ddtrace 0.50.0 → 1.0.0

data/lib/datadog/profiling/collectors/stack.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# typed: true
+
+require 'datadog/core/utils/only_once'
+require 'datadog/core/utils/time'
+require 'datadog/core/worker'
+require 'datadog/core/workers/polling'
+require 'datadog/profiling/backtrace_location'
+require 'datadog/profiling/events/stack'
+require 'datadog/profiling/native_extension'
+
+module Datadog
+  module Profiling
+    module Collectors
+      # Collects stack trace samples from Ruby threads for both CPU-time (if available) and wall-clock.
+      # Runs on its own background thread.
+      #
+      class Stack < Core::Worker # rubocop:disable Metrics/ClassLength
+        include Core::Workers::Polling
+
+        DEFAULT_MAX_TIME_USAGE_PCT = 2.0
+        MIN_INTERVAL = 0.01
+        THREAD_LAST_CPU_TIME_KEY = :datadog_profiler_last_cpu_time
+        THREAD_LAST_WALL_CLOCK_KEY = :datadog_profiler_last_wall_clock
+        SYNTHETIC_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE = [BacktraceLocation.new('', 0, 'In native code').freeze].freeze
+
+        # This default was picked based on the current sampling performance and on expected concurrency on an average
+        # Ruby MRI application. Lowering this optimizes for latency (less impact each time we sample), and raising
+        # optimizes for coverage (less chance to miss what a given thread is doing).
+        DEFAULT_MAX_THREADS_SAMPLED = 16
+
+        attr_reader \
+          :recorder,
+          :max_frames,
+          :trace_identifiers_helper,
+          :ignore_thread,
+          :max_time_usage_pct,
+          :thread_api,
+          :cpu_time_provider
+
+        def initialize(
+          recorder,
+          max_frames:,
+          trace_identifiers_helper:, # Usually an instance of Profiling::TraceIdentifiers::Helper
+          ignore_thread: nil,
+          max_time_usage_pct: DEFAULT_MAX_TIME_USAGE_PCT,
+          max_threads_sampled: DEFAULT_MAX_THREADS_SAMPLED,
+          thread_api: Thread,
+          cpu_time_provider: Profiling::NativeExtension,
+          fork_policy: Core::Workers::Async::Thread::FORK_POLICY_RESTART, # Restart in forks by default
+          interval: MIN_INTERVAL,
+          enabled: true
+        )
+          @recorder = recorder
+          @max_frames = max_frames
+          @trace_identifiers_helper = trace_identifiers_helper
+          @ignore_thread = ignore_thread
+          @max_time_usage_pct = max_time_usage_pct
+          @max_threads_sampled = max_threads_sampled
+          @thread_api = thread_api
+          # Only set the provider if it's able to work in the current Ruby/OS combo
+          @cpu_time_provider = cpu_time_provider unless cpu_time_provider.cpu_time_ns_for(thread_api.current).nil?
+
+          # Workers::Async::Thread settings
+          self.fork_policy = fork_policy
+
+          # Workers::IntervalLoop settings
+          self.loop_base_interval = interval
+
+          # Workers::Polling settings
+          self.enabled = enabled
+
+          # Cache this proc, since it's pretty expensive to keep recreating it
+          @build_backtrace_location = method(:build_backtrace_location).to_proc
+          # Cache this buffer, since it's pretty expensive to keep accessing it
+          @stack_sample_event_recorder = recorder[Events::StackSample]
+          # See below for details on why this is needed
+          @needs_process_waiter_workaround =
+            Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) >= Gem::Version.new('2.3') &&
+            Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION) < Gem::Version.new('2.7')
+        end
+
+        def start
+          reset_cpu_time_tracking
+          perform
+        end
+
+        def perform
+          collect_and_wait
+        end
+
+        def collect_and_wait
+          run_time = Core::Utils::Time.measure do
+            collect_events
+          end
+
+          # Update wait time to throttle profiling
+          self.loop_wait_time = compute_wait_time(run_time)
+        end
+
+        def collect_events
+          events = []
+          current_wall_time_ns = get_current_wall_time_timestamp_ns
+
+          # Collect backtraces from each thread
+          threads_to_sample.each do |thread|
+            next unless thread.alive?
+            next if ignore_thread.is_a?(Proc) && ignore_thread.call(thread)
+
+            event = collect_thread_event(thread, current_wall_time_ns)
+            events << event unless event.nil?
+          end
+
+          # Send events to recorder
+          recorder.push(events) unless events.empty?
+
+          events
+        end
+
+        def collect_thread_event(thread, current_wall_time_ns)
+          locations = thread.backtrace_locations
+          return if locations.nil?
+
+          # Having empty locations means that the thread is alive, but we don't know what it's doing:
+          #
+          # 1. It can be starting up
+          #    ```
+          #    > Thread.new { sleep }.backtrace
+          #    => [] # <-- note the thread hasn't actually started running sleep yet, we got there first
+          #    ```
+          # 2. It can be running native code
+          #    ```
+          #    > t = Process.detach(fork { sleep })
+          #    => #<Process::Waiter:0x00007ffe7285f7a0 run>
+          #    > t.backtrace
+          #    => [] # <-- this can happen even minutes later, e.g. it's not a race as in 1.
+          #    ```
+          #    This effect has been observed in threads created by the Iodine web server and the ffi gem
+          #
+          # To give customers visibility into these threads, we replace the empty stack with one containing a
+          # synthetic placeholder frame, so that these threads are properly represented in the UX.
+          locations = SYNTHETIC_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE if locations.empty?
+
+          # Get actual stack size then trim the stack
+          stack_size = locations.length
+          locations = locations[0..(max_frames - 1)]
+
+          # Convert backtrace locations into structs
+          locations = convert_backtrace_locations(locations)
+
+          thread_id = thread.object_id
+          root_span_id, span_id, trace_resource = trace_identifiers_helper.trace_identifiers_for(thread)
+          cpu_time = get_cpu_time_interval!(thread)
+          wall_time_interval_ns =
+            get_elapsed_since_last_sample_and_set_value(thread, THREAD_LAST_WALL_CLOCK_KEY, current_wall_time_ns)
+
+          Events::StackSample.new(
+            nil,
+            locations,
+            stack_size,
+            thread_id,
+            root_span_id,
+            span_id,
+            trace_resource,
+            cpu_time,
+            wall_time_interval_ns
+          )
+        end
+
+        def get_cpu_time_interval!(thread)
+          return unless cpu_time_provider
+
+          current_cpu_time_ns = cpu_time_provider.cpu_time_ns_for(thread)
+
+          return unless current_cpu_time_ns
+
+          get_elapsed_since_last_sample_and_set_value(thread, THREAD_LAST_CPU_TIME_KEY, current_cpu_time_ns)
+        end
+
+        def compute_wait_time(used_time)
+          # We took used_time to get the last sample.
+          #
+          # What we're computing here is -- if used_time corresponds to max_time_usage_pct of the time we should
+          # spend working, how much is (100% - max_time_usage_pct) of the time?
+          #
+          # For instance, if we took 10ms to sample, and max_time_usage_pct is 1%, then the other 99% is 990ms, which
+          # means we need to sleep for 990ms to guarantee that we don't spend more than 1% of the time working.
+          used_time_ns = used_time * 1e9
+          interval = (used_time_ns / (max_time_usage_pct / 100.0)) - used_time_ns
+          [interval / 1e9, MIN_INTERVAL].max
+        end
+
+        # Convert backtrace locations into structs
+        # Re-use old backtrace location objects if they already exist in the buffer
+        def convert_backtrace_locations(locations)
+          locations.collect do |location|
+            # Re-use existing BacktraceLocation if identical copy, otherwise build a new one.
+            @stack_sample_event_recorder.cache(:backtrace_locations).fetch(
+              # Function name
+              location.base_label,
+              # Line number
+              location.lineno,
+              # Filename
+              location.path,
+              # Build function
+              &@build_backtrace_location
+            )
+          end
+        end
+
+        def build_backtrace_location(_id, base_label, lineno, path)
+          string_table = @stack_sample_event_recorder.string_table
+
+          Profiling::BacktraceLocation.new(
+            string_table.fetch_string(base_label),
+            lineno,
+            string_table.fetch_string(path)
+          )
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        # If the profiler is started for a while, stopped and then restarted OR whenever the process forks, we need to
+        # clean up any leftover per-thread counters, so that the first sample after starting doesn't end up with:
+        #
+        # a) negative time: At least on my test docker container, and on the reliability environment, after the process
+        #    forks, the cpu time reference changes and (old cpu time - new cpu time) can be < 0
+        #
+        # b) large amount of time: if the profiler was started, then stopped for some amount of time, and then
+        #    restarted, we don't want the first sample to be "blamed" for multiple minutes of CPU time
+        #
+        # By resetting the last cpu time seen, we start with a clean slate every time we start the stack collector.
+        def reset_cpu_time_tracking
+          thread_api.list.each do |thread|
+            # See below for details on why this is needed
+            next if @needs_process_waiter_workaround && thread.is_a?(::Process::Waiter)
+
+            thread.thread_variable_set(THREAD_LAST_CPU_TIME_KEY, nil)
+            thread.thread_variable_set(THREAD_LAST_WALL_CLOCK_KEY, nil)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def get_elapsed_since_last_sample_and_set_value(thread, key, current_value)
+          # Process::Waiter crash workaround:
+          #
+          # This is a workaround for a Ruby VM segfault (usually something like
+          # "[BUG] Segmentation fault at 0x0000000000000008") in the affected Ruby versions.
+          # See https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17807 for details.
+          #
+          # In those Ruby versions, there's a very special subclass of `Thread` called `Process::Waiter` that causes VM
+          # crashes whenever something tries to read its instance or thread variables. This subclass of thread only
+          # shows up when the `Process.detach` API gets used.
+          # In the specs you'll find crash regression tests that include a way of reproducing it.
+          #
+          # As workaround for now we just skip it for the affected Rubies
+          return 0 if @needs_process_waiter_workaround && thread.is_a?(::Process::Waiter)
+
+          last_value = thread.thread_variable_get(key) || current_value
+          thread.thread_variable_set(key, current_value)
+
+          current_value - last_value
+        end
+
+        # Whenever there are more than max_threads_sampled active, we only sample a subset of them.
+        # We do this to avoid impacting the latency of the service being profiled. We want to avoid doing
+        # a big burst of work all at once (sample everything), and instead do a little work each time
+        # (sample a bit by bit).
+        #
+        # Because we pick the threads to sample randomly, we'll eventually sample all threads -- just not at once.
+        # Notice also that this will interact with our dynamic sampling mechanism -- if samples are faster, we take
+        # them more often, if they are slower, we take them less often -- which again means that over a longer period
+        # we should take sample roughly the same samples.
+        #
+        # One downside of this approach is that if there really are many threads, the resulting wall clock times
+        # in a one minute profile may "drift" around the 60 second mark, e.g. maybe we only sampled a thread once per
+        # second and only 59 times, so we'll report 59s, but on the next report we'll include the missing one, so
+        # then the result will be 61s. I've observed 60 +- 1.68 secs for an app with ~65 threads, given the
+        # default maximum of 16 threads. This seems a reasonable enough margin of error given the improvement to
+        # latency (especially on such a large application! -> even bigger latency impact if we tried to sample all
+        # threads).
+        #
+        def threads_to_sample
+          all_threads = thread_api.list
+
+          if all_threads.size > @max_threads_sampled
+            all_threads.sample(@max_threads_sampled)
+          else
+            all_threads
+          end
+        end
+
+        def get_current_wall_time_timestamp_ns
+          Core::Utils::Time.get_time(:nanosecond)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/datadog/profiling/encoding/profile.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# typed: true
+
+require 'set'
+require 'time'
+
+require 'datadog/core'
+require 'datadog/profiling/flush'
+require 'datadog/profiling/pprof/template'
+
+module Datadog
+  module Profiling
+    module Encoding
+      module Profile
+        # Encodes gathered data into the pprof format
+        module Protobuf
+          module_function
+
+          def encode(flush)
+            return unless flush
+
+            # Create a pprof template from the list of event types
+            event_classes = flush.event_groups.collect(&:event_class).uniq
+            template = Pprof::Template.for_event_classes(event_classes)
+
+            # Add all events to the pprof
+            flush.event_groups.each { |event_group| template.add_events!(event_group.event_class, event_group.events) }
+
+            Datadog.logger.debug do
+              max_events = Datadog.configuration.profiling.advanced.max_events
+              events_sampled =
+                if flush.event_count == max_events
+                  'max events limit hit, events were sampled [profile will be biased], '
+                else
+                  ''
+                end
+
+              "Encoding profile covering #{flush.start.iso8601} to #{flush.finish.iso8601}, " \
+              "events: #{flush.event_count} (#{events_sampled}#{template.debug_statistics})"
+            end
+
+            # Build the profile and encode it
+            template.to_pprof(start: flush.start, finish: flush.finish)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/datadog/profiling/event.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# typed: true
+
+module Datadog
+  module Profiling
+    # Describes a sample of some data obtained from the runtime.
+    class Event
+      attr_reader \
+        :timestamp
+
+      def initialize(timestamp = nil)
+        @timestamp = timestamp || Time.now.utc.to_f
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/datadog/profiling/events/stack.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# typed: true
+
+require 'datadog/profiling/event'
+
+module Datadog
+  module Profiling
+    module Events
+      # Describes a stack profiling event
+      class Stack < Event
+        attr_reader \
+          :hash,
+          :frames,
+          :total_frame_count,
+          :thread_id,
+          :root_span_id,
+          :span_id,
+          :trace_resource
+
+        def initialize(
+          timestamp,
+          frames,
+          total_frame_count,
+          thread_id,
+          root_span_id,
+          span_id,
+          trace_resource
+        )
+          super(timestamp)
+
+          @frames = frames
+          @total_frame_count = total_frame_count
+          @thread_id = thread_id
+          @root_span_id = root_span_id
+          @span_id = span_id
+          @trace_resource = trace_resource
+
+          @hash = [
+            thread_id,
+            root_span_id,
+            span_id,
+            # trace_resource is deliberately not included -- events that share the same (root_span_id, span_id) refer
+            # to the same trace
+            frames.collect(&:hash),
+            total_frame_count
+          ].hash
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Describes a stack sample
+      class StackSample < Stack
+        attr_reader \
+          :cpu_time_interval_ns,
+          :wall_time_interval_ns
+
+        def initialize(
+          timestamp,
+          frames,
+          total_frame_count,
+          thread_id,
+          root_span_id,
+          span_id,
+          trace_resource,
+          cpu_time_interval_ns,
+          wall_time_interval_ns
+        )
+          super(
+            timestamp,
+            frames,
+            total_frame_count,
+            thread_id,
+            root_span_id,
+            span_id,
+            trace_resource
+          )
+
+          @cpu_time_interval_ns = cpu_time_interval_ns
+          @wall_time_interval_ns = wall_time_interval_ns
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/datadog/profiling/exporter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# typed: true
+
+require 'datadog/profiling/transport/io/client'
+
+module Datadog
+  module Profiling
+    # Writes profiling data to a given transport
+    class Exporter
+      attr_reader \
+        :transport
+
+      def initialize(transport)
+        unless transport.is_a?(Profiling::Transport::Client)
+          raise ArgumentError, 'Unsupported transport for profiling exporter.'
+        end
+
+        @transport = transport
+      end
+
+      def export(flush)
+        transport.send_profiling_flush(flush)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/datadog/profiling/ext/forking.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# typed: false
+
+module Datadog
+  module Profiling
+    module Ext
+      # Monkey patches `Kernel#fork`, adding a `Kernel#at_fork` callback mechanism which is used to restore
+      # profiling abilities after the VM forks.
+      module Forking
+        def self.supported?
+          Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        end
+
+        def self.apply!
+          return false unless supported?
+
+          modules = [::Process, ::Kernel]
+          # TODO: Ruby < 2.3 doesn't support Binding#receiver.
+          #       Remove "else #eval" clause when Ruby < 2.3 support is dropped.
+          # NOTE: Modifying the "main" object as we do here is (as far as I know) irreversible. During tests, this change
+          #       will stick around even if we otherwise stub `Process` and `Kernel`.
+          modules << (TOPLEVEL_BINDING.respond_to?(:receiver) ? TOPLEVEL_BINDING.receiver : TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval('self'))
+
+          # Patch top-level binding, Kernel, Process.
+          # NOTE: We could instead do Kernel.module_eval { def fork; ... end }
+          #       however, this method rewrite is more invasive and irreversible.
+          #       It could also have collisions with other libraries that patch.
+          #       Opt to modify the inheritance of each relevant target instead.
+          modules.each do |mod|
+            clazz = if mod.class <= Module
+                      mod.singleton_class
+                    else
+                      mod.class
+                    end
+
+            clazz.prepend(Kernel)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Extensions for kernel
+        module Kernel
+          FORK_STAGES = [:prepare, :parent, :child].freeze
+
+          def fork
+            # If a block is provided, it must be wrapped to trigger callbacks.
+            child_block = if block_given?
+                            proc do
+                              # Trigger :child callback
+                              at_fork_blocks[:child].each(&:call) if at_fork_blocks.key?(:child)
+
+                              # Invoke original block
+                              yield
+                            end
+                          end
+
+            # Trigger :prepare callback
+            at_fork_blocks[:prepare].each(&:call) if at_fork_blocks.key?(:prepare)
+
+            # Start fork
+            # If a block is provided, use the wrapped version.
+            result = child_block.nil? ? super : super(&child_block)
+
+            # Trigger correct callbacks depending on whether we're in the parent or child.
+            # If we're in the fork, result = nil: trigger child callbacks.
+            # If we're in the parent, result = fork PID: trigger parent callbacks.
+            # rubocop:disable Style/IfInsideElse
+            if result.nil?
+              # Trigger :child callback
+              at_fork_blocks[:child].each(&:call) if at_fork_blocks.key?(:child)
+            else
+              # Trigger :parent callback
+              at_fork_blocks[:parent].each(&:call) if at_fork_blocks.key?(:parent)
+            end
+            # rubocop:enable Style/IfInsideElse
+
+            # Return PID from #fork
+            result
+          end
+
+          def at_fork(stage = :prepare, &block)
+            raise ArgumentError, 'Bad \'stage\' for ::at_fork' unless FORK_STAGES.include?(stage)
+
+            at_fork_blocks[stage] = [] unless at_fork_blocks.key?(stage)
+            at_fork_blocks[stage] << block
+          end
+
+          module_function
+
+          def at_fork_blocks
+            # Blocks should be shared across all users of this module,
+            # e.g. Process#fork, Kernel#fork, etc. should all invoke the same callbacks.
+            # rubocop:disable Style/ClassVars
+            @@at_fork_blocks ||= {}
+            # rubocop:enable Style/ClassVars
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/datadog/profiling/ext.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# typed: true
+
+module Datadog
+  module Profiling
+    module Ext
+      ENV_ENABLED = 'DD_PROFILING_ENABLED'.freeze
+      ENV_UPLOAD_TIMEOUT = 'DD_PROFILING_UPLOAD_TIMEOUT'.freeze
+      ENV_MAX_FRAMES = 'DD_PROFILING_MAX_FRAMES'.freeze
+      ENV_AGENTLESS = 'DD_PROFILING_AGENTLESS'.freeze
+      ENV_ENDPOINT_COLLECTION_ENABLED = 'DD_PROFILING_ENDPOINT_COLLECTION_ENABLED'.freeze
+
+      module Pprof
+        LABEL_KEY_LOCAL_ROOT_SPAN_ID = 'local root span id'.freeze
+        LABEL_KEY_SPAN_ID = 'span id'.freeze
+        LABEL_KEY_THREAD_ID = 'thread id'.freeze
+        LABEL_KEY_TRACE_ENDPOINT = 'trace endpoint'.freeze
+        SAMPLE_VALUE_NO_VALUE = 0
+        VALUE_TYPE_CPU = 'cpu-time'.freeze
+        VALUE_TYPE_WALL = 'wall-time'.freeze
+        VALUE_UNIT_NANOSECONDS = 'nanoseconds'.freeze
+      end
+
+      module Transport
+        module HTTP
+          URI_TEMPLATE_DD_API = 'https://intake.profile.%s/'.freeze
+
+          FORM_FIELD_RECORDING_START = 'start'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_RECORDING_END = 'end'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_FAMILY = 'family'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_ENV = 'env'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_HOST = 'host'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_LANGUAGE = 'language'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_PID = 'pid'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_PROFILER_VERSION = 'profiler_version'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_RUNTIME = 'runtime'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_RUNTIME_ENGINE = 'runtime_engine'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_RUNTIME_ID = 'runtime-id'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_RUNTIME_PLATFORM = 'runtime_platform'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_RUNTIME_VERSION = 'runtime_version'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_SERVICE = 'service'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAG_VERSION = 'version'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_TAGS = 'tags'.freeze
+          FORM_FIELD_INTAKE_VERSION = 'version'.freeze
+
+          HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE = 'Content-Type'.freeze
+          HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE_OCTET_STREAM = 'application/octet-stream'.freeze
+
+          FORM_FIELD_PPROF_DATA = 'data[rubyprofile.pprof]'.freeze
+          PPROF_DEFAULT_FILENAME = 'rubyprofile.pprof.gz'.freeze
+
+          FORM_FIELD_CODE_PROVENANCE_DATA = 'data[code-provenance.json]'.freeze
+          CODE_PROVENANCE_FILENAME = 'code-provenance.json.gz'.freeze
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/datadog/profiling/flush.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# typed: false
+
+require 'datadog/core/environment/identity'
+require 'datadog/core/environment/socket'
+
+module Datadog
+  module Profiling
+    # Entity class used to represent metadata for a given profile
+    Flush = Struct.new(
+      :start,
+      :finish,
+      :event_groups,
+      :event_count,
+      :code_provenance,
+      :runtime_id,
+      :service,
+      :env,
+      :version,
+      :host,
+      :language,
+      :runtime_engine,
+      :runtime_platform,
+      :runtime_version,
+      :profiler_version,
+      :tags
+    ) do
+      def initialize(
+        start:,
+        finish:,
+        event_groups:,
+        event_count:,
+        code_provenance:,
+        runtime_id: Core::Environment::Identity.id,
+        service: Datadog.configuration.service,
+        env: Datadog.configuration.env,
+        version: Datadog.configuration.version,
+        host: Core::Environment::Socket.hostname,
+        language: Core::Environment::Identity.lang,
+        runtime_engine: Core::Environment::Identity.lang_engine,
+        runtime_platform: Core::Environment::Identity.lang_platform,
+        runtime_version: Core::Environment::Identity.lang_version,
+        profiler_version: Core::Environment::Identity.tracer_version,
+        tags: Datadog.configuration.tags
+      )
+        super(
+          start,
+          finish,
+          event_groups,
+          event_count,
+          code_provenance,
+          runtime_id,
+          service,
+          env,
+          version,
+          host,
+          language,
+          runtime_engine,
+          runtime_platform,
+          runtime_version,
+          profiler_version,
+          tags,
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents a collection of events of a specific type being flushed.
+    EventGroup = Struct.new(:event_class, :events).freeze
+  end
+end