datadog 2.0.0.beta1

data/ext/datadog_profiling_native_extension/collectors_stack.c

@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <ruby/debug.h>
+#include "extconf.h"
+#include "helpers.h"
+#include "libdatadog_helpers.h"
+#include "ruby_helpers.h"
+#include "private_vm_api_access.h"
+#include "stack_recorder.h"
+#include "collectors_stack.h"
+
+// Gathers stack traces from running threads, storing them in a StackRecorder instance
+// This file implements the native bits of the Datadog::Profiling::Collectors::Stack class
+
+static VALUE missing_string = Qnil;
+
+// Used as scratch space during sampling
+struct sampling_buffer {
+  unsigned int max_frames;
+  VALUE *stack_buffer;
+  int *lines_buffer;
+  bool *is_ruby_frame;
+  ddog_prof_Location *locations;
+}; // Note: typedef'd in the header to sampling_buffer
+
+static VALUE _native_sample(
+  VALUE self,
+  VALUE thread,
+  VALUE recorder_instance,
+  VALUE metric_values_hash,
+  VALUE labels_array,
+  VALUE numeric_labels_array,
+  VALUE max_frames,
+  VALUE in_gc
+);
+static void maybe_add_placeholder_frames_omitted(VALUE thread, sampling_buffer* buffer, char *frames_omitted_message, int frames_omitted_message_size);
+static void record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code(sampling_buffer* buffer, VALUE recorder_instance, sample_values values, sample_labels labels);
+
+void collectors_stack_init(VALUE profiling_module) {
+  VALUE collectors_module = rb_define_module_under(profiling_module, "Collectors");
+  VALUE collectors_stack_class = rb_define_class_under(collectors_module, "Stack", rb_cObject);
+  // Hosts methods used for testing the native code using RSpec
+  VALUE testing_module = rb_define_module_under(collectors_stack_class, "Testing");
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_sample", _native_sample, 7);
+
+  missing_string = rb_str_new2("");
+  rb_global_variable(&missing_string);
+}
+
+// This method exists only to enable testing Datadog::Profiling::Collectors::Stack behavior using RSpec.
+// It SHOULD NOT be used for other purposes.
+static VALUE _native_sample(
+  DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self,
+  VALUE thread,
+  VALUE recorder_instance,
+  VALUE metric_values_hash,
+  VALUE labels_array,
+  VALUE numeric_labels_array,
+  VALUE max_frames,
+  VALUE in_gc
+) {
+  ENFORCE_TYPE(metric_values_hash, T_HASH);
+  ENFORCE_TYPE(labels_array, T_ARRAY);
+  ENFORCE_TYPE(numeric_labels_array, T_ARRAY);
+
+  VALUE zero = INT2NUM(0);
+  sample_values values = {
+    .cpu_time_ns   = NUM2UINT(rb_hash_lookup2(metric_values_hash, rb_str_new_cstr("cpu-time"),      zero)),
+    .cpu_or_wall_samples = NUM2UINT(rb_hash_lookup2(metric_values_hash, rb_str_new_cstr("cpu-samples"), zero)),
+    .wall_time_ns  = NUM2UINT(rb_hash_lookup2(metric_values_hash, rb_str_new_cstr("wall-time"),     zero)),
+    .alloc_samples = NUM2UINT(rb_hash_lookup2(metric_values_hash, rb_str_new_cstr("alloc-samples"), zero)),
+    .timeline_wall_time_ns = NUM2UINT(rb_hash_lookup2(metric_values_hash, rb_str_new_cstr("timeline"), zero)),
+  };
+
+  long labels_count = RARRAY_LEN(labels_array) + RARRAY_LEN(numeric_labels_array);
+  ddog_prof_Label labels[labels_count];
+  ddog_prof_Label *state_label = NULL;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(labels_array); i++) {
+    VALUE key_str_pair = rb_ary_entry(labels_array, i);
+
+    labels[i] = (ddog_prof_Label) {
+      .key = char_slice_from_ruby_string(rb_ary_entry(key_str_pair, 0)),
+      .str = char_slice_from_ruby_string(rb_ary_entry(key_str_pair, 1))
+    };
+
+    if (rb_str_equal(rb_ary_entry(key_str_pair, 0), rb_str_new_cstr("state"))) {
+      state_label = &labels[i];
+    }
+  }
+  for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(numeric_labels_array); i++) {
+    VALUE key_str_pair = rb_ary_entry(numeric_labels_array, i);
+
+    labels[i + RARRAY_LEN(labels_array)] = (ddog_prof_Label) {
+      .key = char_slice_from_ruby_string(rb_ary_entry(key_str_pair, 0)),
+      .num = NUM2ULL(rb_ary_entry(key_str_pair, 1))
+    };
+  }
+
+  int max_frames_requested = NUM2INT(max_frames);
+  if (max_frames_requested < 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid max_frames: value must not be negative");
+
+  sampling_buffer *buffer = sampling_buffer_new(max_frames_requested);
+
+  ddog_prof_Slice_Label slice_labels = {.ptr = labels, .len = labels_count};
+
+  if (in_gc == Qtrue) {
+    record_placeholder_stack(
+      buffer,
+      recorder_instance,
+      values,
+      (sample_labels) {.labels = slice_labels, .state_label = state_label},
+      DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("Garbage Collection")
+    );
+  } else {
+    sample_thread(
+      thread,
+      buffer,
+      recorder_instance,
+      values,
+      (sample_labels) {.labels = slice_labels, .state_label = state_label}
+    );
+  }
+
+  sampling_buffer_free(buffer);
+
+  return Qtrue;
+}
+
+#define CHARSLICE_EQUALS(must_be_a_literal, charslice) (strlen("" must_be_a_literal) == charslice.len && strncmp(must_be_a_literal, charslice.ptr, charslice.len) == 0)
+
+// Idea: Should we release the global vm lock (GVL) after we get the data from `rb_profile_frames`? That way other Ruby threads
+// could continue making progress while the sample was ingested into the profile.
+//
+// Other things to take into consideration if we go in that direction:
+// * Is it safe to call `rb_profile_frame_...` methods on things from the `stack_buffer` without the GVL acquired?
+// * We need to make `VALUE` references in the `stack_buffer` visible to the Ruby GC
+// * Should we move this into a different thread entirely?
+// * If we don't move it into a different thread, does releasing the GVL on a Ruby thread mean that we're introducing
+//   a new thread switch point where there previously was none?
+void sample_thread(
+  VALUE thread,
+  sampling_buffer* buffer,
+  VALUE recorder_instance,
+  sample_values values,
+  sample_labels labels
+) {
+  int captured_frames = ddtrace_rb_profile_frames(
+    thread,
+    0 /* stack starting depth */,
+    buffer->max_frames,
+    buffer->stack_buffer,
+    buffer->lines_buffer,
+    buffer->is_ruby_frame
+  );
+
+  if (captured_frames == PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE) {
+    record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code(buffer, recorder_instance, values, labels);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Ruby does not give us path and line number for methods implemented using native code.
+  // The convention in Kernel#caller_locations is to instead use the path and line number of the first Ruby frame
+  // on the stack that is below (e.g. directly or indirectly has called) the native method.
+  // Thus, we keep that frame here to able to replicate that behavior.
+  // (This is why we also iterate the sampling buffers backwards below -- so that it's easier to keep the last_ruby_frame)
+  VALUE last_ruby_frame = Qnil;
+  int last_ruby_line = 0;
+
+  ddog_prof_Label *state_label = labels.state_label;
+  bool cpu_or_wall_sample = values.cpu_or_wall_samples > 0;
+  bool has_cpu_time = cpu_or_wall_sample && values.cpu_time_ns > 0;
+  bool only_wall_time = cpu_or_wall_sample && values.cpu_time_ns == 0 && values.wall_time_ns > 0;
+
+  if (cpu_or_wall_sample && state_label == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "BUG: Unexpected missing state_label");
+
+  if (has_cpu_time) state_label->str = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("had cpu");
+
+  for (int i = captured_frames - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    VALUE name, filename;
+    int line;
+
+    if (buffer->is_ruby_frame[i]) {
+      last_ruby_frame = buffer->stack_buffer[i];
+      last_ruby_line = buffer->lines_buffer[i];
+
+      name = rb_profile_frame_base_label(buffer->stack_buffer[i]);
+      filename = rb_profile_frame_path(buffer->stack_buffer[i]);
+      line = buffer->lines_buffer[i];
+    } else {
+      name = ddtrace_rb_profile_frame_method_name(buffer->stack_buffer[i]);
+      filename = NIL_P(last_ruby_frame) ? Qnil : rb_profile_frame_path(last_ruby_frame);
+      line = last_ruby_line;
+    }
+
+    name = NIL_P(name) ? missing_string : name;
+    filename = NIL_P(filename) ? missing_string : filename;
+
+    ddog_CharSlice name_slice = char_slice_from_ruby_string(name);
+    ddog_CharSlice filename_slice = char_slice_from_ruby_string(filename);
+
+    bool top_of_the_stack = i == 0;
+
+    // When there's only wall-time in a sample, this means that the thread was not active in the sampled period.
+    //
+    // We try to categorize what it was doing based on what we observe at the top of the stack. This is a very rough
+    // approximation, and in the future we hope to replace this with a more accurate approach (such as using the
+    // GVL instrumentation API.)
+    if (top_of_the_stack && only_wall_time) {
+      if (!buffer->is_ruby_frame[i]) {
+        // We know that known versions of Ruby implement these using native code; thus if we find a method with the
+        // same name that is not native code, we ignore it, as it's probably a user method that coincidentally
+        // has the same name. Thus, even though "matching just by method name" is kinda weak,
+        // "matching by method name" + is native code seems actually to be good enough for a lot of cases.
+
+        if (CHARSLICE_EQUALS("sleep", name_slice)) { // Expected to be Kernel.sleep
+          state_label->str  = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("sleeping");
+        } else if (CHARSLICE_EQUALS("select", name_slice)) { // Expected to be Kernel.select
+          state_label->str  = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("waiting");
+        } else if (
+            CHARSLICE_EQUALS("synchronize", name_slice) || // Expected to be Monitor/Mutex#synchronize
+            CHARSLICE_EQUALS("lock", name_slice) ||        // Expected to be Mutex#lock
+            CHARSLICE_EQUALS("join", name_slice)           // Expected to be Thread#join
+        ) {
+          state_label->str  = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("blocked");
+        } else if (CHARSLICE_EQUALS("wait_readable", name_slice)) { // Expected to be IO#wait_readable
+          state_label->str  = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("network");
+        }
+        #ifdef NO_PRIMITIVE_POP // Ruby < 3.2
+          else if (CHARSLICE_EQUALS("pop", name_slice)) { // Expected to be Queue/SizedQueue#pop
+            state_label->str  = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("waiting");
+          }
+        #endif
+      } else {
+        #ifndef NO_PRIMITIVE_POP // Ruby >= 3.2
+          // Unlike the above, Ruby actually treats this one specially and gives it a nice file name we can match on!
+          if (CHARSLICE_EQUALS("pop", name_slice) && CHARSLICE_EQUALS("<internal:thread_sync>", filename_slice)) { // Expected to be Queue/SizedQueue#pop
+            state_label->str  = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("waiting");
+          }
+        #endif
+      }
+    }
+
+    buffer->locations[i] = (ddog_prof_Location) {
+      .function = (ddog_prof_Function) {
+        .name = name_slice,
+        .filename = filename_slice,
+      },
+      .line = line,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Used below; since we want to stack-allocate this, we must do it here rather than in maybe_add_placeholder_frames_omitted
+  const int frames_omitted_message_size = sizeof(MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT_AS_STRING " frames omitted");
+  char frames_omitted_message[frames_omitted_message_size];
+
+  // If we filled up the buffer, some frames may have been omitted. In that case, we'll add a placeholder frame
+  // with that info.
+  if (captured_frames == (long) buffer->max_frames) {
+    maybe_add_placeholder_frames_omitted(thread, buffer, frames_omitted_message, frames_omitted_message_size);
+  }
+
+  record_sample(
+    recorder_instance,
+    (ddog_prof_Slice_Location) {.ptr = buffer->locations, .len = captured_frames},
+    values,
+    labels
+  );
+}
+
+static void maybe_add_placeholder_frames_omitted(VALUE thread, sampling_buffer* buffer, char *frames_omitted_message, int frames_omitted_message_size) {
+  ptrdiff_t frames_omitted = stack_depth_for(thread) - buffer->max_frames;
+
+  if (frames_omitted == 0) return; // Perfect fit!
+
+  // The placeholder frame takes over a space, so if 10 frames were left out and we consume one other space for the
+  // placeholder, then 11 frames are omitted in total
+  frames_omitted++;
+
+  snprintf(frames_omitted_message, frames_omitted_message_size, "%td frames omitted", frames_omitted);
+
+  // Important note: `frames_omitted_message` MUST have a lifetime that is at least as long as the call to
+  // `record_sample`. So be careful where it gets allocated. (We do have tests for this, at least!)
+  ddog_CharSlice function_name = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("");
+  ddog_CharSlice function_filename = {.ptr = frames_omitted_message, .len = strlen(frames_omitted_message)};
+  buffer->locations[buffer->max_frames - 1] = (ddog_prof_Location) {
+    .function = (ddog_prof_Function) {.name = function_name, .filename = function_filename},
+    .line = 0,
+  };
+}
+
+// Our custom rb_profile_frames returning PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE is equivalent to when the
+// Ruby `Thread#backtrace` API returns an empty array: we know that a thread is alive but we don't know what it's doing:
+//
+// 1. It can be starting up
+//    ```
+//    > Thread.new { sleep }.backtrace
+//    => [] # <-- note the thread hasn't actually started running sleep yet, we got there first
+//    ```
+// 2. It can be running native code
+//    ```
+//    > t = Process.detach(fork { sleep })
+//    => #<Process::Waiter:0x00007ffe7285f7a0 run>
+//    > t.backtrace
+//    => [] # <-- this can happen even minutes later, e.g. it's not a race as in 1.
+//    ```
+//    This effect has been observed in threads created by the Iodine web server and the ffi gem,
+//    see for instance https://github.com/ffi/ffi/pull/883 and https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-rb/pull/1719 .
+//
+// To give customers visibility into these threads, rather than reporting an empty stack, we replace the empty stack
+// with one containing a placeholder frame, so that these threads are properly represented in the UX.
+
+static void record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code(
+  sampling_buffer* buffer,
+  VALUE recorder_instance,
+  sample_values values,
+  sample_labels labels
+) {
+  record_placeholder_stack(
+    buffer,
+    recorder_instance,
+    values,
+    labels,
+    DDOG_CHARSLICE_C("In native code")
+  );
+}
+
+void record_placeholder_stack(
+  sampling_buffer* buffer,
+  VALUE recorder_instance,
+  sample_values values,
+  sample_labels labels,
+  ddog_CharSlice placeholder_stack
+) {
+  ddog_prof_Function placeholder = {.name = DDOG_CHARSLICE_C(""), .filename = placeholder_stack};
+  buffer->locations[0] = (ddog_prof_Location) {.function = placeholder, .line = 0};
+
+  record_sample(
+    recorder_instance,
+    (ddog_prof_Slice_Location) {.ptr = buffer->locations, .len = 1},
+    values,
+    labels
+  );
+}
+
+sampling_buffer *sampling_buffer_new(unsigned int max_frames) {
+  if (max_frames < 5) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid max_frames: value must be >= 5");
+  if (max_frames > MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid max_frames: value must be <= " MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT_AS_STRING);
+
+  // Note: never returns NULL; if out of memory, it calls the Ruby out-of-memory handlers
+  sampling_buffer* buffer = ruby_xcalloc(1, sizeof(sampling_buffer));
+
+  buffer->max_frames = max_frames;
+
+  buffer->stack_buffer  = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(VALUE));
+  buffer->lines_buffer  = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(int));
+  buffer->is_ruby_frame = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(bool));
+  buffer->locations     = ruby_xcalloc(max_frames, sizeof(ddog_prof_Location));
+
+  return buffer;
+}
+
+void sampling_buffer_free(sampling_buffer *buffer) {
+  if (buffer == NULL) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "sampling_buffer_free called with NULL buffer");
+
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->stack_buffer);
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->lines_buffer);
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->is_ruby_frame);
+  ruby_xfree(buffer->locations);
+
+  ruby_xfree(buffer);
+}

data/ext/datadog_profiling_native_extension/collectors_stack.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <datadog/profiling.h>
+
+#include "stack_recorder.h"
+
+#define MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT            10000
+#define MAX_FRAMES_LIMIT_AS_STRING "10000"
+
+typedef struct sampling_buffer sampling_buffer;
+
+void sample_thread(
+  VALUE thread,
+  sampling_buffer* buffer,
+  VALUE recorder_instance,
+  sample_values values,
+  sample_labels labels
+);
+void record_placeholder_stack(
+  sampling_buffer* buffer,
+  VALUE recorder_instance,
+  sample_values values,
+  sample_labels labels,
+  ddog_CharSlice placeholder_stack
+);
+sampling_buffer *sampling_buffer_new(unsigned int max_frames);
+void sampling_buffer_free(sampling_buffer *buffer);