eventmachine-eventmachine 0.12.3

data/lib/pr_eventmachine.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1011 @@
+# $Id$
+#
+# Author:: Francis Cianfrocca (gmail: blackhedd)
+# Homepage::  http://rubyeventmachine.com
+# Date:: 8 Apr 2006
+# 
+# See EventMachine and EventMachine::Connection for documentation and
+# usage examples.
+#
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
+# Gmail: blackhedd
+# 
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
+# 
+# See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
+#
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# 
+
+# TODO List:
+# TCP-connects currently assume non-blocking connect is available- need to
+#  degrade automatically on versions of Ruby prior to June 2006.
+#
+
+require 'singleton'
+require 'forwardable'
+require 'socket'
+require 'fcntl'
+require 'set'
+
+
+module EventMachine
+
+
+  class << self
+    # This is mostly useful for automated tests.
+    # Return a distinctive symbol so the caller knows whether he's dealing
+    # with an extension or with a pure-Ruby library.
+    def library_type
+      :pure_ruby
+    end
+
+    # #initialize_event_machine
+    def initialize_event_machine
+      Reactor.instance.initialize_for_run
+    end
+
+    # #add_oneshot_timer
+    #--
+    # Changed 04Oct06: intervals from the caller are now in milliseconds, but our native-ruby
+    # processor still wants them in seconds.
+    def add_oneshot_timer interval
+      Reactor.instance.install_oneshot_timer(interval / 1000)
+    end
+
+    # run_machine
+    def run_machine
+      Reactor.instance.run
+    end
+
+    # release_machine. Probably a no-op.
+    def release_machine
+    end
+
+    # #stop
+    def stop
+      Reactor.instance.stop
+    end
+
+    # #connect_server. Return a connection descriptor to the caller.
+    # TODO, what do we return here if we can't connect?
+    def connect_server host, port
+      EvmaTCPClient.connect(host, port).uuid
+    end
+
+    # #send_data
+    def send_data target, data, datalength
+      selectable = Reactor.instance.get_selectable( target ) or raise "unknown send_data target"
+      selectable.send_data data
+    end
+
+    # #close_connection
+    # The extension version does NOT raise any kind of an error if an attempt is made
+    # to close a non-existent connection. Not sure whether we should. For now, we'll
+    # raise an error here in that case.
+    def close_connection target, after_writing
+      selectable = Reactor.instance.get_selectable( target ) or raise "unknown close_connection target"
+      selectable.schedule_close after_writing
+    end
+
+    # #start_tcp_server
+    def start_tcp_server host, port
+      (s = EvmaTCPServer.start_server host, port) or raise "no acceptor"
+      s.uuid
+    end
+
+    # #stop_tcp_server
+    def stop_tcp_server sig
+      s = Reactor.instance.get_selectable(sig)
+      s.schedule_close
+    end
+
+    # #start_unix_server
+    def start_unix_server chain
+      (s = EvmaUNIXServer.start_server chain) or raise "no acceptor"
+      s.uuid
+    end
+
+    # #connect_unix_server
+    def connect_unix_server chain
+      EvmaUNIXClient.connect(chain).uuid
+    end
+
+    # #signal_loopbreak
+    def signal_loopbreak
+      Reactor.instance.signal_loopbreak
+    end
+
+    # #get_peername
+    def get_peername sig
+      selectable = Reactor.instance.get_selectable( sig ) or raise "unknown get_peername target"
+      selectable.get_peername
+    end
+
+    # #open_udp_socket
+    def open_udp_socket host, port
+      EvmaUDPSocket.create(host, port).uuid
+    end
+
+    # #send_datagram. This is currently only for UDP!
+    # We need to make it work with unix-domain sockets as well.
+    def send_datagram target, data, datalength, host, port
+      selectable = Reactor.instance.get_selectable( target ) or raise "unknown send_data target"
+      selectable.send_datagram data, Socket::pack_sockaddr_in(port, host)
+    end
+
+
+    # #set_timer_quantum in milliseconds. The underlying Reactor function wants a (possibly
+    # fractional) number of seconds.
+    def set_timer_quantum interval
+      Reactor.instance.set_timer_quantum(( 1.0 * interval) / 1000.0)
+    end
+
+    # #epoll is a harmless no-op in the pure-Ruby implementation. This is intended to ensure
+    # that user code behaves properly across different EM implementations.
+    def epoll
+    end
+
+    # #set_rlimit_nofile is a no-op in the pure-Ruby implementation. We simply return Ruby's built-in
+    # per-process file-descriptor limit.
+    def set_rlimit_nofile n
+      1024
+    end
+
+    # #set_max_timer_count is a harmless no-op in pure Ruby, which doesn't have a built-in limit
+    # on the number of available timers.
+    def set_max_timer_count n
+    end
+
+    # #send_file_data
+    def send_file_data sig, filename
+      sz = File.size(filename)
+      raise "file too large" if sz > 32*1024
+      data =
+      begin
+        File.read filename
+      rescue
+        ""
+      end
+      send_data sig, data, data.length
+    end
+
+    # #get_outbound_data_size
+    #
+    def get_outbound_data_size sig
+      r = Reactor.instance.get_selectable( sig ) or raise "unknown get_outbound_data_size target"
+      r.get_outbound_data_size
+    end
+
+    # #read_keyboard
+    #
+    def read_keyboard
+      EvmaKeyboard.open.uuid
+    end
+
+    # #set_comm_inactivity_timeout
+    #
+    def set_comm_inactivity_timeout sig, tm
+      r = Reactor.instance.get_selectable( sig ) or raise "unknown set_comm_inactivity_timeout target"
+      r.set_inactivity_timeout tm
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+
+  class Error < Exception; end
+
+end
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+  class Connection
+    def get_outbound_data_size
+      EventMachine::get_outbound_data_size @signature
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+
+  # Factored out so we can substitute other implementations
+  # here if desired, such as the one in ActiveRBAC.
+  module UuidGenerator
+
+    def self.generate
+      if @ix and @ix >= 10000
+        @ix = nil
+        @seed = nil
+      end
+
+      @seed ||= `uuidgen`.chomp.gsub(/-/,"")
+      @ix ||= 0
+
+      "#{@seed}#{@ix += 1}"
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+
+  TimerFired = 100
+  ConnectionData = 101
+  ConnectionUnbound = 102
+  ConnectionAccepted = 103
+  ConnectionCompleted = 104
+  LoopbreakSignalled = 105
+
+end
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+class Reactor
+  include Singleton
+
+  HeartbeatInterval = 2
+
+  attr_reader :current_loop_time
+
+  def initialize
+    initialize_for_run
+  end
+
+  #--
+  # Replaced original implementation 05Dec07, was way too slow because of the sort.
+  def install_oneshot_timer interval
+    uuid = UuidGenerator::generate
+    #@timers << [Time.now + interval, uuid]
+    #@timers.sort! {|a,b| a.first <=> b.first}
+    @timers.add([Time.now + interval, uuid])
+    uuid
+  end
+
+  # Called before run, this is a good place to clear out arrays
+  # with cruft that may be left over from a previous run.
+  def initialize_for_run
+    @running = false
+    @stop_scheduled = false
+    @selectables ||= {}; @selectables.clear
+    @timers = SortedSet.new # []
+    set_timer_quantum(0.1)
+    @current_loop_time = Time.now
+    @next_heartbeat = @current_loop_time + HeartbeatInterval
+  end
+
+  def add_selectable io
+    @selectables[io.uuid] = io
+  end
+
+  def get_selectable uuid
+    @selectables[uuid]
+  end
+
+  def run
+    raise Error.new( "already running" ) if @running
+    @running = true
+
+    begin
+      open_loopbreaker
+
+      loop {
+	@current_loop_time = Time.now
+
+        break if @stop_scheduled
+        run_timers
+        break if @stop_scheduled
+        crank_selectables
+        break if @stop_scheduled
+        run_heartbeats
+      }
+    ensure
+      close_loopbreaker
+      @selectables.each {|k, io| io.close}
+      @selectables.clear
+
+      @running = false
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  def run_timers
+    @timers.each {|t|
+      if t.first <= @current_loop_time
+        @timers.delete t
+	EventMachine::event_callback "", TimerFired, t.last
+      else
+        break
+      end
+    }
+    #while @timers.length > 0 and @timers.first.first <= now
+    #  t = @timers.shift
+    #  EventMachine::event_callback "", TimerFired, t.last
+    #end
+  end
+
+  def run_heartbeats
+    if @next_heartbeat <= @current_loop_time
+      @next_heartbeat = @current_loop_time + HeartbeatInterval
+      @selectables.each {|k,io| io.heartbeat}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def crank_selectables
+      #$stderr.write 'R'
+
+      readers = @selectables.values.select {|io| io.select_for_reading?}
+      writers = @selectables.values.select {|io| io.select_for_writing?}
+
+      s = select( readers, writers, nil, @timer_quantum)
+
+      s and s[1] and s[1].each {|w| w.eventable_write }
+      s and s[0] and s[0].each {|r| r.eventable_read }
+
+      @selectables.delete_if {|k,io|
+        if io.close_scheduled?
+          io.close
+          true
+        end
+      }
+  end
+
+  # #stop
+  def stop
+    raise Error.new( "not running") unless @running
+    @stop_scheduled = true
+  end
+
+  def open_loopbreaker
+	  # Can't use an IO.pipe because they can't be set nonselectable in Windows.
+	  # Pick a random localhost UDP port.
+    #@loopbreak_writer.close if @loopbreak_writer
+    #rd,@loopbreak_writer = IO.pipe
+	@loopbreak_reader = UDPSocket.new
+	@loopbreak_writer = UDPSocket.new
+	bound = false
+	100.times {
+		@loopbreak_port = rand(10000) + 40000
+		begin
+			@loopbreak_reader.bind "localhost", @loopbreak_port
+			bound = true
+			break
+		rescue
+		end
+	}
+	raise "Unable to bind Loopbreaker" unless bound
+	LoopbreakReader.new(@loopbreak_reader)
+  end
+
+  def close_loopbreaker
+    @loopbreak_writer.close
+    @loopbreak_writer = nil
+  end
+
+  def signal_loopbreak
+    #@loopbreak_writer.write '+' if @loopbreak_writer
+	@loopbreak_writer.send('+',0,"localhost",@loopbreak_port) if @loopbreak_writer
+  end
+
+  def set_timer_quantum interval_in_seconds
+    @timer_quantum = interval_in_seconds
+  end
+
+end
+
+end
+
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class IO
+  extend Forwardable
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :close_scheduled?
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :select_for_reading?
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :select_for_writing?
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :eventable_read
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :eventable_write
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :uuid
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :send_data
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :schedule_close
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :get_peername
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :send_datagram
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :get_outbound_data_size
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :set_inactivity_timeout
+  def_delegator :@my_selectable, :heartbeat
+end
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+  class Selectable
+
+    attr_reader :io, :uuid
+
+    def initialize io
+      @uuid = UuidGenerator.generate
+      @io = io
+      @last_activity = Reactor.instance.current_loop_time
+
+      if defined?(Fcntl::F_GETFL)
+	m = @io.fcntl(Fcntl::F_GETFL, 0)
+	@io.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFL, Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK | m)
+      else
+	      # Windows doesn't define F_GETFL.
+	      # It's not very reliable about setting descriptors nonblocking either.
+	      begin
+	      	s = Socket.for_fd(@io.fileno)
+	      	s.fcntl( Fcntl::F_SETFL, Fcntl::O_NONBLOCK )
+	      rescue Errno::EINVAL, Errno::EBADF
+		      STDERR.puts "Serious error: unable to set descriptor non-blocking"
+	      end
+      end
+      # TODO, should set CLOEXEC on Unix?
+
+      @close_scheduled = false
+      @close_requested = false
+
+      se = self; @io.instance_eval { @my_selectable = se }
+      Reactor.instance.add_selectable @io
+    end
+
+    def close_scheduled?
+      @close_scheduled
+    end
+
+    def select_for_reading?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def select_for_writing?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def get_peername
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def set_inactivity_timeout tm
+      @inactivity_timeout = tm
+    end
+
+    def heartbeat
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+module EventMachine
+
+  class StreamObject < Selectable
+    def initialize io
+      super io
+      @outbound_q = []
+    end
+
+    # If we have to close, or a close-after-writing has been requested,
+    # then don't read any more data.
+    def select_for_reading?
+      true unless (@close_scheduled || @close_requested)
+    end
+
+    # If we have to close, don't select for writing.
+    # Otherwise, see if the protocol is ready to close.
+    # If not, see if he has data to send.
+    # If a close-after-writing has been requested and the outbound queue
+    # is empty, convert the status to close_scheduled.
+    def select_for_writing?
+      unless @close_scheduled
+        if @outbound_q.empty?
+          @close_scheduled = true if @close_requested
+          false
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Proper nonblocking I/O was added to Ruby 1.8.4 in May 2006.
+    # If we have it, then we can read multiple times safely to improve
+    # performance.
+    # The last-activity clock ASSUMES that we only come here when we
+    # have selected readable.
+    # TODO, coalesce multiple reads into a single event.
+    # TODO, do the function check somewhere else and cache it.
+    def eventable_read
+      @last_activity = Reactor.instance.current_loop_time
+      begin
+        if io.respond_to?(:read_nonblock)
+          10.times {
+            data = io.read_nonblock(4096)
+            EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionData, data
+          }
+        else
+          data = io.sysread(4096)
+          EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionData, data
+        end
+      rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EWOULDBLOCK
+        # no-op
+      rescue Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNREFUSED, EOFError
+        @close_scheduled = true
+        EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionUnbound, nil
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    # Provisional implementation. Will be re-implemented in subclasses.
+    # TODO: Complete this implementation. As it stands, this only writes
+    # a single packet per cycle. Highly inefficient, but required unless
+    # we're running on a Ruby with proper nonblocking I/O (Ruby 1.8.4
+    # built from sources from May 25, 2006 or newer).
+    # We need to improve the loop so it writes multiple times, however
+    # not more than a certain number of bytes per cycle, otherwise
+    # one busy connection could hog output buffers and slow down other
+    # connections. Also we should coalesce small writes.
+    # URGENT TODO: Coalesce small writes. They are a performance killer.
+    # The last-activity recorder ASSUMES we'll only come here if we've
+    # selected writable.
+    def eventable_write
+      # coalesce the outbound array here, perhaps
+      @last_activity = Reactor.instance.current_loop_time
+      while data = @outbound_q.shift do
+        begin
+          data = data.to_s
+          w = if io.respond_to?(:write_nonblock)
+            io.write_nonblock data
+          else
+            io.syswrite data
+          end
+
+          if w < data.length
+            @outbound_q.unshift data[w..-1]
+            break
+          end
+        rescue Errno::EAGAIN
+          @outbound_q.unshift data
+        rescue EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNREFUSED
+          @close_scheduled = true
+          @outbound_q.clear
+        end
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    # #send_data
+    def send_data data
+      # TODO, coalesce here perhaps by being smarter about appending to @outbound_q.last?
+      unless @close_scheduled or @close_requested or !data or data.length <= 0
+        @outbound_q << data.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    # #schedule_close
+    # The application wants to close the connection.
+    def schedule_close after_writing
+      if after_writing
+        @close_requested = true
+      else
+        @close_scheduled = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    # #get_peername
+    # This is defined in the normal way on connected stream objects.
+    # Return an object that is suitable for passing to Socket#unpack_sockaddr_in or variants.
+    # We could also use a convenience method that did the unpacking automatically.
+    def get_peername
+      io.getpeername
+    end
+
+    # #get_outbound_data_size
+    def get_outbound_data_size
+      @outbound_q.inject(0) {|memo,obj| memo += (obj || "").length}
+    end
+
+    def heartbeat
+      if @inactivity_timeout and (@last_activity + @inactivity_timeout) < Reactor.instance.current_loop_time
+        schedule_close true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+
+end
+
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+module EventMachine
+  class EvmaTCPClient < StreamObject
+
+    def self.connect host, port
+      sd = Socket.new( Socket::AF_INET, Socket::SOCK_STREAM, 0 )
+      begin
+        # TODO, this assumes a current Ruby snapshot.
+        # We need to degrade to a nonblocking connect otherwise.
+        sd.connect_nonblock( Socket.pack_sockaddr_in( port, host ))
+      rescue Errno::EINPROGRESS
+      end
+      EvmaTCPClient.new sd
+    end
+
+
+    def initialize io
+      super
+      @pending = true
+    end
+
+
+    def select_for_writing?
+      @pending ? true : super
+    end
+
+    def select_for_reading?
+      @pending ? false : super
+    end
+
+    def eventable_write
+      if @pending
+        @pending = false
+	if 0 == io.getsockopt(Socket::SOL_SOCKET, Socket::SO_ERROR).unpack("i").first
+          EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionCompleted, ""
+	end
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+
+
+  end
+end
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+module EventMachine
+  class EvmaKeyboard < StreamObject
+
+    def self.open
+      EvmaKeyboard.new STDIN
+    end
+
+
+    def initialize io
+      super
+    end
+
+
+    def select_for_writing?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def select_for_reading?
+      true
+    end
+
+
+  end
+end
+
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+module EventMachine
+  class EvmaUNIXClient < StreamObject
+
+    def self.connect chain
+      sd = Socket.new( Socket::AF_LOCAL, Socket::SOCK_STREAM, 0 )
+      begin
+        # TODO, this assumes a current Ruby snapshot.
+        # We need to degrade to a nonblocking connect otherwise.
+        sd.connect_nonblock( Socket.pack_sockaddr_un( chain ))
+      rescue Errno::EINPROGRESS
+      end
+      EvmaUNIXClient.new sd
+    end
+
+
+    def initialize io
+      super
+      @pending = true
+    end
+
+
+    def select_for_writing?
+      @pending ? true : super
+    end
+
+    def select_for_reading?
+      @pending ? false : super
+    end
+
+    def eventable_write
+      if @pending
+        @pending = false
+	if 0 == io.getsockopt(Socket::SOL_SOCKET, Socket::SO_ERROR).unpack("i").first
+          EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionCompleted, ""
+	end
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+
+
+  end
+end
+
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+  class EvmaTCPServer < Selectable
+
+    # TODO, refactor and unify with EvmaUNIXServer.
+
+    class << self
+      # Versions of ruby 1.8.4 later than May 26 2006 will work properly
+      # with an object of type TCPServer. Prior versions won't so we
+      # play it safe and just build a socket.
+      #
+      def start_server host, port
+        sd = Socket.new( Socket::AF_INET, Socket::SOCK_STREAM, 0 )
+        sd.setsockopt( Socket::SOL_SOCKET, Socket::SO_REUSEADDR, true )
+        sd.bind( Socket.pack_sockaddr_in( port, host ))
+        sd.listen( 50 ) # 5 is what you see in all the books. Ain't enough.
+        EvmaTCPServer.new sd
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize io
+      super io
+    end
+
+
+    def select_for_reading?
+      true
+    end
+
+    #--
+    # accept_nonblock returns an array consisting of the accepted
+    # socket and a sockaddr_in which names the peer.
+    # Don't accept more than 10 at a time.
+    def eventable_read
+      begin
+        10.times {
+          descriptor,peername = io.accept_nonblock
+          sd = StreamObject.new descriptor
+          EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionAccepted, sd.uuid
+        }
+      rescue Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EAGAIN
+      end
+    end
+
+    #--
+    #
+    def schedule_close
+      @close_scheduled = true
+    end
+
+  end
+end
+
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+  class EvmaUNIXServer < Selectable
+
+    # TODO, refactor and unify with EvmaTCPServer.
+
+    class << self
+      # Versions of ruby 1.8.4 later than May 26 2006 will work properly
+      # with an object of type TCPServer. Prior versions won't so we
+      # play it safe and just build a socket.
+      #
+      def start_server chain
+        sd = Socket.new( Socket::AF_LOCAL, Socket::SOCK_STREAM, 0 )
+        sd.setsockopt( Socket::SOL_SOCKET, Socket::SO_REUSEADDR, true )
+        sd.bind( Socket.pack_sockaddr_un( chain ))
+        sd.listen( 50 ) # 5 is what you see in all the books. Ain't enough.
+        EvmaUNIXServer.new sd
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize io
+      super io
+    end
+
+
+    def select_for_reading?
+      true
+    end
+
+    #--
+    # accept_nonblock returns an array consisting of the accepted
+    # socket and a sockaddr_in which names the peer.
+    # Don't accept more than 10 at a time.
+    def eventable_read
+      begin
+        10.times {
+          descriptor,peername = io.accept_nonblock
+          sd = StreamObject.new descriptor
+          EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionAccepted, sd.uuid
+        }
+      rescue Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EAGAIN
+      end
+    end
+
+    #--
+    #
+    def schedule_close
+      @close_scheduled = true
+    end
+
+  end
+end
+
+
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+  class LoopbreakReader < Selectable
+
+    def select_for_reading?
+      true
+    end
+
+    def eventable_read
+          io.sysread(128)
+          EventMachine::event_callback "", LoopbreakSignalled, ""
+    end
+
+  end
+end
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+module EventMachine
+
+  class DatagramObject < Selectable
+    def initialize io
+      super io
+      @outbound_q = []
+    end
+
+    # #send_datagram
+    def send_datagram data, target
+      # TODO, coalesce here perhaps by being smarter about appending to @outbound_q.last?
+      unless @close_scheduled or @close_requested
+        @outbound_q << [data.to_s, target]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # #select_for_writing?
+    def select_for_writing?
+      unless @close_scheduled
+        if @outbound_q.empty?
+          @close_scheduled = true if @close_requested
+          false
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # #select_for_reading?
+    def select_for_reading?
+      true
+    end
+
+    # #get_outbound_data_size
+    def get_outbound_data_size
+      @outbound_q.inject(0) {|memo,obj| memo += (obj || "").length}
+    end
+
+
+  end
+
+
+end
+
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module EventMachine
+  class EvmaUDPSocket < DatagramObject
+
+    class << self
+      def create host, port
+        sd = Socket.new( Socket::AF_INET, Socket::SOCK_DGRAM, 0 )
+        sd.bind Socket::pack_sockaddr_in( port, host )
+        EvmaUDPSocket.new sd
+      end
+    end
+
+    # #eventable_write
+    # This really belongs in DatagramObject, but there is some UDP-specific stuff.
+    def eventable_write
+      40.times {
+        break if @outbound_q.empty?
+        begin
+          data,target = @outbound_q.first
+
+          # This damn better be nonblocking.
+          io.send data.to_s, 0, target
+
+          @outbound_q.shift
+        rescue Errno::EAGAIN
+          # It's not been observed in testing that we ever get here.
+          # True to the definition, packets will be accepted and quietly dropped
+          # if the system is under pressure.
+          break
+        rescue EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET
+          @close_scheduled = true
+          @outbound_q.clear
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Proper nonblocking I/O was added to Ruby 1.8.4 in May 2006.
+    # If we have it, then we can read multiple times safely to improve
+    # performance.
+    def eventable_read
+      begin
+        if io.respond_to?(:recvfrom_nonblock)
+          40.times {
+            data,@return_address = io.recvfrom_nonblock(16384)
+            EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionData, data
+            @return_address = nil
+          }
+        else
+          raise "unimplemented datagram-read operation on this Ruby"
+        end
+      rescue Errno::EAGAIN
+        # no-op
+      rescue Errno::ECONNRESET, EOFError
+        @close_scheduled = true
+        EventMachine::event_callback uuid, ConnectionUnbound, nil
+      end
+
+    end
+
+
+    def send_data data
+      send_datagram data, @return_address
+    end
+
+  end
+end
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+