your Desktop.)</span></li>
-</ol>
-<p>You can now double-click on "<code>exiftool(-k).exe</code>" to read the
-application documentation, or drag-and-drop files and folders to run exiftool on
-selected files. To install exiftool for <b>use from the command line</b>,
-continue with the following steps:</p>
-<ol start=3>
-<li><b>Rename</b> "<code>exiftool(-k).exe</code>" to <b>"<code>exiftool.exe</code>"</b>.
-<br><span class=lt>(or "<code>exiftool(-k)</code>" to "<code>exiftool</code>" if file name
-extensions are hidden on your system)</span></li>
-<li><b>Move "<code>exiftool.exe</code>"</b> to the "<code>C:\WINDOWS</code>" directory
-(or any other directory in your PATH).</li>
-</ol>
-<p>You can now run exiftool by typing "<code>exiftool</code>" at the command
-prompt.  (To get to the command prompt, select "Run..." from the Windows "Start"
-menu, then type "<code>cmd</code>" and press Return.)</p>
-<p><b>Notes:</b></p>
-<ol type='a'>
-<li>In Windows 7, running exiftool requires administrator privileges.  If
-necessary, this may be enabled by right clicking on exiftool, then selecting
-<b>"Run this program as administrator"</b> from the Compatibility settings.</li>
-<li>Occasionally users have reported that exiftool gives errors when running
-this version for this first time.  It is possible this may happen if a file gets
-corrupted during the download/installation process.  In this case, follow the
-Uninstalling instructions below then re-install exiftool. Be sure that you have
-sufficient disk space in your TEMP directory for exiftool to unpack about 12 MB
-of temporary files -- these are the Perl libraries used by the exiftool
-application which are unpacked the first time exiftool is run.</li>
-</ol>
-<p><b>Uninstalling:</b></p>
-<ol type='i'>
-<li>Drag "<code>exiftool(-k).exe</code>" (or "<code>C:\WINDOWS\exiftool.exe</code>")
-into the Recycle bin.</li>
-<li>Drag the directory "<code>par-XXX</code>" from your temporary directory to
-the Recycle bin.  Here "<code>XXX</code>" is your user name (in ASCII-hex for
-ExifTool 10.21 or later) and the location of the temporary directory depends on
-the value of the TEMP environment variable (typically
-"<code>C:\Documents and Settings\USER\Local Settings\Temp</code>"
-for Windows XP, or "<code>C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp</code>" for Windows 7
-or later).</li>
-</ol>
-<h3>Full Perl Distribution</h3>
-<p>You must have Perl installed to use this version.  (A free version of Perl
-can be downloaded from
-<a href="http://www.activestate.com/activeperl/">activeperl.com</a>.)</p>
-<ol>
-<li><b>Download</b> the <b>Image-ExifTool distribution</b> from the <a href="index.html">ExifTool home page</a>
-<br><span class=lt>(The file you download will have a name like "<code>Image-ExifTool-10.43.tar.gz</code>".)</span></li>
-<li><b>Extract the ExifTool files</b> from the archive.
-<br><span class=lt>(The archive is a gzipped tar file, and can be opened with
-various Windows utilities, including WinZip.)</span></li>
-<li><b>Rename</b> "<code>exiftool</code>" to <b>"<code>exiftool.pl</code>"</b>
-in the exiftool distribution.</li>
-<li><b>Move "<code>exiftool.pl</code>"</b> and the <b>"<code>lib</code>"</b>
-directory from the exiftool distribution to "<code>C:\WINDOWS</code>"
-(or any other directory in your PATH).</li>
-</ol>
-<p>Now, if you have made the proper Windows associations for the
-"<code>.pl</code>" extension (an option in the ActivePerl installation), you
-can run exiftool by typing "<code>exiftool.pl</code>" at the
-"<code>cmd.exe</code>" prompt.  Otherwise you should type
-"<code>perl c:\windows\exiftool.pl</code>".</p>
-<p><b>Uninstalling:</b></p>
-<ol type='i'>
-<li>Drag "<code>C:\WINDOWS\exiftool.pl</code>" and
-"<code>C:\WINDOWS\lib</code>" into the Recycle bin.  You should first confirm
-that "<code>C:\WINDOWS\lib</code>" contains only the "<code>File</code>"
-and "<code>Image</code>" sub-directories.  Do not delete it if it
-contains anything else.</li>
-</ol>
-<hr>
-<h2><a name="OSX">Macintosh OS X</a></h2>
-<p>If you have installed the BSDSDK package from the Xcode Developer Tools
-(<i>ie. if you have the</i> "<code>make</code>" <i>utility</i>), you should
-follow the install procedure for <a href="#Unix">Unix platforms</a> in the next
-section instead of the steps below. The Unix install has the advantage of making
-the ExifTool library available for your Perl scripts, as well as installing the
-man pages and POD documentation.</p>
-<p>Otherwise, you have a choice of two packages to install: The OS X package, or
-the full Perl distribution.  Both of the procedures below install the ExifTool
-files in the same location.  Installing from the OS X package is easier, but the
-full distribution includes HTML documentation and some other files not included
-in the OS X package.  Both versions run natively on PPC and Intel Macs.</p>
-<h3>OS X Package</h3>
-<ol>
-<li><b>Download</b> the <b>ExifTool OS X Package</b> from the <a href="index.html">ExifTool home page</a>.
-<br><span class=lt>(The file you download will have a name like "<code>ExifTool-10.43.dmg</code>".)</span></li>
-<li><b>Install</b> as a normal <b>OS X package</b>.
-<br><span class=lt>(Open the disk image, double-click on the install package, and follow the instructions.)
-</span></li>
-</ol>
-<p>You can now run exiftool by typing "<code>exiftool</code>" in a Terminal window.</p>
-<p>If this doesn't work, then it is likely you have an older version of OS X for which
-/usr/local/bin isn't in the default PATH.  To fix this, add the following line to your
-~/.profile settings using a text editor:</p>
-<blockquote><code>export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin</code></blockquote>
-<h3>Full Perl Distribution</h3>
-<ol>
-<li><b>Download</b> the <b>Image-ExifTool distribution</b> from the <a href="index.html">ExifTool home page</a>
-to your Desktop.
-<br><span class=lt>(The file you download will have a name like "<code>Image-ExifTool-10.43.tar.gz</code>".)</span></li>
-<li><b>Launch</b> the <b>Terminal</b> application from the Utilities folder in your Applications folder.</li>
-<li>In the Terminal window, <b>type the following</b>:
-<pre class='code'>    cd ~/Desktop
-    tar -xzf Image-ExifTool-10.43.tar.gz
-    cd Image-ExifTool-10.43
-    sudo cp -r exiftool lib /usr/local/bin
-</pre>
-<span class=lt>(Note: The last step above will require you to enter your
-password.)</span></li>
-</ol>
-<p>You can now run exiftool by typing "<code>exiftool</code>" in a Terminal window.</p>
-<p class=lt><b>Notes:</b></p><ul class=lt><li>Both OS X installation techniques outlined above place
-exiftool and its lib directory in /usr/local/bin, while the standard Unix
-"<code>make install</code>" described below puts "<code>exiftool</code>" in
-/usr/local/bin and the individual libraries in /Library/Perl/#.#.#, where "#.#.#" is
-your Perl version. If both sets of libraries exist, /usr/local/bin/lib takes
-precedence for exiftool, but /Library/Perl/#.#.# is the default for any other
-Perl scripts.</li>
-<li>In OS X 10.8 or later, you may see this message when you try to open the install package:
-<blockquote class=red>"ExifTool-10.43.pkg" can't be opened because it is from an
-unidentified developer.</blockquote> The solution is to control-click on the pkg
-then select "Open" from the pop-up menu instead of just double-clicking.  An alternative
-is to lower the security settings by changing "Allow applications downloaded from" to
-"Anywhere" in the General "Security &amp; Privacy" System Preferences.
-(<a href="http://news.softpedia.com/news/Fix-OS-X-Error-Application-Can-t-Be-Opened-Because-it-Is-from-an-Unidentified-Developer-407375.shtml">Read
-here</a> for a full description.)</li></ul>
-<h3>Uninstalling</h3>
-<ol type='i'>
-<li>Launch the "Terminal" application from the Applications Utilities folder.</li>
-<li>Type "<code>open /usr/local/bin</code>" (without the quotes) in the Terminal
-window, then press RETURN. (This opens a folder that you normally can't access
-from OS X.)</li>
-<li>Drag "<code>exiftool</code>" and "<code>lib</code>" into the trash from the
-"<code>bin</code>" folder you opened. You should first confirm that
-"<code>lib</code>" contains only two sub-folders: "<code>File</code>" and
-"<code>Image</code>". If it contains anything else, don't trash it because you
-have the wrong "<code>lib</code>" folder.</li>
-</ol>
-<hr>
-<h2><a name="Unix">Unix Platforms</a></h2>
-<ol>
-<li><b>Download</b> the <b>Image-ExifTool distribution</b> from the <a href="index.html">ExifTool home page</a>
-<br><span class=lt>(The file you download will have a name like "<code>Image-ExifTool-10.43.tar.gz</code>".)</span></li>
-<li><b>Unpack the distribution</b> and <b>make it your current directory</b> by typing:
-<pre class='code'>    cd <i>&lt;your download directory&gt;</i>
-    gzip -dc Image-ExifTool-10.43.tar.gz | tar -xf -
-    cd Image-ExifTool-10.43
-</pre>
-<span class=lt>(At this point you may run exiftool by typing
-"<code>exiftool <i>&lt;image file name&gt;</i></code>".)</span></li>
-<li><b>Test and install ExifTool</b> by typing:
-<pre class='code'>
-    perl Makefile.PL
-    make test
-    sudo make install
-</pre>
-<span class=lt>(Note: The "<code>make test</code>" step is not required, but
-useful because it runs a full suite of tests to verify that ExifTool is working
-properly on your system.  The "<code>sudo make install</code>" command requires
-that you have su access, and will prompt for your password.  This will make
-ExifTool and its documentation accessible to all users on your system. If you
-don't have su access, you can run ExifTool in your own account by moving
-"<code>exiftool</code>" and its "<code>lib</code>" directory to any convienient
-location, preferably somewhere in your PATH.)</span></li>
-</ol>
-<p>You can now run exiftool by typing "<code>exiftool</code>".  Also, you can
-consult the ExifTool documentation with commands like:</p>
-<blockquote><pre class='code'>perldoc exiftool
-perldoc Image::ExifTool
-perldoc Image::ExifTool::TagNames
-</pre></blockquote>
-<p>or</p>
-<blockquote><pre class='code'>man exiftool
-man Image::ExifTool
-man Image::ExifTool::TagNames
-</pre></blockquote>
-<h3>Uninstalling</h3>
-<ol type='i'>
-<li>Type "<code>sudo make uninstall</code>" from the distribution directory.
-<br><span class=lt>(Note: Unfortunately, newer systems may give an <i>"Uninstall
-is unsafe and deprecated"</i> message even though uninstalling ExifTool is safe
-because it has no dependencies.  If this happens, the necessary commands to
-remove the installed files will be listed, and these commands must be run
-manually.)</span></li>
-</ol>
-<hr>
-<p class='lf'><a href="index.html">&lt;-- Back to ExifTool home page</a></p>
-</body>
-</html>

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-        "http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd">
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Problems with current Metadata Standards</title>
-<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='style.css' title='Style'>
-<style type="text/css">
-<!--
-a.ref   { text-decoration: none; font-size: x-small;
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-</head>
-<body>
-<div class='index'>
-<a href="#TIFF">TIFF 6.0</a>
-<br><a href="#DNG">DNG 1.3</a>
-<br><a href="#EXIF">EXIF 2.3</a>
-<br><a href="#PhotoInfo">OffsetSchema</a>
-<br><a href="#JPEG">JPEG</a>
-<br><a href="#MPF">MPF</a>
-<br><a href="#refs">References</a>
-</div>
-<h1 class=up>Problems with current Metadata Standards</h1>
-<p>It seems that all metadata standards have their own unique problems. This
-page documents some significant structural problems found in some current
-metadata and file format specifications, and gives possible solutions to these
-problems.  <i>[Also see my <a href="commentary.html">Commentary on Meta
-Information Formats</a>.]</i></p>
-<a name="TIFF"></a>
-<h3>TIFF 6.0 <a class=ref href="#ref1">[1]</a></h3>
-<p>A significant problem of the 1992 TIFF 6.0 specification is that there is no
-way to distinguish an IFD (image file directory) offset from a simple integer
-value.  As a result, new IFD's may not be created without risking corruption of
-the files by unaware software.  This is not only a problem for proprietary maker
-notes which commonly use a TIFF IFD structure, but is also a problem for
-extensibility of TIFF-based RAW image formats (as demonstrated by the DNG 1.3
-specification -- see below).</p>
-<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>
-<p>Use a TIFF field type of 13 (IFD) instead of 4 (LONG) for IFD offsets.
-This was first proposed in 1995 by Adobe in their PageMaker
-6.0 TIFF Technical Notes<a class=ref href="#ref2">[2]</a>,
-but unfortunately it never found its way into the TIFF specification.  Even so,
-Olympus Optical Co. has shown some intelligence and is using this field type in
-the maker notes of their recent digital cameras.
-</p>
-<p><b>Another useful addition:</b> <i>(added 2009-09-27)</i></p>
-<p>A number of camera and cell phone manufacturers (Concord, Kodak, Motorola,
-Nokia, Olympus, Pentax, Ricoh, Samsung and Sony) leave blank IFD entries in the
-maker notes of images from some models. Presumably this simplifies the embedded
-software by allowing the output file structure to be kept constant even when the
-number of maker note IFD entries changes.  It could be useful if this feature
-was added explicitly to the offical TIFF specification by defining a field type
-of 0 as a "free IFD entry" to be ignored.  (Note that this ability already
-exists implicitly at a certain level in the specification, which states:
-<i>"Readers should skip over fields containing an unexpected field
-type"</i>.)</p>
-<a name="DNG"></a>
-<h3>DNG 1.3 <a class=ref href="#ref3">[3]</a></h3>
-<p>With the DNG 1.3 specification of June 2009, Adobe added a new Camera Profile
-IFD referenced by an offset using the standard (and unfortunate) TIFF LONG field
-type.  This means that the new Profile IFD will be lost if the file is rewritten
-by any software which does not have explicit knowledge of the 1.3 specification.
-But to make things worse, Adobe didn't even use a standard IFD format for the
-data. Instead, the IFD begins with a TIFF-style header and uses relative instead
-of absolute offsets.  This would have been a good idea if the IFD was stored as
-the value of an UNDEFINED tag rather than referenced from a LONG offset. (If
-done this way, the new information would have been preserved if the file was
-rewritten by unaware software.) But as implemented it just adds to the pain of
-parsing the file by requiring even more specialized code to be written in
-support of the DNG 1.3 format.</p>
-<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>
-<p>Sack the Adobe developers who were responsible for this, and use field type
-13 (as recommended above for TIFF 6.0) and a standard TIFF IFD structure when
-adding new IFD's in the future.</p>
-<a name="EXIF"></a>
-<h3>EXIF 2.3 <a class=ref href="#ref4">[4]</a></h3>
-<p>The EXIF specification has been the standard for digital camera metadata for
-many years, and while the digital camera technology has advanced significantly
-in these years, the EXIF specification has not.  There are a number of
-significant problems with the EXIF specification which have never been
-addressed.</p>
-<p>Some current problems with the EXIF specification are:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>Maker note data structure has no restrictions and is easily invalidated when
-editing EXIF.</li>
-<li>No facility for storing the time zone for date/time values. <i>[finally
-added to Exif 2.31 spec.]</i></li>
-<li>Very limited support for alternate character sets (essentially only the
-UserComment tag has this feature).</li>
-<li>No alternate language support.</li>
-<li>Byte ordering for "Unicode" text strings, and the meaning of "Unicode"
-itself is not clearly specified.</li>
-<li>Mandatory tags are unnecessary and painful to implement.</li>
-<li>ApertureValue and MaxApertureValue are stored as unsigned RATIONAL, which
-means that lenses with F numbers faster than 1.0 (with equivalent APEX values of
-less than zero) can not be represented.</li>
-<li>MaxApertureValue is defined as "The smallest F number of the lens".  This
-definition is unclear in the case of zoom lenses where the maximum aperture
-varies across the zoom range.  Some manufacturers (Canon, Nikon, Sony) store the
-maximum aperture at the specific focal length, but others (Olympus, Pentax)
-store the absolute maximum aperture of the lens.</li>
-<li>EXIF is not extensible, and is missing definitions for storing some
-information that could be very useful to camera owners (eg. camera pitch/roll
-angles, sensor temperature, face detection, auto-focus points, image
-stabilization, flash exposure compensation, etc). <i>[Some of these tags
-were added in the Exif 2.31 specification.]</i></li>
-</ol>
-<p><b>Simple solutions:</b></p>
-<ol>
-<li>Specify that maker note data must be self-contained (ie. must not exceed the
-bounds of the maker note value data), and must be relocatable (ie. must not use
-absolute offsets).  <i>[I would have suggested defining a new maker note tag
-with field type 13 (IFD) which references a standard format IFD, but I am afraid
-that no camera maker would ever jump on board with this suggestion now that they
-have already been seduced by the dark side.]</i></li>
-<li>Change the specification to allow an optional time zone of the format
-"-05:00" to be appended to the date/time string values.</li>
-<li>Change the specification to allow UTF-8 in ASCII-type values as recommended
-by the MWG<a class=ref href="#ref5">[5]</a>.</li>
-<li>No simple solution for this.  XMP<a class=ref href="#ref6">[6]</a>
-is the only reasonable alternative if alternate language support is
-required.</li>
-<li>Specify that the Unicode byte order must be the same as the EXIF byte
-ordering. (This is the only reasonable choice, but for some reason both
-Microsoft and Apple seem to write Unicode using the native processor byte
-ordering. regardless of the EXIF byte order.)  Also, it should be made clear
-that by "Unicode" the EXIF specification actually means UCS-2, although updating
-this to allow UTF-16 surrogate pairs may be a good idea.</li>
-<li>Define reasonable fallback values for required tags which are missing.</li>
-<li>Allow ApertureValue and MaxApertureValue to be stored as signed SRATIONAL.</li>
-<li>Define whether MaxApertureValue is taken at the current focal length of
-a zoom lens, or over the entire zoom range.</li>
-<li>Expand the standard to include additional useful information available from
-modern digital cameras.</li>
-</ol>
-<a name="PhotoInfo"></a>
-<h3>Microsoft "OffsetSchema" Tag <a class=ref href="#ref7">[7]</a></h3>
-<p>In February 2007 Microsoft proposed a new PhotoInfo tag called "OffsetSchema"
-(hex. 0xEA1D, dec. 59933) in an attempt to patch a deficiency in the EXIF maker
-note specification (see point 1 in EXIF 2.2 section above).  This tag represents
-the offset difference between the original maker note location in the EXIF and
-the new location after editing, and is designed to allow the maker note tag
-values to be accessed after the location of the maker notes is changed by
-editing the EXIF. <i>[Bless their little hearts for trying to improve this
-situation, but while the idea is good the implementation is flawed and
-ultimately unworkable.]</i></p>
-<p>There are two main problems with the implementation, and the second is a show
-stopper:</p>
-<blockquote>1. For this new tag to be available to a single-pass metadata reader, it
-must come <i>before</i> the maker note data (hex. 0x927C, dec. 37500).  But
-since the EXIF/TIFF format specifies that tags must be stored in numerical
-order, the maker note tag (hex. 0x927C) comes before the OffsetSchema tag
-(hex. 0xEA1D).</blockquote>
-<blockquote>2. The OffsetSchema tag will be invalidated by any software that
-rewrites the EXIF and moves the maker notes without properly updating the tag.
-In an ideal world all application developers would release an updated version
-of their software which treats the OffsetSchema properly, and all users would
-update to this new version.  But since this is the real world it just won't
-happen, which makes the value of OffsetSchema unreliable.  Too bad, because this
-wouldn't have been a problem if Microsoft had specified that the new tag
-represented the original offset of the maker notes instead of the difference
-from the original position. With this change, the tag wouldn't need updating
-when the EXIF is edited, and the information would be much more reliable.  The
-only problem here would be editing software that explicitly changes the maker
-note offsets.  However, software with this ability is rare, and it is more
-reasonable to ask that the OffsetSchema tag simply be deleted by any software
-that updates the maker note offsets.  (Software must be fairly advanced in the
-first place if it parses the proprietary maker note data structures and changes
-these offsets.)</blockquote>
-<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>
-<p>Create a new tag which comes before the maker notes (hex. 0x927B, dec. 37499
-would be good) and represents the original offset of the maker notes.</p>
-<a name="JPEG"></a>
-<h3>JPEG File Interchange Format <a class=ref href="#ref8">[8]</a></h3>
-<p>The JPEG File Interchange Format version 1.02 was released in 1992.  The
-biggest structural problem with this standard is that metadata in these files in
-is stored in segments which have a maximum size of 65533 bytes.  This limit has
-necessitated a number of creative solutions, each creating complications and
-problems of their own.  <i>[See my comments on the <a
-href="writing.html#Preview">PreviewImage problem</a> for example.]</i></p>
-<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>
-<p>Since the value of the segment size word includes the 2 bytes of the segment
-size word itself, a value of 0 or 1 is not allowed by the current JPEG standard.
-The standard could be enhanced so a value of 1 indicates an extended JPEG
-segment where the 2-byte size word (with value 0x0001) is followed immediately
-by a 4-byte integer giving the size of the extended JPEG segment.  This would
-allow segment sizes of up to 4294967291 bytes (assuming the size includes these
-4 bytes). Further, a value of 0 could be defined for an 8-byte integer if one
-really wanted to support huge metadata segments.  Either change to an existing
-JPEG would break all current JPEG reader/writers, but the change is trivial and
-could easily be implemented.</p>
-<p><b>An alternative solution:</b></p>
-<p>Define a new application marker segment which uses a 4-byte size word.  This
-technique is already used for the extended JPEG2000 codestream MCT, MCC and MIC
-marker segments.</p>
-<a name="MPF"></a>
-<h3>Multi-Picture Format (MPF) <a class=ref href="#ref9">[9]</a></h3>
-<p>In February 2009 CIPA<a class=ref href="#ref10">[10]</a> released a
-"Multi-Picture Format" standard for storing large images in JPEG files.  This
-format is yet another attempt to bypass the JPEG segment-size limit (see above)
-to store large preview images.  But again, there is a significant problem with
-this standard:  Pointers in the new APP2 MPF segment use offsets relative to the
-start of the MPF header in this segment to reference image data after the JPEG
-EOI.  Unfortunately, these offsets are quickly broken if any data after the MPF
-segment changes length.  This problem could have been avoided if offsets had
-been specified relative to the end of file, but it is too late for this now that
-the specification is public.  However, another problem is that information after
-the JPEG EOI is often discarded by software when the file is edited.</p>
-<p><b>A possible work-around:</b></p>
-<p>Enforce the rule that the MPF APP2 segment must come after all other APP
-segments.  (It would have been smart if this was specified in the CIPA standard,
-but sadly this wasn't the case.)  If this is done, then metadata in the remaining
-APP segments (EXIF, IPTC, XMP, etc) can safely be edited without breaking the
-MPF offsets.  I suggest that all metadata editors employ this strategy,
-regardless of the segment order specified in the standard (which says that the
-MPF APP2 segment must come immediately after the EXIF APP1 segment).</p>
-<p>Unfortunately this work-around has the same problems as the Microsoft
-OffsetSchema tag because the MPF information may easily be invalidated by an
-unaware editor, and it doesn't address the problem of losing data stored after
-the JPEG EOI.</p>
-<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>
-<p>Change the JPEG specification to allow larger segments (as mentioned above in
-the JPEG section), and change the MPF specification to store all information
-inside a JPEG segment.</p>
-<p><i>[2014-04-29: CIPA has changed the location of these standards documents,
-so the URL's referenced here are now broken.]</i></p>
-<a name="refs"></a>
-<h3>References</h3>
-<ol>
-<li><a name="ref1" href="http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf">http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref2" href="http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf">http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref3" href="http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/pdfs/dng_spec_1_3_0_0.pdf">http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/pdfs/dng_spec_1_3_0_0.pdf</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref4" href="http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-008-2010_E.pdf">http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-008-2010_E.pdf</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref5" href="http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/pdf/mwg_guidance.pdf">http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/pdf/mwg_guidance.pdf</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref6" href="http://www.adobe.com/devnet/xmp/">http://www.adobe.com/devnet/xmp/</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref7" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/927527">http://support.microsoft.com/kb/927527</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref8" href="http://www.jpeg.org/public/jfif.pdf">http://www.jpeg.org/public/jfif.pdf</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref9" href="http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-X007-KEY_E.pdf">http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-X007-KEY_E.pdf</a></li>
-<li><a name="ref10" href="http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/cipa_e_kikaku_list.html">http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/cipa_e_kikaku_list.html</a></li>
-</ol>
-<hr>
-<i>Created Sep 17, 2009</i><br>
-<i>Last revised Sept 26, 2016</i>
-<p class='lf'><a href="index.html">&lt;-- Back to ExifTool home page</a></p>
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